VALID MOODS for every FIGURE
FIGURE 1
A-A-A (BARBARA)
A-I-I (DARII)
E-A-E (CELARENT)
E-I-O (FERIO)
M
S
S
P
M
P
Rules for Figure 1:
• 1. The minor premise must be affirmative
• 2. The major premise must be universal.
BARBARA
CELARENT
A All mammals are animals
E No mammal is a reptile
A All dogs are mammals
A All dogs are mammals
A All dogs are animals
E No dog is a reptile
DARII
FERIO
A All mammals are animals
E No mammal is a reptile
I Some pets are mammals
I Some pets are mammals
I Some pets are animals
O Some pets are not reptiles
FIGURE 2
A-E-E (CAMESTRES)
A-O-O (BAROCO)
E-A-E (CESARE)
E-I-O (FESTINO)
P
S
S
M
M
P
Rules for Figure 2:
• 1. One premise must be negative
• 2. The major premise must be universal.
CAMESTRES
CESARE
A All trees are plants
E No animals are plants
E No animals are plants
A All flowers are plants
E No animals are trees
E No flowers are animals
BAROCO
FESTINO
A All trees are plants
E No animals are plants
O Some livings things are not plants I Some huge are plants
O Some living things are not trees O Some huge are not animals
FIGURE 3
A-I-I (DATISI)
E-I-O (FERISON)
I-A-I (DISAMIS)
M
M
S
P
S
P
O-A-O (BOCARDO)
A-A-I (DARAPTI)
E-A-O (FELAPTON)
Rules for Figure 3:
• 1. The minor premise must be affirmative
• 2. The conclusion must be particular.
AAI (DARAPTI)
AII (DATISI)
A All honest are virtuous
A All men are rational beings
A All honest are good persons
I Some men are holy
I Some good persons are virtuous
I Some holy are rational beings
I A I (DISAMIS)
EAO (FELAPTON)
I Some men are genius
E No dog is a cat
A All men are rational beings
A All dogs are mammals
I Some rational beings are genius
O Some mammals are not cats
Rules for Figure 3:
• 1. The minor premise must be affirmative
• 2. The conclusion must be particular.
OAO (BOCARDO)
O Some honest are not professionals
A All honest are good persons
O Some good persons are not professionals.
E I O(FERISON)
E No dog is a cat
I Some dogs are pets
O Some pets are not cats
FIGURE 4
A E E (CAMENES)
I A I (DIMARIS)
A A I (BRAMANTIP)
E A O (FESAPO)
P
M
S
M
S
P
Rules for Figure 4:
• 1. If the major premise is affirmative, the minor premise must be universal.
• 2. If the minor is affirmative, the conclusion must be particular
• 3. If one of the premises is negative, the major premise must be universal.
AAI (BRAMANTIP)
CAMENES
AEE (CAMENES)
A All flowers are plants
IAI (DIMARIS)
E No plants are animals
EAO (FESAPO)
E No animals are flowers
BRAMANTIP
DIMARIS
A All flowers are plants
I Some plants are trees
A All plants are living things
A All trees are living things
I Some living things are flowers
I Some living things are plants
Rules for Figure 4:
• 1. If the major premise is affirmative, the minor premise must be universal.
• 2. If the minor is affirmative, the conclusion must be particular
• 3. If one of the premises is negative, the major premise must be universal.
FESAPO
E No animals are plants
A All plants are living things
I Some living things are not animals