Dr. Muhammed Gamal
Equations
ACID AND BASE
1. Acid + metal
salt + hydrogen
More reactive than hydrogen
2. Acid + carbonate
salt + water + carbon dioxide
3. Acid + base
salt + water
4. Alkali + ammonium salt
salt + water + ammonia gas
EXTRACTON
1. C + O2
CO2
2. CO2 + C
2CO
3. 2 Fe2O3 + 3C
4Fe + 3CO2
4. Fe2O3 + 3CO
2Fe + 3CO2
5. Limestone
lime + carbon dioxide
 CaCO3
CaO + CO2
6. Lime + silica
calcium silicate
 CaO + SiO2
CaSiO3
7. Limestone + silica
slag + carbon dioxide
 CaCO3 + SiO2
CaSiO3 + CO2
8. 2ZnS + 3O2
2ZnO + 2SO2
9. ZnCO3
ZnO + CO2
10. ZnO + H2SO4
ZnSO4 + H2O
11. 2ZnO + C
2Zn + CO2
Thermal Decomposition:
1. Most Metal Carbonate
CaCO3
Metal oxide + carbon dioxide
CaO + CO2
2. Most Metal Sulphate
Metal Oxide + Sulphur trioxide
CaSO4
CaO + SO3
3. Hydroxides:
A. most Metal hydroxide
Ca(OH)2
Metal Oxide + water
CaO + H2O
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Dr. Muhammed Gamal
B. EXCEPT:
NaOH
No Effect
KOH
No Effect
4. Nitrates:
A. most Metal Nitrate
Metal Oxide + Nitrogen dioxide +Oxygen
2 Ca(NO3)2
2 CaO + 4NO2 +O2
B. EXCEPT:
2KNO3
2KNO2+O2
2NaNO3
NaNO2 + O2
AIR AND WATER
1. 2H2O2
2H2O + O2
Condition: catalyst (Mno2)
2. 2NO2
N2 + O2
3. 2CO + O2
2CO2
NON-METALS
1. MnO2 + 4HCl
2. 2Na + 2H2O
3. Mg H2O
MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
2NaOH + H2
MgO + H2
4. Zn + 2HCl
ZnCl2 + H2O
5. Haber process
N2 + 3H2
2NH3
Conditions: 1. 450C
2. 200 atm pressure
3. Catalyst iron
6. S + O2
SO2
7. Contact process
a. 2SO2 + O2
2SO3
Conditions: 1. 450C
2. 2 atm
3. Catalyst vanadium(v) oxide (V2O5)
b. SO3 + H2SO4
c. H2S2O7 + H2O
H2S2O7
2H2SO4
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Dr. Muhammed Gamal
Organic
1. Complete combustion produces
Carbon dioxide + water
2. In complete combustion produces
Carbon monoxide + water
3. Substitution reaction
Condition: sunlight
4. Cracking of alkanes
Conditions: 1. Heat 600-700C
2. Catalyst Al2O3
5. Addition reactions:
A. alkene + hydrogen
alkane
Conditions: 1.150-300C
2. Catalyst nickel
B. alkene + water
alcohol
Conditions: 1. 300C
2. 60 atm
3. Catalyst phosphoric acid
C. Addition of bromine
No catalyst needed
D. Addition polymerization
Conditions 1.catlasyt
2.High pressure
3.High temperature
6. Alcohol + metal
salt + hydrogen
7. Dehydration
Alcohol
alkene
Conditions: Concentrated H2SO4
8. Fermentation
Glucose
ethanol + carbon dioxide
C6H12O6
2C2H5OH +2CO2
Conditions: 1. 37C
2.yeast
3.zymase,enzyme
9. Oxidation
Alcohol
carboxylic acid
10. Carboxylic acid + base
salt + water
11. Carboxylic acid + metal
salt + hydrogen
12. Carboxylic acid + metal carbonate
salt + carbon dioxide + water
13. Alcohol + Carboxylic acid
ester
Condition: concentrated H2SO4
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Dr. Muhammed Gamal
Hydrolysis:
1. Protein Hydrolysis produces amino acid
Condition: Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
2. Carbohydrate hydrolysis produces glucose
Condition: Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
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