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Davide Fall 2025, Adult II Exam 2 Blueprint
Cardiac
Practice EKG rhythm strips:
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Review the Power Point, Unit 4 EKG REVIEW with Voice Over and Cardiac and EKG review worksheets.
IDENTIFY Cardiac Rhythm strips: 10 Questions
NCLEX rhythms:
identify rhythms from looking at strips.
Understand what is happening in the heart - too fast, too slow, regular or irregular?
Know which part of the heart is affected (atria or ventricles).
narrow QRS complexes – atrial dysrhythmia (less than 0.12)
wide QRS complexes – ventricular dysrhythmia (wider than 0.12)
Sinus rhythm has a p wave before each QRS complex
Know normal HR, PR interval, QRS interval
identify regular versus irregular rhythm: Irregular rhythms include A. Fib and V. Fib
SINUS RHYTHMS:
o Normal Sinus Rhythm
 Regular rhythm
 HR 60-100 bpm
 p wave- present before each QRS complex and upright
 PR interval of 0.12 - 0.20 seconds
 QRS interval of 0.04 – 0.12
o Sinus Bradycardia:
 Same as NSR with HR under 60
 Always assess medications! (many cause low HR – ex ccb, bb, digoxin)
 Atropine for symptomatic sinus bradycardia if unable to address underlying
cause like medications.
 Pacemaker if persists
o Sinus Tachycardia:
 Same as NSR with HR over 100
 Identify & address underlying cause: anxiety, anemia, dehydration, medications
(caffeine, stimulants)
 if symptomatic and above measures fail, then meds to slow heart rate (bb, ccb,)
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ATRIAL DYSRHYTHMIAS: Originate in the atria, impulse not generated in SA node, abnormal or absent
p waves. Skinny (narrow) QRS Complexes (less than 0.12)
Atrial fibrillation: most common arrhythmia.
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IRREGULAR RHYTHM, different spaces between r waves
Heart Rate can be slow, normal or rapid
multiple rapid impulses from many atrial foci electrical impulses chaotic, wavey baseline
Narrow QRS, less than 0.12
Atria are quivering ineffectively allowing blood to pool -risk for clot and stroke.
Treatment:
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Calcium channel blockers (diltiazem) OR Beta Blockers (metoprolol)
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Scheduled cardioversion (under general anesthesia), after transesophageal
echocardiogram (TEE) first to look for clots.
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Blood Thinners- (warfarin) to prevent future stroke
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Cardiac Ablation may be indicated. (Cath lab procedure)
Atrial Flutter:
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Similar to Atrial fibrillation.
Narrow QRS complex (less than 0.12); REGULAR RHYTHM, rapid, organized, regular.
Sawtooth pattern waves on EKG. (AV Node letting impulses through regularly).
Risk for stroke, will be anticoagulated.
Cardiac Ablation may be indicated
Supraventricular Tachycardia - atrial arrythmia.
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Rapid rate (usually over 150), Rapid firing and re-entry through AV node)
Regular appearing, Narrow QRS complex (less than 0.12)
first vagal maneuvers
 carotid massage
 bear down (like you are trying to poop)
if not effective then medication
 adenosine (causes momentary asystole) for emergent, sustained SVT
 calcium channel blockers or beta blockers, cardioversion, ablation
Anticoagulated to prevent stroke (warfarin)
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VENTRICULAR DYSRHYTHMIAS:
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Can be from myocardial ischemia, abnormal K+ or Mg + or hypoxia
PVCs (irregular beats have wide QRS- greater than 0.12)
May be from hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia. Increased irritability of ventricular cells.
 If occasional, identify and treat cause (sympathomimetics, infections, surgery,
stress, caffeine, electrolyte imbalance)
 If excessive, treated with beta blockers
 Occasional PVCs - common and normal – feels like an occasional skipped beat
 Bigeminy – PVC every other beat is PVC
 Trigeminy- PVC every third beat is PVC
Ventricular Tachycardia:
Asses CAB FIRST! Loc, o2
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Wide QRS Complex; Fast QRS Complex
“Bizarre and wide looking”, chaotic, can appear organized and regular with rapid and wide QRS
complexes (greater than 0.12) and no apparent p waves.
Coming from bottom chambers of the heart
May change to V Fib.
