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REVIVING MANILA’S OLD CENTER OF COMMERCE: THE PERCEPTION
ON THE RESTORATION OF SELECTED STRUCTURAL
HERITAGE BUILDINGS IN ESCOLTA
Presented to the College Department
ABE International Business College
Caloocan
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the subject
THESIS WRITING 1
Submitted by:
GARCIA, LHORIEMAE M.
GALLARDO, JEENA ROSE R.
ONG, DONNA CHRISTJA V.
Submitted to:
Mrs. Melinda San Juan
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Major in Financial Management
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APPROVAL SHEET
This research here to entitled, “REVIVING MANILA’S OLD CENTER OF COMMERCE: THE
PERCEPTION ON THE
RESTORATION OF SELECTED STRUCTURAL HERITAGE
BUILDINGS IN ESCOLTA'', prepared and submitted by Donna Ong, Lhoriemae Garcia, and
Jeena Gallardo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Thesis Writing 2 has been
examined and is recommended for aceptance and approval for FINAL EXAMINATION.
Mrs. Melinda San Juan
Thesis Adviser
PANEL EXAMINERS
Approved by the Committee on Final Examination
JACQUILYN M. BASA, LPT, MAEd
Chairman
Member
Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements Research in Thesis Writing
Dean
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ABSTRACT
Once Manila's top center of commerce, known as the "Queen of Streets," Escolta
experienced considerable urban decline. This has left its rich collection of historic buildings in
various states of decay. In response, recent restoration and revitalization efforts aim to restore the
area's economic and cultural significance by different local and national agencies in the
Philippines. This study investigated how the local community views the restoration of these
selected historic buildings. The research used a quantitative-descriptive survey design that
collected data from 100 visitors in the Escolta community. A structured questionnaire was
analyzed using weighted mean and a one-way ANOVA to assess views in three key areas:
cultural/structural heritage, restoration/reuse, and cultural awareness/community engagement. The
findings showed a consistently positive response from the community. Most respondents agreed
on the importance of Escolta's cultural and structural heritage, with an overall mean of 3.26,
highlighting its connection to Filipino identity. There was strong agreement that restoring and
repurposing these buildings for modern use, such as cafés and galleries, would boost local tourism,
with an overall mean of 3.22. Additionally, respondents expressed high support for greater cultural
awareness and community engagement, believing that residents, artists, and historians should be
involved in restoration decisions, reflected by an overall mean of 3.33. The study did not find
significant differences in perceptions based on gender (p=0.344) and age (p=0.979). This
researchers conclude that the community strongly and uniformly supports the revitalization of
Escolta. This positive public view is an important asset, showing that heritage-led regeneration
efforts
are
not
only
wanted,
but
likely
to
succeed
if
they
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involve the community and focus on adaptive reuse strategies.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to take this opportunity to thank the following individuals for
their contributions to the study's success.
To their research professor, Ms. Melinda San Juan who provided consistent support, advice
and leads the researchers to the right path to make the paper possible.
To the ABE International Business College and the College of Bachelor of Science in
Business Administration major in Financial Management department for allowing the researchers
to conduct this research and for providing important assistance throughout this period
To the researchers’ parents, friends and loved ones for their encouragement, prayers, care,
and sacrifices in educating and patience to accomplish this study.
And foremost, to the Almighty God, for His blessings and giving them strength and wisdom
throughout this study.
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DEDICATION
This work is lovingly dedicated to those who believe that the past holds the keys to the future.
To the architects, artisans, and laborers who originally built Escolta, whose vision and craft laid
the foundation for a vibrant center of commerce and culture, and whose legacy we strive to honor.
To the people of Manila, especially the residents and merchants of Escolta, who have kept its spirit
alive through decades of change, reminding us of the enduring value of our shared heritage.
To the historians and preservationists who tirelessly advocate for the conservation of our
structural treasures, illuminating their importance and inspiring this very restoration.
And finally, to my family and mentors, for their unwavering support, encouragement, and
understanding throughout this demanding endeavor. Their belief in me made the completion of this
revival possible.
May this research contribute to a renewed appreciation for Escolta's grandeur and the
safeguarding of all our structural heritage for generations to come.
