1|Page
mevi Rb¨ Bswjk
100 Essential Grammars For
Speaking and Writing
Writer
Ishrat Jahan
Co-founder, IELTS Spirit
In collaboration
Md Mahmudul Hassan
Founder, IELTS Spirit
Publisher
IELTS Spirit
2|Page
Second Edition
December, 2022
Copyright © reserved by the writer. All rights reserved, no
parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise without the prior written permission of the
writer.
Compose & Makeup:
IELTS Spirit
Cover Design
IELTS Spirit
ISBN Number: 978-984-35-2264-1
Price: 300.00 (Three Hundred Taka only)
N‡i e‡m AW©vi: 8801921 999 222
Order Online: www.ieltsspirit.com
3|Page
cÖ‡qvRbxq 100 wUi g‡Zv evQvB Kiv MÖvgvi wb‡q AZ¨šÍ hZœ mnKv‡i eBwU †jLv
n‡q‡Q|
BkivZ Rvnvb Ges ZvwiK nvmvb Gi †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M †jLv GB eBwU mKj †ckvi
Ges mKj e‡q‡mi gvbz‡li cÖ‡qvR‡b Avm‡e e‡j Avgv‡`i `…p wek¦vmI eBwUi
mePvB‡Z Amvavib welqwU n‡jv Gi cÖwZwU Gwc‡mvW Gi mv‡_B wfwWI
wUD‡Uvwiqvj i‡q‡Q, †hLv‡b cÖwZwU welq‡K AZ¨šÍ mvejxj fv‡e eb©bv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| eBwUi mvnv‡h¨ evwo‡Z e‡m †Kv‡bv wUDUi Gi mvnvh¨ QvovB †h †KD
Bs‡iwR‡Z `¶ n‡Z cvi‡eb e‡j Avgiv Avkv Kwi| †jLK cwiwPwZ:
BkivZ Rvnvb
`xN© 18 eQi wk¶Zvi mv‡_ RwoZ| eZ©gv‡b XvKvi GKwU ¯^bvgab¨ Bswjk
wgwWqvg ¯‹z‡ji cÖavb wkw¶Kv wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ Av‡Qb| Zvi GB `xN© wk¶KZvi
GKwU eo Aa¨vq wQ‡jv Av‡gwiKvi wgwkMvb †÷‡Ui Royal oak school
district Gi GKwU ¯‹z‡j| wk¶KZv Zvi c¨vkb, QvÎQvÎxiv †h eq‡mi nb bv
†Kb wZwb Zv‡`i‡K mšÍvb Zzj¨ g‡b K‡ib| BkivZ Rvnvb e¨w³Rxe‡b GKRb
mdj gv, Zvi `zBwU †g‡qB Av‡gwiKv †_‡K BwÄwbqvwis wWwMÖ AR©b K‡i †mLv‡b
AZ¨šÍ gh©v`v m¤úb¨ cwRk‡b PvKwiiZ Av‡Qb|
gvngz`zj nvmvb (ZvwiK nvmvb)
Gj Gj we, BDwbfvwm©wU Ad jÛb
‡ckvq GKRb cÖ‡dkbvj IELTS †UÖBbvi Ges IELTS SPIRIT Gi cÖwZôvZv|
wZwb IELTS Gi speaking, writing, Reading Ges Listening Gi Dci
eB wj‡L‡Qb| ZvwiK m¨v‡ii we‡kl `¶Zvi Kvi‡b QvÎ QvÎx‡`i gv‡S Zvi
e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv i‡q‡Q| AZ¨šÍ AgvwqK Ges g…`zfvlx GB †jLK Gi kL n‡jv
eB cov | Zvi Kv‡jKk‡b †`kx we‡`kx AmsL¨ †jL‡Ki eB i‡q‡Q|
To buy full online video course of this book:
visit www.ieltsspirit.com
4|Page
Customer Helpline + 88 01921 999 222
Dedicated to
All underprivileged children around the world
&
my dear students
5|Page
Index
Content
Page
1.Should have Gi e¨envi
9
2. So that Gi e¨envi
10
3. Should be (1) Gi e¨envi
12
4. Supposed to Gi e¨envi
13
5.Should Gi e¨envi
15
6. While Gi e¨envi
17
7. Should be (2) Gi e¨envi
18
8. Let alone Gi e¨envi
20
9. Should have had Gi e¨envi
22
10. Being Gi e¨envi
23
11. May/ might Gi m¤¢ebvi †¶‡Î e¨envi
25
12. Whether not Gi e¨envi
27
13. May Gi AbzgwZ †`qv ev †bqvi †¶‡Î e¨envi
28
14. Be verb+ whether not Gi e¨envi
30
15. Into Gi e¨envi
32
16. Too Gi e¨envi
33
17. Getting Gi e¨envi
35
18. K‡qKwU k‡ãi mwVK D”PviY
36
19. Owe Gi e¨envi
37
20. Used to Gi e¨envi
38
21. Yet to Gi e¨envi
40
22. Verb+ used to Gi e¨envi
42
23. About to Gi e¨envi
44
24. As soon as Gi e¨envi
45
6|Page
25. Would rather Gi e¨envi
47
26. As long as Gi e¨envi
48
27. On Gi e¨envi
50
28. As many as Gi e¨envi
51
29. In+ time Gi e¨envi
53
30. Hear and listen Gi e¨envi
54
31. By Gi e¨envi
56
32. Make verb (1) Gi e¨envi
58
33. Within Gi e¨envi
60
34. Make verb (2) Gi e¨envi
62
35. Until Gi e¨envi
63
36. Make verb (3) Gi e¨envi
65
37. Since Gi e¨envi
66
38. Would you like to Gi e¨envi
68
39. For Gi e¨envi
70
40. Have to/has to/ had to Gi e¨envi
72
41. If Gi e¨envi
73
42. How to give opinion
75
43. If in past tense Gi e¨envi
77
44. How to seek opinion
78
45. From Gi e¨envi
80
46. How often এর ব্যব্্হার
82
47. Still Gi e¨envi
83
48. How long Gi e¨envi
85
49. Just Gi e¨envi
87
50. How many/How much Gi e¨envi
89
7|Page
51. Already Gi e¨envi
91
52. How many times Gi e¨envi
93
53. Enough Gi e¨envi
95
54. How come Gi e¨envi
97
55. Ago/back Gi e¨envi
98
56. How about Gi e¨envi
100
57. Before Gi e¨envi
102
58. What if Gi e¨envi
104
59. Before +time Gi e¨envi
106
60. How to Gi e¨envi
108
61. After/later Gi e¨envi
109
62. What & how in complex sentences
112
63. After Gi e¨envi
113
64. Where & when in complex sentences
115
65. During Gi e¨envi
118
66. Whatever & wherever Gi e¨envi
119
67. Inside Gi e¨envi
121
68. Whenever/however/whoever Gi e¨envi
124
69. On Gi e¨envi
127
70. Vocabularies about growing up
129
71. In+ place extension
131
72. Few Essential Vocabulary
133
73. In Gi e¨envi
135
74. Even if Gi e¨envi
137
75. Under Gi e¨envi
138
76. Because of Gi e¨envi
141
8|Page
77. Behind Gi e¨envi
143
78. Except Gi e¨envi
145
79. Beside Gi e¨envi
147
80. †Kv‡bv wKQzi Dci ¸iæË¡ Av‡ivc
149
81. over Gi e¨envi
151
82. Almost Gi e¨envi
154
83. At Gi e¨envi
156
84. As Gi e¨envi
158
85. Phrasal verbs Gi e¨envi
160
86. As….as Gi e¨envi
163
87.Through Gi e¨envi
165
88.Stop+verb+ing,enjoy+verb+ing Gi e¨envi
168
89.Could have Gi e¨envi
170
90. wKQz cÖ‡qvRbxq sentences
172
91.Use of about
92.Use of trouble+verb+ing
174
178
93.10 smart words
94.To+infinitive
179
182
95.Use of let and make
186
96. Degree of Comparison part-1
189
97.Use of have, get, help as causative verbs
205
98.Degree of Comparison part-2
207
99.10 Phrasal verbs
100.Worth Gi e¨envi
209
213
101.Use of whereas
102.Use of Articles
215
216
103.Correct pronunciation
219
9|Page
104. 10 Smart Vocabs
221
105. Formal Email Writing
222
Episode-1 Use of should have
Should have Gi e¨envi
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Awbb: Zzwg wK †Zvgvi Rb¥w`‡b i椧vb Av¼j‡K `vIqvZ K‡i‡Qv?
Anbv: bv †Zv!
10 | P a g e
Awbb: †Zvgvi Zv‡K `vIqvZ Kiv DwPZ wQ‡jv|
You should have invited him. (inviteinvited-invited)
Should have Gi evsjv A_© ÔDwPZ wQjÕ| Kv‡iv †Kvb wKQz Kiv DwPZ wQ‡jv
†evSv‡Z PvB‡j should have e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| Sentence
structure:
Subject+should have+3rd form of verb (past participle). You+
should have +invited (the third form of invite is invited).
Should have Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
†Zvgvi †mLv‡b hvIqv DwPZ wQj|
You should have gone there.
cix¶vi Rb¨ Avgvi Av‡iv †ekx cov‡jLv Kiv DwPZ wQj| I
should have studied more for my exam.
Avgvi Zv‡K Kj Kiv DwPr wQ‡jv| I
should have called him.
Avgvi Dc‡`k †Zvgvi †kvbv DwPZ wQj|
You should have listened to my advice.
11 |
Page
KzBR:
Zvi Wv³vi †`Lv‡bv DwPr wQ‡jv|
†Zvgvi Zv‡K UvKv avi †`qv DwPr wQ‡jv|
Avgvi MvwowU wewµ K‡i †`qv DwPr wQ‡jv|
†Zvgvi PvKwi‡Z R‡qb Kiv DwPr wQ‡jv|
DËi:
Zvi Wv³vi †`Lv‡bv DwPr wQ‡jv|
He should have seen a doctor.
‡Zvgvi Zv‡K UvKv avi †`qv DwPr wQ‡jv|
You should have lent him money.
Avgvi MvwowU wewµ K‡i †`qv DwPrwQ‡jv| I
should have sold the car.
‡Zvgvi PvKwi‡Z R‡qb Kiv DwPr wQ‡jv| You
should have joined the job.
Episode-2 Use of so that
So that Gi e¨envi
wiwg Ges widv‡Zi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
wiwg: widvZ Zzwg †`Šov”Q †Kb?
12 |
Page
widvZ: Avwg †`Šovw”Q hv‡Z K‡i Avwg †UÖbwU ai‡Z cvwi| I
am running so that I can catch the train.
So that Gi evsjv A_© hv‡Z K‡i| ‡Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z so that Gi
e¨envi Kiv nq| Present tense Gi †¶‡Î subject Gi ci mvavibZ
modal verb A_©vr can ev may e‡m|
K‡qKwU example:
mvwKe cÖPzi cÖvKwUm Ki‡Q, hv‡Z K‡i †m wek¦Kv‡c fv‡jv †L‡j| Sakib is
practicing hard so that he can play well in the world cup.
Avwg UvKv RgvB hv‡Z K‡i Avwg GKwU Mvwo wKb‡Z cvwi| I
save money so that I can buy a car.
কুইজKzBR:
Avgvi Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv DwPr hv‡Z K‡i †m KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Avgiv †UÖb G hv‡ev hv‡Z K‡i Avgiv cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cvwi|
Avwg Bs‡iwR wkLwQ hv‡Z K‡i Avwg GKwU fv‡jv PvKwi cvB|
‡m cÖwZw`b `zB‡ejv Lvq hv‡Z K‡i †m IRb Kgv‡Z cv‡i|
DËi:
Avgvi Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv DwPr hv‡Z K‡i †m KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡i| I
should help him so that he can do the work.
13 |
Page
Avgiv †UÖb G hv‡ev hv‡Z K‡i Avgiv cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cvwi|
We will go by train so that we can enjoy the beauty of
nature.
Avwg Bs‡iwR wkLwQ hv‡Z K‡i Avwg GKwU fv‡jv PvKwi cvB| I
am learning English so that I can get a good job.
‡m cÖwZw`b `zB‡ejv Lvq hv‡Z K‡i †m IRb Kgv‡Z cv‡i| He
eats twice a day so that he can lose weight.
Episode-3 Use of should be
Should be Gi e¨envi
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Anbv: Awbb Zzwg wK Ki‡Qv?
Awbb: †bU‡d¬· G GKUv gRvi gzwf †`LwQ!
Anbv: †Zvgvi cÖ‡R‡±i KvR Ki‡Z _vKv DwPr|
You should be working on the project.
GB context G Should be Gi evsjv A_©, wKQz Ki‡Z _vKv DwPr|
Sentence structure:
In case of positive sentences: Subject+ should +be +verb + ing.
In case of negative sentences: Subject+ should +not +be +verb
+ ing.
14 |
Page
Kv‡iv †Kvb wKQz Ki‡Z _vKv DwPr, ev DwPr bq †evSv‡Z PvB‡j should be +
verb+ing e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| should be+ verb+ing Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU
example:
1. Avn‡g‡`i G‡Zv †ekx K_v ej‡Z _vKv DwPr bv|
Ahmed should not be talking so much.
2. `wi`Ö gvbzl‡`i‡K Avgv‡`i mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z _vKv DwPr|
We should be helping the poor people.
3. Zvi mveav‡b Mvwo Pvjv‡Z _vKv DwPr| He should be
driving carefully.
4. Zvi evev gv‡K Zvi †`Lfvj Ki‡Z _vKv DwPr|
He should be taking care of his parents.
KzBR:
1. ev”Pv‡`i †Lj‡Z _vKv DwPr|
2. Avgv‡`i nvuU‡Z _vKv DwPr|
3. ‡Zvgvi co‡Z _vKv DwPr|
4. Zvi cov‡Z _vKv DwPr|
5. Zvi wekÖvg Ki‡Z _vKv DwPr|
DËi:
1. ev”Pv‡`i †Lj‡Z _vKv DwPr|
The children should be
playing.
2. Avgv‡`i nvuU‡Z _vKv DwPr|
We should be walking.
15 |
Page
3. ‡Zvgvi co‡Z _vKv DwPr| You
should be studying.
4. Zvi cov‡Z _vKv DwPr| He
should be teaching.
5. Zvi wekÖvg Ki‡Z _vKv DwPr|
He should be resting.
Episode-4 Use of supposed to
supposed Gi e¨envi
widvZ Ges wiwgi gv‡S GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb|
widvZ: n¨v‡jv wiwg, Zzwg wK mevB‡K †gBj cvwV‡q‡Qv? wiwg:
bv‡Zv Avwg‡Zv †gBj cvVvBwb|
widvZ: †Zvgvi‡Zv AvR mevB‡K †gBj cvVv‡bvi K_v|
You are supposed to send email to everyone today.
Supposed to Gi evsjv A_© ÔwKQz Kivi K_v| A_©vr †Kv‡bv wKQz Kivi,
hvIqvi Ges ejvi K_v †evSv‡Z supposed to Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
Present tense Gi †¶‡Î sentence structure:
Am/is/ are+ supposed to
A_©vr present tense n‡j am, is, are Gi wVK c‡iB supposed to
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Past tense Gi †¶‡Î sentence structure:
Was/were+supposed to A_©vr past tense n‡j was/were Gi wVK
c‡iB supposed to e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
16 |
Page
K‡qKwU example:
Zvwg‡gi AvR fv‡jv †Ljvi K_v|
Tamim is supposed to play well today.
Avgvi †mLv‡b hvevi K_v|
I am supposed to go there.
Zv‡`i GZ¶‡b †cŠuQv‡bi K_v|
They are supposed to arrive by now.
‡Zvgvi Zv‡K GUv ejvi K_v bv|
You are not supposed to tell him.
‡Zvgvi GUv Kivi K_v bv|
You are not supposed to do it.
Zvi MZKvj Avmvi K_v wQ‡jv|
He was supposed to come yesterday.
KzBR:
widvZ Ges wiwgi AvR Avmvi K_v| ‡UÖbwU
GZ¶‡b †Q‡o †`qvi K_v|
‡Zvgvi Zv‡K Rvbv‡bvi K_v bv|
Avgvi GB KvRwU AvR †kl Kivi K_v bv|
Zvi hvevi K_v wQ‡jv bv|
17 |
Page
DËi:
widvZ Ges wiwgi AvR Avmvi K_v|
Rifat and Rimi are supposed to come today.
‡UÖbwU GZ¶‡b †Q‡o †`qvi K_v|
The train is supposed to leave by now.
‡Zvgvi Zv‡K Rvbv‡bvi K_v bv|
You are not supposed to inform him.
Avgvi GB KvRwU AvR †kl Kivi K_v bv|
I am not supposed to finish the work today.
Zvi †mLv‡b hvevi K_v wQ‡jv bv|
He/she was not supposed to go there.
Episode-5 Use of should
Should Gi e¨envi
should Gi e¨envi wb‡q GKwU situation:
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Awbb: †Kgb Av‡Qv Anbv? †Zvgvi PvKwii Lei †c‡q Avgiv mevB AZ¨šÍ Lzkx|
Anbv: ab¨ev`| †ZvgviI PvKwi †LvuRv DwPr|
You should also find a job. / you should also look for a job.
Should GLv‡b DwPr A‡_© e¨envi n‡q‡Q | Kv‡iv †Kvb wKQz Kiv DwPr
†evSv‡Z PvB‡j should e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
18 |
Page
Sentence structure:
Subject+should + present form/ main form of verb.
Should Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
‡Zvgvi cÖwZw`b e¨vqvg Kiv DwPr|
You should exercise every day.
‡Zvgvi mwVK fv‡e Bs‡iwR †kLv DwPr| You
should learn English properly.
evev gvi K_v †Zvgvi †kvbv DwPZ |
You should listen to your parents.
KzBR:
Avdwk‡bi GLb Nzgv‡bv DwPr| mv`gv‡bi
Av‡iv ax‡i Mvwo Pvjv‡bv DwPr|
bvmv` Ges bzmvBevi eQ‡i GKevi evsjv‡`k wfwmU Kiv DwPr| mvwg‡bi
wekÖvg Kiv DwPr|
DËi:
Avdwk‡bi GLb Nzgv‡bv DwPr|
Afsheen should sleep now.
mv`gv‡bi Av‡iv ax‡i Mvwo Pvjv‡bv DwPr|
19 |
Page
Sadman should drive more slowly.
bvmv` Ges bzmvBevi eQ‡i GKevi evsjv‡`k wfwmU Kiv DwPr|
Nashad and Nusaiba should visit Bangladesh once a year.
mvwg‡bi wekÖvg Kiv DwPr|
Sameen should take rest.
Episode-6 Use of while
While Gi e¨envi
widvZ Ges wiwgi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK †Uwj‡dvb Kbfv‡m©kb| widvZ:
wiwg, Zzwg wK Ki‡Qv?
wiwg: Avwg Mvwo Pvjvw”Q|
widvZ: Mvwo Pvjvevi mgq †Zvgvi K_v ejv DwPr bv| You
should not talk while driving.
While Gi ci verb+ing Avm‡j Gi evsjv A_© `vuovq †Kv‡bv wKQz Kivi
mgq, ejvi mgq ev Lvevi mgq BZ¨vw`|
While Gi ci verb+ing n‡e| Av‡iv
wKQz example:
Avwg eB covi mgq Nzwg‡q cwo| I fall
asleep while reding book.
‡m Lvevi mgq cwÎKv c‡o|
He reads newspaper while eating.
20 |
Page
Avwg cv‡K© nvUvi mgq Mvb ïwb|
I listen to music while walking in the park.
KzBR:
evBK Pvjvevi mgq †Zvgvi mveavb _vKv DwPr| covi
mgq Zvi wUwf †`Lv DwPr bv|
ivbœv Kivi mgq Avwg Avgvi nvZ cz‡o †d‡jwQjvg| ‡m
Nzgvevi mgq bvK Wv‡K|
DËi:
evBK Pvjvevi mgq †Zvgvi mveavb _vKv DwPr| You
should be careful while riding bike.
covi mgq Zvi wUwf †`Lv DwPr bv|
She should not watch TV while studying.
ivbœv Kivi mgq Avwg Avgvi nvZ cz‡o †d‡jwQjvg| I
burnt my hand while cooking.
‡m Nzgvevi mgq bvK Wv‡K| He
snores while sleeping.
Episode-7 Use of should be
Should be Gi Av‡iKwU e¨envi
21 |
Page
ïiæ‡Z Avgiv should be Gi e¨envi wb‡q GKwU situation †`‡L †bB:
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Anbv: AwYb †Kgb Av‡Qv Zzwg?
AwYb: fv‡jv AvwQ, wKš‘ cv‡q mvgvb¨ e¨v_v †c‡qwQ | Anbv:
Zzwg wK Wv³vi Gi mv‡_ K_v e‡j‡Qv?
AwYb: bv ewjwb|
Anbv: †Zvgvi G e¨vcv‡i mZK© nIqv DwPr| You
should be careful about this matter.
ÔwKQz nIqv DwPrÕ A_ev DwPr bv GgbwU †evSv‡Z Should be ev Should
not be Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
sentence structure:
In case of positive sentences: subject+ should be +adjective
In case of negative sentences: subject+ should not be
+adjective should be Gi Av‡iv
K‡qKwU example.
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mr nIqv DwPr|
Everybody should be honest.
bvMwiK‡`i wkw¶Z nIqv DwPr| The
citizens should be educated.
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mv¯’¨ m‡PZb nIqv DwPr|
Everyone should be health conscious.
22 |
Page
cï‡`i cÖwZ Avgv‡`i wbózi nIqv DwPr bq| We
shouldn’t be cruel to animals.
KzBR:
Avgvi Av‡iv cwikÖgx nIqv DwPr|
Zvi mZ¨ev`x nIqv DwPr| Zvi
†`k‡cÖgx nIqv DwPr| nvmv‡bi
Av‡iv ˆah©kxj nIqv DwPr| †Zvgvi
¯^v_©ci nIqv DwPr bv|
DËi:
Avgvi Av‡iv cwikÖgx nIqv DwPr|
I should be more industrious.
Zvi mZ¨ev`x nIqv DwPr| He
should be truthful.
Zvi †`k‡cÖgx nIqv DwPr| She
should be patriot.
nvmv‡bi Av‡iv ˆah©kxj nIqv DwPr |
Hassan should be more patient.
‡Zvgvi ¯^v_©ci nIqv DwPr bv
You should not be selfish.
Episode-8 Use of let alone
Let alone Gi e¨envi
23 |
Page
widvZ Ges wiwgi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: wiwg:
wK fve‡Qv?
widvZ: fvewQ GKwU Mvwo wKb‡ev|
wiwg: Zzwg GKwU mvB‡KjB wKb‡Z cv‡ivbv, Mvwo †Zv `‚‡ii K_v|
You cannot buy a bicycle, let alone a car.
Let alone Gi A_© `‚‡ii K_v|
Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example.
Avwg Zv‡K `k UvKvB w`‡Z cvwibv, `k nvRvi †Zv `‚‡ii K_v| I
cannot give him 10 taka, let alone 10 thousand.
Avwg wVKg‡Zv nvU‡ZB cvwibv, †`Šov‡bv‡Zv `‚‡ii K_v| I
can hardly walk, let alone run.
(Dc‡ii sentence wU‡Z hw`I walk verb Gi Av‡M not bvB Zv m‡Ë¡I ev‡K¨i
cÖ_g AskwU †bwZevPK)
Avwg †dÖ co‡ZB cvwibv, †jLv †Zv `‚‡ii K_v| I
can't read French, let alone write it.
Avgvi GKUv mvB‡Kj PvjveviB mvnm bvB, Mvwo‡Zv `‚‡ii K_v| I
don’t have courage to ride a bicycle, let alone a car.
Sentence Structure: let alone ev‡K¨ Kgvi Av‡M hv Av‡m Zv GK
ai‡bi †bwZevPK e³e¨| KgvwUi ci let alone Ges Zvi ci ev‡K¨i evwK
24 |
Page
KzBR:
Ask em‡e|
‡m GKwU iægB fvov wb‡Z cv‡ibv GcvU©‡g›U †Zv `‚‡ii K_v|
Avwg †Zv Zv‡K †`wLBwb K_v ejv †Zv `‚‡ii K_v|
Avwg GKRb‡KB †ní Ki‡Z cvwibv wZbRb‡K †Zv `‚‡ii K_v|
‡m K_vB ej‡Z cviwQ‡jvbv Mvb MvIqv †Zv `‚‡ii K_v|
DËi:
‡m GKwU iægB fvov wb‡Z cv‡ib bv GcvU©‡g›U †Zv `‚‡ii K_v| He
cannot rent a room, let alone an apartment.
Avwg †Zv Zv‡K †`wLBwb K_v ejv †Zv `‚‡ii K_v|
I have not seen him, let alone speak with him.
Avwg GKRb‡KB †ní Ki‡Z cvwibv wZbRb‡K †Zv `‚‡ii K_v| I
cannot help one, let alone three.
‡m K_vB ej‡Z cviwQ‡jvbv Mvb MvIqv †Zv `‚‡ii K_v| He
could not speak, let alone sing.
Episode-9 Use of should have had
Should have had Gi e¨envi
25 |
Page
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: AwYb:
Avgvi gb Lvivc|Avgvi Kv‡Q h‡_ó UvKv †bB e‡j MvwowU wKb‡Z
cvwiwb|
Anbv: Avwg LzeB `ztwLZ|wKš‘ †Zvgvi h‡_ó UvKv _vKv DwPZ wQ‡jv| I
am sorry. But you should have had enough money.
ÔwKQz _vKv DwPr wQ‡jvÕ GgbwU †evSv‡Z Should have had Gi e¨envi n‡q
_v‡K|
Sentence structure:
Subject+ should have+had+ noun
should have had Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Zvi GKwU fv‡jv PvKwi _vKv DwPr wQ‡jv|
He should have had a decent job.
Zvi mv‡_ QvZv _vKv DwPr wQ‡jv|
He should have had an umbrella.
Zv‡`i †`k †cÖg _vKv DwPr wQ‡jv |
They should have had patriotism.
‡Zvgvi AwfÁZv _vKv DwPr wQ‡jv |
You should have had experience.
KzBR:
Avgvi wek¦vm _vKv DwPr wQ‡jv|
Avgvi GKwU Mvwo _vKv DwPr wQ‡jv|
26 |
Page
Zvi GKwU kx‡Zi R¨v‡KU _vKv DwPr wQ‡jv|
Avgvi GKwU cwiKíbv _vKv DwPr wQ‡jv|
DËi:
Avgvi wek¦vm _vKv DwPr wQ‡jv| I
should have had faith.
Avgvi GKwU Mvwo _vKv DwPr wQ‡jv| I
should have had a car.
Zvi GKwU kx‡Zi R¨v‡KU _vKv DwPr wQ‡jv| She
should have had a winter jacket.
Avgvi GKwU cwiKíbv _vKv DwPr wQ‡jv| I
should have had a plan.
Episode-10 Use of being
Being Gi e¨envi
ïiæ‡Z GKwU wmPz‡qkb:
widvZ cvwb †L‡q Lvwj †evZjwU iv¯Ívq Qz‡o †d‡j‡Q, ZLb wiwg Zv‡K ej‡Q;
GKRb wkw¶Z gvbzl n‡q Zzwg GUv Ki‡Z cv‡ivbv| Being an educated
person, you cannot do this.
Being Gi evsjv A_© Ôn‡qÕ, †hgb GLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q GKRb wkw¶Z gvbzl n‡qBeing an educated person…
Sentence structure:
Being+ adjective+noun / noun phrase.
27 |
Page
Being Gi ci noun ev noun phrase Avm‡j GKwU article (a/ an) e¨envi
Ki‡Z n‡e|
Being Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Lzkx n‡q fvBqv Avgv‡K `zBUvKv w`‡q‡Q|
Being happy, bhaia gave me two taka.
abx n‡q †m Avgv‡`i fz‡j †M‡Q| Being
rich, he has forgotten us.
GKRb mr gvbzl n‡q †m Ggb KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ibv|
Being an honest person, he cannot do such thing.
‡gvUv n‡q Zzwg mz¯’¨ Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv| Being
fat, you cannot lead a healthy life.
fq †c‡q Avwg Ávb nvwi‡q †d‡jwQjvg|
Being scared, I became unconscious.
N.B. Sentence Gi †h As‡k being _vK‡e †mwU hw` sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z
_v‡K Zvn‡j †mB AskwUi ci Aek¨B Kgv w`‡Z n‡e|
†hgb: Being scared, I became unconscious. fq †c‡q Avwg Ávb nvwi‡q
†d‡jwQjvg|
wKš‘ being c‡ii As‡k e¨envi Ki‡j †Kv‡bv Kgvi cÖ‡qvRb bvB| ‡hgb:
I am sorry for being late. †`ixi Rb¨ Avwg `ztwLZ|
KzBR:
†m †i‡M wM‡q Zvi K‡›UÖvj nvwi‡q †d‡jwQ‡jv|
28 |
Page
Avgvi Kv‡R Lzkx n‡q wZwb Avgv‡K cÖ‡R±wU w`‡q‡Q|
Wv³vi n‡q Avwg Mixe‡`i mvnvh¨ Ki‡ev| bvf©vm n‡q
Avwg Dëv cvëv ejwQjvg| A‡hŠw³K nevi Rb¨ Avwg
`ztwLZ|
DËi:
†m †i‡M wM‡q Zvi K‡›Uªvj nvwi‡q †d‡jwQ‡jv| Being
angry, he lost his control.
Avgvi Kv‡R Lzkx n‡q wZwb Avgv‡K cÖ‡R±wU w`‡qwQ‡jv|
Being happy on my work, he gave me the project.
Wv³vi n‡q Avwg Mixe‡`i mvnvh¨ Ki‡ev| Being
a doctor, I will help the poor.
bvf©vm n‡q Avwg Dëv cvëv ejwQjvg| Being
nervous, I was talking rubbish.
A‡hŠw³K nevi Rb¨ Avwg `ztwLZ| I
am sorry for being irrational.
Episode-11 Use of may
m¤^ebvi †ÿ‡Î May / might Gi e¨envi
29 |
Page
`zB cousin mvwgb Ges bvmv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
mvwgb: Zzwg KLb Avm‡e Avgvi evmvq? bvmv`: Avm‡evbv, AvR‡K
e…wó n‡Z cv‡i| I will not come; it may rain today.
‡Kvb wKQz nevi ev bv nevi m¤¢ebv †evSv‡Z may / might e¨envi n‡q
_v‡K|
Sentence structure:
In case of affirmative sentence:
Subject+may/might+main form of verb.
In case of negative sentence:
Subject+may not/might not+main form of verb.
May e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Zvwbg Kvj †cŠuQ‡Z cv‡i|
Tanim may/might arrive/reach tomorrow.
Avwg evwo †h‡Z cvwi|
I may/ might go home.
‡m GKUv fv‡jv PvKwi †c‡Z cv‡i|
He may/ might get a decent job.
Zvi †eZb e…w× †c‡Z cv‡i| His
salary may increase.
Zvi †eZb e…w× bvI †c‡Z cv‡i| His
salary may not increase.
‡m AvR bvI Avm‡Z cv‡i|
30 |
Page
He might not come today.
KzBR:
AvR wKQz AwZw_ Avm‡Z cv‡i| AvMvgx
Kvj GKwU mzmsev` Avm‡Z cv‡i| c…w_ex
K‡ivbv gz³ n‡Z cv‡i| ev”PvwU e¨v_v
†c‡Z cv‡i|
‡m Avgvi K_v bvI ïb‡Z cv‡i|
DËi:
AvR wKQz AwZw_ Avm‡Z cv‡i|
Few guests may come today.
AvMvgx KvjGKwU mzmsev` Avm‡Z cv‡i|
A good news may come tomorrow.
c…w_ex K‡ivbv gz³ n‡Z cv‡i|
The world may get rid of corona virus.
ev”PvwU e¨v_v †c‡Z cv‡i|
The child may get hurt.
‡m Avgvi K_v bvI ïb‡Z cv‡i| He
may not listen to me.
Episode-12 Use of whether not
31 |
Page
Whether not Gi e¨envi
wiwg Ges widv‡Zi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
wiwg widvZ‡K ej‡Q; n¨v‡jv widvZ, wmdvZ wK
AvMvgx Kvj K¬vm G Avm‡e?
widvZ: Avwg Rvwbbv †m Avm‡e wK Avm‡ebv|
I don’t know whether he will come or not.
Whether not Gi evsjv A_© `vovq †Kvb wKQz n‡e wK n‡ebv,
A_©vr hv‡e wK hv‡ebv, Lv‡e wK Lv‡ebv BZ¨vw`|
Whether Gi c‡ii subject Gi ci mvavibZ Will Av‡m, Z‡e NUbvwU
hw` past G nq Z‡e will Gi RvqMvq would n‡e|
Sentence structure: Whether+ subject+ will/would +verb +or
not
Whether+ he +will +come+ or not.
Whether not Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Avwg Zv‡K wR‡Ám K‡iwQjvg †m _vK‡e wK _vK‡ebv| I
asked him whether he would stay or not.
Avwg Rvwbbv †m hv‡e wK hv‡ebv|
I don’t know whether he will go or not.
Zviv wbwðZ bq Zviv KvRwU Ki‡Z cvi‡e wK cvi‡ebv|
They are not sure whether they can do the work or not.
32 |
Page
Zzwg wK Rv‡bv †m _vK‡e wK _vK‡ebv?
Do you know whether he will stay or not?
KzBR:
Avwg Rvwbbv †m mvnvh¨ Ki‡e wK Ki‡ebv| ‡m wbwðZ
bq †m PvKwiwU cv‡e wK cv‡ebv| em Avgv‡K wR‡Ám
K‡iwQj Avwg QzwU wb‡ev wK wb‡evbv?
Avwg ej‡Z cvwibv †m Avgv‡K cQ›` K‡i wK K‡ibv| Avwg
RvbZvgbv †m Avm‡e wK Avm‡e bv|
DËi:
Avwg Rvwb †m mvnvh¨ Ki‡e wK Ki‡ebv| I
know whether he will help or not.
‡m wbwðZ bq †m PvKwiwU cv‡e wK cv‡ebv|
He is not sure whether he will get the job or not.
em Avgv‡K wR‡Ám K‡iwQj Avwg QzwU wb‡ev wK wb‡evbv?
Boss asked me whether I would take leave or not?
Avwg ej‡Z cvwibv †m Avgv‡K cQ›` K‡i wK K‡ibv| I
cannot say whether he likes me or not.
Avwg RvbZvgbv †m Avm‡e wK Avm‡e bv|
I did not know whether she would come or not.
33 |
Page
Episode-13 Use of may
AbygwZ †`qv ev †bqvi †ÿ‡Î May Gi e¨envi
`zB cousin mvwgb Ges bvmv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: mvwgb:
Avgvi j¨vcUc KvR Ki‡Qbv|
Avwg wK †Zvgvi j¨vcUc e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi? May
I use your laptop?
bvmv`: n¨v Ki‡Z cv‡iv| Yes,
you may.
†Kvb wKQzi Rb¨ AbzgwZ PvB‡Z A_ev AbzgwZ w`‡Z may e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
Sentence structure:
In case of affirmative sentences: subject+ may + main form of
verb.
In case of interrogative sentences: May + subject+ main form of
verb.
GB context G may e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Zzwg GLb evwo †h‡Z cv‡iv|
You may go home now.
Avwg wK †fZ‡i Avm‡Z cvwi? May
I come in?
34 |
Page
Avwg wK PvKwiwU †c‡Z cvwi? May
I get the job?
Avwg wK †Zvgvi evwo‡Z `zÕivZ _vK‡Z cvwi?
May I stay at your place for two nights?
KzBR:
Zzwg GLb †Uwjwfkb †`L‡Z cv‡iv| Avwg
wK GLb jv †eÖK †c‡Z cvwi?
Zzwg Avgvi NwowU co‡Z cv‡iv|
Zzwg Avgvi evwo‡Z _vK‡Z cv‡iv|
DËi:
Zzwg GLb †Uwjwfkb †`L‡Z cv‡iv|
You may watch television now.
Avwg wK GLb jv †eÖK †c‡Z cvwi?
May I get my lunch break now?
Zzwg Avgvi NwowU co‡Z cv‡iv|
You may wear my wristwatch.
Zzwg Avgvi evwo‡Z _vK‡Z cv‡iv| You
may stay at my place.
Note: Bbdigvj wmPz‡qk‡b may Gi cwie‡Z© can e¨envi Kiv hvq| ‡hgb:
You can go now.
35 |
Page
Episode-14 Use of be verb + whether not
Be berb Gi mv‡_ whether not Gi e¨envi
widvZ Ges wiwgi gv‡S GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b, widvZ:
Zzwg wK Rv‡bv wmdvZ KvRwU Ki‡Z AvMÖnx wKbv?
wiwg: Avwg Rvwbbv †m KvRwU Ki‡Z AvMÖnx wKbv|
I don’t know whether he is interested to do the work or not.
Whether or not Gi mv‡_ be verb _vK‡j Gi A_© `vovq AvMÖnx wK
AvMÖnx bv Lzkx wK LzkxbvI Ges present tense n‡j be verb wn‡m‡e
am/is/are Ges past tense n‡j was/ were Avm‡e, future tense
n‡j will be Avm‡e|
K‡qKwU example:
Avwg ej‡Z cvwibv Zviv Lzkx wK Lzkx bv
I cannot say whether they are happy or not.
GUv hw` future tense G nq Zvn‡j n‡e;
Avwg ej‡Z cvwibv Zviv Lzkx n‡e wK n‡ebv|
I cannot say whether they will be happy or not.
Zzwg wK Rv‡bv †m mr wK mr bv?
Do you know whether he is honest or not?
Avwg wbwðZ bv †m KvRwUi Rb¨ Dchz³ bvwK Dchz³ bv|
I am not sure whether he is suitable for the work or not.
36 |
Page
Future tense n‡j n‡e; I am not sure whether he will be suitable
for the work or not.
Avwg Zv‡K wR‡Ám K‡iwQjvg †m mš‘ó wQj wK wQ‡jvbv| I
asked him whether he was satisfied or not.