More dangerous rhythm than Atrial dysrhythmias. Low stroke volume, pressure will drop and may
change to V. Fib
 If alarm sounds indicating rapid Atrial fibrillation changed to rapid Ventricular Fibrillation assess patient prior to taking action. May be from lead placement. First check patient and
placement of leads.
If patient has a pulse (considered stable) – synchronized cardioversion, amiodarone
If no pulse (unstable) - CPR, ACLS and defibrillate.
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Ventricular Fibrillation: (aka cardiac arrest)
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Minimal to no cardiac output
Call a code blue
CPR, defibrillate, epinephrine, amiodarone
Check patient and check leads!! If patient is awake and alert – its not V Fib.
Torsade de Points can be from prolonged QT can be deadly,
Treated with IV Magnesium
Asystole – CPR
Hyperkalemia:
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elevated and peaked T waves –
risk factor for cardiac arrhythmia and cardiac arrest
Treatments include calcium gluconate, loop diuretics, insulin, albuterol
Hypokalemia: tiny u wave following T wave
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STEMI, Ischemia:
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MI (myocardial Infarction)
ST segment elevation
Door to Ballon time (DTB) is 90 minutes
NSTEMI – ST Segment depression or inverted T Wave
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HEART BLOCK
 First Degree – Prolonged PR interval
 > 0.20 sec (5 small blocks, or 1 big box)
 All impulses conducted. Monitor.
 Second Degree – Some impulses blocked
 Mobitz type I: Wenckebach –progressive
prolongation of PR interval until dropped.
• Monitor. Atropine (acute) or
Pacemaker if symptomatic.
 Mobitz type II: Sudden intermittent failure of
conduction without progressive
prolongation. Higher risk of progression
to compete heart block.
• Atropine (acute), symptomatic
• Permanent Pacemaker.
 Third Degree Heart Block – (Complete Heart
Block) Atria & ventricles beat independently.
 Permanent Pacemaker
 Atropine if acutely symptomatic
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Cardiac catheterization (cardiac angiogram) or peripheral angiogram: catheter into arteries.
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Follow up
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Bleeding precautions
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Lie flat with sandbag at insertion site for HOURS (may be 3-24 hours, depending on
procedure and protocol)
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Frequent VS Checks
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Frequent checks of peripheral pulses and skin on effected extremity.
MRI:
o NO METAL! Must ask about implanted pacemaker or other implanted devices
o Assess for claustrophobia
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Permanent pacemaker:
o Indicated for Bradycardia, Heart Block, Sick Sinus Syndrome
o Surgically implanted device that goes in the right or left sub-clavicular area with leads
that go into the endocardium. They sense the heart’s rhythm.
o Generate an impulse when needed.
o Post Implantation Procedure:
 EKG post procedure
 Assess site for bleeding, swelling, redness, tenderness
 Dressing should be clean and dry
 Check VS, including temperature
 Look for signs of complications such as pericardial effusion or diaphragmatic
pacing including chest pain, pain or muscle contractions over diaphragm,
shortness of breath
 Immobilize arm.
 PATIENT EDUCATION: (similar for implanted pacemakers & cardioverter-defibrillator)
 Type and setting of pacemaker or cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD),
 driving restrictions are 1 week for pacemakers & up to 6 months for ICD.
 For at least 4-6 weeks: avoid strenuous activity, avoid lifting arm
overhead and avoid lifting more than 10 pounds.
 Wait at least 8 weeks for jerky movements
 Light activities can be resumed sooner.
 Avoid strong electromagnetic fields: If patient ever feels symptoms near
a device they should move 10 feet away and check their pulse
 Look for loss of capture, meaning pacemaker spikes are present without
P or QRS waves following.
Cardiac Medications: know the basic classes, what they are used for, SE.