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER
1
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...5
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................5
BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY ............................................................................................................................................. 7
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................................... 9
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................................. 10
STATEMENT
OF
THE
PROBLEM .................................................................................................................................... 11
HYPOTHESIS ............................................................................................................................. 12
SCOPE
AND
LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 12
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
THE
STUDY .......................................................................................................................................... 13
DEFINITION
OF
TERMS ..........................................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER
II
18
RRL ............................................................................................................................................... 18
SYNTHESIS ................................................................................................................................. 21
CHAPTER
III .................................................................................................................................................... 22
RESEARCH
DESIGN ....................................................................................................................................... 22
SOURCE
OF
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DATA ............................................................................................................................................. 23
DATA
GATHERING
PROCEDURE .............................................................................................................................. 23
RESPONDENTS……………………………………………………………/ ............................. 24
RESEARCH
INTRUMENT ................................................................................................................................ 25
SAMPLING
TECHNIQUE ................................................................................................................................ 26
SAMPLE
SIZE .............................................................................................................................................. 26
STATISTICAL
TREATMENT
DATA
…………………………………………………………………….……………………………..32
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 29
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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
Escolta is once considered the beating heart of Manila’s for its economic activity, today this
popular street faces the pressing challenges of urban decay and erosion. The negative outlook has
diminished cultural identity of Escolta over the years. Once known as the “Queen of Streets” and
the “Wall Street of the Philippines,” Escolta’s historic Art Deco, Beaux-Arts, and Neoclassical
buildings are symbols of the country’s early modern prosperity. Now it all stands alone in
varying states of deterioration due to limited restoration efforts and shifting commercial priorities
(The City at Eye Level, 2020; Philippine Star, 2022). The destruction brought by World War II,
followed by the emergence of new business centers in Makati and Bonifacio Global City, led to
the area’s economic decline and cultural marginalization (Vogue Philippines, 2024). Despite its
historical significance, the unregulated urban development, visual pollution, and insufficient
heritage legislation became a threat to Escolta’s heritage (Marcelo, De Guzman, & Capule, 2021;
Adobo Magazine, 2023).
In recent years, though, a growing initiative is underway to restore Escolta as a cultural and
commercial center. Private efforts including the adaptive reuse of the First United Building by the
Sylianteng family have resulted in sections of the neighborhood becoming community spaces
for
creative
and
entrepreneurial
work
that
straddles
preservation
along
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with innovating (BluPrint, 2024; Vogue Philippines, 2024). Establishing policy such as the
National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 and its 2023 amendment, Republic Act No. 11961,
embodied the efforts to protect and restore cultural heritage buildings and cultural appreciation
(NCCA, 2023; Daily Tribune, 2023). These circumstances demonstrate that heritage can situate
sustainable urban regeneration when integrated with economic revitalization.
The aim of this study investigated the perspectives of local residents regarding the
restoration of selected structural heritage buildings in Escolta, Manila. It sought to understand the
community’s perceptions of the economic, cultural, and social impacts of restoration, and
whether adaptive reuse is perceived as more suitable than preservation of original buildings, in
response to revitalizing the commercial and historical identity of Escolta. This study examined
the connection of restoration to community perceptions to form evidence-based recommendations
for decisions made by policymakers, heritage advocates, and private interests to clarify
sustainable restoration strategies associated with modernization and cultural preservation (Cruz,
2021; Yunus, 2020; de Rubeis et al., 2020).
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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Escolta Street stands as a grand outdoor museum, showcasing stunning Art Deco,
Neoclassical, and Beaux-Arts buildings designed by renowned Filipino and foreign architects
(Wikipedia, 2025; Regina Building, 2025). Once a quiet residential and market town in the late
16th century, it transformed by the early 20th century into Manila’s thriving center for finance,
culture, and commerce—hosting banks, theaters, film houses, boutiques, and restaurants (The City
at Eye Level, 2020; Vogue Philippines, 2024). The destruction brought by World War II resulted in
the loss of several key structures, necessitating post-war reconstruction and reshaping the district’s
architectural landscape (The City at Eye Level, 2020; Calvo Building, 2025).
Following the war, Escolta’s once-vibrant theaters began to close as modern shopping
malls equipped with air-conditioned multiplexes gained popularity throughout Manila and
neighboring cities (Reddit, 2024; Wikipedia, 2025). Iconic venues like the Capitol Theater—
designed by National Artist Juan Nakpil—were demolished or reduced to their facades, igniting
public outrage and concern over the erosion of cultural heritage (Wikipedia, 2025; Reddit, 2024).