Avwg Rvwb †m mZK© wQ‡jv wK wQ‡jvbv|
I know whether he was careful or not.
KzBR:
Avwg Rvwbbv †m wK wVK bvwK †ewVK|
Zviv Rvb‡Zvbv Avwg wbivc‡` wQjvg wK wQjvg bv|
‡m Rv‡b Avwg wmwiqvm bvwK wmwiqvm bv|
Avwg Rvwbbv †m GKRb Wv³vi bvwK Wv³vi bv|
Avgiv wbwðZ bv †m †mLv‡b wQ‡jv bvwK wQ‡jvbv|
DËi:
Avwg Rvwbbv †m wK wVK bvwK †ewVK|
I don’t know whether he is right or wrong.
Zviv Rvb‡Zvbv Avwg wbivc‡` wQjvg bvwK wQjvg bv|
They did not know whether I was safe or not.
‡m Rv‡b Avwg wmwiqvm bvwK wmwiqvm bv|
He knows whether I am serious or not.
Avwg Rvwbbv †m GKRb Wv³vi bvwK Wv³vi bv|
I don’t know whether he is a doctor or not.
37 |
Page
Avgiv wbwðZ bv †m †mLv‡b wQ‡jv bvwK wQ‡jvbv|
We are not sure whether she was there or not.
Episode-15 Use of into
Into Gi wfbœ ag©x e¨envi
mv`gvb Ges bzmvBevi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
bzmvBev: Avgvi eÜz AvwZ‡Ki evmvq Avwg Lze †evW© nw”Qjvg| mv`gvb:
†Kb?
bzmvBev: Avwg K_v ej‡Z cQ›` Kwi wKš‘ †m LzeB eB co‡Z cQ›` K‡i| I
like to talk whereas he is really into books.
Kv‡iv †Kvb wKQz‡Z Mfxi AvMÖn †evSv‡Z into e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Sentence structure:
Subject+ be verb+into+noun
(A‡bK mgq †ekx MfxiZv †evSv‡Z Noun Gi Av‡M Into e¨eüZ nq|
GB context G into e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
‡m LzeB dv÷ dzW †L‡Z cQ›` K‡i| He
is really into fast food.
wmjfx LzeB WÖvBwfs Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡i Sylvie
is into driving.
Avwg LzeB UÖv‡fwjs Ki‡Z cQ›` Kwi I
am into travelling.
38 |
Page
‡m UvKv cqmv LzeB fv‡jvev‡m He
is really into money.
KzBR:
‡m †jvK-msMxZ LzeB cQ›` K‡i|
Yoga †Z Zvi cÖPzi AvMÖn| wcUvi
KvU©zb Gi Rb¨ cvMj|
DËi:
Avn‡g` AvRKvj LzeB ivbœv Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡i|
‡m †jvK-msMxZ LzeB cQ›` K‡i He
is really into folk music.
Yoga ‡Z Zvi cÖPzi AvMÖn She
is really into yoga.
wcUvi KvU©zb Gi Rb¨ cvMj Peter
is really into cartoon.
Avn‡g` AvRKvj LzeB ivbœv Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡i Ahmed
is really into cooking these days.
Episode-16 Use of too
Too Gi e¨envi
39 |
Page
Anbv Ges Awbb, `zB †ev‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Anbv: †Kgb †`L‡j gzwfUv?
Awbb: gzwfUv LzeB †evwis wQ‡jv, ZvB Avgiv ZvovZvwo wm‡bgv nj †_‡K P‡j
G‡mwQ|
The movie was too boring to watch so we left the cinema early.
GB context G Too Gi evsjv A_© AwZwi³|
Too e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
m¨zcwU Lvevi Rb¨ AwZwi³ VvÛv The
soup is too cold to eat. wU-kvU©
wU Avgvi Rb¨ †ekx (AwZwi³) eo
wQ‡jv| his t-shirt was too big
for me to wear.
QzwiwU †cuqvR KvUvi Rb¨ AwZwi³ †fvuZv| This
knife is too blunt to chop onions.
evB‡i hvevi Rb¨ AvenvIqv AwZwi³ VvÛv _vK‡e| The
weather will be too cold to go out.
Sentence structure:
In case of present tense: Subject+be verb (am/is/are )+
too+adjective+to+base form of verb.
In case of past tense: Subject+was/were+ too+adjective+to+
base form of verb.
In case of future tense: Subject+will+be+ too+adjective+to+
base form of verb.
40 |
Page
Dc‡ii cÖwZwU sentence †b‡MwUf G‡cÖvP G Av‡Q| m¨zc
Avgiv Mig LvB, wKš‘,
1st example wU‡Z D‡jøwLZ m¨zc AwZwi³ VvÛv nIqvq Lvevi Dchz³ bv|
2nd example wU‡Z wU kvU© wU AwZwi³ eo nIqvq covi Dchz³ bv|
3rd example wU‡Z QzwiwU AwZwi³ †fvuZv nIqvq †cuqvR KvUvi Dchz³ bv|
4th example wU‡Z AvenvIqv †ekx VvÛv nIqvq evB‡i hvevi Dchz³ n‡ebv|
Zvn‡j example ¸‡jvi gva¨‡g cwi®‹vi fv‡e †evSv hv‡”Q hLb †Kv‡bv wKQz
cÖ‡qvR‡bi PvB‡Z AwZwi³ †ekx ev Kg nq ZLb too Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
KzBR:
†Q‡jwU Mvwo Pvjvevi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Kge‡qmx| mgm¨vwU
mgvavb Kievi Rb¨ AwZwi³ RwUj wQ‡jv KwdwU
cvb Kievi Rb¨ AwZwi³ Mig wQ‡jv|
†m GB cÖ‡R±wUi Rb¨ AwZwi³ wkw¶Z n‡e|
DËi:
The boy is too young to drive a car.
The problem was too difficult to solve.
The coffee was to hot to drink.
She will be too qualified to do this project.
Episode-17 Use of getting
Getting Gi e¨envi
41 |
Page
`zB cousin mvwgb Ges bvmv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: bvmv`:
Pv Lv‡e?
mvwgb: bv _vK, Pv evbv‡Z mgq jvM‡e|
bvmv`: G¶zwb wb‡q AvmwQ| mvwgb: Zzwg
Av‡iv PUc‡U †nv”Q! You are
getting faster!
‡Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯Ízi ¸‡bi DbœwZ ev AebwZ †evSv‡Z getting Gi e¨envi Kiv n‡q
_v‡K|
Sentence structure:
In case of present tense: subject+be verb(am/is/are) +
getting+adjective
In case of past tense: subject+was/ were+getting+adjective
GB context G getting e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Zzwg Av‡iv ezw×gvb †nv”Q|
You are getting smarter.
GUv Lvivc n‡q hvw”Q‡jv| It
was getting worse.
Rzwjqv ievU©m Av‡iv mz›`i n‡q hv‡”Qb|
Julia Roberts is getting prettier.
wewìswU cz‡iv‡bv n‡q hvw”Q‡jv|
The building was getting older.
42 |
Page
KzBR:
NwowU †møv n‡q hv‡”Q|
†m Ajm n‡q hvw”Q‡jv| †m
†gvUv n‡q hv‡”Q| ev”PvwU
kvšÍ n‡q hv‡”Q|
DËi:
NwowU †møv n‡q hv‡”Q|
The clock is getting slower.
†m Ajm n‡q hvw”Q‡jv| He
was getting lazier.
‡m †gvUv n‡q hv‡”Q| He
is getting fatter.
ev”PvwU kvšÍ n‡q hv‡”Q|
The child is getting quieter.
Episode-18 mwVK D”PviY
Crucial, social BZ¨vw` k‡ãi mwVK D”PviY
widvZ Ges wiwgi ga¨Kvi GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
widvZ: wiwg †Zvgvi cix¶vi cÖ¯ÍzwZ †Kgb Pj‡Q? wiwg:
fv‡jvB Pj‡Q, Z‡e Av‡iv cÖ¯ÍzwZ wb‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j‡Zv
mvg‡bi K‡qKUv w`b †Zvgvi Rb¨ †ek Îækvj. Next
43 |
Page
few days are very crucial for you. crucial Gi
mwVK DPvib Îækvj, fzj D”Pvib Îæwkqvj| Social Gi
mwVK DPvib †mvkvj, fzj D”Pvib †mvwkqvj|
Crucial, social kã ¸‡jv‡Z †Kv‡bv wkqvj †bB 😊
Episode-19 Use of owe
Owe Gi e¨envi
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Anbv: †Zvgvi mvd‡j¨ Avwg AZ¨šÍ Lzkx|
Awbb: Anbv †Zvgvi Rb¨B Avwg G‡Zv fv‡jv †iRvë K‡iwQ|
Avgvi Kv‡Q †Zvgvi GKUv gift cvIbv| I
owe you a gift.
GB context G Kv‡ivi Kv‡Q FY _vKv A_ev FYx nIqv A‡_© owe e¨envi n‡q
_v‡K|
Sentence structure:
Subject+owe+ object
Owe e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example †`‡L †bB:
Avwg Avgvi gv‡qi Kv‡Q A‡bK FYx| I
owe my mother a lot.
Avwg Zvi Kv‡Q A‡bK UvKv cvB, A_ev, Zvi Kv‡Q Avgvi A‡bK UvKv cvIbv She
owes me a lot of money.
Avgv‡`i †Kvb AvqKi cvIbv †bB| We
owe no income tax.
44 |
Page
e¨s‡Ki Kv‡Q Avgvi A‡bK UvKv FY |
I owe the bank a lot of money.
KzBR:
‡m Zvi eÜzi Kv‡Q ¶gv cÖv_©x| evev gv‡qiv
mšÍvb‡`i Kv‡Q m¤§vb `vex K‡i| wk¶‡Kiv QvÎ
QvÎx‡`i Kv‡Q K…ZÁZv `vex K‡ib|
Zvi Kv‡Q Avgvi GKwU Dcnvi cvIbv|
DËi:
‡m Zvi eÜzi Kv‡Q ¶gv cÖv_©x|
He owes his friend an apology.
evev gv‡qiv mšÍvb‡`i Kv‡Q m¤§vb `vex K‡i|
Children owe their parents respect.
wk¶‡Kiv QvÎ QvÎx‡`i Kv‡Q K…ZÁZv `vex K‡ib| Students
owe their teachers gratefulness.
Zvi Kv‡Q Avgvi GKwU Dcnvi cvIbv| She
owes me a gift.
Episode-20 Use of used to
Used to Gi e¨envi
wiwg: widvZ Zzwg †Zvgvi wd« UvB‡g GLb wK K‡iv?
widvZ: Avwg Avgvi wd« UvB‡g GLb eB cwo| wiwg:
45 |
Page
Zzwg Av‡M wK Ki‡Z? widvZ: Avwg wµ‡KU
†LjZvg| I used to play cricket.
Used to Gi evsjv A_©; Avwg wKQz KiZvg, †m wKQz Ki‡Zv, Zviv wKQz Ki‡Zv|
Dc‡ii Kbfv‡m©kb †_‡K †evSv hv‡”Q widvZ AZx‡Z Zvi wd« UvB‡g wµ‡µU
†Lj‡Zv, wKš‘ GLb Avi †L‡jbv|
AZx‡Z wKQz wbqwgZ Ki‡Zv †evSv‡Z used to e¨vnvi nq| Used to Gici
verb Gi present/base form e‡m| Sentence Structure:
In case of affirmative sentence: subject+used to+main form of
verb
In case of negative sentence: subject+ didn’t use to+main form
of verb
K‡qKwU example †`‡L †bB:
‡m wMUvi evRv‡Zv|
He used to play guitar.
Avgiv cÖPzi AvÇv w`Zvg| We
used to hangout a lot.
Avwg MÖvgxY‡dvb G KvR KiZvg|
I used to work for Grameen Phone.
‡m fv‡jv Mvb MvB‡Zv| She
used to sing well.
Gev‡i GKwU negative sentence G used to Gi e¨envi †`‡L †bB;
46 |
Page
Avwg Zv‡K †Zgb GKUv cQ›` KiZvg bv| I
didn’t use to like him much.
j¶¨ Ki‡Z n‡e GB wmPz‡qk‡b didnÕt use to like him much.
used to Gi present form n‡q‡Q, A_©vr used to Gi cwie‡Z© use to
n‡q‡Q|
KzBR:
†m fv‡jv ivbœv Ki‡Zv|
Avgiv GKB wewìs G _vKZvg|
†m Avgv‡K †Zgb GKUv mvnvh¨ Ki‡Zv bv| Avwg
GK mgq KweZv wjLZvg|
DËi:
†m fv‡jv ivbœv Ki‡Zv|
She used to cook well.
Avgiv GKB wewìs G _vKZvg|
We used to live in the same building.
‡m Avgv‡K †Zgb GKUv mvnvh¨ Ki‡Zv bv| He
did not use to help me much.
Avwg GK mgq KweZv wjLZvg| Once
I used to write poems.
Episode-21 Use of yet to
47 |
Page
Yet to Gi GKwU e¨envi
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Anbv: Zzwg wK MvwowU wKb‡e? Awbb:
Avgvi GL‡bv wm×všÍ †bqv nqwb| I am
yet to take the decision.
‡Kv‡bv wKQz cvIqv nqwb, cvevi c‡_ /‡c‡Z n‡e, GL‡bv nqwb, wKš‘ cÖwµqvaxb
i‡q‡Q GgbUv †evSv‡Z yet to e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| Sentence structure:
Subject+be verb/ auxiliary verb (have/has) +yet to+main verb
Yet to e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example †`‡L †bB:
Avwg GL‡bv wbqgwU ezwS bvB/ Avgvi wbqgwU GL‡bv ezS‡Z n‡e| I
am yet to understand the system.
Zvi GL‡bv GKwU PvKwi cvIqv evwK/ Zv‡K GL‡bv GKwU PvKwi †c‡Z n‡e| She
is yet to get a job.
Zv‡`i GL‡bv evwo †Kbv nqwb/ Zv‡`i GL‡bv GKwU evwo †Kbv evwK| They
are yet to buy a house.
Avgvi GL‡bv iv‡Zi Lvevi LvIqv nqwb| I
have yet to eat my dinner.
KzBR:
Zvi GL‡bv Gc‡q›U‡g›U cvIqv evwK |
48 |
Page
‡cÖwm‡W›U GL‡bv G‡m †cŠu‡Qvbwb|
Avgv‡`i GL‡bv dvBbvj g¨vP G Rqx nIqv evwK|
Rb Gi GL‡bv Zvi Mª¨vÛ gv †K †`L‡Z hvIqv evwK|
DËi:
Zvi GL‡bv Gc‡q›U‡g›U cvIqv evwK|
He has yet to receive an appointment.
‡cÖwm‡W›U GL‡bv G‡m †cŠu‡Qvbwb| The
president is yet to arrive.
Avgv‡`i GL‡bv dvBbvj g¨vP G Rqx nIqv evwK| We
have yet to win the final match.
Rb Gi GL‡bv Zvi Mª¨vÛgv †K †`L‡Z hvIqv evwK| John
is yet to visit his grandmother.
Episode-22 Use of be verb + used to
Am used to, is used to, are used to Gi e¨envi
widvZ Ges wiwgi ga¨Kvi GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: wiwg:
AvR‡K R¨vg †Kgb wQ‡jv?
widvZ: †ek fv‡jvI Z‡e Avwg UÖvwdK R¨v‡g Af¨¯’| I
am used to traffic jam.
49 |
Page
Avevi hw` ej‡Z PvB,
†m UªvwdK R¨vg G Af¨¯’| He
is used to traffic jam.
Zviv UªvwdK R¨v‡g Af¨¯Í| They are used to traffic jam. hw` used to
Gi Av‡M am, is, are (be verb) _v‡K Zvn‡j Gi A_© `vuovq
Af¨¯’ nIqv ev Af¨¯’ _vKv| g‡b ivL‡eb am/ is/are+used to Gi ci
hw` verb _v‡K, Z‡e verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM n‡eI
am/ is/are+used to Gi ci hw` noun _v‡K, Z‡e †Kej noun e‡m|
Sentence Structure:
In case of present tense: subject+am/is/are+used to+verb+ing
In case of present tense: subject+am/is/are+used to+noun
In case of future tense: subject+ will get used to +verb+ing
In case of future tense: subject+ will get used to+noun
K‡qKwU example †`‡L †bB:
Avwg †÷ªm wb‡Z Af¨¯’ †bvB|
I am not used to taking stress.
Avwg Svj Lvev‡i Af¨¯’| I am
used to spicy food. ‡m
GKv _vK‡Z Af¨¯’|
He is used to living alone.
‡m Mig AvenvIqvq Af¨¯’ bq| He is
not used to hot weather.
50 |
Page
‡KD †Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z Af¨¯’ n‡e, A_©vr GL‡bv Af¨¯’ nqwb wKš‘ future Af¨¯’ n‡e,
†m ai‡bi wmPz‡qk‡b will get used to e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb:
Zzwg Mig AvevnvIqvq Af¨¯’ n‡e|
You will get used to hot weather.
‡m nvW© IqvwK©s G Af¨¯’ n‡e|
She will get used to working hard.
KzBR:
‡m w÷ªU dzW G Af¨¯’ bq|
Avgiv wiKkvq P‡o Af¨¯’|
Avwg †n‡U †h‡Z Af¨¯’ bv|
Zzwg kxNÖB †jvKvj KvjPv‡i Af¨¯’ n‡e| Zzwg
ivbœv Ki‡Z Af¨¯’ n‡q hv‡e|
DËi:
‡m w÷ÖU dzW G Af¨¯’ bq
He is not used to street food.
Avgiv wiKkvq P‡o Af¨¯’
We are used to travelling by rickshaw.
Avwg †n‡U †h‡Z Af¨¯’ bv I am
not used to walking.
Zzwg kxNÖB †jvKvj KvjPv‡i Af¨¯’ n‡e
You will get used to local culture soon.
51 |
Page
Zzwg ivbœv Ki‡Z Af¨¯’ n‡q hv‡e
You will get used to cooking.
Episode-23 Use of about to
About to Gi e¨envi
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awbb Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi GKwU KvíwbK †Uwj‡dvb
Kbfvi‡mkb;
Awbb Anbv‡K ej‡Q "Zzwg GL‡bv evmv †_‡K †ei nIwb, Avwg KLb †_‡K
†Zvgvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v KiwQ| "
Anbv: Avwg G¶zwb evmv †_‡K †ei n‡Z hvw”Q| I
am about to leave the house.
about to Gi evsjv A_© G¶zwb, †KD †Kv‡bv wKQz G¶zwb Ki‡Z hv‡”Q, ev †Kv‡bv
wKQz Z¶zwb n‡Z hvw”Q‡jv BZ¨vw` †evSv‡Z about to Gi e¨envi Kiv nq|
†hgb, Anbv ej‡Q Avwg G¶zwb evmv †_‡K †ei n‡Z hvw”Q- am
about to leave the house.
Avevi GwU hw` past tense n‡Zv Zvn‡j n‡Zv – I was about to leave the
house.
Sentence structure:
In case of present tense: subject+ be verb (am, is, are) +about
to+ base form of verb.
In case of past tense: subject+ be verb (was, were) +about to+
base form of verb.
About to e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example †`‡L †bB:
†m wiUvqvi Ki‡Z hv‡”Q| He
is about to retire.
52 |
Page
e…wó co‡Z hv‡”Q| It is
about to rain.
Zviv Zv‡`i weR‡bm eÜ K‡i w`‡Z hvw”Q‡jv|
They were about to close their business.
QvÎiv cÖvqB gvivgvwi ïiæ Ki‡Z hvw”Q‡jv|
The students were about to fight.
KzBR:
fvBivmwU Qov‡Z hvw”Q‡jv| ‡m
cÖvq gviv hv‡”Q|
‡UÖbwU cÖvq †Q‡o hvw”Q‡jv|
Avwg gvÎB Avgvi gv‡K †dvb Ki‡Z hvw”Q|
DËi:
fvBivmwU Qov‡Z hvw”Q‡jv|
The virus was about to spread.
‡m cÖvq gviv hv‡”Q|
He is about to die.
‡UªbwU cÖvq †Q‡o hvw”Q‡jv|
The train was about to leave.
Avwg gvÎB Avgvi gv‡K †dvb Ki‡Z hvw”Q| I
am about to call my mother.
53 |
Page
Episode-24 Use of as soon as
As soon as Gi e¨envi
widvZ Ges wiwgi gv‡S GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb:
widvZ: n¨v‡jv widvZ Zzwg †Kv_vq hv”Q?
wiwg: Avwg MÖvg G hvw”Q| widvZ:
Zzwg K‡e wdi‡e?
wiwg: Avwg hZUv ZvovZvwo cvwi wdi‡ev|
I will be back as soon as possible.
As soon as Gi evsjv A_© hZUv ZvovZvwo ev hZUv kxNÖB, hZUv `ªæZ
BZ¨vw`| K‡qKwU example:
hZUv ZvovZvwo m¤¢e Avwg KvRwU †kl Ki‡ev| I
will finish the work as soon as possible.
A_ev,
I will finish the work as soon as I can.
hZUv ZvovZvwo cv‡iv Zv‡K Lzu‡R †ei K‡iv|
Find him as soon as possible/ Find
him as soon as you can.
hZUv ZvovZvwo m¤¢e Avwg dx Uv cwi‡kva Ki‡ev| I
will pay the fee as soon as possible.
I will pay the fee as soon as I can.
Extra lesson
†kvbv gvÎ, Rvbv gvÎ, Kiv gvÎ, LvIqv gvÎ BZ¨vw` †evSv‡Z as soon as Gi
e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
K‡qKwU example:
54 |
Page
Avgiv †÷k‡b hvIqv gvÎ †UªbwU †Q‡o w`‡qwQ‡jv|
The train left as soon as we arrived at the station.
‡m LeiUv †kvbv gvÎ Kvu`‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jv|
He started to cry as soon as he heard the news.
KzBR:
Avwg †mLv‡b hvIqv gvÎ †Zvgv‡K Kj Kie|
‡m hZUv `ªæZ m¤¢e GKUv PvKwi Lzu‡R †ei Ki‡e|
Avcwb AW©vi Kiv gvÎ Avgiv LveviwU †cŠu‡Q †`e|
‡m hZUv `ªæZ m¤¢e cÖ‡R‡±i KvR †kl Ki‡e
DËi:
Avwg †mLv‡b hvIqv gvÎ †Zvgv‡K Kj Kie| I
will call you as soon as I get there.
‡m hZUv `ªæZ m¤¢e GKUv PvKwi Lzu‡R †ei Ki‡e| He
will find a job as soon as possible.
Avcwb AW©vi Kiv gvÎ Avgiv LveviwU †cŠu‡Q †`e|
We will deliver the food as soon as you order.
‡m hZUv `ªæZ m¤¢e cÖ‡R±wU †kl Ki‡e|
He will complete the project as soon as possible.
Episode-25 Use of would rather
Would rather Gi GKwU e¨envi
55 |
Page
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Awbb: Zzwg wK evB‡i †eov‡Z hv‡e?
Anbv: Avwg evB‡i bv wM‡q eis evmvq _vK‡ev|
I would rather stay home than go out.
`z‡Uv Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ GKwU‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡Z PvB‡j would rather e¨envi Kiv
nq|
Sentence structurs:
Subject+ would+ rather+ base form of verb+ than+ extension.
Would rather e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example †`‡L †bB:
‡m GLv‡b e‡m bv †_‡K eis †Uwbm †Lj‡e|
She would rather play tennis than sit here.
‡m Pv bv †L‡q eis Kwd Lv‡e|
He would rather drink coffee than tea.
Avwg wiKkvq bv wM‡q eis Mvwo‡Z hv‡ev|
I would rather go by car than a rickshaw.
‡m GKUv †mvbvi AvswU bv wK‡b eis Wvqg‡Ûi AvswU wKb‡e|
She would rather buy a diamond ring than a gold ring.
KzBR:
Avwg gvQ ai‡Z bv †h‡q eis evmvq _vK‡ev|
Avwg wm‡bgv bv †`‡L eis nvuU‡Z hv‡ev|
‡m wb‡R K_v bv e‡j eis Ab¨‡`i †K ïb‡e| Avwg
¯‹z‡j bv wM‡q eis wfwWI †Mg †Lj‡ev|
56 |
Page
DËi:
Avwg gvQ ai‡Z bv †h‡q eis evmvq _vKe|
I would rather stay at home than go fishing.
Avwg wm‡bgv bv †`‡L eis nvV‡Z hv‡ev|
I would rather go for a walk than watch a movie.
‡m wb‡R K_v bv e‡j eis Ab¨‡`i †K ïb‡e|
She would rather listen to others than talk.
Avwg ¯‹z‡j bv wM‡q eis wfwWI †Mg †Lj‡ev|
I'd rather play video game than go to school.
Episode-26 Use of as long as
As long as Gi e¨envi
gvgv Ges fv‡Mœi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb; fv‡Mœ gvgv‡K ej‡Q,
"gvgv Avwg XvKvq G‡mwQ, PvKwi †LvuRvi Rb¨ Avgvi
†Zvgvi evmvq wKQzw`b _vK‡Z n‡e|"
gvgv ej‡Q, "‡Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB, Zzwg hZw`b Lzkx _vK‡Z cv‡iv " No
problem! You can stay as long as you want/ as you wish.
As long as Gi evsjv A_© ÔhZ¶Y ZZ¶bÕ,ÕhZ w`b Z‡Zvw`bÕ|
As long as e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example †`‡L †bB:
Zzwg hZ¶b Lzkx Nzgv‡Z cv‡iv|
You can sleep as long as you want.
57 |
Page
‡m hZw`b Lzkx GLv‡b KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
She can work here as long as she wants.
‡Zvgvi hZw`b cÖ‡qvRb Avwg †Zvgv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡ev| I
will help you as long as you need.
Avwg hZw`b Amz¯’ wQjvg †m Avgv‡K †`Lv‡kvbv K‡i‡Q| She
took care of me as long as I was sick.
KzBR:
Avwg hZw`b wdwRK¨vj G·vimvBR Ki‡ev ZZw`b mz¯’¨ _vK‡ev|
Avwg hZw`b abx wQjvg †m ZZw`b Avgv‡K fv‡jvevm‡Zv|
AvenvIqv hZ¶b fv‡jv _vK‡e Avgiv ZZ¶b KvR Ki‡ev|
Avwg hZw`b †eu‡P _vK‡ev GB w`bwUi K_v g‡b ivL‡ev|
DËi:
Avwg hZw`b wdwRK¨vj G·vimvBR Ki‡ev ZZw`b mz¯’¨ _vK‡ev| I
will stay healthy as long as I do physical exercise.
Avwg hZw`b abx wQjvg †m ZZw`b Avgv‡K fv‡jv evm‡Zv| She
loved me as long as I was rich.
AvenvIqv hZ¶b fv‡jv _vK‡e Avgiv ZZ¶b KvR Ki‡ev|
We will do the work as long as the weather is good.
58 |
Page
Avwg hZw`b †eu‡P _vK‡ev ZZw`b GB w`bwUi K_v g‡b ivL‡ev| I
will remember this day as long as I live.
Episode-27 Use of on
On Gi mg‡qi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi
ïiæ‡Z GKwU situation †`‡L †bB|
`zB eÜz bvmv` Ges Anbvi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: bvmv`: eÜz,
†Zvgv‡K A‡bK wgm KiwQI Zzwg K‡e Avm‡e Avgv‡`i evmvq?
Anbv: Avwg †mvgevi Avm‡ev|
I will come on Monday.
GLv‡b Monday (day)Gi Av‡M on e¨envi n‡q‡Q|
w`b (day) QvovI date, Ges special day, holiday Gi Av‡M on Gi e¨envi
nq|
On e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Avwg Zvi mv‡_ kwbevi †`Lv Ki‡ev| I
will meet him on Saturday.
Zzwg Zvi mv‡_ 3iv GwcÖj †`Lv Ki‡Z cv‡iv| You
may meet him on 3rd April.
Rwj, gwji mv‡_ Ii Rb¥w`‡bi w`b †`Lv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Jolly
may meet Molly on her birthday.
Zviv †mLv‡b ïµevi hv‡e|
59 |
Page
They will go there on Friday.
KzBR:
wiwg widv‡Zi mv‡_ c‡njv ˆekvL †`Lv Ki‡e| czwjk
WvKvZwU‡K ïµevi G‡i÷ K‡iwQj| ‡WwjfvwiwU
iweevi †cŠuQ‡e|
1jv Rvbzqvwi Zviv †eZb cv‡e/ Rvbzqvwii 1 ZvwiL Zviv †eZb cv‡e|
DËi:
wiwg widv‡Zi mv‡_ c‡njv ˆekvL †`Lv Ki‡e| Rimi
will meet Rifat on Pohela Boishakh.
czwjk WvKvZwU‡K ïµevi G‡i÷ K‡iwQj| Police
arrested the robber on Friday.
†WwjfvwiwU iweevi †cŠuQ‡e|
The delivery will arrive on Sunday.
1jv Rvbzqvwi Zviv †eZb cv‡e/ Rvbzqvwii 1 ZvwiL Zviv †eZb cv‡e They
will get their salary on 1st January.
Summary: day, date, special day/ holyday Gi Av‡M on Gi e¨envi
n‡q _v‡K,
‡hgb: they will get their salary on 1st January.
Episode-28 Use of as many as or as much as
60 |
Page
As many as A_ev as much as Gi e¨envi
wgwmi Avjx Ges wngzi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vc_b: wngz: m¨vi
Avwg wK Avcbvi jvB‡eÖix †_‡K †ek wKQz eB wb‡Z cvwi?
wgwmi Avjx: Zzwg hZ ¸wj Lzkx ZZ¸‡jv eB wb‡Z cv‡iv| You
can take as many books as you want.
As many as Gi evsjv A_© hZ¸wj Z‡Zv ¸wj|
As much as Gi evsjv A_© hZUzKz ZZUzKz|
hw` GLv‡b wngz, eB‡qi cwie‡Z© wPwb wb‡Z PvB‡Zv, †m †¶‡Î sentence wU
Ggb n‡Zv,
You can take as much sugar as you want.
A_©vr uncountable noun Gi †¶‡Î as much as e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
‡hgb wPwb, cvwb M¨vm GB ¸‡jv KvD›U Kiv hvqbv, A_©vr uncountable
nouns †mKvi‡b GLv‡b as much as e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
Ges †hB noun ¸‡jv KvD›U Kiv hvq †hgb, eB, Av‡cj, A‡iÄ BZ¨vw`
KvD›U Kiv hvq, †m‡¶‡Î Avgiv as many as e¨envi Ki‡ev|
Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
‡Zvgvi hZ¸wj Lzkx ZZ¸wj Av‡cj †L‡Z cv‡iv| You
can eat as many apples as you want.
‡Zvgvi hZUzKz Lzkx ZZUzKz AvBmwµg †L‡Z cv‡iv
You can eat as much ice cream as you want.
‡Zvgvi hZ¸‡jv cÖ‡qvRb ZZ¸‡jv †Kbv DwPr
You should buy as many as you need.
61 |
Page
‡Zvgvi hZUzKz cÖ‡qvRb ZZUzKz †Kbv DwPr
You should buy as much as you need.
Avwg †Zvgv‡K hZUzKz cvwi ZZUzKz mvnvh¨ Ki‡ev| I
will help you as much as I can.
‡m hZUzKz †c‡iwQ‡jv ZZUzKz †L‡qwQ‡jv| He
ate as much as he could.
‡m hZUzKz Lvevi †c‡iwQ‡jv ZZUzKz †L‡qwQ‡jv| He
ate as much food as he could.
KzBR:
Avwg hZ UvKv cvwi †Zvgv‡K w`‡ev|
‡m hZ ¸‡jv Lzwk ZZ¸wj GcvU©‡g›U wKb‡Z cv‡i|
DËi:
Avwg hZ UvKv cvwi †Zvgv‡K w`‡ev|
I will give you as much money as I can.
‡m hZ ¸‡jv Lzwk ZZ¸wj GcvU©‡g›U wKb‡Z cv‡i|
He can buy as many apartments as he wants.
Episode-29 Use of in+ time
mg‡qi †¶‡Î In Gi e¨envi|
ïiæ‡Z GKwU situation †`‡L †bB|
62 |
Page
`zB eÜz bvmv` Ges Anbvi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
bvmv`: †Zvgvi wK Avjxi K_v g‡b Av‡Q? Anbv: n¨v g‡b
AvQ|
bvmv`: Ii mv‡_ gvP© gv‡m †`Lv n‡qwQj| I
met him in March.
j¶¨ Kiæb GLv‡b March Gi Av‡M in e¨envi n‡q‡Q| March GKwU gvm|
Year, month, period of a day Ges season Gi Av‡M in e¨envi n‡q
_v‡K|
In e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Avgvi evev mKvj‡ejv msev`cÎ c‡ob|
My father reads newspaper in the morning.
Avwg MÖx®§Kv‡j f¨v‡Kk‡b hv‡ev|
I will go on a vacation in summer.
‡m 2019 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQj| He/she
was born in 2019. evwYR¨ †gjv wW‡m¤^i
gv‡m ïiæ nq|
The Trade Fair starts in December.
KzBR:
‡m mKvj †ejv GLv‡b Avm‡e|
Zviv Zv‡`i bZzb evwo‡Z 2021 mv‡j gzf Ki‡e|
Zviv kxZ Kv‡j we‡q Ki‡e| wZwb weKvj †ejv Pv
cvb K‡ib|
DËi:
63 |
Page
‡m mKvj †ejv GLv‡b Avm‡e|
He will come here in the morning.
Zviv Zv‡`i bZzb evwo‡Z 2021 mv‡j gzf Ki‡e| They
will move to their new house in 2021.
Zviv kxZ Kv‡j we‡q Ki‡e
They will get married in winter.
wZwb weKvj †ejv Pv cvb K‡ib
He/she takes tea in the evening.
Class summary: year, month, period of a day, season Gi Av‡M
in Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| †hgb: she will retire in 2022, GLv‡b year Gi
Av‡M in e¨envi n‡q‡Q| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, w`‡bi wewfbœ As‡ki Av‡M in
n‡jI iv‡Zi Av‡M at e¨vewiZ nq|
Episode-30 Use of hear and listen
listen Ges hear Gi e¨envi
Av‡cj Ges Kgjvi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b, Av‡cj:
Zzwg wK MZ iv‡Z kã ï‡bwQ‡j?
Did you hear the sound last night?
Kgjv: bv‡Zv, Avwg ZLb Mvb ïbwQjvg|
I was listening to music then/at that time.
Avgiv hLb †Kv‡bv wKQz g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïwb ZLb listen e¨envi Ki‡Z nq,
†hgb Kv‡iv K_v †kvbv, Mvb †kvbv BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î listen e¨vewiZ nq|
64 |
Page
Avevi hLb †Kv‡bv wKQz †Kej †kvbvi e¨vcvi nq, A_©vr †Kv‡bv kã Avgvi
Kv‡b †cŠu‡Q‡Q wKš‘ g‡bv‡hvM ev D‡Ïk¨ cÖ‡Yvw`Z †kvbv bv, †mB wmPz‡qk‡b
hear e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| K‡qKwU example:
‡m GdGg †iwWI ïb‡Q|
He is listening to FM radio.
Avwg nVvr K‡i cv‡qi kã ï‡bwQjvg|
I suddenly heard the sound of footsteps.
(GLv‡b cv‡qi k‡ãi cwie‡Z© Kvbœvi kã, we‡ùvi‡Yi kã n‡Z cv‡i|)
Avwg Zvi e³e¨ ïbwQjvg|
I was listening to his/her speech.
Zzwg wK Av‡iKUz †Rv‡o ej‡Z cvi‡e? Avwg †Zvgv‡K ïb‡Z cviwQbv| Can
you speak loudly? I cannot hear you clearly.
Kv‡ivi Dc‡`k gvbvi ev bv gvbvi †¶‡Î listen to e¨envi Kiv nq|
‡hgb,
Avgiv Zv‡K mZK© K‡iwQjvg, wKš‘ †m Avgv‡`i K_v ï‡bwb| We
warned him, but he did not listen to us.
Avevi †Kv‡bv Lei ev NUbvi K_v †kvbvi †¶‡Î Hear e¨envi Kiv nq|
‡hgb,
Avwg Zvi `zN©Ubvi K_v ï‡bwQ|
I have heard about his accident.
A_©vr GB †¶‡Î AeMZ _vKvi K_v †evSv‡”Q, GLv‡b Kv‡b †kvbvi ev g‡bv‡hvM
w`‡q †kvbvi K_v ejv n‡”Qbv|
65 |
Page
KzBR:
Avwg Zvi K_v ïbwQjvg|
Avwg GKwU we‡ùvi‡bi kã ï‡bwQjvg|
Avwg jK WvD‡bi LeiwU ï‡bwQ|
†Zvgvi evev gvi K_v †Zvgvi †kvbv DwPr|
DËi:
Avwg Zvi K_v ïbwQjvg| I
was listening to her.
Avwg GKwU we‡ùvi‡bi kã ï‡bwQjvg| I
heard a sound of an explosion.
Avwg jK WvD‡bi LeiwU ï‡bwQ|
I have heard the news of lockdown.
‡Zvgvi evev gvi K_v †Zvgvi †kvbv DwPr|
You should listen to your parents.
Episode-31 Use of by
by Gi e¨envi
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Anbv: †Zvgv‡K Avwg GKUv †Wwjfvwi cvwV‡qwQjvg, Zzwg wK †c‡q‡Qv?
Awbb: n¨v A‡bK Av‡MB †c‡qwQ|
‡WwjfvwiwU Rzb Gi 15 Zvwi‡Li g‡a¨ †cŠu‡QwQ‡jv| The
delivery arrived by 15th June.
66 |
Page
GB wmPz‡qk‡b by Gi A_© '‡Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨'| GB e¨env‡i by
Gici mg‡qi D‡jøL n‡e|
By Gi GB ai‡bi e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
miKvi cÙv weÖ‡Ri KvR 2022 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †kl Ki‡e|
The government will complete Padma Bridge by 2022.