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Antidysrhythmics – Control abnormal rhythms
Examples: Amiodarone, Lidocaine
Used for: A-fib, V-tach, V-fib, SVT
SE: Bradycardia, hypotension, dizziness
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o 2. Beta Blockers (-olol) – ↓ HR & workload
o Used for: A-fib (rate control), HTN, angina, post-MI
o SE: Bradycardia, fatigue, hypotension, bronchospasm
o 3. Calcium Channel Blockers (Diltiazem, Verapamil) – ↓ HR, relax vessels
o Used for: A-fib, A-flutter, SVT
o SE: Hypotension, bradycardia, constipation
o 4. Digoxin – Slows HR, ↑ contractility
o Used for: A-fib, HF
o SE: Bradycardia, toxicity (N/V, visual changes)
o 5. ACE Inhibitors (-pril) / ARBs (-sartan) – Vasodilate, ↓ BP
o Used for: HF, post-MI, HTN
o SE: Cough (ACE), hyperkalemia, hypotension
o 6. Nitrates (Nitroglycerin) – Vasodilate
o Used for: Angina, ischemia, MI
o SE: Headache, hypotension, dizziness
o 7. Antiplatelets (Aspirin, Clopidogrel) – Prevent clot formation
o Used for: STEMI, NSTEMI, ischemia
o SE: Bleeding, GI upset
o 8. Anticoagulants (Heparin, Warfarin, DOACs) – Prevent thrombus
o Used for: A-fib, DVT, PE, MI
o SE: Bleeding, bruising
o 9. Vasopressors (Epi, Dopamine) – ↑ BP & HR
o Used for: Asystole, shock, cardiac arrest
o SE: HTN, tachycardia, arrhythmias
o 10. Magnesium Sulfate – Stabilizes cardiac cells
o Used for: Torsades de Pointes, hypomagnesemia
o SE: Bradycardia, hypotension, flushing
Cardiac stress test:
o Monitor for signs of ischemia and respond if:
 T wave changes on the electrocardiogram (EKG) (can indicate MI or ischemia)
 Pt reports Chest pain, palpitations or shortness of breath
Asymptomatic patient with low HR and multiple chronic diseases – checks meds!!!
Syncope = fainting – can be from low bp, low HR, arrhythmias
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Skin
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Skin assessment:
o Includes history, physical factors and identifying deficits with nutrition or other disorders
(DM, PVD) that contribute to skin disorders.
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Pressure Ulcers:
o Factors:
 Lengthy Surgical Procedures, Bedrest, immobility
 Decreased level of consciousness
 Incontinence
 Diabetes mellitus and/or peripheral vascular disease
 Undernutrition (low protein diet, low protein levels in blood {indicated by serum
albumin or prealbumin}, obesity, underweight, dehydration) Nutrition status is
 Decreased sensory perception or cognitive problems
 Impaired mental status, assess for change in mental status
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Stages:
 Stage 1: Non-blanchable erythema/hyperpigmentation of intact skin usually over bony
prominences
o Color (not purple or maroon)
 Light skin: Non-blanchable redness
 Dark skin: May not have visible blanching; color of pressure injury site will differ
from surrounding tissue
o May be preceded by changes in sensation, temperature, or firmness
 Stage 2: Partial-thickness loss with exposed dermis, epidermal and some dermal tissue gone.
o Color:
 Light skin: Wound bed is viable, pink or red, and moist
 Dark skin: Wound bed may be red or pink without slough, or area may be shiny
without slough or bruising
o May look like intact or ruptured serum-filled blister
o NO visible adipose (fat), granulation tissue, slough, or eschar
o NO undermining and tunneling
 Stage 3: Full-thickness skin loss to the dermis and subcutaneous tissue
o Adipose (fat) visible in the ulcer
o Granulation tissue and rolled wound edges are often present
o Slough and/or eschar may be present
o Undermining and tunneling may be present
o NO exposed fascia, muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage, or bone
 Stage 4: Full-thickness loss of skin and tissue
o Full-thickness skin loss with exposed or palpable fascia, muscle, tendon, ligament,
cartilage, or bone
o May have slough or eschar, rolled edges, undermining, or tunneling
 Unstageable
o Obscured full-thickness skin and tissue loss
o Full-thickness skin and tissue loss
o Extent of damage cannot be confirmed due to being obscured by eschar or slough
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Deep Tissue Pressure Injury (DTPI)
o Persistent non-blanchable deep red, maroon, or purple discoloration
o May initially present as a stage 1 pressure injury, resemble other stages as it develops,
and progress to full-thickness injury. Intact or nonintact skin
o Localized area of persistent non-blanchable deep red, maroon, or purple discoloration
(discoloration may appear differently in skin with dark pigmentation)
o Epidermal separation reveals a dark wound bed or blood-filled blister
Mucosal Membrane Pressure Injury: unstageable ulcers
o Found on mucous membranes where a medical device has been or is in use
Treatment:
 Positioning, devices to change pressure (air beds), Dressing changes.