This suburban shift marked a significant decline in Escolta’s cultural prominence and urban
vitality (WhenInManila, 2020; Reddit, 2024).
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In response to continuous demolition threats, the Philippine government implemented
Republic Act No. 10066 (National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009), establishing legal protection for
cultural properties and mandating proper registration and conservation efforts (LawPhil, 2010;
National Cultural Heritage Act, n.d.; UNESCO, 2021). The 2023 amendment—RA 11961—further
strengthened the law by instituting cultural mapping and educational mandates, assigning heritage
custodianship to local government units (Daily Tribune, 2023; NCCA, 2023). Advocates like
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Richard Tuazon Bautista emphasize the societal value of heritage buildings: “By our heritage, we
are trying to see why we are the way we are… it truly reflects what occurred” (Vogue Philippines,
2024). Effective conservation, however, depends on cooperation between government bodies and
citizens—a key focus of this study, which surveys 365 Escolta residents aged 18 and above
regarding their perceptions of heritage restoration.
"Crime and violence are born out of ugly." Cooperation between the government and
citizenry is necessary for conservation projects to be a success. The study aims to determine the
understanding of cultural heritage and the restoration of selected buildings in Escolta as structural
heritage by residents. Those shall be utilized within the study and consist of a total of 100
respondents. The researchers conducted a study using respondents from the local community aged
18 and above.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The theoretical basis of this study comes from discussing the principles of architectural
conservation, particularly the relationship between restoration and preservation of historical
buildings. In this discussion, the work of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc and William Morris provides two
differing views that continue to inform theory of heritage conservation today. Viollet-le-Duc (cited
in Bullen & Love, 2021) promotes restoration as an effort to return a building to a, “finished state,”
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even if the building was never finished at one time. His theory embodies an innovative and
adaptive intervention into historical buildings. His theory supports adaptive reuse—allowing
heritage structures to change in style, time, and use while keeping the architectural character.
Adaptive reuse is clearly relevant to Escolta where restoration processes are occurring and
working to balance a marker of identity in history with income generation in contemporary
commerce.
On the other hand, William Morris, who founded the Society for the Protection of Ancient
Buildings (SPAB) in 1877, supported a philosophy of minimal intervention, and retention of the
authentic fabric of the building (SPAB, 2023; Jokilehto, 2021). Morris maintained that restoration
does not attempt to recreate or idealize the past but instead preserves the building's material record,
even in its outcomes of age and use. His philosophy stressed found that it is best to "repair than
restore," suggesting that regular care and maintenance are preferred over large-scale intervention.
The principles that Morris promoted Gnow, through contemporary analyses (Della Torre &
Drdácký, 2022; Avrami, 2023), continue to be at the foundation of sustainable conservation
practices. These principles, specifically, are believed to plant the values of authenticity and historic
integrity whilst fostering community stewardship.
These theories, within the context of Escolta, provide a way to see heritage restoration
through two lenses. Viollet-le-Duc’s adaptive reuse approach corresponds to today’s practice of
adaptive reuse, where heritage buildings are changed into contemporary cultural and commercial
spaces, whereas Morris’ conservation approach emphasizes the ethical responsibility to care for
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original materials and craftsmanship. All together these two frameworks provide a balance by
recognizing the need for all economic activities to be reinforced through modernity, while also
addressing cultural heritage and architecture for the benefit of the community and future
generations.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Planning
Adaptive Reuse
Restoration
Community
Perception
Collection
Analysis
Interpretation
Increase Tourism
Cultural Strength
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study explored the challenges and opportunities in reviving Escolta as a commercial
center by focusing on the restoration of its selected structural heritage buildings. It sought to
investigate to answer the following questions:
1. How do local tourists perceive Escolta in terms of:
1.1 Historical and Architectural Heritage
1.2 Cultural Influence
1.3 Engagement towards local visitors
2. What practices do residents believe are most effective in restoring heritage buildings
while preserving historical integrity, particularly in terms of:
3.1 Cultural Awareness and community engagement
3. Is there a significant difference in the perceptions of the local community visitors based on
age and gender of respondents ?
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Hypothesis/Assumption
Null Hypothesis (Ho)
The perceptions on restoration of selected structural heritage buildings in Escolta has no significant
difference between age and gender of local visitors.