Avwg †mvgev‡ii g‡a¨ KvRwU †kl Ki‡ev|
I will complete the work by Monday.
QvÎQvÎxiv Zv‡`i homework ivZ 8Uvi g‡a¨ †kl Ki‡e| The
students will finish their homework by 8:00PM.
Zviv kwbev‡ii g‡a¨ wUwKU Kbdvg© Ki‡e| They
will confirm the ticket by Saturday.
On Ges By Gi mv‡_ comparison Gi gva¨‡g by Gi e¨envi AviI
fv‡jvfv‡e ez‡S †bqv hvK:
Avwg †mvgev‡ii g‡a¨ KvRwU †kl Ki‡ev| I
will finish the work by Monday.
hw` Avgiv by Gi cwie‡Z© on e¨envi Kwi, Z‡e Gi A_©
`vuovq:
Avwg †mvgevi KvRwU †kl Ki‡ev| I will
finish the work on Monday.
Avevi hw` Avgiv ewj:
Avwg April gv‡mi g‡a¨ KvRwU †kl Ki‡ev| I
will finish the work by April.
67 |
Page
Avwg April gv‡m KvRwU †kl Ki‡ev| I
will finish the work in April.
KzBR:
Avwg Zv‡K 10BgvP© Gi g‡a¨ `vIqvZ Ki‡ev|
‡m mܨvi g‡a¨B evwo wd‡iwQ‡jv|
‡g‡UÖv‡ij 2022 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Pvjz n‡e|
‡m AvMvgx eQ‡ii g‡a¨B GKwU evwo wK‡b †dj‡e|
DËi:
Avwg Zv‡K 10BgvP© Gi g‡a¨ `vIqvZ Ki‡ev| I
will invite him by 10th March.
‡m mܨvi g‡a¨B evwo wd‡iwQ‡jv|
He returned home by the evening.
‡g‡UÖv‡ij 2022 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Pvjz n‡e| Metro
rail will start by 2022.
‡m AvMvgx eQ‡ii g‡a¨B GKwU evwo wKb‡e| He
will buy one house by next year.
Class summary: †Kv‡bv wKQz hLb GKwU wbw`©ó mgq mxgvi g‡a¨ †kl Kivi
68 |
Page
K_v †evSv‡bv nq, †m‡¶‡Î by e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb:
†m AvMvgx eQ‡ii g‡a¨ GKwU evwo wK‡b †dj‡e| He
will buy one house by next year.
Episode-32 Use of make verb (1)
Make verb Gi e¨envi
widvZ Ges wiwgi gv‡S GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
widvZ wiwg‡K ej‡Q,Ó Awd‡mi bZzb em‡K Avgvi GK`g mn¨ nqbv Ò
widvZ ej‡Q wVK e‡j‡Qv, Zvi GwUwUDU Avgv‡K ivwM‡q †Zv‡j| His
attitude makes me angry.
GB wmPz‡qk‡b make Gi evsjv A_©; †KD hLb KvD‡K Lzkx K‡i, wegl© ev ivwM‡q
†Zv‡j|
Sentence Structure:
In case of present tense: subject+make/makes+object+
adjective
In case of past tense: subject+made+object+adjective
In case of future tense: subject+will+ make+adjective Make
verb Gi GB ai‡bi e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Zvi MíwU Avgv‡K `ztwLZ K‡iwQj| Her
story made me sad.
GwU Avgv‡K nZvk K‡i|
It makes me frustrated.
69 |
Page
msev`wU‡Z Avgiv Lzkx n‡qwQjvg| The
news made us happy.
‡jvKwUi e¨envi †Zvgv‡K ivwM‡q Zzj‡e|
The behavior of the person will make you furious.
KzBR:
GB MvbwU Avgv‡K b÷vjwRK K‡i|
‡Zvgvi civgk© Avgv‡K AvZ¥wek¦vmx Ki‡e|
Zvi K_v¸‡jv Avgv‡K †KŠZ‚njx K‡i| e…wói
w`b¸‡jv Avgv‡K welYœ K‡i|
DËi:
GB MvbwU Avgv‡K b÷vjwRK K‡i| This
song makes me nostalgic.
‡Zvgvi civgk© Avgv‡K AvZ¥wek¦vmx Ki‡e|
Your advice will make me confident.
Zvi K_v¸‡jv Avgv‡K †KŠZ‚njx K‡i| Her
talks make me curious.
e…wói w`b¸‡jv Avgv‡K welYœ K‡i|
Rainy days make me depressed.
Episode-33 Use of within
70 |
Page
Within mg‡qi †¶‡Î wKfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Anbv: Avgv‡`i iv‡Zi Lvevi †iwW|†Zvgvi wK evwo wdi‡Z †`ix n‡e?
Awbb: Avwg `zB N›Uvi g‡a¨ evwo wdi‡ev? I
will be back within two hours.
Within Gi evsjv A_© †Kvb mg‡qi Ôg‡a¨ ev wfZ‡iÕI Ges hLb mgqwU msL¨v/
digit Øviv D‡jøL Kiv nq, ZLb within e¨envi Kiv nq|
†hgb: Avwg `zB N›Uvi g‡a¨ Avm‡ev|
I will be back within two hours.
D‡jøL¨ †h within Gi cwie‡Z© in I e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, †hgb:
I will be back in two hours.
Within Gi GB ai‡bi e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
GKgv‡mi g‡a¨ †diZ G‡mv| Come
back within a month.
Avgiv GKN›Uvi g‡a¨ †cŠuQ‡ev| We
will arrive within an hour.
UgGi GLv‡b 15 wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ †cŠuQv‡bv DwPr|
Tom should arrive here within fifteen minutes.
Avwg `zB gv‡mi g‡a¨ GKwU cÖ‡gvkb cv‡ev| I
will get a raise within two months.
71 |
Page
Sentence structure:
In case of future tense: subject+ auxiliary verb+base form of
verb+ within+time extension.
In case of past tense: subject+ past form of verb+ within +time
extension.
Within Ges in `z‡Uvi A_©B Ôg‡a¨ A_ev †fZ‡iÕ| Gev‡i, by Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv
K‡i within Gi e¨envi Av‡iv fv‡jvfv‡e ez‡S †bqv hvK|
Avwg †mvgev‡ii g‡a¨ wdi‡ev| I
will return by Monday.
GLv‡b †Kvb msL¨v ev wWwR‡Ui D‡jøL †bB, evi ev w`‡bi K_v D‡jøL Av‡Q ZvB by
Gi e¨envi n‡q‡Q| hw` Avwg ewj:
Avwg wZb w`‡bi g‡a¨ wdi‡ev| I will
return within three days.
GB sentence wU‡Z evi Gi e¨envi bv K‡i wZb w`b A_©vr msL¨vi e¨envi
nIqvq within e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
KzBR:
czwjk †mLv‡b wZb wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ †cŠu‡QwQ‡jv| evmwU
`k wgwb‡Ui †cŠuQ‡e|
Avwg †Zvgv‡K 1 N›Uvi g‡a¨ Kj Kie|
‡Zvgvi wkc‡g›UwUi 24 N›Uvi g‡a¨ †cŠuQ‡e|
DËi:
czwjk †mLv‡b wZb wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ †cŠu‡QwQ‡jv|
72 |
Page
The police reached there within three minutes.
evmwU `k wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ †cŠuQ‡e|
The bus will arrive within ten minutes.
Avwg †Zvgv‡K 1 N›Uvi g‡a¨ Kj Kie| I
will call you within an hour.
‡Zvgvi wkc‡g›UwU 24 N›Uvi g‡a¨ †cŠuQ‡e|
Your shipment will arrive within twenty-four hours.
Episode-34 Use of make verb (2)
Make verb Gi e¨envi
kwdK Ges iwdK mv‡n‡ei g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK Kbfvi‡mkb: kwdK:
iwdK mv‡ne †Kgb Av‡Qb Avcwb?
iwdK: fvB fv‡jvbvB, Avgvi IqvBd Avgv‡K w`‡q cÖwZw`b gkvix Uvw½‡q
†bq|
My wife makes me tie the mosquito net every day.
GB context G KvD‡K w`‡q wKQz Kwi‡q †bqv A‡_© make e¨envi Kiv nq|
Sentence structure:
In case of present tense: subject+make/makes+object+base
form of verb.
In case of past tense: subject+made+object+base form of verb
In case of future tense: subject+will make+obeject+base form
of verb
73 |
Page
K‡qKwU example:
cwiw¯’wZi Avgv‡K PvKwiwU Qvo‡Z eva¨ K‡iwQ‡jv| The
situation made me quit the job.
Avwg Zv‡K w`‡q wK‡PbwU cwi®‹vi Kiv‡ev| I
will make him clean the kitchen.
Avgv‡K GUv Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡ivbv| Do
not make me do it.
Extra lesson:
memgq †Rvi Kiv A‡_© bv eis KL‡bv KL‡bv bigvwj wKQz Kiv‡bv A‡_©I make
e¨envi Kiv nq| ‡hgb,
‡m memgq Avgv‡K nvmvq|
He/ always makes me laugh.
KzBR:
Zv‡K GwU Ki‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ivbv| em Avgv‡K
KvRwU AvR †kl Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡iwQ‡jv| Zviv
Avgv‡K wg_¨v ej‡Z eva¨ K‡iwQ‡jv| cwiw¯’wZ
Avgv‡K GUv Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡iwQ‡jv|
DËi:
Zzwg Zv‡K GwU Kiv‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ivbv| You
cannot make him do it.
em Avgv‡K KvRwU AvR †kl Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡iwQ‡jv| Boss
made me finish the work today.
74 |
Page
Zviv Avgv‡K wg_¨v ej‡Z eva¨ K‡iwQ‡jv| They
made me tell lies.
cwiw¯’wZ Avgv‡K GUv Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡iwQ‡jv|
Situation made me do it.
Episode-35 Use of until
Until Gi e¨envi
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Anbv: Zzwg wK AvMvgx Kvj MvwowU wKb‡e|
Awbb: Avwg Mvwoi †jvb bv cvIqv ch©šÍ MvwowU wKb‡evbv| I
will not buy the car until I get the car loan.
Until A_© Ôch©šÍÕ| †hgb Dc‡ii jvBbwU‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q; Avwg
Mvwoi †jvb bv cvIqv ch©šÍ- until I get the car loan, Avwg
MvwowU wKb‡evbv- I will not buy the car.
Sentence Strucucture:
Subject+verb+until+ time extension
Subject+verb+until+subject+verb
K‡qKwU example:
‡m bv Avmv ch©šÍ Avwg A‡c¶v Ki‡ev| I
will wait until he comes.
Avwg cvuPUv ch©šÍ A‡c¶v Ki‡ev|
I will wait until five o’clock
75 |
Page
Zvi gv AbzgwZ bv †`qv ch©šÍ †m hv‡ebv|
She won’t go until her mother permits her.
Avwg bv ejv ch©šÍ gzf Ki‡ebv Don’t
move until I tell you.
ev”PvwU ga¨ivZ ch©šÍ †Ku‡`wQ‡jv
The baby cried until midnight.
KzBR:
Zviv AÜKvi nIqv ch©šÍ †L‡jwQ‡jv|
Avwg GLv‡b `z‡Uv ch©šÍ _vK‡ev|
Zviv ga¨ivZ ch©šÍ mRvM wQ‡jv|
Avwg mvZUv ch©šÍ A‡c¶v Ki‡ev|
DËi:
Zviv AÜKvi nIqv ch©šÍ †L‡jwQ‡jv| They
played until it got dark.
Avwg GLv‡b `z‡Uv ch©šÍ _vK‡ev| I'll
be here until two o'clock.
Zviv ga¨ivZ ch©šÍ mRvM wQ‡jv|
They stayed up until midnight.
Avwg mvZUv ch©šÍ A‡c¶v Ki‡ev|
76 |
Page
I will wait until 7 o’clock.
Class summary: ‡Kvb wKQz nIqv ch©šÍ GgbUv †evSv‡Z until e¨envi n‡q
_v‡K| †h †Kvb tense Gi mv‡_B until Gi e¨envi n‡Z cv‡i| until e¨envi
Gi gva¨‡g 'GKwU wbw`©ó mgq ch©šÍ' A_©vr †mB mg‡qi c‡i bq, GgbwU †evSv‡bv
nq|
Episode-36 Use of make verb
†Kv‡bv KvR m¤úv`‡bi †¶‡Î make verb Gi e¨envi
K‡qKwU example:
Avgv‡K GKwU †dvb Kj Ki‡Z n‡e| I
have to make a phone call.
‡Zvgvi GKwU W±i Gc‡q›U‡g›U Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| You
need to make a doctor’s appointment.
Avwg MZ gv‡m 50 nvRvi UvKv DcvR©b K‡iwQ| I
made 50 thousand last month.
Zzwg cÖwZgv‡m KZUvKv DcvR©b K‡iv?
How much do you make per month?
‡Kvb KvR mdj fv‡e Kivi †¶‡Î make verb Gi e¨envi: ‡hgb;
‡m Ae‡k‡l Gqvi‡cvU© G †cŠu‡Q‡Q| He
finally made it to the airport.
77 |
Page
Avgiv Ae‡k‡l dvBbvj ivD‡Û D‡VwQ|
We have finally made it to the final round.
‡Kv‡bv wKQz wbwðZ Kivi †¶‡Î make verb Gi e¨envi|
‡hgb,
wbwðZ Kiæb Avcwb AvMvgx Kvj Avm‡eb|
I Make sure you will come tomorrow.
Avwg wbwðZ Ki‡ev †WwjfvwiwU wVK mg‡q †cŠu‡Q‡Q|
KzBR:
I will make sure the delivery has arrived in time.
‡m GKwU fzj K‡i‡Q|
‡m cÖwZw`b `zB nvRvi UvKv DcvR©b K‡i|
Rvg©vwb Ae‡k‡l dvBbvj g¨v‡P D‡V‡Q|
Avgiv wbwðZ Ki‡ev Kg©xiv wVK mgqg‡Zv m¨vjvwi cv‡”Q|
DËi:
‡m GKwU fzj K‡i‡Q| He has
made a mistake.
‡m cÖwZw`b `zB nvRvi UvKv DcvR©b K‡i|
He makes two thousand taka per day.
Rvg©vwb Ae‡k‡l dvBbvj g¨v‡P D‡V‡Q|
78 |
Page
Germany has finally made it to the final match. Germany
finally made it to the final match.
Avgiv wbwðZ Ki‡ev Kg©xiv wVK mgqg‡Zv m¨vjvwi cv‡”Q|
We will make sure the workers are getting salary in time.
Episode-37 Use of since
Since mg‡qi †¶‡Î wKfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Anbv: GB Amgq Kvi Rb¨ Pv evbvI?
Awbb: evevi Rb¨|
†m MZ Kvj †_‡K Nzgvqwb|
He has not slept since yesterday. since Gi evsjv A_© Ô‡_‡KÕ|
AZx‡Zi †Kvb wbw`©ó mgq †_‡K GLb Aewa
†evSv‡Z since Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
Sentence structure:
In case of present perfect tense:
Subject+have/has+been+noun+since+time
extension exmp: He has been happy since last
Tuesday. Subject+have/has+been+3rd form of
verb+since+time extension exmp: I have been
axhausted since evening.
In case of present perfect continuous tense:
subject +have/has+ been+verb+ing+ since+ time extension.
79 |
Page
Subject+ have /has+not+3rd form of verb+ time extension.
exmp: He has been sleeping since yesterday.
Since Gi GB ai‡bi e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Avwg GB evwo‡Z 2005 mvj †_‡K AvwQ|
I have been living in this house since 2005.
‡m †mvgevi †_‡K Amz¯’¨|
He has been sick since Monday.
Avwg mKvj †_‡K wKQz LvBwb|
I have not eaten anything since morning.
Zviv GKRb Ab¨R‡bi mv‡_ MZ gvm †_‡K K_v ej‡Qbv|
They have not talked to each other since last month.
Since e¨envi n‡q _v‡K present perfect tense Ges present perfect
continuous Gi †¶‡Î| Ges mvavibZ hLb present perfect tense G
since e¨envi nq ZLb sentence wU Ôbv †evaKÕev negative nq Ges hLb
present perfect continuous G since e¨envi nq ZLb n¨v †evaK A_©vr
affirmative sentence nq|
KzBR:
Avwg ïµevi †_‡K wPwšÍZ| we‡qi ci †_‡K
Zvi A‡bK cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q|
‡m mܨv †_‡K †Uwjwfkb †`L‡Q| Zviv
mKvj †_‡K †Lj‡Q|
80 |
Page
DËi:
Avwg ïµevi †_‡K wPwšÍZ|
I have been tensed since Friday.
we‡qi ci‡_‡K Zvi A‡bK cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| She has
changed a lot since her marriage.
‡m mܨv †_‡K †Uwjwfkb †`L‡Q|
He has been watching television since evening.
Zviv mKvj †_‡K †Lj‡Q|
They have been playing since morning.
Episode-38 Use of would you like to
Would you like to Gi e¨envi
wngz Ges wgwmi Avjxi gv‡S GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb:
wngz: m¨vi †Kv_vq hv‡”Qb?
wgwmi Avjx: nvuU‡Z †ei n‡qwQ, Zzwg wK Avgvi mv‡_ R‡qb Ki‡Z PvI? Would
you like to join with me?
dg©vj wmPz‡qk‡b politeness Gi mv‡_ wKQz Advi Ki‡j would you like to
e¨envi Kiv nq|
Sentence Structure:
Would you like to+main form of verb+ extension.
K‡qKwU example:
81 |
Page
Avcwb wK GKKvc Pv †L‡Z Pvb?
Would you like to have a cup of tea?
Avcwb wK Avgv‡`i mv‡_ Avm‡Z Pvb?
Would you like to come with us?
Avwg wKQz ej‡Z PvB|
I would like to say something.
KzBR:
Avcwb wK GLv‡b em‡Z Pvb?
Avcwb wK VvÛv wKQz †L‡Z Pvb?
Avwg wKQz AvBwWqv w`‡Z PvB|
Avwg wKQz w`b QzwU wb‡Z PvB|
DËi:
Avcwb wK GLv‡b em‡Z Pvb?
Would you like to sit here?
Avcwb wK VvÛv wKQz †L‡Z Pvb?
Would you like to eat something cold?
Avwg wKQz AvBwWqv w`‡Z PvB
I would like to give some ideas.
Avwg wKQz w`b QzwU wb‡Z PvB
82 |
Page
I would like to take a few days off.
Episode-39 Use of for
mg‡qi †ÿ‡Î For Gi e¨envi nq
gv Ges †Q‡ji g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: gv:
Zzwg cov dvuwK w`‡q †Mg †LjwQ‡j?
†Q‡j: Avwg wZb N›Uv hver cowQ|
I have been studying for three hours.
For Gi evsjv A_© a‡i/ hver |
‡hgb; Avwg wZb N›Uv a‡i cowQ, I have been studying for three
hours. Kv‡Ri mgqKvj A_ev duration †evSvevi †¶‡Î for e¨envi nq|
Sentence
Structure:
Subject+have
been/
has
been+verb+ing+for+time extension.
For Gi GB ai‡bi e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Avwg wZb gvm hver A‡c¶v KiwQ| I have
been waiting for 3 months.
‡m 2 eQi hver wk¶KZv Ki‡Q|
She has been teaching for two years.
Avwg cvuP eQi a‡i GLv‡b KvR KiwQ|
I have been working here for 5 years.
‡m GLv‡b 20 eQi hver _vK‡Q|
She has been living here for twenty years.
83 |
Page
Since Gi mv‡_ Gi Zzjbv K‡i for Gi e¨envi fv‡jv fv‡e ez‡S †bB|
Since Gi A_© Ô‡_‡KÕ|
For-Since comparison
Since
For
I have been working since
morning.
Avwg mKvj †_‡K KvR KiwQ
I have been working for
two hours.
Avwg `zB N›Uv a‡i KvR KiwQ
I have been waiting since
December.
Avwg wW‡m¤^i †_‡K A‡c¶v KiwQ
I have been waiting for
three months.
Avwg wZb gvm hver A‡c¶v KiwQ
‡h‡Kvb tense GB for Gi e¨envi n‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb:
I stayed there for three days.
I will be there for three days.
I have stayed there for three days.
KzBR:
Avwg `zB eQi †_‡K cøvb KiwQ| Zviv
Pvi N›Uv hver K_v ej‡Q| wkïwU 8
N›Uv a‡i Nzgv‡”Q|
Avwg GLv‡b cvuP eQi hver KvR K‡iwQ|
DËi:
Avwg `zB eQi †_‡K cøvb KiwQ|
I have been planning for two years.
84 |
Page
Zviv Pvi N›Uv hver K_v ej‡Q|
They have been talking for four hours.
wkïwU 8 N›Uv a‡i Nzgv‡”Q|
The baby has been sleeping for 8 hours.
Avwg GLv‡b cvuP eQi hver KvR K‡iwQ| I have
been working here for five years.
Episode-40 Use of have to, has to, had to
Have to, has to, had to Gi e¨envi
`zB eÜz, widvZ Ges wmdv‡Zi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: widvZ:
wmdvZ P‡jv Avgiv cvewR †Lwj|
wmdvZ: Avgvi evmvq KvR Av‡Q, Avgv‡K GLb †h‡Z n‡e| I have to go
now/ I will have to go now. have to, has to, had to Gi evsjv
A_© wKQz Ki‡ZB n‡e, †h‡ZB n‡e,
†L‡ZB n‡e BZ¨vw`|
Sentence structure:
In case of present and future tense:
Subject (1st person) +have to/will have to+ base form of verb
Subject (2nd person) +have to/will have to+ base form of verb
Subject (3rd person, singular number) +has to/will have to+
base form of verb)
85 |
Page
Subject (3rd person, plural number) +have to/will have
to+ base form of verb) In case of past tense:
Subject+had to+base form of verb
K‡qKwU example:
Avgv‡K GKwU PvKwi †c‡ZB n‡e|
I will have to get a job. / I have to get a job.
‡Zvgv‡K A‡c¶v Ki‡ZB n‡e| You
have to wait.
Zv‡K digwU czib Ki‡ZB n‡e|
He has to fill in the form/ he will have to fill in the form.
Zv‡K cix¶vq cvk Ki‡ZB n‡e|
She will have to pass the exam. /She has to pass the exam
‡Zvgv‡K †mLv‡b †h‡ZB n‡qwQ‡jv|
You had to go there.
KzBR:
Avgvi AvMvgx Kvj PvKwii Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avgvi Zv‡K agK w`‡Z n‡qwQ‡jv|
Zv‡K GKwU †dvb Kj Ki‡Z n‡e|
Zv‡`i AvR KvRwU †kl Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avgvi Zvi KvQ †_‡K wKQz UvKv avi Ki‡Z n‡qwQ‡jv|
DËi:
86 |
Page
Avgvi AvMvgx Kvj PvKwii Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡Z n‡e| I
will have to apply for the job tomorrow.
Avgvi Zv‡K agK w`‡Z n‡qwQ‡jv| I
had to scold him.
Zv‡K GKwU †dvb Kj Ki‡Z n‡e|
He has to make a phone call/ He will have to make a phone call.
Zv‡`i AvR KvRwU †kl Ki‡Z n‡e|
They will have to finish the work today.
Avgvi Zvi KvQ †_‡K wKQz UvKv avi Ki‡Z n‡qwQ‡jv| I
had to borrow some money from him.
Episode-41 Use of if
If Gi e¨envi
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Anbv: Zzwg wK Kvj Avdwkb Gi Rb¥w`b cvwU©‡Z hv‡e? Awbb: hw`
Zviv Avgv‡K `vIqvZ K‡i, Z‡e Avwg †mLv‡b hv‡ev| If they
invite me, I will go there.
If Gi A_© hw`| hLb Avgiv †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ kZ© Rz‡o †`B ZLb If Gi e¨envi Kwi
GB ai‡bi sentence G `zBwU Ask _v‡K| GKwU n‡jv kZ© Ask, Ab¨wU
djvdj Ask|
87 |
Page
‡hgb: If they invite me, I will go there GB sentence wU‡Z `zBwU
Ask i‡q‡Q, GKwU‡Z ejv n‡”Q Òif they invite meÓ GB AskwU kZ©
Ask, ÒI will go thereÓ GB wU n‡jv djvdj Ask I kZ© Ask wU
dependent clause, dependent clause w`‡q hw` Avgiv sentence
ïiæ Kwi Z‡e gvSLv‡b A_©vr kZ© As‡ki ci Kgv n‡e| If e¨envi Gi Av‡iv
K‡qKwU example:
Zzwg hw` e…wó‡Z †`ŠovI, Zvn‡j †Zvgvi VvÛv jvM‡e|
If you run in the rain, you will catch a cold.
Zzwg hw` wbqwgZ †jLvcov K‡iv, Z‡e Zzwg fv‡jv †iRvë Ki‡e| If
you study regularly, you can make a good result.
hw` Zzwg †`ix K‡iv, Z‡e Zzwg †UÖBb wgm Ki‡Z cv‡iv| If
you are late, you may miss the train.
Zzwg hw` fv‡jv fv‡e †Póv K‡iv, g¨v_ wU mj&f Ki‡Z cvi‡e| If
you try hard, you can solve the math.
KzBR:
hw` Zzwg ILv‡b hvI, Z‡e UvKvUv cv‡e|
Zzwg hw` GLv‡b Av‡mv, Avwg †Zvgv‡K Avgvi evMvb †`Lv‡ev|
Zzwg hw` gv¯‹ ci, Zzwg wbivc‡` _vK‡e|
Zzwg hw` ¯^v¯’¨Ki Lvevi LvI, Zzwg wdU _vK‡Z cvi‡e|
DËi:
hw` Zzwg ILv‡b hvI, Z‡e UvKvUv cv‡e| If you
go there, you will get the money.
88 |
Page
Zzwg hw` GLv‡b Av‡mv, Avwg †Zvgv‡K Avgvi evMvb †`Lv‡ev| If
you come here, I will show you my garden.
Zzwg hw` gv¯‹ ci, Zzwg wbivc‡` _vK‡e| If
you wear a mask, you will be safe.
Zzwg hw` ¯^v¯’¨Ki Lvevi LvI, Zzwg wdU _vK‡Z cvi‡e| If
you eat healthy food, you can stay fit.
Episode-42 how to give opinion in English
wKfv‡e Iwcwbqb w`‡Z nq
mij †iLv Ges eµ †iLvi g‡a¨ C‡`i †KbvKvUv wb‡q GKwU Kbfv‡m©kb: mij
†iLv: Avgvi C‡`i †Kbv KvUvi e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi gZvgZ wK?
eµ‡iLv: Avgvi g‡Z kvU©Uv me‡P‡q fv‡jv n‡q‡Q| In
my opinion, the shirt is the best.
mij †iLv: c¨v‡›Ui e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi gZvgZ wK?
eµ‡iLv: Avwg g‡b Kwi c¨v›UUv GKUz Iì d¨vkb n‡q †M‡Q| I
think, the pant is a bit old fashioned.
mij †iLv: Avgvi RzZv¸jvi e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi gZvgZ wK?
eµ‡iLv: Avwg wek¦vm Kwi RzZv¸jvi `vg †ekx c‡o‡Q| I
believe that the shoes are overpriced.
mij‡iLv: Avgvi cvÄvexi e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi gZvgZ wK? eµ‡iLv:
Avgvi Kv‡Q g‡bnq cvÄvexi iOUv GKUz KUK‡U|
89 |
Page
It seems to me that the color of the Panjabi is a bit bright.
Avgiv Bs‡iwR‡Z gZvg‡Zi Rb¨ GB PviwU G·‡cÖkb e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi,
1. In my opinion
2. I think
3. I believe
4. It seems to me that
K‡qKwU examples:
Avgvi g‡Z †m wKQzUv †mjwdk| In
my opinion he is bit selfish.
Avwg g‡b Kwibv †m AvMvgxKvj Avm‡e| I
don’t think she will come tomorrow.
(hw` †b‡MwUf Iwcwbqb nq Zvn‡j cÖ_g Ask negative n‡e, c‡ii Ask
affirmative n‡e, Dfq AskB †b‡MwUf Kiv hv‡ebv)|
Avwg wek¦vm Kwi Zviv dvBbvj g¨vPwU wRZ‡e| I
believe they will win the final match.
Avgvi Kv‡Q g‡b nq Zzwg wKQzUv `vw¤¢K|
KzBR:
It seems to me that you are a bit arrogant.
Avgvi g‡Z GB gzwfUv mevi †miv|
90 |
Page
Avgvi g‡b nqbv Zzwg PvKwiUv cv‡e|
Avwg wek¦vm Kwi †m kn‡ii †miv Wv³vi| Avgvi
g‡b nq Zviv wd‡i Avm‡e|
DËi:
Avgvi g‡Z GB gzwfUv mevi †miv|
In my opinion this movie is the best of all.
Avgvi g‡b nqbv Zzwg PvKwiUv cv‡e| I
don’t think you will get job.
Avwg wek¦vm Kwi †m kn‡ii †miv Wv³vi|
I believe she is the best doctor in the town.
Avgvi g‡bnq Zviv wd‡i Avm‡e|
It seems to me that they will come back.
Episode-43 use of If in past tense
Past tense G if Gi e¨envi|
Anbv Awbb Gi ga¨Kvi GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Anbv: Zzwg wK Avdwk‡bi Rb¥w`‡b wM‡qwQ‡j?
Awbb: bv Avwg hvBwb, †m hw` Avgv‡K `vIqvZ Ki‡Zv, Avwg †hZvg No,
I did not. If she invited me, I would go.
If Gi evsjv A_© hw`| hw` wKQz KiZ, †hZ, ej‡Zv BZ¨w` †¶‡Î If Gi e¨envi
Kiv nq|
If she invited me, I would go.
GB sentence wU‡K present form G Kiv hvK:
91 |
Page
‡m hw` Avgv‡K `vIqvZ K‡i Avwg hv‡ev| If
she invites me, I will go.
GLb Avgiv GB sentence wU‡K past G wb‡q hvw”Q, A_©vr,
‡m hw` `vIqvZ KiZ-if she invited me Avwg †hZvg-I
would go.
If e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
hw` Zzwg †Póv Ki‡Z Z‡e Zzwg KvRwU Ki‡Z cvi‡Z| If
you tried, you could do the work.
hw` Zzwg Zv‡K Kj Ki‡Z, †m nq‡Zv Avm‡Zv If
you called him, he might come.
hw` Zzwg †L‡Z Z‡e Zzwg fv‡jv Abzfe Ki‡Z| If
you ate, you would feel better.
Avgvi A‡bK UvKv _vK‡j Avwg GKwU cÖvmv` wKbZvg| If
I had a lot of money, I would buy a palace.
If Gi Av‡iKwU e¨envi Av‡Q, †hLv‡b if, imagination Gi †¶‡Î e¨envi n‡q
_v‡K| Imagination Gi †¶‡Î if Gi ci memgq were Gi e¨envi nq|
Avwg hw` cvwL nZvg, Z‡e Avwg Do‡Z cviZvg|
If I were a bird, I could fly.
hw` †m abx n‡Zv, Zvn‡j †m c…w_ex ågY KiZ|
If he were rich, he would travel the world.
KzBR:
92 |
Page
Zzwg hw` Avgv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z Avwg Zvn‡j KvRwU Ki‡Z cviZvg| mgqgZ
Av‡e`b Ki‡j Zzwg PvKwiwU †c‡Z|
Avgvi hw` GKwU Mvwo _vK‡Zv Z‡e Avwg me RvMvq †hZvg| hw`
Avwg Wv³vi nZvg Zvn‡j Avwg `wi`Ö‡`i wPwKrmv KiZvg|
DËi:
Zzwg hw` Avgv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z Avwg Zvn‡j KvRwU Ki‡Z cviZvg| If
you helped me, I could do the work.
mgqgZ Av‡e`b Ki‡j Zzwg PvKwiwU †c‡Z|
If you applied in time, you would get the job.
Avgvi hw` GKwU Mvwo _vK‡Zv Z‡e Avwg me RvMvq †hZvg| If
I had a car, I would go everywhere.
hw` Avwg Wv³vi nZvg Zvn‡j Avwg `wi`Ö‡`i wPwKrmv KiZvg| If
I were a doctor, I would treat the poor.
Episode-44 how to seek opinion in English
wKfv‡e Bs‡iwR‡Z gZvgZ PvB‡Z nq
mij †iLv eµ †iLvi KvQ †_‡K Zvi C‡`i †KbvKvUvi e¨vcv‡i gZvgZ Rvb‡Z
Pvw”Q‡jv
Avgvi C‡`i †KbvKvUvi e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi gZvgZ wK?
What is your opinion about my Eid shopping? What
is your opinion on my Eid shopping?
Av‡iv wZb fv‡e GKB cÖkœ Kiv hvq:
93 |
Page
Zzwg Avgvi C` kwcs Gi e¨vcv‡i wK fve‡Qv?
What do you think about my Eid shopping?
Avgvi C` kwcs Gi e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi Abzf‚wZ †Kgb?
What are your feelings about my Eid shopping?
Avgvi C` kwcs Gi e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi †Kgb jvM‡Q?
What do you feel about my Eid shopping?
Avgiv hw` Kv‡iv Iwcwbqb n¨v ev bv AvKv‡i Rvb‡Z PvB †m‡¶‡Î Avgv‡`i ej‡Z
n‡e;
Zzwg wK Avgvi mv‡_ GKgZ?
Do you agree with me?
KzBR:
Avgvi bZzb Mvwoi e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi gZvgZ wK? Avgvi
wm×v‡šÍi e¨vcv‡i Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib?
GB wWRvB‡bi e¨vcv‡i Avcbvi Abzf‚wZ †Kgb?
Zvi we‡qi e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi †Kgb jvM‡Q?
Avcwb wK Zvi mv‡_ GKgZ?
DËi:
Avgvi bZzb Mvwoi e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi gZvgZ wK?
What is your opinion about my new car? / What is your opinion
on my new car?
Avgvi wm×v‡šÍi e¨vcv‡i Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib?
What do you think about my decision?
94 |
Page
GB wWRvB‡bi e¨vcv‡i Avcbvi Abzf‚wZ †Kgb?
What are your feelings about this design?
Zvi we‡qi e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi †Kgb jvM‡Q?
What do you feel about his marriage?
Avcwb wK Zvi mv‡_ GKgZ?
Do you agree with him?
Episode-45 use of from
From Gi e¨envi|
`zB eÜz wjwj Ges cwci g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
wjwj: Zzwg wK Avgvi mv‡_ †gjvq hv‡e? cwc: †gjv wK
ïiæ n‡q‡Q?
wjwj: †gjv †mvgevi †_‡K ïiæ n‡e|
The fair will start from Monday.
From Gi evsjv A_© †_‡KI eZ©gvb A_ev fwel¨‡Zi †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó mgq †_‡K
wKQz ïiæ n‡e GgbUv †evSv‡Z from e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Since Gi evsjv
A_©I †_‡K| Z‡e AZx‡Z †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó mgq wKQz ïiæ n‡q‡Q GB ai‡bi
situation G since e¨eüZ nq| since Gi mv‡_ compare K‡i from Gi
e¨envi Av‡iv cwi®‹vi fv‡e ez‡S †bqv hvK|
The fair will start from Monday.
‡gjv †mvgevi †_‡K ïiæ n‡e|
95 |
Page
The fair has started since Monday.
‡gjv †mvgevi †_‡K ïiæ n‡q‡Q|
Sentence structure:
In case of present tense: subject +am/is/ are +main form of
verb + from+ time extension, or
Subject+main verb +from + time extension
In case of future tense: subject+ auxiliary verb(will)+base form
of verb+ from+ time extension.
In case of past tense: subject +past form of verb +from +time
extension
From e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example †`‡L:
‡`vKvbwU mKvj `kUv †_‡K Lzj‡e|
The shop will open from 10AM.
‡`vKvbwU mKvj `kUv †_‡K †Lvjv|
The shop is open from 10 am.
W±i‡`i mܨv mvZUv †_‡K cvIqv hvq|
The doctors are available from 7:00PM.
K¬vm 8 Uv †_‡K ïiæ n‡e|
The class will start from 8 o’clock.
96 |
Page
K¬vm 8 Uv †_‡K ïiæ nq|
The class starts from 8 o’clock.
KzBR:
2nd ‡mwg÷vi AvM÷ †_‡K ïiæ n‡e|
Lei 8 Uv †_‡K ïiæ nq|
‡iBm mܨv †_‡K ïiæ n‡e|
Zviv Kvj‡K †_‡K Zv‡`i bZzb evwo‡Z _vKv ïiæ Ki‡e|
DËi:
2nd ‡mwg÷vi AvM÷ †_‡K ïiæ n‡e| 2nd
semester will start from August.
Lei 8 Uv †_‡K ïiæ nq| News
starts from 8’oclock.
‡iBm mܨv †_‡K ïiæ n‡e|
The race will begin from the evening.
Zviv Kvj‡K †_‡K Zv‡`i bZzb evwo‡Z _vKv ïiæ Ki‡e|
They will start living in their new home from tomorrow.
Episode-46 how often
How often Gi e¨envi
97 |
Page
How often Gi e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e cÖkœ Ki‡Z nq:
`zB KwjM iwdK Ges kwdK mv‡n‡ei g‡a¨ KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: iwdK
mv‡ne: Avcwb wK wbqwgZ Avcbvi †gBj †PK K‡ib?
kwdK mv‡ne: n¨vu Avwg Kwi| iwdK mv‡ne: Avcwb
KZ Nb Nb †gBj †PK K‡ib? How often do
you check your email?
GB context G evsjv how often Gi A_© ÔKZeviÕ ev ÔKZ Nb NbÕ|
Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Zzwg KZ Nb Nb †Zvgvi MÖv‡g hvI?
How often do you go to your village?
Zzwg KZUv Nb Nb Zv‡K Kj Ki‡Z? How
often did you call her?
Zzwg KZevi mewR LvI? / Zzwg KZ Nb Nb mewR LvI? How
often do you eat vegetables?
Zzwg KZ Nb Nb nvZ †avI?
Ho often do you wash your hands?