 Monitor and document skin each shift. Worsening pressure ulcer: complete a
thorough wound assessment, including current treatment, vital signs, and
laboratory results prior to notifying provider.
 Black (eschar) and / or slough needs to be debrided:
 Debridement is a priority – necrotic tissue impedes wound healing and
increases the risk of infection.
 Multidisciplinary approach including PT, OT, Wound Care, Nutritionist, nurses,
doctors, surgeons when needed.
 Nutritional Status: progress is assessed by checking serum albumin and prealbumin
(more sensitive to recent nutritional interventions)
Skin Conditions & Topical Treatments: (some conditions require oral or parenteral agents)
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Eczema /Dermatitis: daily moisturizers for maintenance for steroids for flares.
o Steroid creams end in -one or -solone. (hydrocortisone, triamcinolone)
o Monoclonal Antibodies (end in mab): Dupilumab
Psoriasis: Thick, red plaques or papules covered by white or silvery scales
o DMARDS (disease modifying anti-rheumatologic drugs), Biologics.
 (-mab) =monoclonal antibodies: produced using recombinant DNA technology.
antibody genes from immune cells are isolated and cloned into expression vectors
which produce the antibodies. They target specific disease pathways.
 adalimumab (Humira), etanercept – monoclonal antibody used for psoriasis
 TNK-a inhibitors must screen for TB prior to starting therapy due to risk of
reactivation of TB.
o also used to treat Rheumatoid arthritis, Psoriatic arthritis,
Ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, Ulcerative colitis, Plaque
psoriasis, Hidradenitis suppurativa, and Uveitis.
o Blocks tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory
cytokine that plays a key role in the inflammatory process
underlying these diseases, reducing inflammation, relieving
symptoms, and preventing further joint/tissue damage.
o Vitamin A derivatives are used to treat psoriasis
o Vitamin A derivatives end in -oin, -lene (Tretinoin, Alitretinoin, Adapalene, Tazarotene)
 Acitretin - teratogenic like tretinoin (Retin A) – topic and systemic
formulations
 Tazarotene (topical therapy) can also be teratogenic
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Bacterial Infections: often strep and staph (gram + infections)
o Antibacterials end in -cin (mupirocin- Rx, bacitracin OTC)
 Mupirocin – Medical
 Bacitracin – Buy it yourslef
o Folliculitis –topicals rx - mupirocin (Bactroban) OTC bacitracin
o Cellulitis: deeper bacterial infection of skin, treated with oral antibiotics
o Impetigo- superficial skin infection, often with honey-colored crusts, spreads rapidly (sports
teams). Localized treat e mupirocin, widespread treat systemically. (oral antibiotics)
 Viral Infections.
o Antivirals end in -vir (acyclovir, penciclovir [Denavir] famciclovir [Famvir], Valacyclovir [Valtrex]
o Zoster and Shingles (viral)
 Treatment: acyclovir
 At risk if immune to chicken pox (caused by varicella-zoster virus, a member of the
herpesvirus family.
 - someone with herpes can give a vulnerable
(Non-immune Person) chicken pox.
 screen visitors for hx chicken pox
 nurses should wear PPE including gloves with weeping lesions
Fungal infection
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Antifungals end in -azole clotrimazole, ketoconazole
Risks for superficial fungal skin infection
 moisture, darkness – skin folds, groin
 urinary incontinence,
o Treatment: clotrimazole, ketoconazole
Skin Cancer
o Lesions (primary, secondary)
 Warning Signs
 A—asymmetry of shape
 B—border irregularity
 C—color variation within one lesion
 D—diameter >6 mm
 E—evolving/changing features
Wound healing:
o Interdisciplinary approach is to address overall health including nutrition (especially protein
intake) and perfusion concerns such as PVD may interfere with health and healing. Serum
prealbumin is the best way to monitor recent improvements in nutritional status.
Steven’s Johnson’s Syndrome:
o Severe reaction
o Discontinue offending agent
o Supportive Care
o High risk for infection- sterile handling and reverse-isolation techniques are important.
o Should not share room with patients who have infectious diseases or contagious illness –
SJS patients are very immunocompromised.