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
The perceptions on restoration of selected structural heritage buildings in Escolta has significant
difference between age and gender of local visitors.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study focused on the perceptions of local tourists on the revival of Escolta as Manila’s
former center of commerce through the restoration of selected structural heritage buildings and
examines its economic, cultural, and social impact on the local community. Building upon
previous research, the study gathered the perceptions how heritage conservation efforts contribute
to economic revitalization, cultural preservation, and urban development in Escolta. It
specifically investigates how the restoration of key heritage structures influences business
growth, tourism, employment opportunities, and community engagement while also analyzing the
challenges and sustainability of these efforts. The study will
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gather data from local stakeholders, including residents, business owners, government agencies,
and heritage conservation organizations, using surveys, site observations, and document analysis.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study has a significant endeavor in providing insights of the tourists and the
community to help assess the cultural heritage to structural heritage restoration of Escolta. The
study was beneficial to:
Local government units. This study is beneficial to LGU because it will allow them to
implement a more responsive and accountable local government structure within the streets of
Escolta. This research may assist them in carrying out their duties related to health, safety, and the
advancement of the public good or welfare. They can also obtain special corporate benefits or earn
monetary profit for personal gain and benefit within the Escolta community.
Local community. This study will benefit the barangays of Escolta because business
establishments on the streets of Escolta will be able to manage the area's production process. They
will also be able to monitor issues related to health, safety, and the environment. Businesses in
Escolta can use this research paper to use all aspects of media
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and public relations to encourage all clients to continue supporting the historic place of Escolta.
Tourists. This study is beneficial to Escolta tourists because they can provide their perspectives
on the study. This will also assist the tourists in involving a significant amount of cooperation and
coordination regarding the expansion of the research study. It could also promote values important
for collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness between tourists,
the local community, and researchers. The study aims to protect intellectual property rights while
encouraging collaboration with tourists visiting Escolta.
Researchers. In the field of Business Administration Major in Financial Management, all
gathered information will be very useful in preserving and restoring historical buildings to be
more effective in educating Filipino people about a more sustainable tourism environment and
how it affects or influences our present.
Future researchers. This study is beneficial to future researchers because it will provide them
with information, serve as a reference, and may lead to the development of this study. They would
be able to share their knowledge of the research study's progress. Future researchers will also be
able to promote the aims of their research, such as knowledge, truth, and the benefits of cultural
heritage to structural heritage restoration
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are defined in the context of this
research.
Cultural Heritage - Cultural heritage includes artifacts, monuments, a group of buildings and sites,
and museums that have a diversity of values including symbolic, historic, artistic, aesthetic,
ethnological or anthropological, scientific, and social significance. It includes tangible heritage
(movable, immobile, and underwater), and intangible cultural heritage (ICH) embedded into
cultural, and natural heritage artifacts, sites, or monuments. The definition excludes ICH related to
other cultural domains such as festivals, celebrations, etc. It covers industrial heritage and cave
paintings.
Development - means the development, construction, extension, enlargement, or substantial
upgrading of any new or existing building or any other structure used for business, trade,
profession, occupation, service, industry, agriculture, residence, recreation, religion, education, or
any other purposes, including infrastructure used in connection with it.
Historic Sites - A historic site or heritage site is an official location where pieces of political,
military, cultural, or social history have been preserved due to their cultural heritage value. Historic
sites are usually protected by law, and many have been recognized with the official national historic
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site status. A historic site may be any building, landscape, site, or structure that is of local, regional,
or national significance.
Lifestyle - the habits, attitudes, tastes, moral standards, economic level, etc., that together constitute
the mode of living of an individual or group.
Local Community - means any community of people living or having rights or interests in a
distinct geographical area.
Perception - is a psychological process through the experience gained by the five senses,
individuals can process responses into positive or negative perceptions. Obtaining responses are
obtained through the stages of selection, interpretation, and reaction.
Restoration – returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing
accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material.
Restoration should reveal new culturally significant aspects of the place. It is based on respect for
all the physical, documentary, and other evidence and stops at the point where conjecture begins.
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Structural Heritage - is defined as the layers of historical, physical remains that constitute
contemporary urban areas, that is, the built heritage with architectural and historical value or the
“monuments” of a city.