KzBR:
Zzwg KZUv Nb Nb †Zvgvi †eW wkU cwieZ©b K‡iv?
Zzwg Zvi m‡½ KZUv Nb Nb †`Lv K‡iv?
Zzwg KZUv Nb Nb gvQ †L‡Z?
‡m KZUv Nb Nb kwcs G hvq?
DËi:
Zzwg KZUv Nb Nb †Zvgvi †eW wkU cwieZ©b K‡iv?
98 |
Page
How often do you change your bed sheet?
Zzwg Zvi m‡½ KZUv Nb Nb †`Lv K‡iv?
How often do you meet him?
Zzwg KZUv Nb Nb gvQ †L‡Z?
How often did you eat fish?
‡m KZUv Nb Nb kwcs G hvq?
How often does she go for shopping?
Episode-47 Use of still
Still Gi e¨envi
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Anbv: Zzwg wK GL‡bv evm ÷c G A‡c¶v Ki‡Qv?
Awbb: n¨v, evm GL‡bv G‡m †cŠuQqwb| Yes, the
bus still hasn’t arrived. still Gi evsjv A_©
GL‡bv|
GB context G still present perfect tense G, Ges negative A‡_©,
A_©vr GL‡bv †Kvb wKQz bv nIqv, bv Kiv, bv cvIqv GB ai‡bi wmPz‡qkb G e¨eüZ
nq|
‡hgb, Zzwg GL‡bv eBwU c‡ovwb| You
still have not read the book.
99 |
Page
Sentence structure:
Subject + still + auxiliary verb (have/has) + third form of verb.
Negative sentence Gi †¶‡Î memgq present perfect tense Gi
e¨envi nq|
Affirmative sentence Gi †¶‡Î Gi MVb n‡e:
Subject+ be verb +still +main verb +ing
Examples:
I am still waiting.
Are you still waiting?
Still e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
wZwb GLbI Reve †`qwb| She
still hasn't replied.
‡UªbwU GL‡bv Av‡mwb| the
train still hasn't come.
Zviv GL‡bv KvRwU †kl K‡iwb|
They still haven't finished the work.
KzBR:
Avdwkb
GL‡bv
Nz‡gvqwb|
Afsheen still has not slept.
Zviv GL‡bv Lvqwb| mvwni GL‡bv
Zvi hvÎv ïiæ K‡iwb|
Avwg GL‡bv NzgvBwb|
Zzwg GL‡bv eBwU c‡ovwb|
100 |
Page
DËi:
Zviv GL‡bv Lvqwb| They still
have not eaten.
mvwni GL‡bv Zvi hvÎv ïiæ K‡iwb| Sahir still
has not started his journey.
Avwg GL‡bv NzgvBwb| I
still have not slept.
Zzwg GL‡bv eBwU c‡ovwb|
You still have not read the book.
Extra KzBR:
Zzwg wK GL‡bv ¶zav_©?
‡m GL‡bv ¶zav_©|
Zzwg wK GL‡bv wkL‡Qv? Zviv
GL‡bv wkL‡Q|
DËi:
Zzwg wK GL‡bv ¶zav_©?
Are you still hungry?
‡m GL‡bv ¶zav_©I She
is still hungry.
Zzwg wK GL‡bv wkL‡Qv?
101 |
Page
Are you still learning?
Zviv GL‡bv wkL‡Q|
They are still learning.
Episode-48 Use of how long
How long Gi e¨envi
widvZ Ges wiwgi gv‡S GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
widvZ: Zzwg GLv‡b e‡m Av‡Qv †Kb?
wiwg: Avwg wmdv‡Zi Rb¨ A‡c¶v KiwQ| widvZ:
Zzwg GLv‡b KZ¶b a‡i A‡c¶v Ki‡Qv? How
long have you been waiting here?
How long Gi evsjv A_© KZ¶b a‡i ev KZUv `xN© mgq a‡i A_©vr
duration of time †evSv‡Z how long Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
How long Gi mv‡_ tense Gi m¤úK©:
Sentence wU j¶¨ Kiæb,
How long have you been waiting here?
GB sentence wU present perfect continuous tense G Av‡Q|
‡ekxi fvM mg‡q present perfect continuous tense G how long
Gi e¨envi K‡i cÖkœ Kiv nq|
Sentence structure:
How long+ have/has + subject +been +verb + ing hLb †Kvb
GKUv KvR KZ¶b a‡i Ki‡Q Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq †mB †¶‡Î present
perfect tense e¨envi Kiv nq| wKš‘ fwel¨‡Z †KD †Kv_vI
KZw`b _vK‡e †evSv‡Z future indefinite tense e¨envi Kiv nq|
102 |
Page
K‡qKwU example:
Zzwg KZ¶b a‡i wUwf †`L‡Qv?
How long have you been watching TV?
‡m KZ¶b a‡i co‡Q?
How long has he been studying?
‡m KZ¶b a‡i Nzgv‡”Q?
How long has he been sleeping?
Zzwg †mLv‡b KZw`b _vK‡e?
How long will you stay there?
Zzwg KZ¶b KvR Ki‡e?
How long will you work?
XvKv †_‡K wPUvMs G †cøBb G †h‡Z KZ¶b jv‡M?
How long does it take to go to Chittagong from Dhaka by air?
Lzjbv †_‡K ivRkvnx‡Z †UÖb G †h‡Z KZ¶b jv‡M?
How long does it take to go to Rajshahi from Khulna by train?
hLb Kv‡iv †Kv‡bv KwÛkb Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq ZLb present perfect
tense e¨envi Kiv nq| ‡hgb, Zzwg KZw`b a‡i Amz¯’?
How long have you been sick?
‡m KZw`b a‡i PvKwinxb Ae¯’vq Av‡Q? How
long has he been jobless?
103 |
Page
KzBR:
Zviv KZ¶b a‡i KvR Ki‡Q?
Zzwg KZ¶b Avgvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡e?
‡m KZ¶b hver e¨¯Í Av‡Q?
Zzwg KZ¶b a‡i nvU‡Qv?
XvKv †_‡K Uv½vB‡j ev‡m †h‡Z KZ¶b jv‡M?
DËi:
Zviv KZ¶b a‡i KvR Ki‡Q?
How long have they been working?
Zzwg KZ¶b Avgvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡e?
How long will you wait for me?
‡m KZ¶b hver e¨¯Í Av‡Q?
How long has he been busy?
Zzwg KZ¶b a‡i nvU‡Qv?
How long have you been walking?
XvKv †_‡K Uv½vB‡j ev‡m †h‡Z KZ¶b jv‡M?
How long does it take to go to Tangail from Dhaka by bus?
Episode-49 Use of just
Just Gi e¨envi
104 |
Page
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: Anbv:
Zzwg wK Zvi mv‡_ K_v e‡jwQ‡j?
Awbb: Avwg gvÎB Zvi mv‡_ K_v e‡jwQ| I
have just talked to her.
GB gvÎ ev wKQz¶b Av‡MB †Kvb wKQz n‡q‡Q GgbUv †evSv‡Z just e¨envi nq|
simple past Ges present perfect `z‡Uv tense GB just e¨eüZ n‡Z
cv‡i|
Sentence structure:
Simple past Gi †¶‡Î sentence structure: Subject+
just+ past form of verb.
‡hgb: Avwg gvÎB Zvi mv‡_ K_v e‡jwQ|
I just spoke to her.
Present perfect Gi †¶‡Î sentence structure:
Subject+ auxiliary verb (have/has)+ just +3rd form of verb.
‡hgb: Avwg gvÎB Zvi mv‡_ K_v e‡jwQ|
I have just spoken to her.
Just e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Avwg gvÎB evwo †cŠu‡QwQ|
I have just reached home.
Zviv gvÎB GKUv wdÖR wKb‡jv| They
have just bought a fridge.
wZwb gvÎB Zvi †eZb †c‡q‡Qb| He
has just got his salary.
105 |
Page
Avwg gvÎB Zv‡K †`‡LwQ| I
just saw her.
‡m gvÎB iæg †_‡K †ewi‡q †M‡jv He
just left the room.
KzBR:
wibv gvÎB Avgv‡K †dvb K‡i‡Q| ‡UÖb
wU gvÎB †Q‡o †M‡jv|
Rvg©vwb gvÎB GKwU †Mvj w`‡q‡Q|
‡m gvÎB Zvi †eÖKdv÷ †kl K‡i‡Q|
DËi:
wibv gvÎB Avgv‡K †dvb K‡i‡Q| Rina
has just called me.
‡UªbwU gvÎB †Q‡o †M‡jv| The
train has just left.
Rvg©vwb gvÎB GKwU †Mvj w`‡q‡Q|
Germany has just scored a goal.
‡m gvÎB Zvi †eÖKdv÷ †kl K‡i‡Q|
He just finished his breakfast/ he has just finished his breakfast.
Lesson summary: GB situation G just wKQz¶b Av‡MB A_ev GB gvÎB
A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
106 |
Page
GB situation G just present perfect tense A_ev simple past
tense G, e¨eüZ nq| Present perfect tense Gi †¶‡Î ÔjustÕ have ev
has Gi c‡i Av‡m †hgb: ÒZzwg gvÎB LvIqv †kl Ki‡j-You have just
finished your food.
Episode-50 Use of how many and how much
How many Ges how much Gi e¨envi
`zB eÜz kvwKj Ges Uzwib Gi gv‡S GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb:
kvwKj: Uzwib Zzwg †Kv_vq hv‡”Qv?
Uzwib: Avwg MÖv‡g hvw”Q, Avgvi GK KvwRb Gi we‡q †L‡Z| kvwKj:
†Zvgvi KZ¸‡jv KvwRb Av‡Q?
How many cousins do you have?
How many Gi evsjv A_© KZ¸‡jv| How
much Gi evsjv A_© KZ Lvwb ev KZUzKz|
How many Gi sentence structure:
How many +noun (plural)+ do/does/ did+ subject +have Av‡iv
K‡qKwU example:
Zvi KZ¸‡jv RzZv Av‡Q?
How many pairs of shoes does she have?
Avcbv‡`i KZ¸‡jv eÖv Av‡Q?
How many branches do you have?
LvIqv, hvIqv, †Kbv BZ¨vw` A‡_© how many Gi e¨envi:
107 |
Page
Zzwg KZ¸‡jv wU‡KU wK‡bwQ‡j?
How many tickets did you buy?
Sentence structure GKB _vK‡e †k‡l have Gi RvqMvq cÖ‡qvRb
Abzhvwq GKwU verb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| In
case of future tense:
Zzwg KZ¸‡jv wU‡KU wKb‡e? How
many tickets will you buy?
subject Ges tense Abzhvwq do/does/did/will n‡e|
Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Zzwg KZ¸‡jv †`k Nz‡i‡Qv?
How many countries have you travelled?
‡Zvgvi KZ¸‡jv iæg cÖ‡qvRb?
How many rooms do you need?
Extra lesson:
How much KLb e¨envi Ki‡Z nq: Noun hLb MYbv Kiv hvq bv †m‡¶‡Î
how much Gi e¨envi Kiv nq| A_©vr uncountable noun Gi †¶‡Î
how much e¨eüZ nq, †hgb wPwb, cvwb, jeb, †Zj BZ¨vw`| b`x¸‡jv‡Z
KZUzKz cvwb Av‡Q?
How much water do the rivers have?
‡Zvgvi KZUzKz Pvj cÖ‡qvRb?
How much rice do you need?
‡m KZUzKz Pv †L‡qwQ‡jv?
108 |
Page
KzBR:
How much tea did she drink? / How much tea did she have?
MvwowU cÖwZ gvB‡j KZ †Zj LiP K‡i?
‡Zvgvi KqwU †gvevBj †dvb Av‡Q? widv‡Zi
wK cwigvb UvKv Av‡Q?
Zvi we‡q‡Z KZ¸‡jv AwZw_ Avm‡e?
DËi:
MvwowU cÖwZ gvB‡j KZ †Zj LiP K‡i?
How much fuel does the car burn per mile?
‡Zvgvi KqwU †gvevBj †dvb Av‡Q?
How many mobile phones do you have?
widv‡Zi wK cwigvb UvKv Av‡Q?
How much money does Rifat have?
Episode-51 Use of already
Already Gi e¨envi
`zB eÜz bzmvBev Ges Awbb Gi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: bzmvBev:
Awbb Zzwg wK Pv Lv‡e?
Awbb: bv ab¨ev`, Avwg BwZg‡a¨ Pv †L‡qwQ|
No thanks, I have already had/taken my tea.
Already Gi A_© BwZg‡a¨| BwZg‡a¨ wKQz n‡q hvIqv, K‡i †djv BZ¨vw`
109 |
Page
†evSv‡Z already e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| Avgv‡`i cÖZ¨vkvi †P‡q Av‡M N‡UwQj Ggb
NUbv m¤ú‡K© we¯§q cÖKvk Kievi R‡b¨ already e¨eüZ nq | GB context G
already, present perfect tense G e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
Sentence structure: subject+ auxiliary verb (has/have/had)
+ already+3rd form of verb.
Z‡e Interrogative sentence Gi †¶‡Î Gi MVb n‡e; Have
you already had/taken your tea?
Already e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example †`‡L †bB:
Avwg BwZg‡a¨ Avgvi †nvgIqvK© K‡i †d‡jwQ|
I have already finished my homework.
†m BwZg‡a¨ f¨vKwmb wb‡q †d‡j‡Q| She
has already taken vaccine.
Zzwg BwZg‡a¨ eBwU c‡o †d‡jwQ‡j | You
have already read this book.
Zviv BwZg‡a¨ Zv‡`i hvÎv ïiæ K‡i‡Q|
They have already started their journey
KzBR:
Avwg BwZg‡a¨ Avgvi †eZb LiP K‡i †d‡jwQ|
Zzwg BwZg‡a¨ GKwU e¨v¼ GKvD›U Lz‡jwQ‡j|
Zviv BwZg‡a¨ Zv‡`i m¤úwË wewµ K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jv |
Avwg BwZg‡a¨ Kwd evwb‡qwQ|
DËi:
110 |
Page
Avwg BwZg‡a¨ Avgvi †eZb LiP K‡i †d‡jwQ| I
have already spent my salary.
Avwg BwZg‡a¨ Avgvi †eZb LiP K‡i †d‡jwQ|
You have already opened a bank account.
Zviv BwZg‡a¨ Zv‡`i m¤úwË wewµ K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jv | They
have already sold their properties.
Avwg BwZg‡a¨ Kwd evwb‡qwQ|
I have already made the coffee.
Episode-52 Use of how many times
How many times Gi e¨envi
`zB fvB †mRvb Ges wRmv‡bi ga¨Kvi GKwU Kbfv‡m©kb:
‡mRvb: †Zvgvi me‡P‡q wcÖq gzwfwUi bvg wK?
wRmvb: Mission Impossible 7.
‡mRvb: Zzwg gzwfwU KZevi †`‡L‡Qv?
How many times have you watched the movie? How
many Gi evsjv A_© ÔKZeviÕ|
How many Ges tense Gi ga¨Kvi m¤úK©:
‡ekxi fvM †¶‡Î present perfect G A_ev past indefinite tense G how
many times e¨envi n‡q _v‡K
‡hgb:
111 |
Page
How many times have you watched the movie? PvB‡j
GB sentence wU‡K past indefinite tense G Kiv †hZ,
‡hgb:
How many times did you watch the movie?
Sentence Structure:
In case of present perfect tense:
How many times+have/has+subject+3rd form of
verb+extension
In case of past indefinite:
How many times+did+subject+base form of verb+extension
K‡qKwU example:
Zzwg KZevi BwÛqv Nz‡i‡Qv?
How many times have you travelled India?
‡m KZevi Av‡e`b K‡i‡Q?
How many times has he applied?
Zzwg MZKvj Zv‡K KZevi Kj K‡iwQ‡j?
How many times did you call her yesterday?
‡m KZevi Kg‡cøBb K‡iwQ‡jv?
How many times did he complain?
KzBR:
AvmvgxwU KZevi cvwj‡q wM‡qwQ‡jv?
Zzwg Zv‡K MZ mßv‡n KZevi †`‡LwQ‡j?
112 |
Page
Zzwg KZevi †Zvgvi cix¶vi LvZvwU wifvBm K‡i‡Qv? Zviv
KZevi kãwU ï‡b‡Q?
DËi:
AvmvwgwU KZevi cvwj‡q wM‡qwQ‡jv?
How many times did the criminal escape?
Zzwg Zv‡K MZ mßv‡n KZevi †`‡LwQ‡j?
How many times did you see him last week?
Zzwg KZevi †Zvgvi cix¶vi LvZvwU wifvBm K‡i‡Qv?
How many times have you revised your exam paper?
Zviv KZevi kãwU ï‡b‡Q?
How many times have they heard the sound?
Episode-53 Use of enough
Enough Gi e¨envi
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: Anbv:
†Zvgvi jv‡M‡Ri A‡bK IRb| Zzwg wK GKv G‡Zv IRb enb Ki‡Z
cvi‡e?
Awbb: IRb enb Kivevi Rb¨, Avwg h‡_ó kw³kvjx| I
am strong enough to carry the load.
GLv‡b h‡_ó †evSv‡Z enough e¨envi n‡q‡Q|
113 |
Page
‡Kvb wKQz h‡_ó _vKv ev bv _vKvi †¶‡Î enough e¨eüZ nq I †h‡Kvb tense
G enough Gi e¨envi nq|
Sentence structure:
Sentence structure in case of affirmative sentence: Subject+
auxiliary verb+ adjective +enough +to/for.
Sentence structure in case of negative sentence: subject+
auxiliary verb +not+ adjective+ enough+ to/for.
Sentence structure in case of interrogative sentence: Auxiliary
verb +subject+ adjective +enough+to/for.
Enough e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
‡m PvKwi cvevi Rb¨ h‡_ó wkw¶Z wQ‡jv| he
was educated enough to get a job.
Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Kievi Rb¨ †m h‡_ó `qvjz| He
is kind enough to help him/her.
GKv Nz‡i †eovevi Rb¨ Avwg h‡_ó eo|
I am old enough to travel by myself. /
old enough to travel alone.
I am
eo evwo wKbevi Rb¨ Zviv h‡_ó abx wQ‡jv bv|
They were not rich enough to buy a big a house.
Note: g‡b ivL‡eb enough Gi c‡i to A_ev for e‡m| Ges to Gi ci verb
Gi Base form/present form e¨eüZ nq|
114 |
Page
KzBR:
iægwU Avgvi Rb¨ h‡_ó eo wQ‡jv|
AvgwU Lvevi Rb¨ h‡_ó cvKv|
‡n‡U hvevi Rb¨ †m h‡_ó kw³kvjx wQ‡jvbv| KvRwU
Kievi Rb¨ Zzwg wK h‡_ó AwfÁ?
DËi:
iægwU Avgvi Rb¨ h‡_ó eo wQ‡jv|
The room was big enough for me.
AvgwU Lvevi Rb¨ h‡_ó cvKv|
The mango is ripe enough to eat.
‡n‡U hvevi Rb¨ †m h‡_ó kw³kvjx wQ‡jvbv| He
was not strong enough to walk.
KvRwU Kievi Rb¨ Zzwg wK h‡_ó AwfÁ?
Are you experienced enough to do the work?
Summary
GB context G enough ‡Kvb wKQz h‡_ó _vKv ev bv _vKvi †¶‡Î e¨eüZ
n‡q‡Q I †h‡Kvb tense G enough Gi GB e¨envi nq|
Episode-54 Use of how come
115 |
Page
How come Gi e¨envi
widvZ Ges wiwgi gv‡S GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb:
wiwg: widvZ Zzwg MZKvj K¬v‡m Av‡mvwb †Kb? widvZ:
Avwg Amz¯’¨ wQjvg, GRb¨ K¬v‡m Avwmwb| wiwg: Zzwg
Avgv‡K GUv e‡jvwb †Kb?
How come you did not tell me that?
GB context G how come Gi A_© Ô‡KbÕ| Kv‡ivi Kv‡Q hLb †Kv‡bv wKQzi
Kvib Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq ZLb how come e¨envi Kiv nq|
GLv‡b Avgiv sentence wU ïiæ K‡iwQ how come w`‡q, Zvici h_vµ‡g
subject, verb Ges extension.
Sentence structure: How come +subject+ verb+ extension
GB case G interrogative structure bv use K‡i Avgiv affirmative
structure use Ki‡ev, hw`I GwU GKwU interrogative sentence.
Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Zzwg AvR †jBU †Kb?
How come you are late today?
You are late today, how come?
Zzwg †Kb Zv‡K GUv e‡jwQ‡j?
How come you told him that?
‡Kb Zviv †Zvgv‡K BbfvBU K‡iwb?
How come they did not invite you? or
They did not invite you, how come?
KzBR:
116 |
Page
Zzwg wKfv‡e †UÖbwU wgm Ki‡j?
‡m †Kb MZKvj Av‡mwb?
Zzwg wµ‡KU cQ›` K‡ivbv, wKfv‡e?
DËi:
Zzwg wKfv‡e †UªbwUwgm Ki‡j?
How come you missed the train?
‡m †Kb MZKvj Av‡mwb?
How come he did not come yesterday?
Zzwg wµ‡KU cQ›` K‡ivbv, wKfv‡e?
How come you don’t like cricket?
Episode-55 Use of ago/back
Ago/back Gi e¨envi
`zB cousin mvivi Ges mvwg‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
mvivi: Zzwg KLb G‡j?
mvwgb: Avwg 20 wgwbU Av‡M G‡mwQ| I
came 20 minutes ago.
Ago Gi A_© Av‡M| Av‡M wKQz Kiv, hvIqv, LvIqv BZ¨vw` †evSv‡Z ago
A_ev back e¨envi Kiv nq| Ago Ges back Gi A_© Ges e¨envi GKB|
†hgb ÒAvwg 20 wgwbU Av‡M G‡mwQÓ GwU †K hw` Gfv‡e ewj ÒI came two
minutes backÓ Gi GKB A_© n‡e|
Sentence structure:
117 |
Page
Subject + past form of verb+ time+ ago /back. j¶¨
Kiæb back/ ago Gi Ae¯’vb sentence Gi †k‡l n‡q‡Q| ‡hgb:
I came 20 minutes ago/ back.
I ate two hours back.
Side note: Avgiv Rvwb before Gi A_© Av‡M| wKš‘ ago/back Gi
cwie‡Z© before e¨envi Kiv hv‡ebv|
‡hgb:
I came 20 minutes before.
OR
I ate two hours before (GgbUv ej‡j fzj n‡e|)
Before Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i ago/back Gi e¨envi fv‡jv fv‡e ez‡S †bB|
Before-ago comparison.
Patient died 20 minutes ago
Patient had died 20 minutes before the doctor came.
`z‡Uv KvR A_ev NUbvi g‡a¨ †h KvRwU Av‡M nq †mwU †evSv‡Z before Gi
e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| †hgb:
‡m Zvi cix¶v Avgvi 30 wgwbU Av‡M †kl K‡iwQ‡jv|
He had finished his exam 30 minutes before I did.
Ago e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Avwg Zv‡K `zB eQi Av‡M †`‡LwQ| I
saw him 2 years ago.
GKUz Av‡M †m †mLv‡b wQ‡jv|
She was there a moment ago.
Zzwg GKUz Av‡M Avgv‡K †W‡KwQ‡j| You
called me a while back.
118 |
Page
Zviv wZbw`b Av‡M P‡j wM‡q‡Q| They
left three days ago.
Ago A_ev back, past tense Gi mv‡_ e¨eüZ nq| Ges me mgq wgwbU,
N›Uv, gvm BZ¨vw` D‡jøLK‡i|
119 | P a g e
KzBR:
Zviv Qq gvm Av‡M we‡q K‡iwQ‡jv|
‡m 7 w`b Av‡M P‡j wM‡qwQ‡jv|
Avwg 10wgwbU Av‡M Nzg †_‡K D‡VwQ| Zzwg
GKUz Av‡M Jla †L‡qwQ‡j|
DËi:
Zviv Qq gvm Av‡M we‡q K‡iwQ‡jv|
They got Married 6 months back/ago.
‡m 7w`b Av‡M P‡j wM‡qwQ‡jv| He
left 7 days ago/back.
Avwg 10wgwbU Av‡M Nzg †_‡K / D‡VwQ|
I got up/ woke up 10 minutes ago.
Zzwg GKUz Av‡M Jla †L‡qwQ‡j|
You took medicine a while ago/back.
Episode-56 Use of how about
How about Gi e¨envi
`zB KwjM iwdK Ges kwdK mv‡n‡ei g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb:
iwdK mv‡n‡e: mKvj †_‡K KvR K‡i hvw”Q, Lze tired jvM‡Q|
kwdK mv‡n‡e: GKUv Pv‡qi weiwZ wb‡j †Kgb nq? How
about taking a tea break?
120 | P a g e
How about Gi evsjv A_© †Kv‡bv wKQz Ki‡j †Kgb nq, A_©vr
suggest Kivi †¶‡Î how about Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
Sentence structure:
How about +verb + ing +extension Z‡e
me †¶‡ÎB verb _vK‡e GgbUv bq| iwdK Ges
kwdK mv‡n‡ei gv‡S Av‡iKwU Kbfvi‡mkb Gi
gva¨‡g avibvwU clear Kiv †bqv hvK, iwdK
mv‡ne: Pjzb AvR‡K †Kv_vI Nz‡i Avwm| kwdK
mv‡ne: AvR Avwg e¨¯Í Kvj †Kgb nq?
I am busy today, how about tomorrow?
GLv‡b how about Gi ci †Kv‡bv verb Av‡mwb, mivmwi extension
G‡m‡Q|
Av‡iv K‡qKwU example: nvU‡Z
†M‡j †Kgb nq? How about
going for a walk?
mevi Rb¨ Bswj‡ki Av‡iKwU Gwc‡mvW †`L‡j †Kgb nq? How
about watching another episode of Shobar Jonno
English?
Zv‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡j †Kgb nq? How
about asking him?
GK Kvc Pv n‡j †Kgb nq?
KzBR:
121 | P a g e
How about a cup of tea?
js WÖvB‡f †M‡j †Kgb nq?
Avwg †mvgevi e¨¯Í, g½jevi †M‡j †Kgb nq?
‡bŠKv ågb Ki‡j †Kgb nq?
Avwg GB gv‡m †h‡Z cvi‡evbv, c‡ii gv‡m †Kgb nq? Zv‡K
mvicÖvBm Ki‡j †Kgb nq?
DËi:
js WÖvB‡f †M‡j †Kgb nq?
How about going for a long drive?
Avwg †mvgevi e¨¯Í g½jevi †M‡j †Kgb nq?
I am busy on Monday, how about Tuesday?
‡bŠKv ågb Ki‡j †Kgb nq?
How about a boat journey?
Avwg GB gv‡m †h‡Z cvi‡evbv, c‡ii gv‡m †Kgb nq?
I cannot go in this month, how about next month?
Zv‡K mvicÖvBm Ki‡j †Kgb nq?
How about surprising her/him?
Episode-57 Use of before
before Gi GKwU e¨envi
Before Gi GKwU e¨envi, †hLv‡b before Ô‡Kvb wKQzi ev †Kvb Kv‡Ri
122 | P a g e
Av‡MÕ Ggb A‡_© e¨eüZ nq|
`zB cousin †UÖwm Ges wZkvi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
‡UÖwm: P‡jv Avgiv mevB wg‡j K·evRvi †eov‡Z hvB| wZkv:
AvBwWqvwU `viæb|
Avgiv wm×všÍ †bevi Av‡M Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| We
will discuss before we decide.
GLv‡b `z‡Uv NUbvi K_v ejv n‡”Q| GKwU before Gi Av‡M, Ab¨wU c‡i|
j¶¨ Kiæb, GLv‡b †h KvRwU ÔAv‡M Kiv n‡eÕ †mwU †K G future indefinite
G †i‡L c‡ii KvRwU‡K present indefinite G e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Before
†h‡Kvb tense G e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
Before e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example †`‡L †bB:
‡m Kivi Av‡M Avwg KvRwU Ki‡ev| I will
do the work before he does.
wRg †`Lvi Av‡M Avwg wm‡bgvwU †`‡LwQ|
I had watched the movie before Jim watched.
(note: sentence wU past perfect tense G Av‡Q| GLv‡b `z‡Uv NUbvi
K_v ejv n‡”Q: GKwU n‡jv, wRg †`‡L‡Q Ab¨wU Avwg †`‡LwQ| `z‡Uvi g‡a¨ †hwU
Av‡M N‡U‡Q †mwU‡K past perfect tense Ges c‡ii NUbvwU‡K past
indefinite G ejv n‡q‡Q)
‡m Kivi Av‡M Avwg KvRwU Ki‡ev| I will
do the work before he does.
(GB sentence wU future tense G Av‡QI GLv‡b| `z‡Uv NUbv ev Kv‡Ri
K_v ejv Av‡Q| Av‡M †h‡nZz ÔAvwg Ki‡evÕ ZvB GwU future tense G Ges
c‡ii AskwU A_©vr Ô‡m Ki‡eÕ GwU present indefinite G n‡e)
Avwg Lvevi Av‡M fv‡jv g‡Zv nvZ azB|
123 | P a g e
I wash my hands properly before I eat.
Sentence wU present indefinite G Av‡Q| G †¶‡Î sentence Gi Av‡Mi
Ges c‡ii `z‡Uv AskB present indefinite G n‡e|
KzBR:
‡Zvgvi Av‡M Avwg †mLv‡b hve| Nzgvevi Av‡M
Avcbvi `vuZ eÖvk Kiv DwPZ| em †ei n‡q hvIqvi
Av‡M wZwb KvRwU †kl Ki‡eb|
DËi:
Avwg †÷k‡b †cŠu‡Qvevi Av‡MB †UÖb †Q‡o w`‡qwQ‡jv|
‡Zvgvi Av‡M Avwg †mLv‡b hve| I will go there
before you go.
Nzgvevi Av‡M Avcbvi `vuZ eÖvk Kiv DwPZ|
You should brush your teeth before you go to bed.
em †ei n‡q hvIqvi Av‡M wZwb KvRwU †kl Ki‡eb| He
will complete the work before boss leaves.
Avwg †÷k‡b †cŠu‡Qvevi Av‡MB †UÖb †Q‡o w`‡qwQ‡jv|
The train had left before I arrived the station.
GLv‡b Avgiv before Gi †h e¨envi wk‡LwQ †mLv‡b before Gi ci clause
e¨envi n‡q‡Q|
‡hgb: The thief had run away before the police arrived.
124 | P a g e
Episode-58 Use of What if
What if Gi e¨envi
`zB eÜz wmdvZ Ges widvZ Gi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb:
Zviv `zBRb GKwU †UÖb †÷kb G wait Ki‡Q, `k wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ †UÖb Qvo‡e|
wmdvZ: `k wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ †UÖb †Q‡o †`‡e, wKš‘ wiwg GL‡bv †cŠuQqwb| widvZ:
wK n‡e hw` wiwg mg‡qi g‡a¨ †cŠuQ‡Z bv cv‡i? What if Rimi cannot
arrive in time?
fwel¨‡Z †Kv‡bv wKQz NUvi AvksKv, we‡kl K‡i Aïf wKQz NUvi AvksKv
cÖKv‡k what if e¨envi Kiv nq|
Av‡iv wKQz example:
In case of Present tense:
Zzwg hw` cix¶vq †dBj K‡iv?
What if you fail in the exam?
‡m hw` Avgv‡K cQ›` bv K‡i?
What if she does not like me?
Sentence Structure: what if+ subject+base form
verb+extension (affirmative) what if+ subject+do not/does
not+base form verb+extension
(negative)
In case of past tense:
‡m hw` KvRwU Ki‡Z fz‡j †hZ?
125 | P a g e
What if he forgot to do the work?
Avwg hw` PvwewU nvwi‡q †djZvg? What
if I lost the key?
Sentence Structure:
In case of past tense:
what if+subject+past form of verb+extension
What if †K hypothetical situation G use Kiv nq|
Hzpothetical situation n‡jv †h NUbv N‡Uwb ev NUvi m¤¢ebvI †bB|
‡hgb:
Avwg hw` Gw·‡W›Uvwj Zv‡K wm‡µUUv e‡j w`Zvg?
What if I had told him the secret accidently?
hw` †m fzj wVKvbvq P‡j †hZ?
What if he had gone to the wrong address?
nvB‡cv‡_wUK¨vj wmPz‡qk‡b past perfect tense e¨envi Kiv nq|
Sentence Structure:
What if+subject+had+3rd form of verb+ extension.
KzBR:
‡m hw` d¬vBU wU wgm K‡i?
wK n‡e hw` Zzwg Avgv‡K UvKvUv bv w`‡Z cv‡iv?
hw` †m Avgv‡K †`‡L †dj‡Zv? wK n‡Zv Avwg
hw` Møvm wU †f‡½ †djZvg?
126 | P a g e
DËi:
‡m hw` d¬vBUwU wgm K‡i?
What if he mises the flight?
wK n‡e hw` Zzwg Avgv‡K UvKvUv bv w`‡Z cv‡iv?
What if you cannot give me the money?
hw` †m Avgv‡K †`‡L †dj‡Zv?
What if she had seen me?
wK n‡Zv Avwg hw` Møvm wU †f‡½ †djZvg? What
if I had broken the glass?
Episode-59 Use of before+time
Before Gi e¨envi
Before Gi Av‡iv wKQz e¨envi|
evezB Ges PozB cvLxi ga¨Kvi Gi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: evezB
cvLx: AvR Avwg mKvj †ejvq †ei n‡q hv‡ev, A‡bK KvR Av‡Q| PozB
cvLx: Zzwg KLb wdi‡e?
evezB cvLx: Avwg mܨvi Av‡M wdi‡ev| I
will return before evening.
Avgiv mܨv bv e‡j `zczi, ivZ, AvMvgx Kvj, AvMvgx gvm, GK eQi ej‡Z
cvwi Ges before †h‡Kv‡bv tense G e¨envi nq|
‡hgb;
127 | P a g e
I will return before Monday.
I returned before Monday.
Or
Can I return before Monday?
Av‡M Avgiv before Gi mv‡_ clause Gi e¨envi wk‡LwQ, wKš‘ GLv‡b
before Gi ci ïay time extension em‡e| Sentence
structure:
In case of present tense: subject+ base form of verb+
before+ time extension.
subject +modal verb +base form of verb + before +time
extension.
In case of past tense: subject+ past form of verb+ before
+time extension.
In case of future tense: subject+ auxiliary verb +base form
of verb+ before+ time extension.
Before e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Avwg cÖvZtiv‡ki Av‡M GK gvBj nvwU| I
walk a mile before breakfast.
mܨv 5Uvi Av‡M Avgv‡K †dvb Ki‡Z cvi‡e? Can
you call me before 5 pm?
‡m wµmgv‡mi Av‡M wd‡iwQ‡jv|
She returned before Christmas.
Avcwb wK ivZ AvUUvi Av‡M Avcbvi †`vKvbwU eÜ Ki‡eb? Will
you close your shop before 8pm?
Dc‡ii sentense ¸‡jv‡Z 8Uv Ges 5Uvi g‡Zv breakfast Ges Christmas
wbw`©ó GKwU mgqI j¶¨ Kiæb, D‡jøwLZ cÖwZwU sentence G Avgiv before
Gi ci ïaz GKwU mg‡qi K_v D‡jøL K‡iwQ|
128 | P a g e
KzBR:
‡m C‡`i Av‡M GKwU bZzb Rvgv wKb‡e|
AvMvgx Kvj‡Ki Av‡M Aek¨B †Zvgv‡K †Zvgvi Av‡e`b Rgv w`‡Z n‡e|
Nzgvevi Av‡M Zviv cÖv_©bv K‡i| mܨvi Av‡M Zviv gv‡K©U †_‡K
wd‡iwQ‡jv|
DËi:
‡m C‡`i Av‡M GKwU bZzb Rvgv wKb‡e| She
will buy a new dress before Eid.
AvMvgx Kvj‡Ki Av‡M Aek¨B †Zvgv‡K †Zvgvi Av‡e`b Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| You
must submit your application before tomorrow.
Nzgvevi Av‡M Zviv cÖv_©bv K‡i|
They say their prayers before bedtime.
mܨvi Av‡M Zviv gv‡K©U †_‡K wd‡iwQ‡jv|
They returned from the market before evening.
Episode-60 Use of how to
how to Gi e¨envi
`zB wµ‡KU óvi Zvwgg Ges mvwKe Gi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb:
Zvwgg: Zzwg wK Rv‡bv wKfv‡e wWg fvR‡Z nq? Do
you know how to fry an egg?
129 | P a g e
Avgiv hLb Rvb‡Z PvB †KD †Kv‡bv wKQz Ki‡Z cv‡i wKbv †mB wmPz‡qk‡b
how to Gi e¨envi Kiv nq| How to Gi evsjv A_© ÔwKfv‡eÕ| ‡hgb:
Zzwg wK Rv‡bv wKfv‡e wWg fvR‡Z nq?
Do you know how to fry an egg?
Sentence structure:
Do/does/did+ subject +know+ how to+ present form of
verb+ extension.
Av‡iv wKQz example:
Zzwg wK Rv‡bv wKfv‡e `iRv wU Lzj‡Z nq?
Do you know how to open the door?
‡m wK Rv‡b wKfv‡e wR‡gBj GKvD›U Lzj‡Z nq?
Does he know how to create a gmail account?
Avcwb wK Rv‡bb wKfv‡e Mvwo Pvjv‡Z nq? Do
you know how to drive a car?
‡m wK Rvb‡Zv wKfv‡e gvsm ivbœv Ki‡Z nq? Did
she know how to cook meat?
Avgiv PvB‡j affirmative Ges negative sentence G how to e¨envi
Ki‡Z cvwi, A_©vr memgqB interrogative sentence n‡e GgbUv bq,
‡hgb:
I know how to fry an egg.
Avwg Rvwb wKfv‡e wWg fvR‡Z nq|
I do not know how to fry an egg.
130 | P a g e
KzBR:
Avwg Rvwbbv wKfv‡e wWg fvR‡Z nq|
Zzwg wK Rv‡bv wKfv‡e power point G møvBW ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq?
