ABSTRACT
The Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(KP),through the Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development
Organization (PEDO), is moving forward with the
development of the Gabral-Kalam Hydropower
Project in the Swat District, with financial
supportfrom the World Bank.The primary objective
of this mini project is to estimate the power
generation capacity of the proposed hydropower
plant.
CE-330 FLUID MECHANICS-2
CEP : A CASE STUDY OF GABRAL-KALAM
HYDROPOWER PROJECT
NAME: HAFSA SYED , CLASS NO: 174, REG
NO: 22PWCIV5871
NAME: AYESHA MOHIB , CLASS NO: 176, REG
NO: 22PWCIV5856
NAME: NOMAN KHAN , CLASS NO: 156 , REG
NO: 22PWCIV5912
NAME AHMAD HUZAIFA , CLASS NO: 158 ,
REG NO: 22PWCIV5947
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UET PESHAWAR
SUBMITTED TO : DR. Alamgir Khalil
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: loaction map of GKHPP .................................................................................... 3
Figure 2: PROJECT LAYOUT PLAN ................................................................................... 4
Figure 3: HEADRACE LENGTH MEASURING FOR SCENARIO 1 IN GOOGLE EARTH PRO ...... 5
Figure 4: PROJECT LAYOUT ............................................................................................ 6
Figure 5: PROJECT LAYOUT FOR SCENARIO 2 .................................................................. 9
Figure 6 : HEADRACE LENGTH MEASURING BEFORE BEND FOR SCENARIO 2 IN GOOGLE
EARTH PRO................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 7: HEADRACE LENGTH MEASURING AT BEND FOR SCENARIO 2 IN GOOGLE EARTH
PRO ........................................................................................................................... 10
1
Power estimation of а hydropower project - А Case Study of
Gabral-Kalam Hydropower Project
PROJECT DEATAILS:
The Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (GoKP) through the Pakhtunkhwa
Energy Development Organization (PEDO) is planning to develop the Gabral Kalam Hydropower Project (GKHPP) under the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Hydropower and Renewable Energy Development Program (KPHREDP) (the
Project or GKH), with financial assistance from the World Bank (WB).
GKHPP site is located in the Swat district. Kalam is at a distance of about 100
km from Mingora and 41 km from Madyan. This run-of-the-river project will be
located on Gabral River, a tributary of Swat River, in between Kanai and Kalam
villages of Swat Kohistan where Gabral and Ushu Rivers converge to form
Swat River. The GKHPP will utilize the water resources of the Gabral River for
power generation. The project location is shown
2
Figure 1: loaction map of GKHPP
Scenario-1
Given data: Assume headwater level 2160 m asl. while the tail water level at
design discharge is 1998.50 m asl. The design discharge is (average of your
group registration numbers divided by 100) m/s. The power plant efficiency is
0.90. The diameter of the tunnel is 6 m. The diameter of the pressure shaft is 4
m. Assume reasonable values for missing data (f any). Consider all losses
(major and minor). [Note: Clearly mention the method and calculation steps
for measuring length of the headrace tunnel].
3
Figure 2: PROJECT LAYOUT PLAN
METHOD FOR CALCULATING HEADRACE LENGTH:
USING GOOGLE EARTH PRO:
To calculate the length between two points on a map in Google
Earth Pro, follow these steps:
* Open Google Earth Pro: Launch the application.
* Select the Ruler Tool: Click on the "Ruler" icon in the toolbar.
* Set Starting Point: Click on the map where you want to start
measuring.
* Set Ending Point: Click on the map where you want to end the
measurement.
4
* View Distance: The distance between the two points will be
displayed in the "Ruler" window.
* Change Units: If needed, you can change the units of
measurement from the drop-down menu in the "Ruler" window.
* Save Measurement: To save the measurement, click "Save" in the
"Ruler" window.
Figure 3: HEADRACE LENGTH MEASURING FOR SCENARIO 1 IN GOOGLE EARTH PRO
Step 1
Given:
5
o
o
Design discharge,Q = 58.96 m³/s
{[(5871+5856+5912+5947)/4]/100}
Headwater level = 2160 m asl
Figure 4: PROJECT LAYOUT
o
Tailwater level = 1998.50 m asl
o
Length of tunnel = 4713 m
o
Tunnel diameter = 6 m
o
Pressure shaft diameter = 4 m
o
Efficiency (η) = 0.90
o
Gravitational acceleration ,g = 9.81 m/s²
Power Formula:
P= η⋅ρ⋅g⋅Q⋅H
where:
o
P = power (W),
o
η = efficiency,
o
ρ = density of water (1000 kg/m3),
6
o
Q = discharge (m3/s),
o
H = net head (m).