United Nations World Tourism Organization
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Chapter 2
REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE
Foreign Study and Foreign Literature
The restoration of national historic landmarks has become an increasingly significant
endeavor as cities aim to preserve the cultural heritage embedded in their buildings. These
structures, which hold historical value, are being restored using period-specific materials and
methods to maintain their original appearance and utility for future generations. In the case of a
cultural heritage building in Escolta, the research explores how to restore a building that recently
suffered from partial collapse, emphasizing the importance of using authentic materials from its
original construction. Adhering to international preservation standards, such as those set by
UNESCO and ICOMOS, ensures that these buildings retain their historical significance while
being integrated into the modern community. The study on Escolta's restoration also includes
exploring the challenges of restoring stone heritage buildings and developing scientific techniques
for structural preservation (Yunus, S. M., 2020).
The focus of preservation extends beyond the physical aspects of buildings to also include their
structural integrity. The use of modern monitoring techniques, as seen in studies conducted in the
Philippines, is essential in assessing and ensuring the stability of cultural heritage structures. Noninvasive methods, including static and dynamic testing, allow researchers to monitor vulnerabilities
and guide restoration efforts without causing further damage. Similarly, the deterioration of
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reinforced concrete (RC) buildings, such as those in Escolta, presents additional challenges due to
issues like carbonation and chloride-induced corrosion. Since many RC buildings are now regarded
as part of cultural heritage, special care must be taken to preserve their original materials and
surfaces, striking a balance between maintaining their historic value and ensuring their structural
stability (Masciotta et al., 2020; Carsana et al., 2020).
The integration of modern technology plays a crucial role in the restoration and preservation of
cultural heritage, as demonstrated by studies on the Escolta area. The application of digital
modeling and 3D mapping technologies allows for more accurate and efficient restoration
processes. Tools like LiDAR, GPS, and digital cameras are used to create detailed virtual
reconstructions, ensuring that heritage sites can be preserved and understood more effectively.
Additionally, the growing recognition of cultural heritage as a driver for local economic
development highlights the importance of heritage-led regeneration. As seen in Escolta, heritage
tourism can create economic opportunities while preserving cultural landmarks, benefiting both the
local community and visitors. This shift towards sustainable tourism and heritage preservation can
contribute to long-term economic growth and foster a deeper connection to history and culture (De
Rubeis et al., 2020).
Local Study and Local Literature
From 2020 to 2025, the global recognition of cultural heritage as a cornerstone of identity and
community empowerment has deepened. Projects such as the restoration of a 19th-century
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schoolhouse in Lakhnu, India, demonstrate how local care and symbolic heritage help reinforce
cultural identity (Stephens & Tiwari, 2020). In the Philippines, legislation like the National Cultural
Heritage Act of 2009 (R.A. 10066) supports the protection of sites such as Crisologo Street in Vigan
and the baroque churches in Paoay and Sta. Maria, emphasizing heritage as a driver for both
economic development and cultural pride (Estonanto et al., 2020; Lamarca, 2022). Restoration
initiatives have also been closely tied to education, such as in the efforts to reform landscape
architecture curricula for Cultural Landscape Heritage Conservation (CLHC), highlighting the
importance of heritage in academic and professional development (Tua et al., 2022).
Efforts toward sustainable restoration practices have also gained traction, with frameworks being
developed to assess the environmental, economic, and social impacts of heritage conservation. The
CH-LCM Model applied to the restoration of the Uncastillo citadel in Spain serves as a benchmark
for integrating sustainability metrics in cultural preservation (2020–2025). In cities like Manila and
Iloilo, restoration of inner-city districts and heritage buildings is being guided by risk assessments
and disaster management strategies, aiming to protect against natural hazards such as typhoons and
earthquakes (Yu et al., 2020; Florentin et al., 2022). These approaches demonstrate an increasing
alignment between heritage preservation, urban planning, and sustainable development goals.
Lastly, cultural heritage has been recognized not only for its historical significance but also for its
potential to promote intercultural understanding. Studies in cities like Baalbek and Byblos in
Lebanon show how community-based tourism and local-tourist interactions shape the perception
of heritage across religious lines, contributing to social cohesion and peacebuilding (Chaddad,
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2021). Similarly, heritage buildings and districts in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Philippines,
are being revitalized as tourist and recreational spaces, adding economic value while preserving
historical integrity (Yulu & Kapan, 2020; Abrigo, 2021). These collective global and local actions
underscore the crucial role of cultural heritage in sustainable development, identity formation, and
disaster resilience.