Avwg Rvwbbv wKfv‡e Gw›U fvBivm mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Ki‡Z nq|
‡m Rv‡b wKfv‡e mvuZvi KvU‡Z nq|
‡m Rvb‡Zv wKfv‡e †mjvB Ki‡Z nq|
DËi:
Zzwg wK Rv‡bv wKfv‡e power point G møvBW ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq? Do
you know how to make slide on power point?
Avwg Rvwbbv wKfv‡e Gw›U fvBivm md&U I‡qi BÝUj Ki‡Z nq| I
do not know how to install anti-virus software.
‡m Rv‡b wKfv‡e mvuZvi KvU‡Z nq| He
knows how to swim.
‡m Rvb‡Zv wKfv‡e †mjvB Ki‡Z nq| She
knew how to sew.
Episode-61 Use of After & later
Preposition wn‡m‡e after Ges later Gi e¨envi|
`zB cousin mviv Ges mvwg‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: mvivi:
ï‡bwQ Zzwg bvwK †`‡ki evwo hv‡e AvR‡K?
mvwgb: n¨v Avgvi Lze MÖvg †`L‡Z B”Qv Ki‡Q, mezR gv‡V Lvwj cv‡q nvU‡Z
B”Qv Ki‡Q|
mvivi: Zzwg K‡e wdi‡e?
131 | P a g e
mvwgb: Avwg `zBw`b c‡i wdi‡ev| I
will return two days later.
GLv‡b mvwgb hw` later Gi cwie‡Z© after use KiZ, †m‡¶‡Î sentence
structure wU n‡Zv:
I will return after two days.
A_©vr, later D‡jøwLZ mg‡qi c‡i Ges after mg‡qi Av‡M e¨envi n‡q
_v‡K|
Sentence structures with after:
In case of future tense: subject + auxiliary verb (will/ shall)
+base form of verb+ after+ time extension.
In case of present tense: subject +modal verb/ main verb
+after +time extension.
In case of past of tense: subject+ past form of verb+ after
+time extension.
Sentence structures with later:
In case of future tense: subject+ auxiliary verb(will/shall)
+base form of verb+ time extension+ later
In case of present tense: subject +modal verb/ main verb+
time extension + later.
In case of past of tense: subject +past form of verb +time
extension +later
later Ges after e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example †`‡L
†bB:
Avwg †Zvgv‡K `k wgwbU ci †dvb Ki‡ev| I
will call you 10 minutes later.
Or
I will call you after 10 minutes.
132 | P a g e
‡m GLv‡b `zBw`b ci _vK‡e| She
will be here 2 days later.
Or
She will be here after 2 days.
Avgiv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ `zB eQi ci mv¶vr Kijvg|
We met each other 2 years later. or we
met each other after 2 years.
KzBR:
(wb‡Pi incorrect sentence ¸‡jv mwVK K‡i wjL‡Z n‡e) I
received the letter 10 days after.
She returned home later 4 years.
They will go to Paris 5 months after. I
walk half a mile dinner after.
DËi:
I received the letter after 10 days.
She returned home 4 years later.
They will go to Paris 5months later.
I walk half a mile after dinner.
133 | P a g e
Episode-62 Use of what and how in
complex sentence
What Ges how e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e complex sentence ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq:
widvZ Ges wiwgi gv‡S GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: widvZ: wiwg
Zzwg wK Rv‡bv wmdvZ GLb wK Ki‡Q? Do you know what
Sifat is doing now? hw`I GwU GKwU question
sentence,
cÖ_g
Ask
question
structure/Interrogative structure G n‡e wKš‘ c‡ii Ask
affirmative structure G n‡e|
Av‡iv wKQz example:
Zzwg wK ej‡Z cv‡iv †m wK Lvq?
Can you tell me what he eats?
Zzwg wK Avgv‡K ej‡Z cv‡iv Avwg wKfv‡e PvKwiwUi Rb¨ apply Ki‡Z cvwi?
Can you tell me how I can apply for the job?
WH word ¸‡jv w`‡q †h me mgq question sentence Ki‡Z n‡e Zv bq,
Avgiv affirmative Ges negative sentence I G ai‡bi word ¸‡jv
e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi|
wKQz example:
Avwg ïb‡Z cvw”Qbv Zzwg wK ej‡Qv|
I cannot hear what you are saying.
Avwg Rvwb †m wKfv‡e PvKwiwU †c‡q‡Q| I
know how he got the job.
134 | P a g e
KzBR:
‡m wK cQ›` K‡iwQj Avwg Zv‡K hv w`‡qwQjvg?
Zzwg Zv‡K wR‡Ám K‡iwQ‡j †m wKfv‡e ZvjvwU Lz‡jwQ‡jv?
Avwg Rvwb †m wK ej‡e|
Avwg Rvwbbv wKfv‡e GUv N‡UwQ‡jv|
DËi:
‡m wK cQ›` K‡iwQj Avwg Zv‡K hv w`‡qwQjvg? Did
she like what I gave her?
Zzwg Zv‡K wR‡Ám K‡iwQ‡j †m wKfv‡e ZvjvwU Lz‡jwQ‡jv? Did
you ask him how he opened the lock?
Avwg Rvwb †m wK ej‡e| I
know what she will say.
Avwg Rvwbbv wKfv‡e GUv N‡UwQ‡jv|
I don’t know how it happened.
Episode-63 Use of After
After Gi e¨envi|
135 | P a g e
After Gi Av‡iKwU e¨envi †hLv‡b ÔafterÕ conjunction wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
`zB cousin mvivi Ges mvwg‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: mvivi:
Av‡M Avgiv KZ wKQz †LjZvg GLb covi Pv‡c wKQzB nqbv| mvwgb: ¯‹zj QzwUi
c‡i Avgiv dzUej †Lj‡Z cvwi| We can play football after the
school breaks.
j¶¨ Kiæb Dc‡ii sentence wU‡Z `z‡Uv Ask i‡q‡Q Ges GB `z‡Uv Ask
†hvM n‡q‡Q after Gi gva¨‡g|
‡hgb: we can play football + after +the school breaks.
More example:
1.Avgiv `zcz‡ii Lvevi †L‡q †`Lv Kie|
We will meet after we take lunch.
2. wWbvi Lvevi ci Avgiv GK gvBj nvwU| We walk a mile
after we eat our dinner.
3. we‡qi ci Zviv †gwij¨vÛ gzf K‡iwQj|
They moved to Maryland after they had got married.
Tense Ges after Gi m¤úK©:
cÖ_g example: GwU future tense G Av‡Q: We will meet after we
take lunch.
Sentence wU‡Z `zwU NUbvi K_v †gbkb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †h NUbvwU c‡i nq
†mwU future indefinite G Ges Av‡Mi NUbvwU present indefinite G
n‡q _v‡K| †hgb GLv‡b Av‡M Zviv Lv‡e Ges c‡i †`Lv Ki‡e| †`Lv Kivi
AskwU future indefinite G n‡q‡Q Ges Lvevi AskwU present
indefinite G n‡q‡Q|
136 | P a g e
wØZxq example:
We walk a mile after we eat our dinner.
G sentence wU‡Z iæwUb ev Af¨vm Gi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, hv wcÖwZw`b Kiv
n‡q _v‡K, A_©vr GwU present tense G Av‡Q| GB †¶‡Î `z‡Uv AskB
present indefinite G n‡e|
Z…Zxq example: GwU past tense G Av‡Q| GLv‡b `z‡Uv NUbvi g‡a¨
Zv‡`i weev‡ni NUbvwU Av‡M Ges gzf Kivi NUbvwU c‡i N‡U| c‡i NUv
NUbvwU (gzf Kivi NUbvwU) sentence Gi Av‡Mi As‡k Ges GB AskwU
past indefinite G Av‡Q| Av‡M NUv NUbvwU (Zv‡`i weev‡ni NUbv wU)
sentence Gi c‡ii As‡k e‡m‡Q Ges GB AskwU past perfect G
n‡q‡Q|
KzBR:
Avgiv Avgv‡`i KvR †kl Kivi c‡i GKwU wm‡bgv †`Le|
wZwb f¨vKwmb †bqvi ci †mLv‡b wM‡qwQ‡jb| Zvi mv‡_
K_v ejvi ci Zzwg GLv‡b G‡mwQ‡j| cÖv_©bv Kivi ci
Avwg iv‡Zi Lvevi ivbœv Kwi|
DËi:
Avgiv Avgv‡`i KvR †kl Kivi c‡i GKwU wm‡bgv †`Le| We
will watch a movie after we finish our work.
wZwb f¨vKwmb †bqvi ci †mLv‡b wM‡qwQ‡jb|
He went there after he had taken vaccine.
137 | P a g e
Zvi mv‡_ K_v ejvi ci Zzwg GLv‡b G‡mwQ‡j| You
came here after you had talked to her.
cÖv_©bv Kivi ci Avwg iv‡Zi Lvevi ivbœv Kwi| I
cook after I say my prayers.
Episode-64 Use of where and when in
complex sentence
Where Ges when w`‡q complex sentence ˆZwi|
widvZ Ges wiwgi gv‡S GKwU KvíwbK wmPz‡qkb:
wiwg: †`‡Lv †Q‡jwU Kvu`‡Q, Zzwg wK Rv‡bv †Q‡jwU †Kb Kvu`‡Q? Do
you know why the boy is crying?
Dc‡ii sentence wU interrogative type n‡j Gi cÖ_g Ask wU (Do
you know) interrogative structure G Ges c‡ii Ask (the boy is
crying) affirmative structure G n‡q‡Q|
Complex sentence cÖkœ †evaK n‡j cÖ_g Ask †Kej interrogative Gi
structure Abzhvwq n‡e Ges c‡ii Ask affirmative n‡e| Av‡iv K‡qKwU
example:
Avgvi gv_vq ai‡Qbv †m †Kb GUv Ki‡jv| I
don’t understand why he did this.
Zzwg wK Rv‡bv †m †Kv_vq _v‡K?
Do you know where he lives?
138 | P a g e
Avgiv Rvwb †m †Kv_vq KvR K‡i
We know where he works.
Zzwg wK Rv‡bv KLb K¬vm ïiæ n‡e?
Do you know when the class will start?
Avgv‡K Zviv e‡jwb KLb evm Qvo‡e
They did not tell me when the bus will leave.
WH word ÔwhoÕ e¨envi K‡i K‡qKwU example:
Zzwg wK †`‡L‡Qv †K Møvm wU †f‡O‡Q?
Did you see who broke the glass?
Avwg Rvwb †K evMvbwU bó K‡i‡Q|
I know who ruined the garden.
WH word ÔwhoseÕ e¨envi K‡i K‡qKwU example:
Avwg Rvwbbv GB NwowU Kvi|
I do not know whose watch this is.
K‡qKwU example:
‡KD wK Rv‡b GB WvqwiwU Kvi?
Does anyone know whose diary this is?
Zzwg Rv‡bv †KvbwU fv‡jv n‡e?
139 | P a g e
Do you know which one will be better?
Avwg Rvwbbv †Kvb eª¨vÛwU fv‡jv|
I don’t know which brand is better.
Zzwg wK ej‡Z cv‡iv GwU Kvi AvBwWqv wQ‡jv?
Can you tell whose idea this was?
Avwg wbwðr bB †KvbwU †ekxw`b wUK‡e|
I am not sure which one will last longer.
KzBR:
Zzwg wK Rv‡bv †m †Kb GLv‡b MZKvj G‡mwQ‡jv?
Avwg †`‡LwQ †m †Kv_vq wM‡qwQ‡jv|
Avwg Rvwbbv KLb wgwUswU ïiæ n‡e|
Zzwg wK †`‡L‡Qv †K Avgvi K¨vé‡jUviwU wb‡q‡Q?z
DËi:
Zzwg wK Rv‡bv †m †Kb GLv‡b MZKvjG‡mwQ‡jv?
Do you know why he came here yesterday?
Avwg †`‡LwQ †m †Kv_vq wM‡qwQ‡jv|
I saw where he went.
Avwg Rvwbbv KLb wgwUswU ïiæ n‡e|
I don’t know when the meeting will start.
140 | P a g e
Zzwg wK †`‡L‡Qv †K Avgvi K¨véz‡jUviwU wb‡q‡Q? Did
you see who took my calculator?
Episode-65 Use of during
During Gi e¨envi
`zB KwjM †mIwZ Ges bIgxi ga¨Kvi GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: ‡mIwZ:
MZ Kvj‡K Avwg wgwUsUv wgm K‡iwQjvg| ‡Zvgvi †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb †Kgb
n‡qwQj?
bIgx: g‡bnq fv‡jv n‡qwQ‡jv| ‡cÖ‡R‡›Ukb PjvKvjxb mgq †KD K_v e‡jwb|
Nobody spoke during the presentation.
During Gi evsjv A_© †Kvb wKQz PjvKvjxb mgq A_ev †m mg‡q| g‚j NUbvwU
NUvi mgq/ PjvKvjxb mgq N‡UwQj Ggb wKQz wel‡q D‡jøL Ki‡Z during Gi
e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| During e¨envi Gi K‡qKwU example:
LvIqvi mgq wZwb Pzc K‡i wQ‡jb| He
kept silent during the meal.
wgwUs PjvKvjxb mgq Rb Nzwg‡q c‡owQj| John
dozed off during the meeting.
Avgvi Abzcw¯’wZ‡Z fv‡jv AvPib K‡iv|
Behave yourself during my absence.
141 | P a g e
Avgiv RzjvB‡qi cÖ_g mßv‡n GKwU beach house fvov †be| We'll
rent a beach house during the first week of July.
igRv‡bi mgq Avgiv Zvivexn cwo|
We say tarawih prayers during Ramadan.
j¶¨ Kiæb, during me mgq noun Ges noun phrases Gi Av‡M e¨envi
n‡q _v‡K| †h‡Kv‡bv tense GB during Gi e¨envi n‡Z cv‡i|
KzBR:
evwYR¨ †gjv PjvKvjxb mgq UÖvwdK A‡bK †ekx _v‡K|
K¬vm PjvKvjxb mg‡q †gvevBj †dvb e¨envi Ki‡Z Zzwg allowed bv|
covi mgq Avwg Avgvi †gvevBj †dvb eÜ ivwL| jKWvD‡bi mgq
Avgv‡`i evB‡i hvIqv DwPZ bv|
Zvi Acv‡ikb PjvKvjxb mgq Avgiv Lze wPwšÍZ wQjvg|
DËi:
evwYR¨ †gjv PjvKvjxb mgq UÖvwdK A‡bK †ekx _v‡K| Traffic
is high during the trade fair.
K¬vm PjvKvjxb mg‡q †gvevBj †dvb e¨envi Ki‡Z Zzwg allowed bv| You
are not allowed to use mobile phone during class time.
covi mgq Avwg Avgvi †gvevBj †dvb eÜ ivwL| I
keep my phone off during study time.
jKWvD‡bi mgq Avgv‡`i evB‡i hvIqv DwPZ bv| We
should not go out during the lock down.
142 | P a g e
Zvi Acv‡ikb PjvKvjxb mgq Avgiv Lze wPwšÍZ wQjvg| We
were upset during his surgery.
Episode-66 Use of whatever and wherever
KLb †¯úv‡Kb Bswjk G whatever, wherever e¨envi Ki‡Z nq
wiPvW© gvm© Gi Mvb Gi GKwU jvBb,
“Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here
waiting for you”.
ÒZzwg †hLv‡bB _v‡Kv hv wKQzB K‡iv Avwg GLv‡bB †Zvgvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡evÓ
Whatever Gi A_© Ôhv Lzkx ev hv wKQzÕ|
K‡qKwU example:
Avi hv wKQzB K‡iv PvwewU nvwi‡qv bv|
Whatever you do, don’t lose the key.
Zzwg hv Lzkx †L‡Z cv‡iv|
You can eat whatever you want.
†m hv Lzkx wb‡Z cv‡i
She can take whatever she wants.
Wherever Gi evsjv A_© †hLv‡b Lzkx|
K‡qKwU example:
kixiGi fv‡jv hZœ wbI Zzwg †hLv‡bB _v‡Kv|
Take a good care of your health wherever you are.
Wherever you are, take a good care of your health.
143 | P a g e
Zzwg †hLv‡b Lzkx P‡j †h‡Z cv‡iv|
You can go wherever you want.
KzBR:
‡m †hLv‡b Lzkx _vK‡Z cv‡i|
Avi hv wKQzB K‡iv GB `iRv wU Lzj‡ebv|
Zzwg hv Lzkx ZvB ej‡Z cv‡ivbv|
‡m †hLv‡b Lzkx ågY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zzwg
hv Lzkx ZvB Ki‡Z cv‡ivbv|
DËi:
‡m †hLv‡b Lzkx _vK‡Z cv‡i|
He can stay wherever he wants.
Avi hv wKQzB K‡iv GB `iRv wU Lzj‡ebv|
Whatever you do, do not open this door.
Zzwg hv Lzkx ZvB ej‡Z cv‡ivbv|
You cannot say whatever you want.
‡m †hLv‡b Lzkx ågY Ki‡Z cv‡i| He can
travel wherever he wants.
Zzwg hv Lzkx ZvB Ki‡Z cv‡ivbv|
You cannot do whatever you want.
Episode-67 Use of inside and on
144 | P a g e
Inside Ges on Gi e¨envi
Inside A_© †fZi| †Kvb wKQzi wfZ‡i Ae¯’vb Kiv A‡_© inside e¨envi Kiv
n‡q _v‡K|
‡hgb: weovj Szwoi †fZi|
GB context G on Gi A_© †Kvb wKQzi Dci Ae¯’vb Kiv| mvi‡dm UvP K‡i
†Kv‡bv wKQzi Dci †j‡M _vKv †evSv‡Z on e¨envi nq|
Inside e¨envi Gi K‡qKwU example:
ev”PvwU †cø nvD‡mi †fZ‡i|
The child is inside the
playhouse.
Rvgv Kvco ¸wj Avjgvwii/
†K¬v‡m‡Ui wfZ‡i|
The clothes are inside
the closet.
evNwU LvuPvi †fZ‡i| The
tiger is inside the
cage.
145 | P a g e
‡gje· Gi †fZi wPwV¸jv
wQ‡jv
The letters were inside
the mailbox.
j¨vcUcwU †Uwej Gi Dci|
The laptop is on the
table.
Sentence structure:
Subject+be verb +inside +place extension.
On e¨envi Gi K‡qKwU example:
‡Uwj‡dvbwU †Pqvi Gi Dci| The
telephone is on the chair.
eB¸‡jv ev·wUi Dci| The
books are on the box.
NwowU wall Gi Dci|
The clock is on the wall
Sentence structure:
Subject+be verb +on +place extension.
KzBR:
146 | P a g e
QvÎ QvÎxiv †Kv_vq?
Rz‡qjvwi¸‡jv †Kv_vq ?
cvwLwU †Kv_vq?
evwjk ¸jv †Kv_vq?
147 | P a g e
RzZv¸‡jv †Kv_vq?
†cBw›Us wU †Kv_vq?
DËi:
QvÎ QvÎxiv †Kv_vq?
The students are inside the bus.
Rz‡qjvwi¸‡jv †Kv_vq?
The jewelries are inside the box.
cvwLwU †Kv_vq?
The bird is inside the cage.
evwjk ¸jv †Kv_vq?
The pillows are on the bed.
RzZv¸‡jv †Kv_vq?
the shoes are on the floor.
‡cBw›UswU †Kv_vq?
The painting is on the wall.
148 | P a g e
Episode-68 Use of whenever, however and
whoever
whenever, however, and whoever Gi e¨envi
widvZ Ges wiwgi gv‡S GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb:
wiwg: widvZ Avgvi wKQz eB `iKvi Avwg KLb †Zvgvi evmvq Avm‡Z cvwi eB
†bevi Rb¨?
widvZ: Zzwg hLb Lzkx Avm‡Z cv‡iv|
You can come whenever you want.
Whenever Gi evsjv A_© hLb Lzkx ev †h mg‡q Lzkx|
K‡qKwU example:
Avcwb hLb Lzkx R‡qb Ki‡Z cv‡ib
You can join whenever you want.
Avwg wK †Zvgv‡K hLb Lzkx Kj Ki‡Z cvwi? Can
I call you whenever I want?
However Gi e¨envi:
Zzwg †hfv‡e Lzkx MvB‡Z cv‡iv|
You can sing however you want/like.
However Gi evsjv A_© †Kv‡bv KvR †h‡Kv‡bv fv‡eB n‡jB n‡jv|
K‡qKwU example:
‡m †hfv‡e B”Qv cov‡Z cv‡i|
He can teach however he likes/wants.
Zzwg †hfv‡e Lzkx Awfbq Ki‡Z cv‡iv|
149 | P a g e
You can act however you want. GwU Gfv‡eI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i You
can act the way you want.
Whoever Gi e¨envi:
Zzwg hv‡K Lzkx `vIqvZ Ki‡Z cv‡iv|
You can invite whoever you want/like.
Whoever Gi evsjv A_© Ôhv‡K LzkxÕ|
K‡qKwU example:
‡m hv‡K Lzkx we‡q Ki‡Z cv‡i|
She can marry whoever she wants/likes.
Zzwg †hB nIbv †Kb †Zvgv‡K cviwgkb wb‡Z n‡e|
Whoever you are, you will still have to take permission.
KzBR:
Zzwg hLb Lzkx ZLb Avm‡Z cv‡ivbv|
‡m †hfv‡e Lzkx KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Zzwg hv‡K Lzkx m‡½ wb‡Z cv‡iv|
Avwg †hfv‡e Lzkx wWmvBbwU Ki‡Z cvwi|
DËi:
Zzwg hLb Lzkx ZLb Avm‡Z cv‡ivbv|
You cannot come whenever you want.
‡m †hfv‡e Lzkx KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡i|
He can do the work however he likes/wants.
150 | P a g e
Zzwg hv‡K Lzkx m‡½ wb‡Z cv‡iv|
You can take whoever you want with you.
Avwg †hfv‡e Lzkx KvRwU Ki‡Z cvwi|
I can do the work however I want.
Avwg wK †hfv‡e Lzkx wWmvBbwU Ki‡Z cvwi|
Can I do the design however I want?
Episode-69 Use of on
on Gi GKwU e¨envi
`zB eÜz bzmvBev Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: Awbb:
†Zvgvi Rb¨ G‡Zv bv¯Ív evbvjvg, Zzwg †Zv wKQzB †L‡jbv!
bzmvBev: Avwg Wv‡q‡U AvwQ| Avwg †njw_ Wv‡q‡Ui Dci A‡bK wimvP© K‡iwQ|
I am on diet. I did a lot of research on healthy diet as well.
†KD hLb Wv‡q‡U _v‡K A_ev †Kv‡bv †gwW‡Kk‡b _v‡K, GgbUv †evSv‡Z on
Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| †hgb:
I am on diet.
Avevi †Kv‡bv e¨vcv‡i, †Kv‡bv wKQzi Dci ev Kv‡ivi m¤ú‡K© GgbUv †evSv‡Z
on e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|
‡hgb GLv‡b ejv n‡”Q Avwg ¯^v¯’¨Ki Wv‡q‡Ui Dci wimvP© K‡iwQ: I
did a lot of research on healthy diet.
eBwU cÖ‡dU gznv¤§` (mv:)Gi Rxe‡bi Dci †jLv
The book is written on the life of prophet Muhammad (SAW)
151 | P a g e
on Gi GB ai‡bi e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example †`‡L †bB:
Avwg wildlife Gi Dci wimvP© K‡iwQjvg| I
did research on wild animal.
Avwg †gwW‡Kkb G AvwQ/ Avwg Jl‡ai Dci AvwQI/ Avwg Ilza Lvw”Q I
am on medication.
cix¶vwU verb Ges tense Gi Dci wQj| The
exam was on verb and tense.
Phrasal verbs Gi mv‡_ on Gi
e¨envi: evev †Q‡ji g‡a¨ GKwU
Kbfv‡m©kb: ‡Q‡j: Avgv‡K wKQz UvKv
`vI| evev: Zzwg †Kb wKQz K‡ivbv? GL‡bv
Avgvi Dci wbf©i K‡iv|
You still depend on me.
K‡qKwU example †`‡L †bB:
Zzwg Avgvi Dci fimv Ki‡Z cv‡iv| You
can count on me.
AbzMÖn K‡i Pvwj‡q hvb| Please
carry on.
R¨v‡KUwU Mv‡q `vI| Put
on your jacket.
152 | P a g e
‡m Nz‡gi Jl‡ai Dci Av‡QI She
is on sleeping pills.
Avwg wK †Zvgvi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z cvwi? Can
I depend on you?
†Zvgvi Mig Kvco cov DwPZ|
You should put on warm clothes.
On Gi Av‡iv wKQz e¨envi Gi wbqg m¤ú‡K© †R‡b †bB:
Electronic device G _vKv A_©vr †dvb G _vKv A_ev w¯Œb G †Kv‡bv wKQz
†`Lv †evSv‡ZI on Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K:
Avwg wUwf‡Z GKwU wm‡bgv †`‡LwQjvg| I
watched a movie on TV.
†m †dvb G Av‡Q| She is
on the phone.
Avwg GUv Yutube G †`‡LwQ|
I saw/watched it on YouTube.
f¨v‡Kkb ev wUÖc G _vKv GgbUv †evSv‡Z on Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K:
‡m weR‡bm wUÖ‡c wPUvMs wM‡qwQ‡jv|
He went to Chittagong on a business trip.
eZ©gv‡b †m QzwU‡Z Av‡Q|
He is on leave now.
153 | P a g e
‡Kv‡bv wKQzi Dci wb‡lavÁv/ evwZj Kiv GgbUv †evSv‡Z on Gi e¨envi n‡q
_v‡K:
gzmwjg Bwg‡MÖkb Gi Dci UÖv¤ú wb‡lavÁv Rvwi K‡iwQ‡jv| Trump
put a ban on Muslim immigration.
jvB‡eÖwi‡Z Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Gi Dci wKQz restrictions Av‡Q| There
are some restrictions on computer use in the library.
Episode-70
Vocabulary about growing up
‰kke †_‡K †e‡o IVv wb‡q hLb K_v ewj ZLb GB vocabulary ¸‡jv
Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb|
widvZ Ges wiwgi gv‡S GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb wiwg:
widvZ, Zzwg AvR †Zvgvi ˆkke wb‡q wKQz e‡jv| widvZ:
Avwg R‡b¥wQ ivRkvnx, wKš‘ eo n‡qwQ wm‡j‡U| I was
born in Rajshahi but I grew up in Sylhet.
1.Grow up-†e‡o IVv
Past form-grew up.
Grow up- eo nIqv
ev”PvwU `ªæZ eo n‡”Q|
The child/kid is growing up fast.
GKwU common mistake: I brought up in a small village.
Brought up G kãwU G‡m‡Q bring up †_‡K Bring
up-brought up.
154 | P a g e
Bring up Gi evsjv A_© jvjb cvjb Kiv|
Avgvi `v`v `v`x Avgv‡K eo K‡i Zz‡j‡Q/ jvjb cvjb K‡i‡Q| My
grandparents brought me up.
Sentence wU hw` passive voice G Kwi Zvn‡j n‡e,
I was brought up by my grandparents.
Gev‡i Bring up phrase wU e¨envi Ki‡ev grow up Gi RvqMvq, I
grew up in a small village.
I was brought up in a small village
Zviv kn‡i eo n‡q‡Q|
They were raised in a city.
2.Siblings Gi evsjv A_© fvB‡evb
Sibling-singular
Siblingsplural
†Zvgvi KZ¸‡jv fvB †evb Av‡Q?
How many siblings do you have?
3.Sibling rivalry Gi evsjv A_© fvB‡evb‡`i ga¨Kvi Ø›`|
`zB fvB †mRvb Ges wRmv‡bi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv Ø›Ø †bB|
Two brothers, Shejan and Jisan have no sibling rivalry.
4.Have something
Example:
in
common
†mRvb Ges wRmv‡bi gv‡S †Kv‡bv wgj †bB| Sejan
and Jisan have nothing in common.
155 | P a g e
wgj †bB A‡_© †evSv‡bv n‡”Q †h Zv‡`i †Pnvivq, ¯^fveMZ, iæwPMZ, ˆewkó MZ
†Kv‡bv wgj †bB|
‡mRvb Ges wRmv‡bi gv‡S A‡bK wKQz‡Z wgj Av‡Q|
Sejan and Jisan have so many things in common.
‡mRvb Ges wRmv‡bi gv‡S Aí wKQz wgj Av‡Q|
Sejan and Jisan have few things in common.
KzBR:
†m BD‡iv‡c eo n‡q‡Q|
Avwg Avgvi PvPv PvwPi Kv‡Q eo n‡qwQ|
Avgvi Ges Avgvi fvB‡qi gv‡S wgj bvB| Avgvi
†Kv‡bv fvB †evb bvB|
DËi:
‡m BD‡iv‡c eo n‡q‡Q|
She grew up in Europe.
She was brought up in Europe.
Avwg Avgvi PvPv PvwPi Kv‡Q eo n‡qwQ| I was
brought up by my uncle and aunt. My
uncle and aunt brought me up.
Avgvi Ges fvB‡qi gv‡S wgj bvB|
My brother and I have nothing in common.
Avgvi †Kv‡bv fvB †evb bvB| I
have no siblings.
156 | P a g e
Episode-71
Use of in + place extension/Situation extension
Preposition in Gi mv‡_ place Gi e¨envi mn Av‡iv wKQz e¨envi:
Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK telephone K‡_vcK_b:
Anbv: Awbb, Zzwg †Kv_vq Av‡Qv?
Awbb: Avwg j¨ve G AvwQ| I am
in the lab.
Anbv: GKUz mgq K_v ej‡Z cvi‡e?
Awbb: Avwg c‡i †Zvgv‡K Kj Ki‡ev| GLb GKUz ivk/ Zvivq AvwQ I
am in a rush right now.
†Kvb GKwU RvqMvq _vKv ev †Kv‡bv GKwU Ae¯’v ev wmPz‡qkb G _vKv A‡_© in
e¨envi Kiv nq|
‡hgb, Anbv Awb‡bi Avjv‡c Avgiv †`wL, AwYb ej‡Q :
I am in the lab.
GLv‡b RvqMvi Av‡M in G‡m‡Q| c‡ii sentence G ‡m hLb ej‡Q I am in
a rush A_©vr rush situation G Av‡Q ZvB rush Gi Av‡M in e‡m‡Q|
Sentence structure:
Subject +be verb + in+ extension In
e¨envi Gi K‡qKwU example:
Avwg Awd‡m wQjvg| I
was in the office.
(GLv‡b office, A_©vr †Kvb RvqMvq _vKvi K_v e‡j‡Q)
157 | P a g e
Avgvi eÜziv wec‡` cowQj My
friends were in danger.
(GLv‡b wec‡` covi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, wec` GKwU situation)
‡m GB Gwiqv‡Z _v‡K|
He lives in this area.
‡m wW‡cÖkb G Av‡Q| He
is in depression.
Note: GKwU sentence G `zBwU RvqMvi K_v D‡jøL _vK‡j eo RvqMvwUi
Av‡M in Ges †QvU RvqMvi Av‡M at Gi e¨envi nq|
‡hgb:
I live at Shahbag in Dhaka.
KzBR:
†m Lvivc gz‡W Av‡Q|
AbzMÖn K‡i jwe‡Z A‡c¶v Kiæb|
GB †ivMxwU k¼v RbK Ae¯’vq Av‡Q|
Avwg cv‡K© nvwU|
Avwg Avw_©K m¼‡U AvwQ|
DËi:
†m Lvivc gz‡W Av‡Q|
He is in a bad mood.
AbzMÖn K‡i jwe‡Z A‡c¶v Kiæb| Please
wait in the lobby.
158 | P a g e
GB †ivMxwU k¼v RbK Ae¯’vq Av‡Q| This
patient is in critical condition.
Avwg cv‡K© nvwU| I
walk in the park.
Avwg Avw_©K m¼‡U AvwQ| I
am in financial crisis.
Episode-72
Few Essential Vocabulary
‰kke †_‡K †e‡o IVv wb‡q hLb K_v ewj ZLb GB vocabulary ¸‡jv
Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb nq|
1.Resemble
(†`L‡Z GKiKg nIqv)
Avwg †`L‡Z Avgvi `v`vi g‡Zv n‡qwQ| I
resemble my grandfather.
‡m †`L‡Z Zvi gvi g‡Zv| She
resembles her mother.
2.Maternal gv‡qi w`K _vKv
Avmv AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb| †hgb gvgv,
Lvjv, bvbv, bvbx|
159 | P a g e
Avgvi bvbv bvbx GL‡bv †eu‡P Av‡Qb|
My maternal grandparents are still alive.
3.Paternal
evevi w`K Gi AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb| PvPv,
PvPx, dzcz BZ¨vw`|
Avgvi PvPviv †ek hZœkxj|
My paternal uncles are very caring.
4.Inherit
DËivwaKvi m‚‡Î wKQz cvIqv| Example:
widvZ Zvi evevi KvQ †_‡K A‡bK m¤úwË †c‡q‡Q| Rifat
inherited vast properties from his father.
ïaz m¤úwZi †¶‡ÎB inherit e¨envi nqbv|
‡hgb;
‡m Zvi gvi KvQ †_‡K bxj i‡Oi †PvL †c‡q‡Q| She
inherited blue eyes from her mother.
‡m Zvi evevi KvQ †_‡K MvwYwZK `¶Zv †c‡q‡Q| He
inherited math skill from his father.
5.Instinct
mnRvZ cÖe…wË|
Zvi fv‡jv ivR‡bŠwZK mnRvZ cÖe…wË Av‡Q| He
has a great political instinct.
160 | P a g e
cvLxiv mnRvZ cÖe…wË †_‡K Do‡Z †k‡L| Birds
learn to fly from instinct.
Instinctively
I did it instinctively, or
I did it from my instinct.
KzBR:
Zzwg †`L‡Z †Zvgvi evevi g‡Zv n‡q‡Qv|
Avgvi gvgviv †ek abx|
Avwg Avgvi evevi KvQ †_‡K †Kv‡bv m¤úwË cvBwb| cÖwZwU
bvixi g‡a¨ gvZ…‡Z¡i cÖe…wË Av‡Q|
DËi:
Zzwg †`L‡Z †Zvgvi evevi g‡Zv n‡q‡Qv| You
resemble your father.
Avgvi gvgviv †ek abx|
My maternal uncles are very rich.
Avwg Avgvi evevi KvQ †_‡K †Kv‡bv m¤úwË cvBwb|
I have not inherited any property from my father.
cÖwZwU bvixi g‡a¨ gvZ…‡Z¡i cÖe…wË Av‡Q|
Every woman has motherly instinct.
Episode-73 Use of in
161 | P a g e
In Gi AviI wKQz e¨envi
Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK telephone K‡_vcK_b:
Awbb: Avcv, †Zvgv‡K AvRKvj †dv‡b cvIqvB hvqbv|
Anbv: mwZ¨ e‡j‡Qv, Avgvi A‡bK Kv‡Ri Pvc †e‡o †M‡Q|
Avwg GLb finance department Gi `vwq‡Z¡ AvwQ| I
am in charge of the finance department now.
Awbb: Zzwg wK †Zvgvi ÷vd‡`i †PK G †c Ki? Do
you pay your staffs in check?
†Kvb wKQzi `vwqZ¡ cÖvß _vKv, ZZ¡veavq‡b ev †Kvb wKQzi fvicÖvß _vKvi †¶‡Î
in Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
‡hgb: I am in charge of the finance department.
†c‡g›U †`qv †bqvi †¶‡Î in Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| ‡hgb:
Do you pay your staffs in check?
In Gi Av‡iv wKQz e¨envi Avgiv Anbv Awbb Gi K‡_vcK_b †_‡K †`‡L †bB:
Awbb: Avgvi eÜz evsjv‡`k Avwg©‡Z Av‡Q/ KvR K‡i| My
friend is in Bangladesh Army.
Anbv: †Zvgvi wK Zvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Av‡Q? Are
you in touch with him?
162 | P a g e
‡Kv‡bv Mªzc Gi mv‡_ mshz³ _vKv, †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡b KvR K‡i BZ¨vw` †evSv‡Z
in Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| †hvMv‡hvM ivLvi †¶‡Î| in Gi e¨envi nq| ‡hgb:
My friend is in Bangladesh Army. Are you in touch with him?
KzBR:
‡m GKwU wgDwmK e¨vÛ G wQ‡jv|
Avwg GB Mªzc G bvB|
Avwg †Zvgvi ms¯ú‡k© _vK‡ev|
Zzwg wK Avgv‡K K¨vk G †c Ki‡Z cvi‡e?
DËi:
†m GKwU wgDwmK e¨vÛ G wQ‡jv| He
was in music a band.
Avwg GB Mªzc G bvB| I am
not in this group.
Avwg †Zvgvi ms¯ú‡k© _vK‡ev|
I will stay/keep in touch with you.
Zzwg wK Avgv‡K K¨vk G †c Ki‡Z cvi‡e? Can
you pay me in cash?
Episode-74 Use of even if
163 | P a g e
even if Gi e¨envi
wiwg Ges widv‡Zi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb: wiwg: widvZ, wmdvZ wK
†Zvgv‡K Zvi Rb¥w`‡bi †cÖvMÖv‡g `vIqvZ w`‡q‡Q? widvZ: hw`I †m Avgv‡K
`vIqvZ K‡i, Avwg Zvi Rb¥w`‡bi †cÖvMÖv‡g hv‡evbv| Even if he invites
me, I will not go to his birthday program.
Even if Gi evsjv A_© hw`I †KD wKQz KiæK ev bv KiæK|
K‡qKwU example:
hw`I †m †hvM¨, †m PvKwiwU cv‡ebv|
Even if he is competent, he will not get the job.
Zzwg Zv‡K wgwjqb Wjvi w`‡jI †m GUv Ki‡e bv|
Even if you give her a million dollar, she will not do it. She
will not do it even if you give her a million dollar.
