College of Teacher Education
BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION MAJOR IN ENGLISH
EL 119: CAMPUS JOURNALISM
TERM
MODULE NO.
MODULE TITLE
PRELIMS
1
OVERVIEW OF JOURNALISM
INTRODUCTION
This module will discuss the definition, functions, and scope of Journalism, the common media forms,
and an overview of media and information literacy.
I.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the unit, the pre-service teacher (PST) can:
● define journalism and its functions and scopes;
● identify the various forms of media;
● and practice the steps through which one can become information and media.
II. TIME ALLOTMENT
3 hours
III. LECTURES
DEFINING JOURNALISM
JOURNALISM (according to dictionary.com)
Noun
✞ the occupation of reporting, writing, editing, photographing, or broadcasting news or of
conducting any news organization as a business.
✞ a course of study preparing students for careers in reporting, writing, and editing for
newspapers and magazines.
✞ writing that reflects superficial thought and research, a popular slant, and hurried composition,
conceived of as exemplifying topical newspaper or popular magazine writing as
distinguished from scholarly writing.
✞ “Literature in a hurry” – Jose A. Quirino.
“Something that embraces all forms in which and through which the news and comments on the news
reach the public. All that happens in the world, if such happenings hold interest for the public, and all
the thought, actions, and ideas which these happenings stimulate become the materials for the
journalist”- F. Fraser Bond.
FUNCTIONS OF JOURNALISM
1.Inform the public through the news coverage
2.Influence and mold the public opinion
3.Amuse or entertain the public
4.Serve and promote community welfare as a whole
MODERN FUNCTIONS
• Information function - It informs the readers of events that happened, that are happening, or that will
still happen.
• Opinion function - Through the editorials and editorial columns, the editor interprets the meaning of
the news.
• Education function - One of the most important functions of a modern campus paper is to educate not
only the students but also the people in the community.
• Watchdog function - The school paper acts as the guardian of the students' rights. It serves as the
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eyes of the readers.
Laboratory function - It serves as the teaching tool for the budding journalists.
Documentation function - Important school events and worthwhile student accomplishments and
achievements are recorded in the school paper for posterity's sakes.
Entertainment function - The school paper, like an interesting book, keeps the reader company
especially when he is alone. Most human interest stories are very interesting to read.
Developmental function - The developmental function of the campus paper doesn't only have
implications on the young one himself but also on the school as a whole. School administrators and
staff may reflect their performance on the school paper and seewhat improvements must be done.
SCOPE OF JOURNALISM
Journalism covers three channels or areas of mass communication:
1.Audio
2.Audio-visual
3.Print
TYPES OF MEDIA
People frequently refer to the journalistic arm of the media, which includes newspapers, news
reporters, and journalists. Media, on the other hand, is a far broader and more diverse idea. The term
"media" can be defined as a "channel," "way," or "technique" for communicating information.
Print media, broadcast media, and new media are the three main types of news media.
1.
PRINT MEDIA – this refers to paper publications like books, newspapers, magazines, journals,
newsletters, and other physically printed materials. It is also considered as the oldest form of media.
Some samples of print media that we encounter daily are:
a. Book – either be fictional or nonfictional; focused on a particular topic or subject; giving the
reader a chance to increase their knowledge.
b. Brochure – this contains pictures and information about products offered.
c. Gazette – an official publication of a government institution; intended for public notices or listing
of appointments.
d. Journal – this is similar to newspaper which contains informative articles and provides accurate
reports on specific topics. It targets a particular audience type.
e. Leaflet and flyer – these are printed sheets of paper used for promotional and advertising
purposes.
f. Magazine – this is a Periodical publication. The articles on various topics depending on the
subject or area the magazine covers or features.
g. Newsletter – this is released by organizations or companies for special purpose. It also has
updates and happenings in their institution/organization or community.
h. Newspapers – these are printed and distributed on a daily or weekly basis which include news
related to sports, politics, technology, science, local news, national news, international news,
birth notices, as well as entertainment news related to fashion, celebrities, and movies.
2.
BROADCAST MEDIA – this includes radio and television - media that initially used airwaves to
reach audience. Radio, television, and films are three forms of broadcast media.
a. Radio - first known radio is attributed to the Italian inventor, Guglielmo Marconi (wireless
telegraph -1895).
AM (Amplitude Modulation), uses amplitude of the radio signal to encode information
FM (Frequency Modulation), uses change in frequency to encode information - radio
broadcasting started during the 1909 and spread in America.
- in the Philippines, radio broadcasting started in 1922
- used for aviation, military and government purposes until it evolved into news
and entertainment broadcasting.