SYNTHESIS
The Philippines is home to numerous historical and cultural landmarks, including the Four
Baroque Roman Catholic Churches, which are recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Built
between the 16th and 18th centuries during the Spanish colonial period, these churches, including
the Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte and the Sta. Maria Church in Ilocos Sur, are significant heritage
structures requiring careful preservation (UNESCO, n.d.). A study assessing the management of
these churches examined their governance, legal protections, and conservation efforts. The Paoay
Church is maintained by the Paoay Church Restoration Task Force, the municipal government, the
Heritage District Homeowners Association, and various NGOs, while the Sta. Maria Church falls
under the jurisdiction of the Sta. Maria Heritage District Council. The study highlights the
importance of legal frameworks and local government involvement in safeguarding these sites, yet
it also reveals gaps in implementation due to resource constraints.
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Similarly, the restoration of heritage buildings in Escolta, Manila, plays a critical role in
revitalizing the city’s historical core. As a former commercial hub, Escolta’s architectural heritage
is a testament to Manila’s economic and cultural history, necessitating sustainable preservation
efforts. While national laws such as the National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 (R.A. 10066)
provide legal support, effective restoration depends on coordinated efforts between government
agencies, private stakeholders, and community organizations (Cruz, 2020). However, challenges
such as inadequate funding and enforcement hinder full compliance with preservation
requirements. The role of local leaders, particularly parish priests in church conservation, further
underscores the need for dedicated management and community involvement. Reviving Escolta’s
structural heritage not only preserves its historical significance but also enhances tourism and
economic opportunities, reinforcing the need for strong policies and collaborative restoration
initiatives.
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Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This study used a quantitative research design. It used a descriptive survey research
approach to obtain quantitative data from Escolta, Manila residents. The research sought to
measure the perceptions of the respondents toward the rehabilitation and business growth in the
area. Through the use of structured survey questionnaires, the researchers gathered data that
could be statistically analyzed to establish trends, patterns, and relationships within the responses.
This method enabled objective measurement and comparison of variables to the study objectives
Sources of Data
This research study comprises tourists and local communities from Escolta, Manila. The
overall sample of respondents is approximately 5,000, with estimates derived from community
demographic and visitor estimates collected in the Binondo-Escolta district, according to the
reports published by the Manila City Government, and Vogue Philippines (2024) that emphasize
the increasing numbers of residents, workers, and tourists engaging in cultural and commercial
activities, primarily surging after recent preservation activities.
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DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES
The survey questionnaires will be physically distributed. The researcher asked for the
consent of the barangay captain before they were included as respondents of this study. The
objectives and purpose of this study were explained to them, and they were assured of the
confidentiality of all personal information and responses that will be provided. A printed
questionnaire will be handed over to the respondents and they will be given enough time to fill in
their answers. The researchers were present to answer questions from the respondents about some
items that need their clarification. Upon completion, the survey questionnaires will be immediately
retrieved by the researcher.
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
The researchers will choose residents of Escolta who are 18 years old and above to be the
target respondents. Then, through a survey questionnaire, the study respondents will answer the
questions asked by the researchers. The questions that are cited or stated in the statement of the
problem are also the ones that must be asked. Moreover, the data gathered will also be compared
to the researchers' study. The benefits that respondents will gain motivated the researchers that
residents of Escolta would be the ideal respondents. They will answer questions given in the survey
that were prepared by the researchers. Since the study was specifically designed with them in view,
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they must give careful and honest answers. The advantages of having businesses on the streets of
Escolta are controlling the local manufacturing process, restoring the barangay as the smallest unit
of government, etc.
These advantages are likewise encompassed within the importance of the study.
The number of individuals that will be responding to the survey was determined by the
researchers upon choosing the respondents. 100 responses will be the selected quantity, in
conformity with the populace of Escolta, Manila, as such a number of respondents is necessary.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
In this study, the researchers used a self-made survey questionnaire for data gathering.
The research instrument of this study is divided into three parts: the letter to the respondents and
barangay captain of Escolta, the profile of the respondents, and the survey questionnaire. In the
profile of the respondent section, the respondents were asked about the following: name and age.
The survey questionnaire used a four-point Likert scale that has three sets of five questions, each
with a rating based on the options provided in the questionnaire, to measure the response of the
respondents. The researchers ensured the survey's anonymity by making personal information,
such as a name, optional. The questionnaire has a total of 20 items.