Even if Gi RvqMvq even though e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi|
Even though ev even if w`‡q A_©vr †h‡Kv‡bv dependent clause hw`
sentence Gi ïiæi As‡k e‡m †m‡¶‡Î sentence Gi gvSLv‡b GKwU Kgv
em‡e|
‡hgb,
Even though you give her a million dollar, she will not do it.
Even though he is competent, he will not get the job.
KzBR:
Zzwg Zv‡K †Rvi Ki‡jI †m Avm‡ebv|
Zzwg Avgv‡K GUv wdÖ w`‡jI Avwg †b‡evbv|
‡m mvivw`b KvR Ki‡jI GwU AvR †kl Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv|
Avwg Zv‡K ¶gv Ki‡evbv hw`I †m Avgvi me‡P‡q fv‡jv eÜz|
164 | P a g e
DËi:
Zzwg Zv‡K †Rvi Ki‡jI †m Avm‡ebv|
He will not come even if you insist him.
Even though you insist him he will not come.
Zzwg Avgv‡K GUv wdÖ w`‡jI Avwg †b‡evbv|
I will not take it even though you give it for free.
‡m mvivw`b KvR Ki‡jI GwU AvR †kl Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv|
He cannot finish it today even if he works the whole day.
Avwg Zv‡K ¶gv Ki‡evbv hw`I †m Avgvi me‡P‡q fv‡jv eÜz|
I will not forgive her even though she is my best friend.
Episode-75 Use of under
Under Gi e¨envi
weovjwU †Uwe‡ji bx‡P †Ljv Ki‡Q| The
cat is playing under the table.
Under Gi A_© bx‡P ev Aax‡b|
†hgb weÖ‡Ri bx‡P AÜKvi wQ‡jv| It
was dark under the bridge.
Zzwg wK Lv‡Ui bx‡P †`‡L‡Qv?
Have you looked under the bed?
165 | P a g e
†Kv‡bv msL¨vi bx‡P ev eq‡mi bx‡P †evSv‡Z under Gi e¨envi nq|
†hgb:
fvZv †c‡Z n‡j †Zvgv‡K 18 eQ‡ii bx‡P n‡Z n‡e| To get
the allowance, you have to be under 18.
Zv‡`i cvuP eQ‡ii bx‡P wZbwU ev”Pv Av‡Q|
They have three children under the age of five.
IRb †evSv‡bvi †¶‡Î under Gi e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb:
e¨vMwUi IRb 10 wK‡jvi bx‡P wQ‡jv| The
bag was under 10 kilos.
†Kv‡bv e¨e¯’vcbvi Aax‡b _vKv, cwiPvjbvi Aax‡b _vKv, ZË¡eveav‡b _vKv,
A_ev †Kv‡bv wmPz‡qkb A_ev gvbwmK Pv‡ci Aax‡b _vKv †evSv‡ZI
under Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| ‡hgb:
‡`kwU GLb mvgwiK AvB‡bi AvIZvq /Aax‡b Av‡Q| The
country is now under martial law.
Avwg gvbwmK Pv‡c AvwQ| I
am under stress.
mvB‡K¬vb †m›UviwU wbg©vYvaxb i‡q‡Q|
The cyclone center is under construction.
‡KBmwU AbzmÜvbvaxb i‡q‡Q|
The case is under investigation.
KL‡bv KL‡bv under Ab¨ k‡ãi Av‡M e‡m A_© e`‡j †`q|
‡hgb:
166 | P a g e
Under+ privileged =underprivileged Under+
cooked=undercooked
Below Gi A_© bx‡P,
Under Gi A_©I bx‡P|
`z‡Uv k‡ãi A_© GK n‡jI wKš‘ e¨env‡i wfbœZv i‡q‡Q|
UvKvi wnmv‡ei †¶‡Î, ZvcgvÎvi †¶‡Î, G·‡c‡±k‡bi †¶‡Î below e¨envi
nq|
†hgb:
GB gv‡mi jvf `zB jvL UvKvi bx‡P wQ‡jv|
This month’s profit was below two lacks.
Zij c`v_© Aek¨B 5 wWwMÖi bx‡P ivLv DwPZ| Liquid
should be kept below 5 degrees.
Zvi †iRvë MocoZvi bx‡P wQ‡jv|
His result was below average.
KzBR:
A‡bK iv¯Ív cvwbi bx‡P Wz‡e wM‡qwQ‡jv|
GB †`vKv‡bi mewKQz GK‡kv UvKvi bx‡P|
Avos eª¨v‡Ki Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ nq|
‡m †gwW‡Kk‡bi Aax‡b wQ‡jv|
‡m R¨v‡K‡Ui bx‡P GKwU I‡q÷ †KvU c‡o Av‡Q|
DËi:
A‡bK iv¯Ív cvwbi bx‡P Wz‡e wM‡qwQ‡jv|
167 | P a g e
Many roads went under water.
GB †`vKv‡bi me wKQz GK‡kv UvKvi bx‡P| Everything
in this store is under 100 taka.
Avos eª¨v‡Ki Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ nq| Aarong
is operated under Brack.
‡m †gwW‡Kk‡bi Aax‡b wQ‡jv|
He was under medication.
‡m R¨v‡K‡Ui bx‡P GKwU I‡q÷‡KvU c‡o Av‡Q| He is
wearing a waste coat under his jacket.
Episode-76 Use of because of
Because of Gi GMv‡ivwU †WBwj use
1. R¨v‡gi Kvi‡b Avgvi †`ix n‡q‡Q| I am late
because of traffic jam.
2. ‡Zvgvi Kvi‡b AvR Avgvi GB Ae¯’v| I am
here because of you.
168 | P a g e
3. k‡ãi Kvi‡b Avwg Nzgv‡Z cviwQbv| I cannot
sleep because of noise.
4. ‡m †Zvgvi Kvi‡b P‡j †M‡Q| He left
because of you.
5. k‡ãi Kvi‡b Avwg wKQz ïb‡Z cviwQbv| I
cannot hear anything because of
noise.
6. R¡‡ii Kvi‡b Zvi †Kv‡bv iæPx bvB|
He has no appetite because of fever.
7. M¨vm ¯^íZvi Kvi‡b d¨v±wiwU eÜ n‡q
wM‡qwQ‡jv|
The factory was closed because of gas shortage.
8. Lvivc AvenvIqvi Kvi‡b Avgiv KvRwU Ki‡Z
cvwi bvB|
We couldn’t do the work because of bad weather.
9. cÖPÛ gv_v e¨v_vi Kvi‡b Avwg KvRwU †kl Ki‡Z
cvwiwb|
I couldn’t finish the work because of bad headache.
10. Zvi AmZZvi Kvi‡b em Zv‡K dvqvi K‡i‡Q| Boss
fired him because of his dishonesty.
169 | P a g e
11. Zvi ¯§vU©‡b‡mi Kvi‡b mevB Zv‡K cQ›` K‡i|
Everyone likes her because of her smartness.
Because of Gi A_© Kvi‡b
Because of Gi ci noun/noun phrase e‡m|
KzBR:
widv‡Zi Kvi‡b †Zvgvi AvR GB Ae¯’v| D‡”Pv
k‡ãi Kvi‡b Avwg g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z cviwQbv| cÖPÛ
†cÖmvi Gi Kvi‡b †m PvKwiwU †Q‡o w`‡qwQ‡jv|
Mjv e¨_vi Kvi‡b †m wKQz †L‡Z cv‡iwb|
Avw_©K msK‡Ui Kvi‡b †m Zvi cov‡kvbv Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cv‡iwb|
e…wói Kvi‡b Avgiv evB‡i †h‡Z cviwQbv| Zvi AjmZvi Kvi‡b
†m PvKwiwU nvwi‡q‡Q|
DËi:
widv‡Zi Kvi‡b †Zvgvi AvR GB Ae¯’v| You
are here because of Rifat.
D‡”Pv k‡ãi Kvi‡b Avwg g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z cviwQbv|
I cannot concentrate because of loud noise.
cÖPÛ †cÖmvi Gi Kvi‡b †m PvKwiwU †Q‡o w`‡qwQ‡jv|
He quit the job because of heavy pressure.
Mjv e¨_vi Kvi‡b †m wKQz †L‡Z cv‡iwb|
She couldn’t eat anything because of sore throat.
Avw_©K msK‡Ui Kvi‡b †m Zvi cov‡kvbv Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cv‡iwb|
170 | P a g e
He couldn’t continue his study because of financial crisis.
e…wói Kvi‡b Avgiv evB‡i †h‡Z cviwQbv|
We can’t go out because of rain.
Zvi AjmZvi Kvi‡b †m PvKwiwU nvwi‡q‡Q| He
lost the job because of his laziness.
Episode-77 Use of behind+ Place Extension
Behind Gi e¨envi
Behind Gi A_© †cQ‡b| Kv‡ivi ev †Kvb wKQzi †cQ‡b _vKv ev Ae¯’vb Kiv,
GgbUv †evSv‡Z behind Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K | K‡qKwU example:
RzZv¸‡jv `iRvi wVK †cQ‡b|
The shoes are just behind the door.
‡i‡÷v‡i‡›Ui †cQ‡b GKwU cvwK©s jU Av‡Q|
There is a parking lot behind the restaurant.
Behind Gi cwie‡Z© back I ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, †hgb:
Your shoes are just at the back of the door.
There is a parking lot at the back of the restaurant.
Back Gi Av‡M memgq at the e‡m|
171 | P a g e
Behind Gi Av‡iv wKQz e¨envi:
†Kv‡bv NUbvi †cQ‡b hLb †Kvb Kvib _v‡K, A_ev Kv‡iv mvdj¨ Ges e¨_©Zvi
†cQ‡bi Kvib, BZ¨vw` †evSv‡Z behind e¨envi n‡q _v‡K:
‡hgb:
‡Møvevj Iqvwg©s Gi †cQ‡b eb wbab `vqx
The reason behind global warming is deforestation.
GB †Kv¤úvbxi mvd‡j¨i Kvib wQ‡jv wUgIqvK©
Teamwork was behind the success of the company.
Avevi †KD hLb Kv‡ivi j¶¨ A_ev MšÍe¨ †_‡K, cwiKwíZ mg‡qi Zzjbvq
†Kvb Kv‡R ev †¯‹Rz‡j wcwQ‡q _v‡K †m‡¶‡ÎI behind Gi e¨envi nq| ‡hgb:
Zzwg †Zvgvi Uv‡M©U †_‡K wcwQ‡q wQ‡j| You
were behind your target. ‡UÖbwU Zvi
wba©vwiZ mg‡qi c‡i †cŠu‡QwQj|
The train arrived behind its schedule.
Avgiv hw` ïaz wcwQ‡q _vKv bv e‡j A‡bK wcwQ‡q _vKv †evSvB, ZLb Avgiv
way behind ej‡Z cvwi|
‡hgb: The train arrived way behind its schedule.
Behind Gi Av‡iKwU e¨envi †hLv‡b behind Gi Av‡M fall ev lag e¨envi
nq:
Fall behind or Lag behind.
Avgiv hLb †Kv‡bv progress Gi †¶‡Î Zzjbv K‡i _vwK, A_©vr Ab¨ Kv‡ivi
Zzjbvq wcwQ‡q cov, axi MwZ‡Z _vKv A_ev Aí DbœwZ /mvdj¨ AR©b †evSv‡Z
lag behind/fall behind Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
‡hgb:
BwÛqv Kg©ms¯’vb Gi †¶‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki †P‡q wcwQ‡q co‡Q|
172 | P a g e
India is lagging behind Bangladesh in terms of employment.
KvD‡K ev †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K †i‡L †KD hLb Av‡iK RvqMvq P‡j hvq ZLb leave
behind e¨envi Kiv nq|
Leave behind something/someone.
PvKixi Rb¨ Avgvi cwievi †K †i‡L Avm‡Z n‡q‡Q|
I had to leave behind my family for my job.
KBzR:
Holey Artisan Gi Avµg‡bi †cQ‡b AvB Gm `vqx wQ‡jv|
Avgiv †¯‹Rz‡ji †cQ‡b|
‡m Zvi K¬vm‡gU‡`i PvB‡Z g¨v_ G wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| widvZ
Zvi wewµi Uv‡M©U †_‡K wcwQ‡q Av‡Q|
DËi:
Holey Artisan Gi Avµg‡Yi †cQ‡b AvB Gm `vqx wQ‡jv| IS
was behind the Holey Artisan attack.
Avgiv †¯‹Rz‡ji †cQ‡b|
We are behind schedule.
‡m Zvi K¬vm‡gU‡`i PvB‡Z g¨v_ G wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| He
lags behind his classmates in math.
173 | P a g e
widvZ Zvi wewµi Uv‡M©U †_‡K wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| Rifat
is behind his sales target.
Extra note: Antonyms of behind (Behind Gi wecixZ kã )
1. in front of 2. ahead of
Episode-78 Use of except, other than, without
Except, other than ev without Gi e¨envi
wiwg widvZ †K wR‡Ám Ki‡Q; widvZ †Zvgvi
Awdm †Kvb †Kvb w`b †Lvjv _v‡K?
widvZ: ïµevi Qvov Avgvi Awdm cÖwZw`b †Lvjv _v‡K| My
office is open every day except Friday.
Except Gi evsjv A_© Qvov ev e¨ZxZ|
K‡qKwU example:
mvwKe Qvov evwK mevB †Lj‡e| Everyone
will play except Sakib.
Kijøv Qvov Avwg Avi me mewR cQ›` Kwi|
I like all vegetables except Bitter Gourd.
Avgiv PvB‡j except Gi cwie‡Z© other than e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi|
‡hgb: Everyone will play other than Sakib. I like all
vegetables other than bitter gourd. wKš‘ Avgiv GB †¶‡Î
without e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡evbv|
174 | P a g e
Without ej‡Z ezSvq Kv‡iv AeZ©gv‡b, †Kvb wKQz bv K‡i ev †Kv‡bv wKQz bv
†_‡K|
Av‡iv wKQz example:
‡Zvgv‡K Qvov Avwg KvRwU Ki‡Z cvi‡evbv| I
cannot do the work without you.
wdwRK¨vj G·vimvBR Kiv Qvov Zzwg wdU _vK‡Z cvi‡ebv| You
cannot stay fit without doing physical exercise.
Without Gi ‡¶‡Î sentence structure: without Gi ci hw` verb
Av‡m Zvn‡j Aek¨B verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM n‡e, Z‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv verb
bv G‡m noun ev noun phrase Avm‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb: You cannot stay
fit without doing physical exercise.
weiwZ ‡bqv Qvov ‡Zvgvi j¤^v mgq Mvwo Pvjv‡bv DwPr bvI
You should not drive for a long time without taking breaks.
KzBR:
wgDwRqvgwU †mvgevi Qvov evwK w`b¸‡jv †Lvjv|
Zzwg Qvov GB d‡g© Ab¨‡KD mvBb Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv|
Zzwg Qvov Avwg GLv‡b Avi KvD‡KB wPwbbv|
Avwg †Zvgv‡K Qvov hv‡evbv|
Avwg †Zvgv‡K Qvov Avi Kv‡iv mv‡_ hv‡evbv|
Bs‡iwR †kLv Qvov Zzwg GKwU fv‡jv PvKwi bvI †c‡Z cv‡iv|
DËi:
175 | P a g e
wgDwRqvg wU †mvgevi Qvov evwK w`b¸‡jv †Lvjv|
The museum is open daily except Monday.
Zzwg Qvov GB d‡g© Ab¨‡KD mvBb Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv| No
one can sign in this form except you.
No one can sign in this form other than you.
Zzwg Qvov Avwg GLv‡b Avi KvD‡KB wPwbbv| I
don’t know anyone here except you.
I don’t know anyone here other than you.
Avwg †Zvgv‡K Qvov hv‡evbv| I
will not go without you.
Avwg †Zvgv‡K Qvov Avi Kv‡iv mv‡_ hv‡evbv| I
will not go with anyone except you.
I will not go with anyone other than you.
Bs‡iwR †kLv Qvov Zzwg GKwU fv‡jv PvKwi bvI †c‡Z cv‡iv|
You may not get a decent job without learning English.
Episode-79 Use of beside
Beside Gi GKwU e¨envi|
weovjwUi Ae¯’vb †`‡L Avgiv beside Gi A_© ez‡S †bB|
weovjwU Szwoi cv‡k i‡q‡Q| The cat is beside the
basket.
176 | P a g e
beside `z‡Uv A‡_© e¨eüZ nq Ôcv‡kÕGes Kv‡ivi ev †Kv‡bv wKQzi mv‡_ Zzjbv
Kivi †¶‡Î| beside Gi ci memgq noun em‡e|
The cat is beside the basket. (Basket is a
noun)
Examples:
Avgvi cv‡k e‡mv| Sit
beside me.
Lv‡Ui cv‡k GKwU †Uwej wQ‡jv|
There was a table beside the bed.
‡Zvgvi †cBw›Us Gi cv‡k AvgviUv Avbvwo †`Lvq|
My painting looks amateur beside yours.
next to Gi A_©I cv‡k| besideGes next to Gi e¨envi A‡bK †¶‡Î
GK n‡q _v‡K| †hgb:
Avgvi cv‡k e‡mv| sit
next to me.
Zvi cv‡k Avgv‡K wekvj †`wL‡qwQ‡jv|
Next to her, I looked like a giant. Beside
her, I looked like a giant.
Z‡e next to Gi Av‡iv GKwU A_© i‡q‡Q hv wKbv beside Gi Øviv cÖKvk ev
e¨³ Kiv m¤¢e bq| next to KL‡bv KL‡bv almost Gi mgv_©K/synonym
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
For example,
177 | P a g e
Avwg Avgvi Avw›Ui m¤ú‡K© cÖvq wKQzB RvbZvg bv| I
knew next to nothing about my aunt.
wKš‘ Avgiv GLv‡b next Gi cwie‡Z© beside e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡evbv: I
knew beside nothing about my aunt. GwU fzj|
Beside Gi †k‡l hLb s e‡m, besides Gi A_© Ges e¨envi ZLb e`‡j
hvq| Besides Gi A_© ÔQvovvIÕ|
†hgb:
eB cov QvovI Avwg Aemi mg‡q †Uwjwfkb †`wL|
Besides reading, I watch TV in my free time.
KzBR:
Zvi fv‡Mœ Zvi cv‡k emv wQ‡jv|
‡m memgq Avgvi cv‡k e‡m|
Zzwg wK Bs‡iwR Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv fvlv Rv‡bv?
Zvi c‡¶ wg_¨v K_v ejv cÖvq Am¤¢e|
‡i÷z‡i‡›Ui cv‡k GKwU Kwd kc wQj|
DËi:
Zvi fv‡Mœ Zvi cv‡k emv wQ‡jv|
His nephew was sitting beside him.
‡m memgq Avgvi cv‡k e‡m| He
always sits next to me.
Zzwg wK Bs‡iwR Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv fvlv Rv‡bv?
Do you know any other language besides English?
178 | P a g e
Zvi c‡¶ wg_¨v K_v ejv cÖvq Am¤¢e|
It is next to impossible for him to speak a lie.
‡i÷z‡i‡›Ui cv‡k GKwU Kwd kc wQj|
There was a coffee shop beside the restaurant.
Episode-80
wKfv‡e †Kv‡bv wKQzi Dci ¸iæË¡ Av‡ivc Ki‡Z nq|
Kbfv‡m©k‡bi mgq wKfv‡e †Kv‡bv wKQzi Dci †Rvo w`‡Z nq, A_©vr ZLb †Kvb
ai‡bi kã e¨envi Ki‡Z nq:
widvZ Ges wiwgi ga¨Kvi GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
widvZ: Avgvi g‡b nq wmdvZ Lze †mjwdk| wiwg:
†m KL‡bvB †mjwdk n‡Z cv‡ibv|
Zzwg Zvi e¨vcv‡i wbt¯^‡›`‡n fzj|
You are undoubtedly wrong about him.
wbt¯^‡›`‡n Gi Bs‡iwR undoubtedly.
Av‡iv wKQz kã †h¸‡jvi gva¨‡g emphasize Kiv nq:
1.unquestionably- cÖkœvZxZ
2.undeniably- cÖkœvZxZ
3.defenitly- ¯úóZB
4.surely- wbðqB
5.obviously- Aek¨B
6.clearly- ¯úóZB
179 | P a g e
7.absolutely- Aek¨B
8.certainly- wbðqB
G‡`i gv‡S A_©MZ cv_©K¨ †Zgb †bB|
GB word ¸‡jv auxiliary verb Gici em‡e|
†hgb:
‡m K¬v‡mi mevi g‡a¨ wbtm‡›`‡n me‡P‡q ¯§vU© †g‡q| She
is definitely the smartest girl of the class.
Zviv wbðqB mr|
They are certainly honest.
‡m wbtm‡›`‡n me‡P‡q fv‡jv wjWvi|
He is undoubtedly the best leader.
hw` sentence G †Kv‡bv main verb _v‡K Zvn‡j GB kã ¸‡jv
main verb Gi BwgwW‡qU Av‡M e‡m| Exapmle:
Zviv wbðqB wVK mg‡q G‡mwQ‡jv| They
certainly came in time.
Sentence G hw` main verb Ges auxiliary verb `z‡UvB _v‡K †m‡¶‡Î
Avgiv auxiliary verb Gi c‡iB GB word ¸‡jv emv‡ev|
‡hgb,
‡m AvMvgx Kvj wbðB Avm‡e|
He will certainly come tomorrow.
KzBR:
Zzwg wbtm‡›`‡n mwVK|
‡m wbtm‡›`‡n mZ¨ e‡j‡Q|
180 | P a g e
Zviv ¯úóZB Zv‡`i m‡e©v”P †Póv Ki‡Q|
Zvi Aek¨B PvKwiwU cvevi †hvM¨Zv Av‡Q|
DËi:
Zzwg wbtm‡›`‡n mwVK|
You are undoubtedly right about it.
‡m wbtm‡›`‡n mZ¨ e‡j‡Q|
He unquestionably spoke the truth.
Zviv ¯úóZB Zv‡`i m‡e©v”P †Póv Ki‡Q| They
are definitely trying their best.
Zvi Aek¨B PvKwiwU cvevi †hvM¨Zv Av‡Q|
She has obviously the quality to get the job.
Episode-81 use of over
Over Gi e¨envi
`zB eÜz wkgzj Ges cjv‡ki GKwU g‡a¨ KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
wkgzj: AvR‡K A‡bK VvÛv, Mv‡qi
Dci GB K¤^jwU w`‡q bvI| Put
this blanket over you.
cjvk: ab¨ev`| Zzwg AvR‡Ki †mwgbvi †Kb Av‡mvwb?
181 | P a g e
wkgzj: Avwg †`ix‡Z †cŠu‡QwQjvg, †mwgbvi †kl n‡q †MwQ‡jv| I
reached late there; the seminar was over.
cjvk: ï‡bwQ AvR‡Ki †mwgbv‡i 100 R‡bi †ekx gvbzl wQj|
I heard that there were over 100 people in today’s seminar.
wkgzj: wVK ï‡b‡Qv Ges cz‡ivUv †mwgbvi Dr.Smith GKvB KÛv± K‡i‡Qb|
Zvi eqm 70 Gi Dci|
He is over seventy.
Dc‡ii Kbfv‡m©kbG over Gi wewfbœ e¨envi n‡q‡Q, over KL‡bv Dc‡i
Avevi KL‡bv †kl A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|
Dc‡i †`qv A‡_©
‡hgb: Put this blanket over you.
Av‡iKwU example:
‡Uwjwfk‡bi w¯Œb Gi Dci †Zvgvi GKwU Kvco w`‡q †`qv DwPZ You
should put a cloth over TV screen.
‡Kvb KvR ev NUbv †kl n‡q hvIqv A‡_© ‡hgb:
the seminar was over.
Av‡iKwU example:
wm‡bgvwU †kl| The
movie is over.
‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó msL¨vi, cÖvBm, e‡q‡mi PvB‡Z †ekx †evSv‡Z
‡hgb, there were over 100 people in today’s
seminar. He is over seventy.
Av‡iKwU example:
GB eBwUi wZb nvRv‡ii Dci Kwc wewµ n‡qwQj| Over 3
thousand copies of his book were sold.
182 | P a g e
Gev‡i Over Gi Av‡iv wKQz e¨envi m¤ú‡K© †R‡b †bqv hvK: mvivUv
RvqMv Rz‡o GgbUv †evSv‡Z over Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
cz‡iv †g‡S Rz‡o i³ wQ‡jv|
There was blood all over the floor.
‡Kv‡bv KvR evi evi Kiv A_©vr wiwc‡Uk‡bi †¶‡Î over e¨envi nq:
Avwg Zv‡K evi evi wmMv‡iU bv †L‡Z e‡jwQ|
I asked him not to smoke over and over.
‡Kv‡bv Ae¯’v †_‡K †ewi‡q Avm‡Z over e¨envi nq:
‡Zvgvi nZvkv †_‡K †ei n‡q Avkv DwPr|
You should get over your frustration.
‡Kv‡bv wKQz Dci w`‡q hvIqv †evSv‡Z over Gi e¨envi Kiv nq:
Avgvi gv_vi Dci w`‡q wKQz GKUv P‡j †M‡jv Something
went over my head.
Av‡iKwU example:
cvwLwU Mv‡Qi Dci w`‡q D‡o †M‡jv| The
bird flew over the tree.
wm‡jKkb ev wbe©vP‡bi †¶‡Î, A_©vr GKRb †K †i‡L Ab¨ Rb A_ev GKwU
wRwb‡mi cwie‡Z© Ab¨ wRwbm cQ›` Kiv ev wm‡j± Kivi †¶‡Î over Gi
e¨envi nq|
183 | P a g e
‡hgb: †Kv¤úvwb Avgv‡K †i‡L †Zvgv‡K wb‡qwQj| She
picked you over me.
KzBR:
Qv‡`i Dci w`‡q GKwU wgmvBj D‡o †MwQ‡jv|
Zviv hLb †cŠu‡QwQj †gjvwU †kl n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jv|
Avwbb 200 Gi †ekx eB c_wkï‡`i w`‡qwQ‡jv|
Avwg †Zvgv‡K evievi ILv‡b †h‡Z wb‡la K‡iwQjvg| GK‡kv
cix¶v_©x‡`i g‡a¨ Avgiv †Zvgv‡K wb‡qwQ|
DËi:
Qv‡`i Dci w`‡q GKwU wgmvBj D‡o †MwQ‡jv| A
missile flew over the roof.
Zviv hLb †cŠu‡QwQj †gjvwU †kl n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jv|
The fair was over when they reached.
Avwbb 200 Gi †ekx eB c_wkï‡`i w`‡qwQ‡jv|
Anin gave over 200 books to the street children.
Avwg †Zvgv‡K evi evi ILv‡b †h‡Z wb‡la K‡iwQjvg| I
told you over and over not to go there.
GK‡kv cix¶v_©x‡`i g‡a¨ Avgiv †Zvgv‡K wb‡qwQ|
We picked you over hundred candidates.
184 | P a g e
Episode-82 use of almost
Almost Gi e¨envi
widvZ Ges wiwgi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb| wiwg:
widvZ, Zzwg wmdv‡Zi Rb¨ wK gift wK‡b‡Qv? widvZ:
wMdU †Kb?
wiwg: AvR wmdv‡Zi ev_©‡W|
widvZ: Avwg Zvi Rb¥w`‡bi K_v cÖvq fz‡jB †MwQjvg| I
almost forgot about his birthday.
Almost Gi evsjv A_© cÖvq|
Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
wWbvi cÖvqB †iwW|
Dinner is almost ready.
Avwg Zv‡K cÖvq cÖwZw`bB †`wL| I
almost see him every day.
Avgvi cÖvq nvU© GUvK nevi †Rv n‡qwQ‡jv| I
almost had a heart attack.
‡m cÖvq †Ku‡`B w`‡qwQ‡jv|
He almost burst into tears.
N.B. Sentence G hw` be verb _v‡K Z‡e be verb Gi ci almost
e‡m|
•
•
I am almost ready to leave.
He is almost certain to win.
185 | P a g e
Almost memgq main verb Gi Av‡M e‡m|
• I almost cried
• I almost forgot
Almost Gi cwie‡Z© nearly e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| nearly n‡jv
almost Gi synonym.
‡hgb:
He nearly burst into tears.
I nearly had a heart attack.
KzBR:
‡m cÖvq cÖwZw`bB GLv‡b Av‡m|
‡m cÖvq mewKQzB Lvq|
Avwg VvÛvq cÖvq g‡iB †MwQjvg|
Avgvi cÖvq †kl n‡q wM‡q‡Q|
GLb cÖvq mvZUv ev‡R|
‡m cÖvq A‡PZb n‡q †MwQ‡jv|
DËi:
czKz‡i cÖvq †Kv‡bv cvwb wQ‡jvbv|
‡m cÖvq cÖwZw`bB GLv‡b Av‡m|
He almost comes here every day.
‡m cÖvq mewKQzB Lvq|
He almost eats everything.
Avwg VvÛvq cÖvq g‡iB †MwQjvg| I
almost died in the cold.
186 | P a g e
Avgvi cÖvq †kl n‡q wM‡q‡Q| I
am almost done.
GLb cÖvq mvZUv ev‡R| It
is almost 7PM.
‡m cÖvq A‡PZb n‡q †MwQ‡jv| He
almost passed out. czKz‡i
cÖvq †Kv‡bv cvwb wQ‡jvbv|
There was almost no water in the pond.
Episode-83 use of at
At Gi e¨envi
ïiæ‡Z Avgiv at Gi e¨envi wb‡q GKwU situation †`‡L
†bB| `zB KwjM Ug Ges †Rwii g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK
K‡_vcK_b: Ug: em †Zvgvi †LvuR KiwQ‡jv, Zzwg †Kv_vq wQ‡j?
‡Rwi: Avwg‡Zv Avgvi †W‡¯‹B wQjvg| I
was at my desk.
Ug: em †Zvgvi Dci LzeB ivM n‡qwQ‡jv| Boss
was really angry at you.
‡Rwi: Zzwg wK mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Qv? Zzwg wKš‘ evwb‡q Mí ejvq Lze fv‡jv| You
are good at making up stories.
187 | P a g e
Z‡e em ZLb Avgvi w`‡K ZvwK‡q wQ‡jv| Boss
was staring at me.
exact or particular position ‡evSv‡Z at e¨envi nq; ‡hgb,
I was at my desk.
Kv‡ivi w`‡K, cÖwZ, Awfgz‡L A‡_© at e¨eüZ nq|
‡hgb,
Boss was angry at you. He
was staring at me.
‡Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z Kv‡ivi fv‡jv nIqv g›` nIqv †evSv‡Z at Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K
‡hgb,
Zzwg evwb‡q Mí ejvq Lze fv‡jv|
You are good at making up stories.
Zzwg ivbœvq fv‡jv|
You are good at cooking.
Zzwg ivbœvq Lvivc|
You are bad at cooking.
wKš‘,
†m ivbœvq `ze©j Gi Bs‡iwR n‡e; He
is weak in cooking.
A_©vr good Ges bad Gi mv‡_ at nq wKš‘ weak Gi mv‡_ in
nq| cwiw¯’wZi †¶‡Î at Gi e¨envi nq| risk Gi Av‡M at nq|
‡hgb,
188 | P a g e
Zvi Rxeb msKUvcbœ| His
life is at risk.
Gev‡i KZ¸‡jv example †`‡L †bB:
Avwg nmwcUv‡j wQjvg| I
was at the hospital.
Bivb Ges USA Gi g‡a¨ hz× n‡e/ Bivb Ges USA hz×iZ _vK‡e|
Iran and USA will be at war.
Zvi gv Zvi Dci ivM wQ‡jv|
His mother was angry at him.
‡m As‡K Lvivc| He is
bad at math.
Ii w`‡K ZvwKI bv|
Do not look at her.
Avgvi Rxeb wec‡` wQ‡jv| (cwiw¯’wZi †¶‡Î) My
life was at a risk.
KzBR:
Avwg KL‡bvB †Ljvazjvq fv‡jv wQjvg bv|
Zvi ¯¿x Zvi Dci ivM wQ‡jv|
189 | P a g e
‡cÖwm‡W‡›Ui Rxeb msKUvcbœ|
Zviv ev”PvwUi w`‡K ZvwK‡q wQ‡jv|
‡m K_v ejvq cUz/ fv‡jv|
DËi:
Avwg KL‡bvB †Ljvazjvq fv‡jv wQjvg bv| I
was never very good at sports.
Zvi ¯¿x Zvi Dci ivM wQ‡jv|
His wife was mad at him.
‡cÖwm‡W‡›Ui Rxeb msKUvcbœ|
President’s life is at stake.
Zviv ev”PvwUi w`‡K ZvwK‡q wQ‡jv|
They were staring at the baby.
‡m K_v ejvq cUz/ fv‡jv| She
is good at speaking.
Important note: g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e GKwU sentence G `z‡Uv RvqMvi K_v
†gbkb Kiv nq, ZLb †h RvqMvwU eo Zvi †¶‡Î in Ges †QvUwUi †¶‡Î at
e¨envi nq|
‡hgb,
The national library is at Shahbag in Dhaka.
Episode-84 use of as
190 | P a g e
As Gi e¨envi
‡Q‡j c¶ Ges cvÎx c‡¶i g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK Kbfvi‡mkb:
cvÎx c¶: †Q‡j‡Zv ï‡bwQ †`L‡Z ïb‡Z fv‡jv, †Q‡j wK K‡i?
‡Q‡j c¶: †Q‡j e¨vs‡K g¨v‡bRvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| The
groom works as manager in a bank.
As Gi evsjv A_© Ôwn‡m‡eÕ
Av‡iv K‡qKwU example.
Avwg GB ¯‹z‡j GKRb wk¶K wn‡m‡e KvR Kwi| I
work in this school as a teacher.
Zzwg GB KvcowU Kvfvi wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡iv| You
can use this cloth as cover.
Av`v VvÛvi Ilza wn‡m‡eI LvIqv hvq|
Ginger can be taken as medicine for cold.
Avwg Zv‡K fvB‡qi g‡Zv treat Kwi| I
treat him as a brother.
‡m eÜz wn‡m‡e Lvivc bv| He
is not bad as friend.
As Gi Av‡iKwU e¨envi:
191 | P a g e
widvZ Ges wmdvZ Gi gv‡S GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb;
widvZ: Avwg KvRwU wKfv‡e Ki‡ev| wmdvZ: Avwg †hfv‡e
K‡iwQ †mfv‡eB K‡iv| Do the work as I did.
Do the work the way I did.
GB context G as Gi A_© GKB fv‡e †Kv‡bv wKQz Kiv ev †Kv‡bv wKQz nIqv|
Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
Avcwb †hfv‡e e‡j‡Qb Avwg †m fv‡eB K‡iwQ| I
did it as you said.
Avgv‡`i wUPvi Avgv‡`i †hfv‡e wkwL‡q‡Q Avgiv †mfv‡eB wjL‡ev| We
will write as our teacher has taught us.
KzBR:
Avwg Zv‡K GKRb fv‡jv gvbzl wn‡m‡e wPwb|
‡m GLv‡b GKRb wmwbqi Gw·wKDwUf wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib|
Avgiv cÖgvb wn‡m‡e GwU e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi|
Avcwb †hfv‡e Pvb Avwg †mfv‡e K‡i w`‡Z cvi‡ev|
DËi:
Avwg Zv‡K Avwg GKRb fv‡jv gvbzl wn‡m‡e wPwb| I
know him as a good person.
‡m GLv‡b GKRb wmwbqi Gw·wKDwUf wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib| He
works here as a senior executive.
Avgiv cÖgvb wn‡m‡e GwU e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi| We
can use it as evidence.
192 | P a g e
Avcwb †hfv‡e Pvb Avwg †mfv‡e K‡i w`‡Z cvi‡ev| I
can do the work as you want.
Episode-85 Phrasal verb
QqwU common phrasal verb.
Verb Gi mv‡_ KL‡bv preposition, KL‡bv adverb Avevi KL‡bv
adverb Ges preposition `zBwU hz³ n‡q GKwU phrasal verb Gi MVb
nq|
1.Call off
‡Kv‡bv KvR eÜ Kiv ev K¨vb‡mj Kiv, Abzôvb ev` †`qv
A_ev †Kv‡bv cwiKíbv ev` †`qv †evSv‡bv nq|
†hgb,
gvwiqv we‡q K¨vb‡mj K‡i‡Q|
Maria has called off the wedding.
Avwg K·evRv‡ii wUÖc K¨vb‡mj K‡iwQ|
I called off my trip to Cox’s bazar.
Avevi control Kiv A‡_©I call off e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
‡hgb,
‡Zvgvi KzKzi mvgjvI, †m Avgvi weovj †K Avµgb Ki‡Q| Call
off your dog! He’s attacking my cat
2.call in
193 | P a g e
KvD‡K Kj K‡i mvnvh¨ cvevi D‡Ï‡k¨ Avm‡Z ejvi †¶‡Î call in e¨envi
Kiv nq|
Zvi KvD‡K mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ Kj Kiv DwPr| He
should call in someone.
Amz¯’¨Zv ev Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡b †KD hLb Zvi Kg©‡¶‡Î bv hvq †mai‡bi
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z call in e¨envi nq|
‡hgb,
‡m AvR‡K Awd‡m Av‡mwb, †m Kj Bb K‡i‡Q|
She didn’t come to office today, she called in.
3. Carry on
ÔPvwj‡q hvbÕ GB A‡_© e¨envi nq, A_©vr †Kv‡bv wKQz Kiv _vwg‡q ev eÜ bv K‡i
Pvwj‡q hvIqv †evSv‡Z e¨envi nq †hgb:
Avgiv Zvi mv‡_ Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbv Pvwj‡q hv‡ev|
We'll carry on our conversation with her.
`ztwLZ Avwg Avcbv‡K evav w`jvg, AbzMÖn K‡i Pvwj‡q hvb| Sorry,
I interrupted you. Please carry on.
4.Fall apart
m¤ú‡K© we‡”Q` ev fv½b †evSv‡Z A_ev †Kv‡bv e¯Íz ev ¯^cœ †f‡O hvIqv †evSv‡Z
fall apart e¨eüZ nq| ‡hgb,
Zv‡`i we‡q †f‡O †MwQ‡jv| Their
marriage fell apart.