Step 2: Calculate Gross Head (Hg)
Gross head is the difference between headwater and tailwater
levels:
Hg=2160−1998.50=161.5 mH_g = 2160 - 1998.50
=2160−1998.50=161.5m
Step 3: Calculate Head Loss (Hl)
Head loss includes:
Frictional losses in the tunnel: Using Darcy-Weisbach formula:
hf=f⋅L⋅v^2/2gD
where:
▪
f = Darcy friction factor (assume f=0.02),
▪
L = tunnel length = 4713 m,
▪
D = tunnel diameter = 6 m,
▪
v = velocity (v=QA).
Calculate v:
A=πD^2/4=π(6)^2/24=28.27 m^2
v=QA=58.96/28.27=2.085 m/s
Now calculate hf:
7
hf=0.02⋅47136⋅(2.085)^/6.2.9.81 =13.35m
Minor losses (due to bends, expansions, etc)
hm=Kv^2/2g
where:
•
K = minor loss coefficient =0.5
•
v = velocity in the tunnel =2.085 m/s
•
g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s^2)
Total head loss:
hL=hf+hm=13.35+1.335=14.685
Step 4: Calculate Net Head (H)
Net head is the gross head minus head losses:
H=Hg−hL=161.5−14.685=146.815m
Step 5: Calculate Power (P)
Now use the power formula:
P=0.90⋅1000⋅9.81⋅58.96⋅146.815=76.83MW
Final Answer:
The power generated is approximately 76.83 MW
8
Scenario 2
Estimate the power generation for the alternative oiva nrniect
project layout layout as as s shown in Figure 5. Assume reasonable
values for the data.
Figure 5: PROJECT LAYOUT FOR SCENARIO 2
METHOD FOR CALCULATING HEADRACE LENGTH:
As Mentioned before,
9
Figure 6 : HEADRACE LENGTH MEASURING BEFORE BEND FOR SCENARIO 2 IN GOOGLE EARTH PRO
Figure 7: HEADRACE LENGTH MEASURING AT BEND FOR SCENARIO 2 IN GOOGLE EARTH PRO
10
Step 1
Given:
Step 1: Gross Head (Hg)
The gross head is the difference between the headwater and
tailwater levels.
Hg=2160−1998.50=161.5 m
Step 2: Frictional Loss (hf)
Section 1: Length Before Bend (L1=6203 m)
Using the Darcy-Weisbach formula:
hf1=f⋅L1⋅v2/D2g
where:
•
f=0.02 (Darcy friction factor)
•
L1=6203m
•
D=6m
•
v=QA=2.085 m/s
Substitute values:
hf1=0.02⋅62036⋅(2.085)^2/6.2.9.81 =4.575m.
Section 2: Length After Bend (L2=1797m)
hf2=f⋅L2v^2/D2g
where:
•
L2=1797m
11
Substitute values:
hf2=0.02⋅17976⋅(2.085)^2/6.2.9.81 =1.326m.
Total Frictional Loss (hf)
hf=hf1+hf2=4.575+1.326=5.901m
Step 3: Bend Loss (Hbend)
For a 90° bend with K=0.5
Hbend=K⋅v^2/2g
where:
•
v=2.085 m/s
Substitute values:
Hbend=0.5⋅(2.085)^2/2.9.81 =0.1108m.
Step 4: Total Head Loss (hL)
hL=hf+Hbend
Substitute:
hL=5.901+0.1108=6.0118m
Step 5: Net Head (H)
The net head is the gross head minus the total head loss:
H=Hg−hL
Substitute:
12
H=161.5−6.0118=155.4882m.
Step 6: Power (P)
The power output is calculated using the formula:
P=η⋅ρ⋅g⋅Q⋅HP
where:
•
η=0.90,
•
ρ=1000 kg/m3
•
g=9.81
•
Q=58.96 m3/s
•
H=155.4882m
Substitute values:
P=0.90⋅1000⋅9.81⋅58.96⋅155.488= 80,811,890 W.
Convert to megawatts
P=80.81MW
Final Answer
The power output is 80.81 MW.
Comparison and Comment:
Scenario 1: Shorter tunnel (4713 m), higher head loss (13.461 m), lower
net head (148.039 m), power output = 76.83MW.
13
Scenario 2: Longer tunnel (8000 m with bend), lower head loss (6.0118
m), higher net head (155.4882 m), power output = 80.81 MW.
CONCLUSION:
Scenario 2 generates 3.98 MW (5.18%) more power due to significantly
reduced head losses, despite the longer tunnel and a bend. It is
hydraulically more efficient and better suited for maximizing power
generation, though it might involve higher construction costs.
14