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The mean scale interpretation used:
4 .0-50 – STRONGLY AGREE
3.0-3.99 – AGREE
2.0-2.99 – DISAGREE
0.1-0.99 - STRONGLY DISAGREE
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Pre-Testing
The research instrument is pretested to ten (30) respondents. The pre -testing will be facilitated
from (September 9). It was participated by fifty local communities in Escolta. The researcher did
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the pre testing to ensure that all questions on the instrument are clear and respondents have full
understanding of all of the items in the research instrument.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
This study was a random selection method. Random selection was applied to the
communities based on the presumption that all residents would either benefit from or be affected
by the restoration of the buildings in Escolta, Manila.
SAMPLE SIZE
The researcher used quota sampling of 100 respondents. The researcher used quota
sampling to ensure that a sufficient number of participants were included to represent the
population adequately.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT DATA
Frequency Distribution/Percentage
FREQUENCY is the number of times a particular value occurs in the data. According to
the article, frequency is the distribution of a variable is the pattern of frequency, which is the set of
all possible values and the frequencies associated with its values.
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Use: To measure the number of occurrences of a particular score in each set of data, identify the
range of scores, look for extreme scores and outliers, compare the relative importance of different
attributes in a data set and measure the number of occurrences of a particular score in each set of
data.
PERCENTAGE is the number of parts something makes up out of one hundred. It is also
the use percentage and percentages in the research paper. The key issue to be addressed while
interpreting a statistical analysis is that it should not be done by simply looking at percentages and
drawing conclusions based on it.
Use: The percentage is used to determine what proportions of the respondents belong to a specific
category, or what proportion of respondents have certain characteristics or have taken certain
actions. Percentage is also the way to measure something which is relatively small in comparison
to the whole.
Weighted Mean
WEIGHTED MEAN is a calculation used to express the central tendency of a set of data.
Weighted means is a measure that expresses the "average" of a set of values. It is often used to
compare measures with different denominators, to compare data among sets of variables, or to
assess the quality of sampling methods.
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Use: Weighted Mean (WM) was used to determine the value of a certain variable in one or a group
of data. It also is used when a mark of a certain respondent is to be calculated based on the marks
obtained by another set of respondents. In simple terms, this procedure is determined by dividing
each data point by the total number of observations and then adding all these products together.
The following were observed in interpreting weighted mean in the context of this study.
(Insert additional table if more than 2 Likert scale has been used in the questionnaire
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Chapter 4
This chapter presents the results gathered from 100 respondents from the Escolta community. The
findings are organized based on the study’s statement of the problem and analyzed using descriptive
statistics and ANOVA tests.
Table 1
Frequency Distribution Based on Gender
Gender
Female
Male
Total
f
55
45
100
p
55%
45%
100%
INTERPRET
Table 2
Frequency Distribution Based on Age
Age
18 to 21
22 to 25
26 to 30
Total
f
24
39
37
100
p
24%
39%
37%
100%
Table 1 and 2 shows the Demographic profile of the respondents. The result shows that out of 100
respondents, 55% were female and 45% were male. Additionally, in terms of age, 39% were
between 22 to 25 years old, 37% were aged 26 to 30 and 24% were aged 18 to 21. This shows that
the study includes a relatively young group of respondents.
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Table 3
Frequency Distribution Based on Perception on Cultural and Structural Heritage
Based on Table 3 it showed that the perception of 100 respondents on Cultural and Structural
Heritage in Escolta, Manila. According to the result, the respondents generally agreed with all statements
under this category. They are familiar with Escolta’s history (Mean = 3.25, SD = 0.67) and the respondents
believe that Escolta contributes to Manila’s cultural heritage (Mean = 3.20, SD = 0.67). Moreover, the
preservation of heritage buildings is seen as important (Mean = 3.38, SD = 0.60) and many feel that these
buildings are connected to Filipino identity (Mean = 3.28, SD = 0.70). The respondents also agreed that
Escolta has the potential to become a commercial area again (Mean = 3.17, SD = 0.65). Lastly, the overall
mean was 3.26 with a standard deviation of 0.66, indicating a positive perception towards Escolta’s
cultural and structural heritage. The overall standard deviation suggests that while respondents generally
share similar views, there is a moderate variation in the level of agreement among them.