194 | P a g e
KvUvi mgq †KKUv †f‡O c‡owQ‡jv|
The cake fell apart when I was cutting.
5. Give up
‡Q‡o †`qv, eR©b Kiv
‡hgb,
Avkv †Q‡o w`Ibv|
Don’t give up your hope.
‡Zvgvi e` Af¨vm eR©b Kiv DwPZ|
You should give up your bad habits.
6. Get over fq †_‡K †ei n‡q Avm‡Z, †Kv‡bv wKQz wb‡q `zwðšÍv eÜ Ki‡Z
A_ev Amz¯’Zv
†_‡K †m‡i DV‡Z get over Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| ‡hgb, GwU
†_‡K †ei n‡q Av‡mv, me wKQz wVK n‡q hv‡e|
“Hey, get over it. Everything will be fine.”
mwVK wUÖU‡g›U Gi gva¨‡g †m R¡i †_‡K †m‡i DV‡e He will
get over his fever with proper treatment.
KzBR:
‡m Zvi †cÖmKb&dv‡iÝ evwZj Kivi wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ‡jv| hLb
Avwg `‚‡i _vK‡ev, Zzwg Pvwj‡q †hI|
Zv‡`i m¤úK© †f‡O hv‡”Q|
‡m g`¨cvb Kiv †Q‡o †`‡e|
‡Zvgvi public speaking Gi fq †_‡K †ei n‡q Avmv DwPr|
DËi:
195 | P a g e
‡m Zvi †cÖmKb&dv‡iÝ evwZj Kivi wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ‡jv|
He decided to call off his press conference.
hLb Avwg `‚‡i _vK‡ev, Zzwg Pvwj‡q †hI| When
I'm away, carry on.
Zv‡`i m¤úK© †f‡O hv‡”Q|
Their relationship is falling apart.
‡m g`¨cvb Kiv †Q‡o †`‡e| He
will give up drinking.
‡Zvgvi public speaking Gi fq †_‡K †ei n‡q Avmv DwPr| You
should get over your fear of public speaking.
Episode-86 use of as…as
As..as Gi e¨envi
‡m Zvj Mv‡Qi g‡Zv j¤^v| He is
as tall as a palm tree.
Zvi Pzj wQ‡jv †g‡Ni g‡Zv Kv‡jv| Her
hair was as dark as cloud.
GLv‡b Zzjbv Kivi †¶‡Î as...as Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K
196 | P a g e
Sentence structure:
Sub+verb+as+adjective+as+noun
As..as Gi evsjv A_© gZ ev mgvb| Gev‡i
KZ¸‡jv example †`‡L †bB:
‡m Zvi evevi g‡Zv ¯§vU©| He is as
smart as his father.
AvR‡Ki AvenvIqv Av¸‡bi g‡Zv Mig| Today’s
weather is as hot as fire.
‡m nvwZi g‡Zv †gvUv|
He is as fat as an elephant.
Negative sentence Gi †¶‡Î as..as
‡m Zvj Mv‡Qi g‡Zv j¤^v bv| He is
not as tall as a palm tree.
‡m Zvi evevi g‡Zv ¯§vU© bq| He is not
as smart as his father.
‡m Zvi evevi g‡Zv ezw×gvb bq|
He is not as intelligent as his father.
Main verb w`‡q wKQz example:
Avwg †Zvgvi g‡Zv `ªæZ †`Šov‡Z cvwibv| I
can’t run as fast as you do.
Avwg Zvi g‡Zv fv‡jv MvB‡Z cvwibv| I
can’t sing as well as he does.
197 | P a g e
Extra lesson
Avwg Av‡Mi g‡Zv fv‡jv MvB‡Z cvwibv| I
can’t sing as good as I used to.
Avwg Av‡Mi g‡Zv `ªæZ †`Šov‡Z cvwibv| I
can’t run as fast as I used to.
‡m hZUv fv‡e Avwg Z‡ZvUv ezw×gvb †bvB|
I am not as intelligent as he thinks.
KzBR:
Zvi nvZ ¸‡jv ei‡di g‡Zv VvÛv wQ‡jv|
Zzwg hZUv fve Avwg Z‡ZvUv abx †bvB|
‡m wkqv‡ji g‡Zv PvjvK|
Avwg †Zvgvi g‡Zv fv‡jv †Lwjbv| Avwg
†Zvgvi g‡Zv †L‡Z cvwibv|
DËi:
Zvi nvZ ¸‡jv ei‡di g‡Zv VvÛv wQ‡jv| Her
hands were as cold as ice.
Zzwg hZUv fve Avwg Z‡ZvUv abx †bvB| I
am not as rich as you think.
‡m wkqv‡ji g‡Zv PvjvK| He
is as clever as a fox.
198 | P a g e
Avwg †Zvgvi g‡Zv fv‡jv †Lwjbv| I
don’t play as good as you do.
Avwg †Zvgvi g‡Zv G‡Zv †L‡Z cvwibv| I
can’t eat as much as you do.
Episode-87 use of through
Through Gi e¨envi
ïiæ‡ZB GKwU situation †`‡L †bB;
`zB eÜz AvwZK Ges Avwe‡ii ga¨Kvi GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
AvwZK Avwei‡K ej‡Q, eÜz Rvbvjvi c`©vUv †U‡b `vI, Rvbvjvi wfZi w`‡q
Av‡jv XzK‡Q|
Light is coming through the window.
Rvbvjvi c`©v Uvbevi mgq Avwei ej‡Q, ÒZzwg wK MZKvj‡Ki NUbv ï‡b‡Qv?
GKRb czwjk Awdmvi gviv wM‡q‡Q, Zvi ez‡Ki †fZi †_‡K ez‡jU P‡j
wM‡qwQ‡jvÓ|
“A bullet went through his chest.”
Dc‡ii wmPz‡qk‡b wfZi w`‡q A_©vr GKw`K †_‡K Xz‡K Ab¨w`K †_‡K †ei
nIqv GgbUv †evSv‡Z through e¨ewiZ n‡q‡Q|
199 | P a g e
Through Gi GB e¨env‡ii Av‡iv K‡qKwU example †`‡L †bB:
cvB‡ci †fZi w`‡q cvwb hv‡”Q| Water is
flowing through the pipe.
iv¯ÍvwU R½‡ji †fZi w`‡q P‡j wM‡q‡Q|
This road has gone through the forest.
KvD‡K hLb †Kv‡bv we‡kl mg‡qi g‡a¨ w`‡q, cix¶v ev †U÷ Gi g‡a¨ w`‡q
†h‡Z n‡e ev nq GgbUv †evSv‡Z through Gi e¨envi nq| ‡hgb:
‡m Lvivc mg‡qi g‡a¨ w`‡q hv‡”Q| He is
going through a tough time.
‡Zvgv‡K GKwU cix¶vi g‡a¨ w`‡q †h‡Z n‡e| You
have to go through a test.
‡Kv‡bv wKQzi gva¨‡g wKQz AR©b †evSv‡Z through Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K
‡hgb;
Aa¨vemv‡qi gva¨‡g Zzwg mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
You can achieve success through perseverance.
‡Kv‡bv avc AwZµg K‡i †Kv_vI †cŠuQv‡bi †¶‡Î through Gi e¨envi n‡q
_v‡K ‡hgb;
bZzb wejwU cvj©v‡g›U n‡q †h‡Z n‡e|
The new bill will have to go through parliament.
KzBR:
200 | P a g e
‡m Pvwei M‡Z©i Gi †fZi w`‡q ZvwK‡qwQ‡jv| ez‡jUwU
Zvi gv_vi †fZi w`‡q †ei n‡q †MwQ‡jv| Zviv GKwU
dvBbvwÝqvj µvBwmm Gi g‡a¨ w`‡q hv‡”Q|
‡m cwRkbwU A‡bK cwikÖ‡gi Gi gva¨‡g Rq K‡i‡Q| KZ…c¶
n‡q AW©viwU Avm‡Z n‡e|
DËi:
‡m Pvwei M‡Z©i †fZi w`‡q ZvwK‡qwQ‡jv|
She looked through the keyhole.
ez‡jUwU Zvi gv_vi †fZi w`‡q †ei n‡q †MwQ‡jv| The
bullet had gone through his head.
Zviv GKwU A_©‰bwZK msKU Gi g‡a¨ w`‡q hv‡”Q|
They are going through a financial hardship.
‡m cwRkbwU A‡bK cwikÖ‡gi Gi gva¨‡g Rq K‡i‡Q| He
has earned the position through hard work.
KZ…c¶ n‡q AW©viwU Avm‡Z n‡e|
The order has to come through the authority.
201 | P a g e
Episode-88
stop+verb+ing, enjoy+verb+ing Gi e¨envi
GKwU KvíwbK wmPz‡qkb:
widvZ cowQ‡jv, †mB mgq wmdvZ LU LU kã K‡i hvw”Q‡jv| ZLb wmdvZ
ej‡Q,
" Avwg cowQ, `qv K‡i kã Kiv eÜ K‡iv|Ó “Please
stop making noise”.
KvD‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz eÜ Ki‡Z ej‡Z ev †_‡g †h‡Z ej‡Z stop Gi e¨envi Kiv
nq | ‡hgb:
kã Kiv eÜ K‡iv Stop
making noise.
Sentence
Stop+verb+ing.
structure:
K‡qKwU example:
wPrKvi Kiv eÜ K‡iv|
Stop shouting.
Avgv‡`i GLb KvR Kiv eÜ Kiv DwPZ| We
should stop working now.
Grammar tip: g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e stop Gi ci me mgq verb Gi mv‡_ ing
†hvM n‡e|
Gev‡i wk‡L †bqv hvK wKfv‡e enjoy w`‡q sentence ˆZix Kiv hvq| ‡hgb:
Avwg gzwf †`L‡Z cQ›` Kwi| I
enjoy watching movies.
202 | P a g e
‡m eB co‡Z cQ›` K‡i| She
enjoys reading. j¶¨ Kiæb
sentence ¸‡jv‡Z enjoy
Gi ci †h verb wU Av‡Q Zvi
mv‡_ ing †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e enjoy Gi ci Avgiv to e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡evbv| †hgb
Avgiv ej‡Z cvi‡evbv I enjoy to watch movies.
Z‡e Avgiv hw` enjoy Gi cwie‡Z© like e¨envi Kwi Zvn‡j like Gi ci
to Avbv hv‡e| ‡hgb:
I like to watch movies.
I like watching movies.
(`z‡UvB mwVK|)
KzBR:
Avgiv wK GLb nvuUv eÜ Ki‡Z cvwi?
‡Zvgvi Rv¼ dzW LvIqv eÜ Kiv DwPr|
`qv K‡i Kvbœv _vgvI| nvwm
_vgvI|
Avwg Zvi mv‡_ K_v ejv eÜ K‡i w`‡qwQ|
GUv Kiv eÜ K‡iv|
Avwg †dvK wgDwmK ïb‡Z cQ›` Kwi|
‡m wc¾v evbv‡Z cQ›` K‡i|
DËi:
Avgiv wK GLb nvuUv eÜ Ki‡Z cvwi? Can
we stop walking now?
203 | P a g e
‡Zvgvi Rv¼ dzW LvIqv eÜ Kiv DwPr| You
should stop eating junk food.
`qv K‡i Kvbœv _vgvI| Please
stop crying.
nvwm _vgvI|
Stop laughing.
Avwg Zvi mv‡_ K_v ejv eÜ K‡i w`‡qwQ| I
stopped talking to him.
GUv Kiv eÜ K‡iv| Stop
doing that.
Avwg †dvK wgDwmK ïb‡Z cQ›` Kwi| I
enjoy listening to folk music.
‡m wc¾v evbv‡Z cQ›` K‡i| She
enjoys making pizza.
Episode-89
Could have Gi e¨envi
Anbv Ges Awbb Gi g‡a¨Kvi GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Anbv: Zzwg G‡Zv fvwi †UwejwU †Kb GKv gzf K‡i‡Qv?
Zzwg e¨v_v †c‡Z cvi‡Z!
You could have got hurt!
204 | P a g e
nqbvB ev n‡Z cvi‡Zv Ggb †evSv‡Z could have e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
Ôn‡Z cvi‡ZvÕ GB A‡_© could have Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
‡m gviv †h‡Z cvi‡Zv|
He could have died.
‡m Lvevi cz‡o †dj‡Z cvi‡Zv|
She could have burnt the food.
gZvgZ †`qv ev mgv‡jvPbv Kivi †¶‡Î| could have Gi e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i:
‡m Av‡iv fv‡jv fv‡e †jLv cov Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| He
could have studied harder.
‡Zvgvi Avgv‡K †dvb Kiv DwPZ wQ‡jv|
You could have called me /
You should have called me (‡dvb K‡iwb wKš‘ †dvb Kiv DwPZ wQ‡jv)
Abz‡kvPbv Kivi †¶‡Î| could have Gi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K:
Avwg GKRb weL¨vZ †jLK n‡Z cviZvg| I
could have been a famous writer.
Avwg Avgvi gv÷vm© †kl Ki‡Z cviZvg| I
could have finished my masters.
Sentence Structruce:
Subject+could have+3rd form of verb+extension.
KzBR:
205 | P a g e
Avcwb Kg`vwg R¨v‡KUwU wKb‡Z cvi‡Zb|
Avgiv Av‡MB `j Qvov‡Z cviZvg|
‡m fzj G‡WÖ‡m G P‡j †h‡Z cvi‡Zv|
‡m GKRb fv‡jv wµ‡KUvi n‡Z cvi‡Zv|
DËi:
Avcwb Kg`vwg R¨v‡KUwU wKb‡Z cvi‡Zb|
You could have bought the cheaper jacket.
Avgiv Av‡MB `j Qvov‡Z cviZvg|
We could have left the party earlier.
‡m fzj G‡WÖ‡m G P‡j †h‡Z cvi‡Zv|
He could have gone to the wrong address.
‡m GKRb fv‡jv wµ‡KUvi n‡Z cvi‡Zv| He
could have been a great cricketer.
Episode-90
wKQz cÖ‡qvRbxq sentences
Avgvi gv_v a‡i‡Q|
Avgvi gv_v e¨v_v Ki‡Q|
I have a headache.
Avgvi cÖPÛ gv_v e¨v_v Ki‡Q| I
have a bad headache.
206 | P a g e
Avgvi gv_v †Nviv‡”Q| I
feel dizzy.
Avgvi mvgvb¨ gv_v †Nviv‡”Q| I
feel a little dizzy.
Avgvi wcV e¨v_v Ki‡Q| My
back is hurting.
I have a backache.
I feel pain in my back.
Avgvi wc‡Vi wb‡Pi As‡k e¨v_v Ki‡Q| I
feel pain in my lower back.
I have a pain in my lower back.
Avgvi `vuZ e¨v_v Ki‡Q| I
have a toothache.
Avgvi †cU e¨v_v Ki‡Q|
I have a stomachache.
Avgvi ezK e¨v_v Ki‡Q| My
chest hurts.
I have a chest pain.
Avgvi Mjv e¨v_v Ki‡Q|
I have a sore throat.
207 | P a g e
Avgvi Mjv PzjKv‡”Q| I have
scratchy/itchy throat.
Avgvi AvR Mjv †f‡O †M‡Q| My
voice is hoarse today.
I have a frog in my throat.
Avgvi R¡i Avm‡Q/ n‡q‡Q| I
have a fever.
Avgvi VvÛv †j‡M‡Q| I
have a cold.
Avgvi Kvwk n‡q‡Q|
I have a cough.
I am coughing.
Avgvi ewgewg fve n‡”Q| I
feel nauseated.
I feel nauseous.
I feel like vomiting.
Avgvi cv gP‡K †M‡Q| I
sprained my ankle.
Avgvi cv †f‡O †M‡Q| I
broke my leg.
208 | P a g e
Avwg Nvo bvov‡Z cviwQ bv/cvwi bv| I
have a frozen shoulder.
Avgvi †PvL D‡V‡Q| I
have pink eye.
Avgvi gvwo dz‡j †M‡Q| I
have swollen gums.
My gums are swollen.
Avgvi †ckx ms‡KvPb n‡”Q| I
am cramping.
Episode-91 use of about
Preposition wn‡m‡e about Gi e¨envi
`zB‡evb Anbv Ges AwYb Gi GKwU KvíwbK †dvb Avjvc:
Anbv: †Zvgvi B›UviwfD †Kgb n‡qwQ‡jv? Avgv‡K †Zvgvi
B›UviwfDi m¤ú‡K© e‡jv| Tell me about your
interview.
AwYb: Zviv Avgv‡K Avgvi GKv‡WwgK e¨vKMÖvDÛ m¤ú‡K© wKQz ej‡Z
e‡jwQ‡jv|
209 | P a g e
They asked me to say something about my academic
background.
About Gi evsjv A_© m¤ú‡K© ev cÖm‡½|
dg©vj wmPz‡qk‡b about Gi cwie‡Z© Regarding/concerning /in
connection with e¨envi Kiv nq| Regarding/concerning /in
connection with ‡nv‡jv about Gi mgv_©K ev synonyms. They
asked me to say something about my academic
background.
They asked me to say something in connection with my
academic background.
They asked me to say something concerning my academic
background.
Happy
Worried
Worry
excited
confused Concerned Complain
About Gi mv‡_ mvavibZ wb‡Pi †`qv verb ¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq:
Avwg Avgvi c«‡gvkb Gi e¨vcv‡i ‡ek Lykx|
I am very happy about my promotion.
AbzMÖn K‡i Avgv‡K wb‡q `zwðšÍv Ki‡eb bv|
Please don’t worry about me
dÖvÝ G hvevi e¨vcv‡i Avwg G·mvB‡UW| I
am excited about going to France.
210 | P a g e
Avwg Zvi fwel¨r Gi e¨vcv‡i wØavMÖ¯’| I
am confused about his future.
Zviv ivRbxwZi e¨vcv‡i AeMZ bq|
They are not concerned about politics.
mgm¨vi e¨vcv‡i KL‡bvB ‡m Awf‡hvM K‡i bv|
He never complains about his problems.
AvbzgvwbK †Kv‡bv msL¨v ev mgq †evSv‡Z about e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
‡hgb:
cÖvq 300 Rb gvbzl Zvi we‡qi Abzóv‡b Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb|
There were about 300 people in his wedding.
AbzôvbwU PviUvi (AvbzgvwbK) w`‡K ïiæ n‡e| The
program will start about 4 pm.
KzBR:
wZwb Avgv‡K Avgvi bZzb cÖ‡R± m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z e‡jwQ‡jb|
Avgvi †g‡qi †iRvë Gi e¨vcv‡i Avwg AZ¨šÍ Lzkx|
‡m Zvi evevi kvixwiK Ae¯’vi e¨vcv‡i wPwšÍZ|
Zviv Zv‡`i eÜzi we‡qi e¨vcv‡i LzeB GKmvB‡UW (Drdzjø)| Zzwg
eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZi e¨vcv‡i AeMZ bI|
DËi:
‡c-bwU mKvj 4 Uvi w`‡K j¨vÛ Ki‡e|
wZwb Avgv‡K Avgvi bZzb cÖ‡R± m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z e‡jwQ‡jb|
He asked me to say something concerning my new project.
211 | P a g e
Avgvi †g‡qi †iRvë Gi e¨vcv‡i Avwg AZ¨šÍ Lzkx|
I am very happy about my daughter’s result.
‡m Zvi evevi kvixwiK Ae¯’vi e¨vcv‡i wPwšÍZ|
He is worried about his father’s physical condition.
Zviv Zv‡`i eÜzi we‡qi e¨vcv‡i LzeB GKmvB‡UW (Drdzjø)| They
are excited about their friend’s wedding.
Zzwg eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZi e¨vcv‡i AeMZ bI|
You are not concerned about the current situation.
wegvbwU mKvj 4 Uvi w`‡K j¨vÛ Ki‡e| The
plane will land about 4 am.
Episode-92 use of trouble + verb+ing
trouble + verb+ing Gi e¨envi
widvZ Ges wiwgi gv‡S GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb:
wiwg: †Zvgvi wK Avgv‡`i evmv Lzu‡R †c‡Z mgm¨v n‡qwQj ? Did
you have trouble finding our home?
esjv A_©: Have + trouble + verb+ing Gi evsjv A_© `vuovq †Kv‡bv wKQz
Ki‡Z mgm¨v nIqv|
Sentence Structure:
Sub + have/has/had+ trouble + verb+ing+ extension.
212 | P a g e
More Example:
Avgvi KvRwU Ki‡Z mgm¨v n‡qwQj| I
had trouble doing the work.
Avevi Negative Ki‡j;
I had no trouble doing the work.
Zv‡`i mgm¨vwU mgvavb Ki‡Z mgm¨v n‡”Q|
They are having trouble solving the problem.
‡h‡nZz Present Continuous ZvB ÔThey are havingÕ n‡q‡Q |
Avgiv PvB‡j Trouble Gi RvqMvq Difficulty ev Problem I Use
Ki‡Z cvwi| ‡hgb:
Did you have difficulty finding our home? or
Did you have a problem finding our home?
Difficulty Ges Problem w`‡q K‡qKwU example:
Zvi wfmv †c‡Z mgm¨v n‡qwQj|
She/he had a problem getting the visa.
Avgvi nv‡Zi †jLv co‡Z †Zvgvi mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i|
You may have difficulty reading my handwriting.
fxo wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z Avgvi mgm¨v n‡qwQj|
I had difficulty controlling the crowd.
KzBR:
213 | P a g e
‡Zvgvi wK GLv‡b _vK‡Z mgm¨v n‡”Q?
MvwowU Pvjv‡Z Avgvi mgm¨v n‡qwQj| fvlvwU
wkL‡Z Avgvi †Kv‡bv mgm¨v nq wb| Zv‡K
g¨v‡bR Ki‡Z wK †Zvgvi mgm¨v n‡qwQj?
Avgvi Nzgv‡Z mgm¨v n‡”Q|
Zv‡K †evSv‡Z Avgvi Kó n‡qwQj|
DËi:
‡Zvgvi wK GLv‡b _vK‡Z mgm¨v n‡”Q?
Are you having difficulty staying here?
MvwowU Pvjv‡Z Avgvi mgm¨v n‡qwQj| I
had trouble driving the car.
fvlvwU wkL‡Z Avgvi †Kv‡bv mgm¨v nq wb| I had
no trouble learning the language.
Zv‡K g¨v‡bR Ki‡Z wK †Zvgvi mgm¨v n‡qwQj?
Did you have a problem managing him?
Avgvi Nzgv‡Z mgm¨v n‡”Q| I am
having trouble sleeping.
Zv‡K †evSv‡Z Avgvi Kó n‡qwQj| I had
difficulty persuading him/her.
214 | P a g e
Episode-93
10 smart words
10wU ¯§vU© Bs‡iwR kã, Ges Zv‡`i e¨envi I K_v ejv A_ev †jLvi mgq
Avgiv hw` wKQz uncommon kã e¨envi Kwi Z‡e e³v wn‡m‡e Avgiv
A‡b¨i g‡bv‡hvM AR©b Ki‡Z m¶g n‡ev|
1. confront
KvD‡K †gvKv‡ejv Kiv ev gz‡LvgzwL cÖwZev` Kiv, m¤§zLxb nËqv, Gwo‡q bv
wM‡q †dm Kiv BZ¨vw` mg‡q confront e¨envi Kiv nq: e¨envi:
Avwg Avgvi e‡mi gz‡LvgzwL n‡qwQjvg| I
confronted my boss.
‡m WvKvZ‡`i †gvKv‡ejv Kivi wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ‡jv| She
decided to confront the burglars.
2. coherent msjMœ nËqv, mzm½Z
nËqv, ‡hŠw³K nËqv
‡Kvb hzw³, e³e¨, avibv ev †Kvb cwiKíbv mzmsMZ nIqv| e¨envi:
GwU GKwU mzmsMZ eY©bv wQ‡jvbv| It
was not a coherent narrative.
215 | P a g e
Avwg GKwU mzmsMZ DËi w`‡Z †Póv KiwQ| I am
trying to give a coherent response.
3. Empathy mngwg©Zv,mnbkxjZv|
mnbkxj nIqv, Kv‡ivi cÖwZ ggZv †`Lv‡bv , mnvbzf‚wZkxj nIqv , hLb
KvD‡K ev Kv‡ivi KvR †K mgv‡jvPbv Kiv nq, ZLb mnvbzf‚wZkxj nqbv ev
empathy _v‡Kbv|
e¨envi:
`zb©xwZevR Awdmvi‡`i cÖwZ Avgvi †Kv‡bv mnvbzf‚wZ wQ‡jvbv|
I did not have empathy for the corrupted officers.
czwjkwU Ab¨‡`i mnvbzf‚wZ †`wL‡qwQ‡jv|
The policewoman showed empathy with others.
Zv‡`i mnvbzf‚wZ ¸YwUi DbœwZ Kiv DwPZ wQ‡jv| He
needed to develop empathy skills.
4. Swamped
hw`I Gi Av¶wiK A_© Wz‡e hvIqv, wKš‘ GwUi gva¨‡g AwZwi³ e¨¯ÍZvI
†evSv‡bv nq|
Kv‡Ri †fZi Wz‡e _vKv A‡_© e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
PvB‡j swamped Gi cwie‡Z© Gfv‡eI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i – I am drowning
in work, or there is too much on my plate. e¨envi:
Avwg GB cz‡iv mßvn Rz‡oB Kv‡Ri Pv‡c G‡Zv Wz‡e AvwQ †h Avgvi wbtk¦vm
†bqvi mgq †bB|
‘I am so swamped with work this entire week; I’ve had no
time to breathe’.
nvwmi Pv‡c Zvi K_v ¸‡jv Wz‡e †MwQ‡jv
216 | P a g e
His words were swamped with the laughter.
5. Catch 22
Ggb GKUv A¯^vfvweK wmPz‡qkb hLb cÖ_g KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ wØZxq KvRwU Ki‡Z
n‡e Ges wØZxq KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_g KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡e, A_©vr wKbv GKwU
Aev¯Íe wmPz‡qkb|
e¨envi:
Avwg GKwU catch 22 wmmz‡qk‡b , Kv‡Ri AwfÁZv Qvov Avwg GKwU PvKwi/
ev KvR cv‡evbv, Ges AwfÁZvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g Avgv‡K GKwU PvKwi †c‡Z n‡e| I
am in a Catch 22 situation.
I couldn't start my own business until I have got money, and I
couldn't get the money until I start my own business, oh my
God, this is the real Catch-22 situation.
6. reckon
‡eva Kiv, Abzgvb Kiv, wnmve Kiv| e¨envi:
Avgvi g‡b nq AvR‡K e…wó n‡e| I
reckon it's going to rain today.
GUvi `vg KZ n‡e e‡j Zzwg g‡b K‡iv|
How much do you reckon (that) it's going to cost?
7. In a fix
GKwU Sv‡gjvi wmPz‡qk‡b civ A_ev _vKv|
e¨envi: Avwg GKwU mgm¨vq AvwQ Kvib Avwg AvR‡K iv‡Z `zRb Avjv`v eÜzi
mv‡_ cwiKíbv K‡iwQ|
I am in a fix because I have made plans with two different
friends for tonight.
217 | P a g e
Avwg GKwU Sv‡gjvq AvwQ Kvib Avwg Avgvi †dvbwU nvwi‡q †d‡jwQ| I’m
in a fix because I have lost my phone.
8. Exaggerate
AwZiwÄZ Kiv| cÖK…Z NUbv‡K hLb A‡bK
evwo‡q ejv nq| e¨envi:
‡Zvgvi me wKQz evwo‡q ejvi Af¨vm Av‡Q|
You have the habit of exaggerating everything.
‡m cz‡iv NUbvwU evwo‡q e‡j‡Q| he
exaggerated the whole thing.
9. Sluggish
Ajm, Kzu‡o, gš’i|
Ajm Abzfe Kiv, Kg bovPov Kiv BZ¨vw` †evSv‡Z e¨eüZ nq| e¨envi:
fvix ga¨vý †fvR Avgv‡K we‡Kj †ejv gš’i ev Ajm Abzfe Kivq| A
heavy lunch makes me feel sluggish in the afternoon.
Zviv LzeB Kzu‡o|
They are very sluggish.
10.Impromptu
Zvr¶YwbK wKQz Kiv| hLb †Kvb wKQz cwiKíbv Qvov
Zvr¶wYK fv‡e Kiv nq| e¨envi:
GwU GKwU Zvr¶wYK †cÖm Kbdv‡iÝ wQ‡jv| It
was an impromptu press conference.
‡m Zvr¶wYK fv‡e K_v e‡jwQ‡jv He
spoke impromptu.
218 | P a g e
Episode-94
To-infinitives Gi e¨envi
To-infinitives Gi e¨envi wb‡q GKwU situation:
widvZ Ges wiwgi gv‡S GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb:
widvZ: wiwg †Zvgiv MZKvj nvmcvZv‡j wM‡qwQ‡j K¨v‡bv?
wiwg: Avgiv wmdv‡Zi evev‡K †`L‡Z nvmcvZv‡j wM‡qwQjvg|
We went to the hospital to see Sifat’s father.
e¨envi: D‡Ïk¨ G·‡cÖm Ki‡Z to-infinitives e¨envi Kiv nq|
GLv‡b wiwg‡`i nvmcvZv‡j hvIqvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj wmdv‡Zi evev‡K †`L‡Z
hvIqv| to-infinitives Gi evsjv A_© `vuovq:
To see - †`L‡Z
To buy -wKb‡Z
To meet - †`Lv Ki‡Z
Sentence structure:
To-infinitives mvavibZ ev‡K¨i †k‡l e‡m|
‡hgb:
We went to the hospital to see Sifat’s father.
I will practice hard to win the final match.
Note 1: evK¨wU †h Tense GB _vKzK bv †K‡bv To Gi c‡ii verb
wU memgq present form G _vK‡e| †hgb:
We went to the hospital to see Sifat’s father.
I will practice hard to win the final match.
219 | P a g e
Note 2:
To Gi RvqMvq In order to-I e¨envi Kiv hvq|
We went to the hospital in order to see Sifat’s father.
To-infinitives Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
e‡mi mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z †m †nW‡KvqvU©v‡i wM‡qwQ‡jv|
He went to the headquarter to meet his boss.
‡m Zvi †eZ‡bi †PKwU wb‡Z Avm‡e|
He/she will come to collect his/her pay cheque.
Extra Lesson 1:
G·‡cÖmbwU bv †evaK nq †m‡¶‡Î j¶¨ Kiæb sentence wU †Kgb n‡e:
Wv³vi Avgv‡K Pvc wb‡Z bv K‡i‡Qb| Doctor
told me not to take stress.
‡m¶‡Î To Gi Av‡M GKwU not emv‡Z n‡e|
Extra Lesson 2: Avgiv particular wKQz Thinking Ges feeling Ges
Saying verb Gici to-infinitives e¨envi Kwi|
GB verb ¸‡jv n‡”Q:
choose
decide
expect
forget
hate
hope
intend
learn
agree
promise
like
love
mean
plan
refuse
prefer
remember
want would
like/love
threaten
220 | P a g e
wKQz Example Sentence:
Zviv GKm‡½ e¨emv ïiæ Kivi wm×všÍ wb‡qwQj| They
decided to start a business together.
jvBU eÜ Ki‡Z g‡b †i‡Lv| Remember
to turn the lights off.
‡m Avgv‡K PvKwiwU w`‡Z cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡iwQj| He
refused to give me the job.
Extra Lesson 3:
Kvib Rvbv‡ZI Avgiv To Infinitives e¨envi K‡i _vwK|
‡hgb :
‡m Avgv‡K †`‡L AevK n‡qwQj| He
was surprised to see me.
(‡m †K‡bv AevK n‡qwQj? Kvib: Avgv‡K †`‡L= to see me)
Avwg LeiUv ï‡b wPwšÍZ|
I am upset to hear the news.
Extra Lesson 3: wKQz wKQz adjective Gi ci Avgiv To Infinitives
e¨envi K‡i _vwK|
able
unable
anxious
due
eager
keen
likely
unlikely
ready
prepared
willing
unwilling
221 | P a g e
Avwg GK mßv‡ni Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Z A¶g wQjvg| I
was unable to work for a week.
‡m Avgv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z B”QzK wQj bv| He
was not willing to help me.
Zv‡K †evSv KwVb wQj|
It was difficult to understand him.
Extra Lesson 4: (to Give opinion). It+
be verb + adjective + To-infinitives
clever
difficult
easy
foolish
hard
kind
nice
possible
impossible
KzBR:
‡m wbivc‡` _vK‡Z `iRvwU jK K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jv| em
Avgv‡`i †dBmezK e¨envi Ki‡Z bv K‡i‡Qb| Avwg
Avgvi eBwU Avb‡Z fz‡j wM‡qwQ|
Zvi †iRvë †R‡b Avwg Avbw›`Z wQjvg bv| Zv‡K
g¨v‡bR KivUv Am¤¢e wQj|
DËi:
‡m wbivc‡` _vK‡Z `iRvwU jK K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jv| He
locked the door to stay safe.
right
wrong
silly
222 | P a g e
em Avgv‡`i †dBmezK e¨envi Ki‡Z bv K‡i‡Qb| Boss
told us not to use Facebook.
Avwg Avgvi eBwU Avb‡Z fz‡j wM‡qwQ| I
forgot to bring my book.
Zvi †iRvë †R‡b Avwg Avbw›`Z wQjvg bv| I
was not happy to know his result.
Zv‡K g¨v‡bR KivUv Am¤¢e wQj|
It was impossible to manage him/her.
Episode-95 let & make (causative verb)
`zBwU causative verb Gi e¨envi
Causative verb ‡Kv‡bv gvbzl ev e¯Íz‡K eY©bv K‡i hvi Kvi‡b GKwU
KvR m¤úvw`Z n‡q _vK| cvuPwU causative verbs Av‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv:
let, make, have, get, and help.
AvR‡K Avgiv let Ges make Gi e¨envi wkL‡ev|
Let Gi A_© wKQz Ki‡Z AbzgzwZ †`qv|
PERMIT SOMETHING TO HAPPEN
Let e¨envi Gi GKwU wmPz‡qkb:
`zBRb gv 'i ga¨Kvi GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
223 | P a g e
1g gv: AvRKvjKvi gv‡qiv ev”Pv‡`i wVK g‡Zv kvlb K‡ibv|
Avwg Avgvi ev”Pv‡`i violent movie †`L‡Z †`Bbv| I
don’t let my kids watch violent movies.
2q gv: AvwgI Avgvi ev”Pv‡`i fv‡qv‡j›U gzwf †`L‡Z †`Bbv Avwg Zv‡`i‡K ïaz
GWz‡Kkbvj gzwf †`L‡Z GjvD Kwi|
I don’t let my children watch violent movies, I only let them
watch educational programs.
Sentence structure:
In case of affirmative sentences,
Subject+let+object+ present form of verb+extension
In case of negative sentences,
Subject +do not/does not/did not+let+object+present form
of verb.
KvD‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz Ki‡Z †`qv ev bv †`qvi †¶‡Î Avgiv let Gi e¨envi K‡i
_vwK| Formal situation G let Gi cwie‡Z© allow Ges permit e¨envi
n‡q _v‡K|
wKQz example ‡`‡L
†bB:
‡gwii evev Zv‡K GKwU ev”Pv KzKzi cvjK wb‡Z w`‡ebv| Mary’s
father won’t let her adopt a puppy.
Avgv‡`i em Avgv‡`i †W¯‹ G †L‡Z AbzgwZ †`b bv| Our
boss doesn’t let us eat on the desk.
Gev‡i Causative verb wn‡m‡e make Gi e¨envi:
MAKE = FORCE OR REQUIRE SOMEONE TO TAKE AN ACTION.
KvD‡K w`‡q †Rvi K‡i wKQz Kiv‡bv nq GB ai‡bi †¶‡Î make Gi e¨envi
224 | P a g e
Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
wKQz example ‡`‡L †bB:
Avgv‡`i †j½‡qR wUPvi Avgv‡`i w`‡q iPbvwU Avevi wjwL‡q wb‡q‡Qb| Our
language teacher made us rewrite the essay.
Avwg Avgvi ev”Pv‡`i Zv‡`i iæg wK¬b Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡iwQjvg| I
made my children clean their room.
‡m Avgv‡K Zvi AvBmwµ‡gi Rb¨ †c Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡iwQ‡jv| He
made me pay for his ice-cream.
G‡MÖwmf wmPz‡qkb G KvD‡K wKQz Ki‡Z eva¨ Kiv‡bv †evSv‡ZI make Gi
e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
‡hgb;
nvBR¨vKvi cvBjU‡K wegvbwU‡K Ab¨w`‡K wb‡Z eva¨ K‡iwQj| The
hijacker forced/made the pilot to take the plane to a
different direction.
Grammatical structure:
Subject+make/made+object+
verb+extension
present
form
KzBR:
Zvi evev gv Zv‡K †ekx iv‡Z evB‡i †h‡Z †`b bv|
Avgvi gv memgq kwbevi mKv‡j Avgv‡K w`‡q Avgvi iæg cwi®‹vi Kivq|
Avwg †Zvgv‡K GLb evB‡i †h‡Z †`‡evbv|
Avgvi em memgq Avgv‡K w`‡q IfviUvBg KvR Kivq|
DËi:
of
225 | P a g e
Zvi evev gv Zv‡K †ekx iv‡Z evB‡i †h‡Z †`b bv| Her
parents don’t let her go out late night.
Avgvi gv memgq kwbevi mKv‡j Avgv‡K w`‡q Avgvi iæg cwi®‹vi Kivq|
My mom always makes me clean my room on Saturday
mornings.
Avwg †Zvgv‡K GLb evB‡i †h‡Z †`‡evbv| I
won’t let you go out now.
Avgvi em memgq Avgv‡K w`‡q IfviUvBg KvR Kivq| My
boss always makes me work overtime.