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Neuro
 Assessment:
o Responsiveness
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alert – awake and responsive – may not be oriented
 lethargic- drowsy and easily arousable
 stuporous- responsive only to vigorous stimuli or sternal pressure
 coma- unresponsive
o Cognitive Decline- Acute Versus Progressive.
 Acute – decreased oxygen, infection, medication toxicity, substance use,
 Chronic / Progressive – Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, hearing loss, aging, dementia
Alzheimer’s Disease – progressive disease primary affecting cognition
o 5 A’s – know them!!
 agnosia: failure to recognize familiar people, sensations, sounds
 amnesia: memory loss
 anomia: inability to remember names of objects or people
 aphasia: inability to speak or understand (expressive or receptive).
 apraxia: does not know what objects are used for
 tries to write with a shoe or brush hair with a fork (think of Ariel)
o Medications:
 Aricept (donepezil) for AD- acetylcholinesterase inhibitor = cholinergic agonist.
 Increases amount of acetylcholine available
 therapeutic response = improved cognition
 SE: diarrhea, increased secretions, frequent urination, bradycardia
Parkinson’s Disease – progressive disease primarily affecting movement.
Medications:
o Carbidopa / Levodopa (Sinemet) for PD – first line medication for PD
 Levodopa is a dopamine precursor (increases dopamine) and should help
improve muscle control and decrease tremors and spasms.
 Carbidopa prevents levodopa from breaking down prior to entering the brain,
allowing it to work in the brain where it is needed.
 Should be dosed several times a day to correlate with need for increased
symptom control
 Should not be dosed prior to meals, especially high protein meal, that can
decrease absorption.
o Levodopa / Carbidopa and other Dopamine Agonist Adverse Effects:
 Decreased ability to swallow (dysphagia) - serious side effect, may increase risk
of aspiration and choking, can lead to life-threatening complications. This is a
condition that should be reported to the healthcare provider immediately.
Nurse priority is to order respiratory therapy evaluation
 orthostatic (postural) hypotension,
 hallucinations, psychotic episodes
 sleepiness, and drowsiness, which can be mistaken for signs and symptoms of
Parkinson’s disease (PD).
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mood changes including depression should be reported to prescriber
immediately.
 Long-term use of levodopa can lead to dyskinesia (inability to perform
voluntary movement). Levodopa causes loopy limbs
 May turn sweat and urine a darker, possibly a reddish-brown color.
 hypotension and psychotic episodes.
o give carbidopa / levodopa at least an hour before or after meals (especially high
protein meals) to increase absorption and transport across the blood-brain barrier.
Long-term use of levodopa preparations can cause the same adverse effects as
dopamine agonists
Other Dopamine Agonists used for PD:
o apomorphine (a morphine derivative), pramipexol, and ropinirole {(Requip) nonergoline dopamine agonist used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as
stiffness, tremors, muscle spasms, and poor muscle control and is also used for restless
legs syndrome (RLS)}
o Rotigotine – dopamine agonist available as a continuous transdermal patch to maintain
a consistent level of dopamine.
Stroke: 11 Questions
Timing of symptom start is very important!!!
 Start TPA with 3-4.5 hours of symptom start for the benefits to outweigh the risks.
 monitor patient closely for 72 hours after stroke to catch complications early.
PRIOTIRY PT!
 Risk for aspiration, nurse must be sure airways is protected
 SUSPECTED STROKE PATIENT - CT SCAN IMMEDIATELY! To r/o bleeding
2 Types of Strokes: Ischemic: (thrombolytic or embolic) or Hemorrhagic (Bleeding):
Ischemic: (thrombolytic or embolic) – more common. ONSET of Symptoms IS ESSENTIAL TO
DETERMINE IF PT is ELIGILBE FOR THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY
 Often comes from clots in the heart (a fib?)
 Any patient with new onset one-sided weakness – get CT Scan STAT!!
 CT scan will show a bleed, will not show an early thrombolytic stroke
 TPA: for suspected embolic CVA: suspected stroke must start TPA stat!! RULE OUT
HEMORRHAGIC STROKE FIRST
 Monitor patient closely – prioritize patients on TPA - risk for cerebral hemorrhage, including vital
signs, neurological assessment, base baseline and note changes, look for signs of bleeding
clinically and in labs
 monitor hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count.