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b. Television – this transmits moving images to a screen receiver in 2D or 3D setting with sounds
and one of the most common household items worldwide.
c. Film – moving pictures that have been recorded; tells story or shows real situation; a movie or a
motion picture; considered as the youngest Philippine art and has been the most widely
accepted and popular form of art and broadcast medium.
d. Video Games/ Digital Games - games played by electronically manipulating images produced
by a computer program; offers interactive entertainment.
3.
NEW MEDIA - content organized and distributed on digital platforms. This term was coined to
refer to the media that developed when the use of computer technology became available.
a. Social networks or websites – including Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube,
Tumblr, LinkedIn, Snapchat, Quora, Reddit, Pinterest, etc. They are user-friendly and
widely used by people around the world. Although we can find any news here, they may
be misleading because of the lack of regulations on the content shared.
b. Online forums – an online place where we can comment, message, or discuss a
particular topic. Forums allow us to share knowledge with other people with the same
interest. That’s why it’s regarded as the best platform to seek support and assistance.
AN OVERVIEW OF MEDIA LITERACY
Defining terms
1. Literacy. Generations ago, literacy may simply mean ability. Literacy then only refers to the ability
to read, write, and do basic mathematical computations. The world though has evolved and
everyone now needs more than just those ability.
Let us now define literacy in a 21st Century setting.
Literacy is now defined as the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and
compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a
continuum of learning, wherein individuals are able to achieve their goals, develop their knowledge
and potential, and participate fully in their community and wider society.
2. Media – these are physical objects used to communicate including mass media (radio, television,
computers, film, etc.). Traditionally, media are source of credible information in which contents are
provided through an editorial process determined by journalistic values and where editorial
accountability can be attributed to an organization or a legal person. In more recent years the term
‘media’ is often used to include new online media.
3. Media Literacy – this is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of
forms. It aims to empower citizens by providing them with the competencies (knowledge and skills)
necessary to engage with traditional media and new technologies.
4. Information – a term that covers processed data, knowledge derived from study, experience,
instruction, signals or symbols.
5. Information Literacy – this is the ability to recognize when information is needed, and to locate,
evaluate, and effectively communicate information in its various formats. It includes the
competencies to be effective in all stages of the life cycle of documents of all kinds, the capacity to
understand the ethical implications of these documents, and the ability to behave in an ethical way
throughout these stages. Simply said, knowing and understanding when and how to use information
effectively and ethically makes one an information literate individual.
6. Technology Literacy – this is the ability of an individual, either working independently or with
others, to responsibly, appropriately, and effectively use technological tools. Using these tools an
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individual can access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create and communicate information.
7. Media and Information Literacy – these are essential skills and competencies that allow
individuals to engage with media and other information providers effectively, as well as develop
critical thinking and life-long learning skills to socialize and become active citizens.
According to the Moscow Declaration on Media and Information Literacy in 2012, Media and
Information Literacy (MIL) is a “combination of knowledge, attitudes, skills, and practices required to
access, analyze, evaluate, use, produce, and communicate information and knowledge in creative,
legal and ethical ways that respect human rights”.
INFORMATION LITERACY
Information Literacy. Across all domains, occupations, and professions, a set of human competences
required to locate, assess, and use information in the most ethical, efficient, and successful manner. It
refers to the ability to identify when information is required, as well as the ability to discover, assess,
effectively use, and transmit information in a variety of media.
STAGES/ ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION LITERACY
.
1. Identifying/ recognizing information needs
2.Determining sources of information
3.Citing or searching for information
4.Analyzing and evaluating the quality of information
5.Organizing, storing or archiving information
6.Using information in an ethical, efficient and effective way
7.Creating and communicating new knowledge
-------------------------------------------------END OF MODULE NO. 1---------------------------------------------------IV.REFERENCES
● Aboga, F. and Agapay, R., (Second printing, 1st edition. Media and Information Literacy:
Transforming Society Through Student Empowerment, TechFactors Inc., 2018
● Alagaran, J. R. Q. Media and Information Literacy: Empowering the Discerning Audiences.
● Cantor, O.L. Media and Information Literacy. Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc., 2016
● Dictionary.com,
LLC.
(2022).
Retrieved
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/journalism
● Magpile. C. Media and Information Literacy: Enhancing Education through Effective
Communication. Quezon City: The Inteligente Publishing, Inc., 2016
PREPARED BY:
MICHELLE D. DONATO
Instructor, College of Teacher Education
CHECKED BY:
RAYMOND N. CLARO, PhD
Dean, College of Teacher Education
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