Episode-96 Comparison (part 1)
Comparison Gi e¨envi
widvZ Ges wiwgi gv‡S GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb:
widvZ: †Zvgvi nv‡Zi †jLv Avgvi nv‡Zi †jLvi PvB‡Z †ewk mz›`i| Your
handwriting is more beautiful than my handwriting.
e¨envi:
`zBRb e¨w³, `zwU e¯Ízi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z Avgiv GB ai‡Yi
sentence structure e¨envi K‡i _vwK| Sentence
Structure:
Sentence Structure ‡evSvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi `zwU sentence Gi cv_©K¨ fv‡jv
K‡i j¶¨ Kiæb|
Normal Sentence
Comparative Sentence
226 | P a g e
Your handwriting is beautiful.
Your handwriting is more
beautiful than my
handwriting.
Structure:
Beautiful A_©vr Adjective Gi Av‡M more Avm‡e Ges Gici than +
hvi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv n‡”Q †m Avm‡e|
More Example:
BwÛqvb wµ‡KU wUg cvwK¯Ívb wµ‡KU wU‡gi †P‡q †ewk RbwcÖq| Indian
cricket team is more popular than Pakistani cricket team.
Note:
Adjective wU hw` mono syllable nq (A_©vr GKev‡i D”Pvib Kiv hvq †hgb
fast GKev‡i D”Pvib Kiv hvq wKš‘ beautiful weD-wU-dzj GKev‡i D”Pvib
Kiv hvq bv|) Zvn‡j Gi Av‡M more †hvM Ki‡j f‚j n‡q hv‡e| †m‡¶‡Î IB
adjective Gi †k‡l er †hvM Ki‡jB comparative form n‡q hvq| †hgb
: fast †_‡K faster .
‡Zvgvi nv‡Zi †jLv Avgvi nv‡Zi †jLvi †P‡q `ªæZ|
Your handwriting is faster than my handwriting.
GB †jm‡bi †k‡l GiKg cÖ‡qvRbxq adjective Gi GKwU list Av‡Q|
Adjective
Comparative
good
better
227 | P a g e
bad
worse
little
less
much
more
Far
further / farther
Example:
‡Zvgvi nv‡Zi †jLv Avgvi nv‡Zi †jLvi †P‡q fv‡jv| Your
handwriting is better than my handwriting.
Pure Grammar: Your handwriting is better than mine.
Extra Lesson:
Avgiv hw` ej‡Z PvB,
‡Zvgvi nv‡Zi †jLv Avgvi nv‡Zi †jLvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk fv‡jv ev mz›`i|
†m¶‡Î ïaz far/way/ a lot †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
‡hgb :
Your handwriting is far/way/a lot better than my
handwriting.
GKB wbqg G main verb w`‡q wKQz sentence:
‡hgb:
‡m mevi †P‡q †Rv‡i K_v e‡j|
He speaks louder than everyone.
Avwg Zvi †P‡q `ªæZ wjL‡Z cvwi|
I can write faster than him.
228 | P a g e
KzBR:
mvwKe mevi †P‡q fv‡jv †L‡j| Avgvi
cwiw¯’wZ †Zvgvi †P‡q Lvivc wQj|
‡m Avgvi †P‡q A‡bK fv‡jv K‡iwQj|
‡m Avgvi †P‡q †ewk †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ|
DËi:
mvwKe mevi †P‡q fv‡jv †L‡j|
Sakib plays better than everyone.
Avgvi cwiw¯’wZ †Zvgvi †P‡q Lvivc wQj|
My situation was worse than yours.
‡m Avgvi †P‡q A‡bK fv‡jv K‡iwQj| He/she
did far better than me/I did.
‡m Avgvi †P‡q †ewk †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ|
He/she is more competent than me/I am.
200+ Essential Adjectives For Comparison
192 | P a g e
Positive Degree
Comparative
Degree
Superlative
Degree
angry
angrier
Angriest
able
Abler
Ablest
bad
Worse
Worst
bitter
bitterer
Bitterest
big
Bigger
Biggest
bland
blander
Blandest
230 | P a g e
black
blacker
Blackest
bloody
bloodier
Bloodiest
bold
Bolder
Boldest
blue
Bluer
Bluest
bossy
bossier
Bossiest
brief
briefer
Briefest
brave
Braver
Bravest
bright
brighter
Brightest
busy
Busier
Busiest
231 | P a g e
beautiful
more beautiful
most beautiful
broad
broader
broadest
calm
calmer
calmest
chewy
chewier
chewiest
cheap
cheaper
cheapest
chubby
chubbier
chubbiest
clean
cleaner
cleanest
232 | P a g e
classy
classier
classiest
clear
Clear
clearest
close
Closer
closest
cloudy
cloudier
cloudiest
clever
cleverer
cleverest
clumsy
clumsier
clumsiest
cold
Colder
coldest
coarse
coarser
coarsest
233 | P a g e
crazy
crazier
craziest
cool
Cooler
coolest
creamy
creamier
creamiest
crispy
crispier
crispiest
creepy
creepier
creepiest
cruel
crueler
cruelest
curly
Curly
Curliest
234 | P a g e
crunchy
crunchier
Crunchiest
cute
Cuter
Cutest
curvy
curvier
Curviest
damp
damper
Dampest
deadly
deadlier
Deadliest
dark
darker
Darkest
deep
deeper
Deepest
dirty
dirtier
Dirtiest
235 | P a g e
dry
drier
Driest
dense
denser
Densest
dull
duller
Dullest
dusty
dustier
Dustiest
dumb
dumber
Dumbest
easy
easier
Easiest
early
earlier
Earliest
236 | P a g e
faint
fainter
Faintest
fancy
fancier
Fanciest
fair
fairer
Fairest
far
further/farther
furthest/farthest
fat
fatter
Fattest
fast
faster
Fastest
few
fewer
fewest
filthy
filthier
filthiest
237 | P a g e
fine
finer
finest
fierce
fiercer
fiercest
flaky
flakier
flakiest
firm
firmer
firmest
fresh
fresher
freshest
flat
flatter
flattest
friendly
friendlier
friendliest
funny
funnier
funniest
238 | P a g e
fit
fitter
fittest
full
fuller
fullest
good
better
best
gentle
gentler
gentlest
grand
grander
grandest
gloomy
gloomier
gloomiest
greasy
greasier
greasiest
239 | P a g e
grave
graver
gravest
greedy
greedier
greediest
great
greater
greatest
guilty
guiltier
guiltiest
gross
grosser
grossest
happy
happier
happiest
hairy
hairier
hairiest
hard
harder
hardest
240 | P a g e
handy
handier
handiest
healthy
healthier
healthiest
harsh
harsher
harshest
heavy
heavier
heaviest
hip
hipper
hippest
hungry
hungrier
hungriest
high
higher
highest
humble
humbler
humblest
241 | P a g e
hot
hotter
hottest
handsome
more
handsome
most handsome
itchy
itchier
itchiest
icy
icier
iciest
juicy
juicier
juiciest
kind
kinder
kindest
lazy
lazier
laziest
242 | P a g e
large
larger
largest
likely
likelier
likeliest
late
later
latest
light
lighter
lightest
lively
livelier
liveliest
long
longer
longest
little (amount)
less
least
little (size)
littler
littlest
243 | P a g e
lovely
lovelier
loveliest
lonely
lonlier
loneliest
low
lower
lowest
loud
louder
loudest
many
more
most
mean
meaner
meanest
mad
madder
maddest
messy
messier
messiest
244 | P a g e
moist
moister
moistest
mild
milder
mildest
naughty
naughtier
naughtiest
narrow
narrower
narrowest
near
nearer
nearest
nasty
nastier
nastiest
new
newer
newest
245 | P a g e
neat
neater
neatest
nice
nicer
nicest
noisy
noisier
noisiest
needy
needier
neediest
oily
oilier
oiliest
odd
odder
oddest
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
popular
more popular
most popular
246 | P a g e
polite
politer
politest
plain
plainer
plainest
poor
poorer
poorest
proud
prouder
proudest
pure
purer
purest
pretty
prettier
prettiest
quiet
quieter
quietest
quick
quicker
quickest
247 | P a g e
raw
rawer
rawest
rare
rarer
rarest
ripe
riper
ripest
rich
richer
richest
rough
rougher
roughest
roomy
roomier
roomiest
risky
riskier
riskiest
rusty
rustier
rustiest
248 | P a g e
rude
ruder
rudest
renowned
more
renowned
most renowned
safe
safer
safest
sad
sadder
saddest
sane
saner
sanest
salty
saltier
saltiest
shallow
shallower
shallowest
249 | P a g e
scary
scarier
scariest
sharp
sharper
sharpest
short
shorter
shortest
shiny
shinier
shiniest
silly
sillier
silliest
shy
shyer
shyest
sincere
sincerer
sincerest
250 | P a g e
simple
simpler
simplest
sleepy
sleepier
sleepiest
skinny
skinnier
skinniest
slow
slower
slowest
slim
slimmer
slimmest
small
smaller
smallest
smart
smarter
smartest
smelly
smellier
smelliest
251 | P a g e
smooth
smoother
smoothest
smoky
smokier
smokiest
soon
sooner
soonest
soft
softer
softest
sorry
sorrier
sorriest
sore
sorer
sorest
sour
sourer
sourest
252 | P a g e
steep
steeper
steepest
spicy
spicier
spiciest
stingy
stingier
stingiest
strict
stricter
strictest
strange
stranger
strangest
sunny
sunnier
sunniest
strong
stronger
strongest
sweet
sweeter
sweetest
253 | P a g e
sweaty
sweatier
sweatiest
tall
taller
tallest
tasty
tastier
tastiest
thick
thicker
thickest
tan
tanner
tannest
thin
thinner
thinnest
tiny
tinier
tiniest
254 | P a g e
thirsty
thirstier
thirstiest
true
truer
truest
tough
tougher
toughest
ugly
uglier
ugliest
wealthy
wealthier
wealthiest
warm
warmer
warmest
weird
weirder
weirdest
weak
weaker
weakest
255 | P a g e
wet
wetter
wettest
wild
wilder
wildest
wide
wider
widest
worldly
worldlier
worldliest
wise
wiser
wisest
worthy
worthier
worthiest
windy
windier
windiest
young
younger
youngest
256 | P a g e
Episode-97 Use of have, get, help as causative verbs
Causative verb wn‡m‡e have, get Ges help Gi e¨envi
Have as Causative:
mve‡R± hLb wb‡R bv K‡i Ab¨ KvD‡K w`‡q wKQz Kivq ZLb have Gi e¨envi
Kiv nq| †hgb, Avgv‡`i wdÖR bó n‡q †M‡j Avgiv wb‡Riv †mwUi †givgZ KvR
Kwibv, A_ev Avgiv wb‡Riv Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i Pzj KvwUbv eis Avgiv UvKvi
wewbg‡q Ab¨ KvD‡K w`‡q KvRUv KivB- †m ai‡bi †¶‡ÎB Avgiv have
(causative verb) e¨envi K‡i _vwK|
Grammatical structure:
Subject +have + object + past participle of verb+ extension (in
case of present tense)
Subject +will have + object + past participle of verb+
extension
(In case of future tense)
Subject + had + object + past participle of verb+ extension
(In case of past tense)
Examples:
AvMvgx Kvj Avgiv Avgv‡`i evmv is Kiv‡ev|
We will have our house painted tomorrow.
257 | P a g e
ee Zvi `vuZ mv`v Kwi‡q‡Q|
Bob had his teeth whitened; his smile looks great!
AvMvgx Kvj Avwg Avgvi Pzj KvUv‡ev|
I will have my hair cut tomorrow.
Pzj KvUv‡bv, evwo is Kiv, `vuZ mv`v Kiv GB KvR ¸‡jv A‡b¨i Øviv Kiv‡bv
nq, wKš‘ †Rvi c‚e©K bq|
Get as Causative:
KvD‡K eywS‡q ev KbwfÝ Kwi‡q, ev DrmvwnZ K‡i ‡Kv‡bv KvR Kiv‡bvi ‡¶‡Î
Get e¨envi Kiv nq|
Grammatical structure:
(For present tense ): Sub+ Get + object + to + verb base
form (For Future tense): Sub+ Will get + object + to + verb
base form
(For past tense): Sub+ got + object + to + verb base form
Examples:
Avwg Zv‡K w`‡q KvRwU Kivq wb‡ev|
I will get him to do this work.
Avwg Zv‡K w`‡q Avgvi †nvgIqvK© Kwi‡q wb‡qwQ| I
got him to do my homework.
Help as causative: hLb Kv‡ivi mvnv‡h¨ ev mn‡hvwMZvq wKQz Kiv nq
†m‡¶‡Î HELP Gi e¨envi Kiv nq|
Grammatical structure:
258 | P a g e
(For Present tense): Sub + Help + object + verb (base form)
(For Past tense): Sub + Helped + object + verb (base form)
Examples:
‡m Avgv‡K ev· ¸‡jv K¨vwi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡iwQ‡jv| He
helped me carry the boxes.
He helped me to carry the boxes.
Note: Help Gi ci To e¨envi Ki‡jI mwVK bv Ki‡jI mwVK
‡m Avgv‡K KvRwU †kl Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|
He will help me to finish the work.
He will help me finish the work.
KzBR:
Avwg Avgvi Mvwo wVK Kwi‡qwQ|
Avwg AvMvgx Kvj Avgvi evmv cwi®‹vi Kwi‡q †b‡ev|
Avwg Avgvi eÜz‡K w`‡q iPbvwU wjLv‡Z cvwiwb| dvwZgv Avgv‡K
Avgvi Avjgvwi cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡iwQ‡jv|
DËi:
Avwg Avgvi Mvwo wVK Kwi‡qwQ| I
had my car repaired.
Avwg AvMvgx Kvj Avgvi evmv cwi®‹vi Kwi‡q †b‡ev|
I will have my house cleaned tomorrow.
Avwg Avgvi eÜz‡K w`‡q iPbvwU wjLv‡Z cvwiwb| I could
not get my friend to write the essay.
259 | P a g e
dvwZgv Avgv‡K Avgvi Avjgvwi cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡iwQ‡jv|
Fatima helped me to clean my closet.
Episode-98 Comparison (part 2)
Use of more and less in comparison
One example:
Rb, †Rwii †P‡q Kg UvKv DcvR©b K‡i Jon
makes less money than jerry.
Structure:
Sub + verb + more/less + Noun (hw` _v‡K) + than + hvi m‡½ Zyjbv
Kiv n‡”Q
More examples:
iex›`Öbv_VvKzi bRiæ‡ji †P‡q †ewk Mvb wj‡L‡Qb|
Rabindra Nath Tagore composed more songs than Nazrul.
Avwg Avgvi mnKg©x‡`i †P‡q †ewk KvR KiZvg|
I used to work more than my coworkers.
Gwkqvi ¯^v¶iZvi nvi BD‡iv‡ci †P‡q A‡bK Kg Literacy
rate in Asia is far less than Europe.
Note: A‡bK ‡ewk/A‡bK Kg _vK‡j more /less Gi c~‡e© far kãwU ‡hvM
Ki‡Z n‡e|
Comparison with as.. as (Similar Comparison)
260 | P a g e
‡m Avgvi g‡Zv †gvUv She
is as fat as I am.
Sentence Structure:
Sub + Verb + as…… (adjective)………as + other sub + verb
bv †evaK n‡j:
She is not as fat as I am.
More Example:
‡m wkqv‡ji g‡Zv PvjvK| He
is as clever as a fox.
‡m wkqv‡ji g‡Zv PvjvK bq| He
is not as clever as a fox.
mvjgvb Lvb kvniæL Lv‡bi g‡Zv cczjvi|
Salman khan is as popular as shah Rukh khan.
mvjgvb Lvb kvniæL Lv‡bi g‡Zv cczjvi bq|
Salman khan is not as popular as shah Rukh khan.
Big Sentences.
Avgvi evev Avgvi covïbvq Avgvi Ab¨vb¨ fvB‡evb‡`i †P‡q †ewk A_© LiP
K‡iwQj|
My father spent more money in my education than my other
siblings.
KvZvi GqvijvBÝ Gi mvwf©m Gwg‡iUm Gi mvwf©m Gi †P‡q †ewk m‡šÍvlRbK|
The service of Qatar airlines is more pleasant than that of
Emirates.
261 | P a g e
wjweqvi Avj AvwRwRqv‡Z MÖx‡®§ AvenvIqv I‡f‡bi g‡Zv Mig|
Weather at Al-Aziziya in Libya in summer is as hot as an
oven.
KzBR:
Avwg Avgvi fvB‡qi †P‡q Kg UvKv LiP Kwi| ‡evwqs
Gqviev‡mi †P‡q †ewk R¡vjvwb †cvovq|
m¨vgmvO Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi †P‡q †ewk †dvb wewµ K‡i| UÖv¤ú
Ievgvi g‡Zv ezw×gvb bq|
DËi:
Avwg Avgvi fvB‡qi †P‡q Kg UvKv LiP Kwi| I
spend less money than my brother.
†evwqs Gqviev‡mi †P‡q †ewk R¡vjvwb †cvovq|
Boeing burns more fuel than Airbus.
m¨vgmvO Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi †P‡q †ewk †dvb wewµ K‡i|
Samsung sells more phone than any other company.
UÖv¤ú Ievgvi g‡Zv ezw×gvb bq|
Trump is not as intelligent as Obama.
Episode-99 (10 phrasal verbs)
`kwU common phrasal verb. Verb Gi mv‡_ KL‡bv preposition,
KL‡bv adverb Avevi KL‡bv adverb Ges preposition `zBwU hz³ n‡q
GKwU phrasal verb Gi MVb nq|
262 | P a g e
1. wake up
A_©
‡R‡M IVv/ Nzg †_‡K IVv
Example:
cÖwZw`b Avwg mKvj mvZUvq Nzg †_‡K DwV| Every
day I wake up at 7:00am
‡m †`ix‡Z Nzg †_‡K D‡V| He
wakes up late.
2. sleep in
‡ekx mgq Nzgv‡bv †evSv‡Z e¨eüZ nq| Example:
mvavibZ Avwg mKvj 8Uvq DwV wKš‘ ïµevi Avwg 10Uv ch©šÍ NzgvB|
Every day I wake up at 8 a.m., but in Friday, I sleep in till
10a.m.
MZKvj Aí wKQz †L‡jvqvo Dcw¯’r wQ‡jv, Kvib †ekxi fvM †L‡jvqvoivB
Nzgvw”Q‡jv|
Yesterday, few players turned up because the most slept in.
3. perk up
‡Kv‡bv wRwbm hLb gb fv‡jv K‡i †`q ev gzW fv‡jv K‡i †`q Ggb †evSv‡Z
to perk up e¨envi nq|
Example:
mKv‡ji Pv Avgvi gb fv‡jv K‡i †`q|
One cup of morning tea perks me up.
mzmsev`wU mevi gzW& fv‡jv K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jv|
263 | P a g e
The good news perked everyone up.
4.Work out
A_©: e¨vqvg Kiv| Work out wfbœ wKQz A‡_©I e¨eüZ nq Z‡e Avgiv GLv‡b
e¨vqvg Kiv A‡_© e¨envi Ki‡ev| Example:
Avwg wcÖwZw`b mKv‡j 10 wgwbU e¨vqvg Kwi|
Every morning I work out for 10 minutes.
‡m mvavibZ Kv‡Ri ci e¨vqvg K‡i| He
usually works out after work.
5. Take off
A_©: Lz‡j †djv Ges plane †Q‡o †`qv A‡_© e¨eüZ nq
Example:
‡cøBbwU wZb N›Uv †`ix‡Z †Q‡owQ‡jv| The
plane took off three hours late.
‡Zvgvi R¨v‡KUUv Lz‡j †djv DwPr You
should take off your jacket.
6. freshen up
A_©: m‡ZR nIqv
Example:
‡gngvbiv Avmvi Av‡M Zzwg wK GKUz m‡ZR (‡dÖk) n‡q wb‡Z PvI?
Would you like to freshen up before the guests come?
cÖ_‡g Avgv‡K GKUz †dÖk n‡q wb‡Z `vI| First
let me freshen up a bit.
264 | P a g e
7.head out
Head out GKwU informal phrasal verb hvi A_© n‡jv †ei nIqv,
hvIqv|,
Head out mvavibZ †Kv‡bv cwiKwíZ hvIqv †K †idvi K‡i _v‡K|
Example:
Avwg mvavibZ mKvj bqUvq †ei nB| I
normally head out at around 9a.m.
Avgiv Gqvi‡cvU© Gi D‡Ï‡k¨ †ei nw”Q| We
are heading out to the airport.
8. Come up with
‡KD hLb †Kvb AvBwWqv, cø¨vb A_ev cwiKíbvi K_v e‡j ev wb‡q Av‡m,
Gai‡bi †¶‡Î come up with e¨envi Kiv nq| Example:
Avwg e…× †jvKwU‡K mvnvR¨ Kievi GKwU cø¨vb wb‡q G‡mwQjvg| I
came up with a plan to help the old man.
‡m †Zvgvi bZzb †ewei Rb¨ GKwU bvg wVK K‡i †`‡e|
He will come up with a name for your newborn baby.
9.Lag behind:
Kv‡iv Zzjbvq wcwQ‡q cov, wcwQ‡q _vKv, Zzjbv g‚jK axi AMÖMwZ‡Z _vKv
BZ¨vw` †evSv‡Z lag behind e¨envi Kiv nq| Example:
GBeQi MZ eQ‡ii Zzjbvq wewµ wcwQ‡q hv‡”Q|
Sales are lagging behind this year in comparison with last
year.
K¬v‡mi Rb¨ co‡Z fz‡j †hIbv, Zvn‡j Zzwg wcwQ‡q co‡e| Don't
forget to do your readings for class, or you'll lag
behind.
265 | P a g e
10. Wrap up with
‡Kv‡bv wKQzi mvigg©, Dcmsnvi †`qvi †¶‡Î wrap up with e¨envi
Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
Wrap up Gi Av‡iKwU A_© n‡jv †Kv‡bv wKQz †cuPv‡bv ev †cuwP‡q †`qv, †mwU
Dcnvi KvMR w`‡q †cuwP‡q †`qv n‡Z cv‡i Avevi Mig Kvco Mv‡q †cuPv‡bv
n‡Z cv‡i|
Example:
Avgiv Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbv kxNÖB †kl n‡e| I
will wrap up today’s session soon.
Avgvi wKQz Dcnvi wrap Ki‡Z n‡e| I
have to wrap up some gifts.
Episode-100 Use of worth
Worth Gi e¨envi
wiwg Ges widv‡Zi ga¨Kvi GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb:
wiwg: widvZ `ªæZ †WwjfvwiwU cvevi Rb¨ Zzwg G·UÖv UvKv LiP bv Ki‡j cvi‡Z|
widvZ: Avwg GKw`‡bi g‡a¨ †WwjfvwiwU †c‡qwQ I G·UÖv UvKv †c KivUv A_©en
wQj| e¨envi I evsjv A_©:
GLv‡b worth Gi evsjv A_© `vuov‡”Q 'A_©en' A_ev ÔKv‡R †j‡M‡QÕ Ggb
266 | P a g e
†evSv‡Z Avgiv worth e¨envi Kwi|
Sentence Structure:
It is/ was+worth+verb+ing+extension
Av‡iv wKQz examples:
eBwU Lze GKUv Z_¨eûj bq| GUv cov A_©en n‡ebv|
The book is not very informative. It’s not worth reading.
wm‡jU LyeB my›`i GKwU kni I ‡mLv‡b wKQyw`b KvUv‡bv A_©c~Y© wQ‡jv|
Sylhet is such a beautiful city. It was worth spending few
days there.
PvB‡j Avgiv worth †K Gfv‡eI e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi:
I paid extra money for fast delivery, but it was worth it.
A_© `vov‡”Q, Avwg `ªæZ †Wwjfvwi Rb¨ G·UÖv UvKv †c K‡iwQjvg| wKš‘ GUv
A_©en n‡qwQ‡jv|
A_©vr A_©MZ †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡”Qbv ïaz structure MZ cwieZ©b n‡”Q|
worth Gi ci †Kv‡bv verb bv G‡b Avgiv it e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi|
Avevi Avgiv it w`‡q ïiæ bv K‡i mivmwi subject w`‡qI sentence ïiæ
Ki‡Z cvwi| ‡hgb:
gzwfwU †`Lv A_©en wQj|
The movie was worth seeing.
eBwU cov A_©en|
The book is worth reading.
Gevi worth Gi GKwU wfbœ iKg e¨envi | Sentence wU j¶¨ Kiæb:
wej‡MUm Gi m¤úwËi g‚j¨ 10 wewjqb Wjvi|
267 | P a g e
Bill Gates’property is worth 10 billion dollars.
A_©vr UvKvi cwigv‡b †Kv‡bv wKQzi g‚j¨ KZ †mUv †evSv‡ZI Avgiv worth
e¨envi Kwi|
Av‡iKwU example:
‡gvbvwjmvi QwewUi g‚j¨ wgwjqb Wjvi|
The painting of Monalisa is worth million dollars.
KzBR:
PvKwiwU †ek cwikÖ‡gi wKš‘ GUv A_©en|
RvqMvwU Nz‡i Avmvi Rb¨ A_©c‚Y©|
NwowU †Kbv A_©en wQ‡jvbv|
Avwg g‡b Kwi Zv‡K UvKv †`qvUv A_©en wQ‡jvbv|
Avgv‡`i evwowUi g‚j¨ GLb 50 j¶¨|
‡Póv KivUv A_©en wQ‡jv|
DËi:
PvKwiwU †ek cwikÖ‡gi wKš‘ GUv A_©en| The
job is laborious, but it is worth it.
RvqMvwU Nz‡i Avmvi Rb¨ A_©c‚Y©| The
place is worth visiting.
NwowU †Kbv A_©en wQ‡jvbv|
The watch was not worth buying.
Avwg g‡b Kwi Zv‡K UvKv †`qvUv A_©en wQ‡jvbv|
I think it was not worth giving him the money.
268 | P a g e
Avgv‡`i evwowUi g‚j¨ GLb 50 j¶¨| Our
house is worth 50 lakhs now.
‡Póv KivUv A_©en wQ‡jv| It
was worth trying.
Episode-101 Use of Whereas
Whereas Gi e¨envi
ïiæ‡Z Avgiv whereas Gi e¨envi wbq GKwU situation †`‡L †bB|
`zB †evb Anbv Ges Awb‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b:
Anbv: †Zvgvi mePvB‡Z cQ‡›`i is wK?
Awbb: Kv‡jv
Anbv: Zzwg Kv‡jv cQ›` K‡iv A_P Avwg mv`v cQ›` Kwi| You
like black whereas I like white.
hLb wecixZ ag©x †Kvb wKQzi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv nq, ZLb whereas e¨envi
Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
Whereas e¨envi Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU example:
‡m mr A_P Zvi fvB Amr|
He is honest whereas his brother is dishonest.
Avwg Lv‡Uv A_P Avgvi †evb j¤^v|
I am short whereas my sister is tall.
Rb ezw×gvb A_P R¨vK †evKv|
John is smart whereas Jack is dumb.
269 | P a g e
Avgvi cz‡iv cwievi gvsm Lvq A_P Avwg wbivwglvkx|
My whole family eats meat whereas I am vegetarian.
KzBR:
Avwg mvMi cQ›` Kwi A_P †m cvnvo cQ›` K‡i|
‡m kn‡i _v‡K A_P Zvi cwievi MÖv‡g _v‡K|
Zzwg Svj Lvevi ivbœv Ki‡Z e‡j‡Qv A_P Avwg wgwó Lvevi evwb‡qwQ| Zviv
eo‡jvK A_P Zv‡`i AvZ¥xqiv Mixe|
DËi:
Avwg mvMi cQ›` Kwi A_P †m cvnvo cQ›` K‡i I
like sea whereas he likes mountains.
‡m kn‡i _v‡K A_P Zvi cwievi MÖv‡g _v‡K|
He lives in the city whereas his family lives in the village.
Zzwg Svj Lvevi ivbœv Ki‡Z e‡j‡Qv A_P Avwg wgwó Lvevi evwb‡qwQ|
You asked me to cook spicy food whereas I made desserts.
Zviv eo‡jvK A_P Zv‡`i AvZ¥xqiv Mixe|
They are rich whereas their relatives are poor.
Episode-102 Use of articles
Article Gi e¨envi
ïiæ‡Z GKwU situation †`‡L †bB| evezB Ges PozB cvLxi ga¨Kvi
Gi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b: evezB: †Zvgv‡K Kvj‡K Avwg
Av‡cj Mv‡Q e‡m Av‡cj †L‡Z †`‡LwQ |
PozB: wVKB e‡j‡Qv| Avwg MZKvj GKwU Av‡cj †L‡qwQ|
270 | P a g e
Av‡cjwU imv‡jv Ges mz¯^v`z wQj|
I ate an apple yesterday. The apple was juicy and delicious.
j¶¨ Kiæb 1st sentence wU‡Z Av‡cj Gi Av‡M an e‡m‡Q, †h‡nZz GLv‡b
†h‡Kvb GKwU Av‡c‡ji K_v ejv n‡q‡Q †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó Av‡cj|
†hgb: I ate an(GKwU) apple yesterday. Avevi 2nd sentence wU‡Z
wbw`©ó K‡i †mB Av‡cjUvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q †hBwU imv‡jv Ges gRvi: The
apple (Av‡c‡jwU) was juicy and delicious.
Indefinite article ÔaÕ A_ev ÔanÕ GKwU singular number noun, hvi
wbw`©ó cwiPq Avgv‡`i Rvbv †bB, Zvi Av‡M e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| Consonant
w`‡q ïiæ nq Ggb noun Gi Av‡M a Ges vowel w`‡q ïiæ nq Ggb Gi Av‡M
an em‡e|
Avgiv Rvwb †h `zB ai‡bi article _v‡K| Indefinite Ges definite. a Ges
an n‡”Q indefinite article. Vowel Gi Av‡M an Ges consonant Gi
Av‡M a e‡m:
(a boy, an apple), the n‡jv definite article.
Definite Ges indefinite noun ¸wji e¨env‡ii e¨vL¨v †`q Ggb wZbwU
wbw`©ó rule bx‡P †`Iqv nj|
Rule #1 – ‡Kvb Group A_ev K¨vUvMwi, †Kvb †g¤^vi †K †evSv‡Z a/ an
Gi e¨envi nq| a/ an Gi
plural n‡e some.
I think an animal is in the garage.
We are looking for an apartment.
I own a cat
I am looking for some shirts.
271 | P a g e
Rule #2 - hLb cwiwPwZ Rvbv _v‡K ZLb noun Gi mv‡_, †mwU singular
ev plural hvB †nvK the e¨envi Kiv nq|
I ate an apple yesterday. The apple was juicy and delicious.
hLb †Kv‡bv wKQz ev welq A_ev Kv‡ivi cwiPq clarification Gi mv‡_
mzwbw`©ó K‡i †`qv nq ZLb the e¨envi Kiv nq|
The boy sitting next to me raised his hand.
Thank you for the advice you gave me.
hLb †Kvb BDwbK wKQz †K †gbkb Kiv nq ZLb the e¨envi nq| ‡hgb:
The theory of relativity.
superlatives, ordinal numbers, Ges †hme †`‡ki bvg plural _v‡K
A_ev †h¸‡jv‡Z republican A_ev kingdom D‡jøL _v‡K †mme †¶‡Î the
e¨envi nq:
This is the best movie I’ve seen in a while. (superlative)
This is the second time I’ve met him today. (Ordinal
number) The Czech Republic is one of my favorite countries
in Europe. (Country that includes the word “republic”)
Rule#3 - mg¯Í wRwbm ev mvaviY wRwbm †gbkb Kiv nq ZLb †Kv‡bv article
e¨envi nqbv|
‡hgb: He was asking for advice. (He was asking for advice in
general.)
I do not like coffee. (I do not like all coffee in general.)
KzBR:
272 | P a g e
Fill in the blank with the appropriate article, a, an, or the, or
leave the space blank if no article is needed.
1. I want ____ apple from that basket.
2. Eli likes to play ____ volleyball.
3. I bought ____ umbrella to go out in the rain.
4. Please give me ____ cake that is on the counter.
5. ____ apple a day keeps the doctor away.
6. Our neighbors have ____ cat
7. I don’t like ___ romantic comedies, I prefer ___
thrillers, but I like ___ one you suggested last week.
8. Moving to ___ United States was a big decision, but
not ___ best they took.
9. ___ employees don’t like it when their bonuses are
being
DËi:
cut.
1. I want __an__ apple from that basket.
2. Eli likes to play ____ volleyball.
3. I bought _an___ umbrella to go out in the rain.
4. Please give me _ the ___ cake that is on the counter.
5. __An_ apple a day keeps the doctor away.
6. Our neighbors have __a__ cat
7. I don’t like ___ romantic comedies, I prefer ___
thrillers, but I like _the__ one you suggested last
week.
8. Moving to _the__ United States was a big decision,
but not ___ best they took.
9. ___ employees don’t like it when their bonuses are
being cut.
273 | P a g e
Episode-103 Correct pronunciation
Mask, task BZ¨vw` kã ¸‡jvi mwVK D”Pvib|
widvZ Ges wiwgi g‡a¨ GKwU KvíwbK Kbfv‡m©kb:
widvZ: Zzwg †Kv_vq hv‡”Qv? wiwg: Avwg evB‡i
hvw”Q|
Zvn‡j †Zvgvi gv¯‹ cov DwPr|
Then you should wear a mask.
gv¯‹ Gi weÖwUk D”Pvib gv¯‹|
Av‡gwiKvb D”Pvib g¨v¯‹|
Avgiv fzj K‡i ewj maks, taks.
K Gi D”Pvib Av‡M Avm‡ebv, m Gi D”Pvib Av‡M Avm‡e| k㸇jv
hw` plural nq Zvn‡j D”Pvib n‡e|
KzBR:
gv¯‹m Uv¯‹m -masks, tasks.
wb‡Pi k㸇jv mwVK fv‡e D”Pvib Kiæb:
•
•
•
•
•
Task
Ask
Risk
Disc
Crisp
Plural
•
•
Tasks
Asks
274 | P a g e
•
•
•
Risks
Discs
Crisps
Episode-104
10 smart vocabularies
wKQz common k‡ãi cwie‡Z© Avgiv wb‡Pi †`qv kã ¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡Z
cvwi|
Charming(nice)-He is a charming person
Furious(angry)-My boss is furious.
Alternative(other)-Do you have any other alternative
solution.
Additional(more)-Can we get some additional support.
Portray(describe)-This portrays his personality.
Delightful(nice)-Today’s conversation was delightful.
Utilize(use)-You should utilize your skills.
Challenging(hard)-This project is challenging for me.
275 | P a g e
Lousy(bad)-His performance was lousy.
Substandard (bad in formal situation) -His performance was
substandard.
eÖv‡K‡U †`qv common kã ¸‡jv‡K Dc‡i †`qv kã ¸‡jvi mv‡_ replace
Ki‡Z n‡e:
His personality is (nice).
His plan is (bad).
My job is (hard).
You should properly (use) your time.
Your answer (described) the matter properly.
Episode- 105 Formal Email writing
Formal letter writing wKfv‡e dg©vj Gwc‡Kkb wjL‡Z nq
cvuPwU
†÷c:
1st: Salutation/ Greeting Af¨_©bv
2nd: Opening Sentence cÖ_‡gB †h evK¨wU wjL‡eb
3rd: Body of the email Gi †fZ‡ii Ask
4th: Closing Sentence ‡k‡li jvBb
5th Sign off wb‡Ri bvg (¯^v¶i bv)
276 | P a g e
Formal application/ letter Gi †¶‡Î fvlv memgq formal nIqv
evÄbxq|
1st: Salutation/ Greeting Af¨_©bv Pvi fv‡e Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i: •
Good Morning Mr./Ms. (last name)
•
•
•
Dear Mr./Ms.
Hello Ms. / Ms
Mr. last name/ Ms. last name A very good morning!
(hw` GKR‡bi cz‡iv bvg nq Aminul Islam Zvn‡j Zvi first bvg
Avwgbzj Ges last bvg Islam)
2nd: Opening Sentence (cÖ_‡gB †h evK¨wU wjL‡eb):
• Hope you are doing great.
• I hope this email finds you well.
• I hope your week is going well or I hope you had a
nice weekend.
• I hope you are having a great week.
3rd: Body of the email (‡fZ‡ii Ask):
•
I am writing in response to your job posting for the
teacher/manager/ receptionist position.
•
•
•
I am getting back to you about…
I am writing in connection with…. (email subject)
I am delighted to inform you that…. (hw` cwRwUf wKQz
Rvbvevi _v‡K)
•
I regret to inform you that… (hw` †b‡MwUf wKQz Rvbvevi
277 | P a g e
_v‡K) hw` Ggb nq hv‡K Avcwb B‡gBj Ki‡Qb Zvi mv‡_ Avcbvi
Av‡M K_v ev †`Lv n‡q‡Q, †m †¶‡Î Gfv‡e body ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡ib: It was
a pleasure speaking with you last time.
When applying for a job:
Dear Mr. Rahman,
I hope this note/mail finds you well. I am writing in response
to your job posting for the reception associated
position/teaching position….
After completing an interview:
Good Morning Mr./ Ms. Rahman,
Thank you again for taking the time to meet with me about
the Accounting Manager position today. I am following up
with the additional information you requested regarding my
portfolio.
g‡b ivL‡Z formal Email G cvV¨ wU †QvU †QvU paragraph G
fvM Kiv DwPr Ges acronym A_©vr †Kv‡bv k‡ãi msw¶ß iƒc
e¨envi Kiv DwPr bv|
Acronym examples: ASAP-As soon as possible
NRN-No reply necessary
4th: Closing Sentence (‡k‡li jvBb)
Look forward to hearing from you.
• Looking forward to a prompt response.
• Please advise, as necessary.
278 | P a g e
•
I would appreciate your prompt
attention/ response to this matter.
•
5th Signature wb‡Ri bvg (¯^v¶i bv)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Best Regards
Sincerely
Regards
Kind regards
Thank you
Warm wishes
With gratitude
Dc‡ii †h‡Kvb GKwU wj‡L wb‡Ri cz‡iv bvg Ges designation w`‡Z n‡e|