 NIH Stroke scale before and after administration of TNK (Tenecteplase) or t-PA to objectively
document severity of neurologic deficits before and after t-PA administration and to document
response to treatment.
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Apply risk / benefit analysis:
o Contraindications to t-PA
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Hypoglycemia (<50) can mimic sx of stroke
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Rapidly improving neurological status – likely symptoms were from a TIA
and not a stroke – would not meet criteria for thrombolytic therapy.
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Platelets below 100,000
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Systolic BP above 185/
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Diastolic BP above 110
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INR above 1.7
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Head injury – can mimic sx of stroke
Hemorrhagic: H for HEADACHE
 Often starts with severe headache –this symptom is suspicious for hemorrhagic
stroke!! IF STROKE STARTS WITH SEVERE HA MORE LIKELY FROM BLEEDING –
MOST IMPORTANT INDICATOR OF BLEED IS SEVERE HA, highly suspicious for
hemorrhagic stoke!
 More likely hemorrhagic if on blood thinners or low platelet
(thrombocytopenia) count
 question orders for aspirin or NSAIDS or blood thinners (warfarin or
heparin or Plavix)
 CT Scan will rule out hemorrhagic stroke, will NOT show early ischemic
stroke – must use clinical judgement and consider relative and absolute
contraindications to TPA.
o s/p stroke Applying sequential or pneumatic compression stockings to prevent
complications from one sided weakness
Seizures- Primary - (idiopathic) versus Secondary.
o Two or more seizures = epilepsy
o Secondary causes of seizure: Head trauma, Hypoglycemia, Brain Tumor
o Status Epilepticus – prolonged seizure and / or 2 or more seizures in – Maintaining
airways is the priority
 Suction equipment ready – priority to maintain airway!
 Apply Oxygen - priority
 guard rails raised – for safety (padding is controversial)
 Assess environment for safety hazards
 Nothing in the mouth
 Document, time, observation
 Benzodiazepines – first line for Status Epilepticus (then phenytoin for prevention)
 Lorazepam IV Push – need IV Access
 Nasal midazolam and diazepam if no IV access
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Migraines:
o abortive therapy –NSAIDS, including ASA, acetaminophen, caffeine, triptans
 triptans cause vasoconstriction to treat pain. (migraine pain is from
vasodilation in response to vasoconstriction)
 Can take aspirin and sumatriptan together.
 lie down someplace dark and quiet when the headaches begin
 avoid alcohol
 avoid triptans (Imitrex) w unstable angina (since triptans are vasoconstrictors)
and can cause chest pain and muscle spasms
o preventative therapy– daily medication
 beta-blockers (propranolol - non-cardio-selective)
 calcium channel blockers
Meningitis –
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Assessments -meningeal signs
 Ask about living arrangements!! College dormitories are considered highdensity living areas, which increasing the risk of meningococcal meningitis
transmission. VACCINATE COLLEGE STUDENTS, SIGNIFICANT RISK.
 The textbook material specifically mentions that "outbreaks of meningococcal
meningitis are most likely to occur in areas of high population density, such as
college dormitories, military barracks, and crowded living areas."
 Kernig’s (Pain in the posterior thigh upon hip flexion – “Kan’t” straighten leg –
from YouTube video -K for Kernig’s sign)
 Brudzinski – When lying flat and head is flexed (lifted) , hips and knees flex
(bend – B – Brudzinski)
 Ask about living arrangements!!
 Bacterial meningitis prevented by vaccines no vaccines specific for viral
meningitis.
Isolation for meningitis: droplet precautions – masks, VERY CONTAGIOUS
 Droplet precautions:
Med Math –
Make sure you know how to calculate drip factor!
If you are given mL/hr and gtt/mL, How do you calculate gtt/min?
1. Rounding rules. Round med math questions to nearest 10th place EXCEPT drips per minute.
2. Your drips per minute answer should be rounded to the ones place.
3. Read the directions. If the answer states enter the number only, do not include the units and
vice versa.
4. For this question, make sure to convert 1 hour to 60 minutes.
Example
Order: You have a 500 mL bag of D 5 W to be infused at 75 mL an hour.
Calculate gtt/min with a drip factor of 10 gtt/mL 1 gtt/min ENTER THE NUMBER ONLY
Answer 13.
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