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Table 4
Perception on Restoring and Reusing Heritage Building
Table 4 showed the perception of 100 respondents on Restoring and Reusing Heritage Buildings in
Escolta, Manila. According to the result, respondents agreed that restoration can support tourism (Mean =
3.20, SD= 0.59) and that old buildings can be adapted for modern uses like cafés, galleries, or shops
(Mean = 3.29, SD = 0.57). There is also strong support for involving the local community in restoration
decisions (Mean= 3.31, SD = 0.61). Moreover, awareness of current restoration projects (Mean = 3.16, SD
= 0.66) and the need for more efforts (Mean = 3.16, SD = 0.61) both indicate a moderate level of
agreement. Finally, the overall mean was 3.22 with a standard deviation of 0.61, showing that respondents
generally agree and support the restoration and reuse of heritage buildings. The overall standard deviation
indicates that opinions are consistent, with only slight variations in the level of agreement among
respondents.
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Table 5
Perception on Cultural Awareness and Community Engagement
Table 5 shows the perception of 100 respondents on Economic Sustainability in Escolta, Manila.
According to the results, respondents showed strong agreement with the idea that schools and
communities should teach Escolta’s history (Mean = 3.30, SD = 0.61). The respondents also felt
that Escolta is part of their cultural heritage (Mean = 3.31, SD = 0.63). Additionally, the respondents
would attend cultural events in restored buildings (Mean = 3.34, SD = 0.62). There was also
agreement that artists, historians, and residents should be involved in restoration (Mean = 3.32, SD
= 0.57), and that heritage buildings have unique value (Mean = 3.39, SD = 0.63). The overall mean
was 3.33 with a standard deviation of 0.61, indicating high support for cultural awareness and
community involvement. The overall standard deviation further suggests that perception of the
respondents are consistent, with only minimal differences in their level of agreement.
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Table 7
ANOVA – Gender and Age
Table 7 shows the result of one-way ANOVA based on Gender and Age of the Local community in
Escolta, Manila. The results showed no significant difference in perceptions when grouped by
gender (F = 0.905, p = 0.344) or age (F = 0.0217, p = 0.979). This means that perceptions on the
restoration of heritage building in Escolta have no significant difference in terms of age or gender.
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Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter shows the Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations made by the
researchers based on the findings of the study of the perception of the respondents on Restoration
of Heritage buildings in Escolta, Manila.
Summary of Findings
Based on the results, the researchers gathered responses from 100 members of the Escolta
community, with slightly more female respondents (55%) and a majority aged 22 to 30 years old.
Respondents generally agreed that Escolta, has cultural and historical value and they support efforts
to preserve and reuse heritage buildings. The respondents also believed that restoration could
benefit tourism, create economic opportunities, and strengthen cultural identity. There was strong
support for community involvement in the restoration process. The study also found no significant
differences in perceptions when respondents were grouped by age or gender.
Conclusion
Based on the findings, the crucial role of stakeholder perception in the potential success of the
restoration and revitalization of selected structural heritage buildings along Escolta, Old Manila’s
historic center of commerce. By analyzing the views of key groups—including property owners,
current tenants, local business operators, government agencies, and heritage advocates—this
research provides a grounded framework for future policy and investment.
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Recommendations
The city should offer discounts on property taxes to owners who start fixing the exterior and
making the building structurally safe. This is the most basic idea. Since owners think the cost is too high,
this direct financial help encourages them to start the work immediately, even if it’s just small, necessary
repairs.
Encourage business owners to quickly renovate the ground floor for immediate use by cafes, small
shops, or pop-up businesses. Positive perception is tied to economic viability. If the ground floor starts
bringing in rent, that money can be used to fund the more expensive structural work upstairs, making the
project self-sustaining.
The local government should create one dedicated office just for Escolta. Owners shouldn't have to
visit three different places (like the city planning and heritage offices) for one permit. This addresses the
perception that the process is complicated and bureaucratic. One office means less running around, making
it easier and faster to get approvals.
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The government or a university group should create a simple, visual handbook that shows owners
how to apply for permits and what kind of basic repairs they should do first. Owners often don't know
where to start. A basic, step-by-step guide removes the confusion and makes the whole process less
intimidating.
Colleges (Architecture, Engineering) should encourage students to use Escolta buildings for their
thesis or class projects, offering free design ideas and basic structural assessments to the owners. This is a
win-win. Students get real-world experience, and owners get professional ideas for restoration without
having to pay expensive consultancy fees.
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