Pterygoideus
Temporalis
Depressor mandibula
Dorsalis scapula
Cucullaris
Latissimus
dorsi
External obligue
Longissimus dorsi
Ilio-lumbaris
Coccygeo-sacralis
Coccygeo-iliacus
Rectus
femoris
anticus
Gluteus
Vastus externus
Triceps femoris
Pyriformis
Semimembranosus
Gracilis
minor
Biceps
femoris
Peroneus
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anticus
Tendon of Achilles
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
Dorsal view
Scapulo-humeralis
Pectoralis
Cutaneous
pectoralis
Linea alba
Inscriptiones
-
g
A
(Anterior pectoralis)
Pectoralis sternalis
Pectoralis abdominis
Nl
R
or deltoid
epxcoram:ifia
V/
(Posterior pectoralis)
Rectus abdominis
X
\w}
NL[;’//
‘ransversus
(Transversus
abdominis)
——Sartorius (cut)
Gracilis major (cut)
(Rectus internus major)
Gracilis minor
(Rectus internus minor)
I
y
m
Wl
Extensor cruris
Tibialis anticus
Flexor
tarsi
.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM,
Ventral view
(The left side has been dissected to show the deeper muscles)
§
anterior
Table 1.2 : Important muscles of toad
Name oF Muscre
OriGN
INSERTION
AcTion
1. Pterygoid
2. Temporal
Frontal region of skull. Mandible.
Tympanic bone of | Mandible.
skull.
Elevates mandible.
Flexes mandible.
3. Masseter
Zygomatic process of | Mandible.
of
bone
tympanic
skull.,
Elevates mandible.
4. Depressor mandibular
|Junction of neck and | Mandible.
skull.
Lowers mandible
open mouth.
to
Raises
to
5. Adductor mandi-
[Junction of neck
bular
6. Mandibular
skull,
Tympanum.
7. Trapezius
Otic region of skull.
8. Mylohyoid
Medial (upper)
face of mandible.
and | Mandible.
mandible
close mouth.
Mandible.
sur-
Lowers mandible to
open mouth.
| Anterior edge of sca- | Rotates
head
and
bends neck.
pula.
Middle line of man-
Raises floor of mouth
dible.
cavity.
9. Submental
Mandible.
Mandible.
Approximates
two
rami of lower jaw.
10. Hypoglossus
Hyoid.
Tongue.
Retracts tongue.
11. Geniohyoid
Midline of mandible.
Posterior
end
of Elevates
hyoid.
12. Petrohyoid
13. Omohyoid
14. Sternohyoid
Otic region.
and
Wall of hyoid as well
Elevates
as pharynx,
constricts pharynx.
Scapula.
Lateral
Dorsal
side
hyoid.
Hyoid.
num,
coracoid
of ster-
hyoid
lowers mandible.
and
margin
of Draws
hyoid
hyoid
and
back-
wards,
Draws shoulder forwards.
clavicle.
15. Genioglossus
Mandible.
16. External oblique
Dorsal
Tongue.
fascia
ilium.
17. Cutaneous abdominis
18. Coccygeoiliacus
Pubic symphysis.
Urostyle.
and
Protracts tongue.
Xiphisternum
and Supports and tenses
posterior border of abdomen. Depresses
scapula,
or retracts scapula.
Fascia of skin near Tensor of skin near
ilium,
back.
Tium,
Approximates
urostyle to ilium,
19. lliolumbar
20. Longissimus
dorsi
21, Latissimus dorsi
Urostyle.
Ventral face of dorsal
fascia.
22. Dorsalis scapulae Dorsal side of scapula
and suprascapula.
Urostyle.
23. Anal spincter
24. Rhomboideus
25. Levator scapulae
26. Serratus
Transverse processes Flexes and extends
vertebral column.
of middle vertebrae.
Back part of vertebrae Elevates head and
extends back.
and skull.
Elevates, retracts and
Humerus.
rotates humerus.
Rotates and elevates
Humerus.
humerus.
Constricts vent.
Around cloaca.
part Ventral part of suprasof skull and neural capula.
spine of third and
fourth vertebrae.
Exoccipital bone of Ventral part of suprascapula.
skull.
of
border
Transverse processes Middle
and
of third and fourth suprascapula
posterior margin of
vertebrae.
scapula.
Anteroposterior
Xiphisternum.
Protracts and
suprascapula.
rotates
Elevates and protracts
suprascapula.
Retracts suprascapula
and elevates scapula.
Tenses
abdominal
27. Internal oblique
Ilium and vertebrae.
28. Sternoradialis
Sternum.
Radio-ulna,
Draws arm forward.
29. Cutaneous pecto-
Xiphisternum.
Ventral skin.
Tenses skin.
Crest of humerus.
Flexes, adducts and
rotates the arm.
Depresses sternum.
wall.
ralis
30. Pectoralis
Coracoid and
border
of epicoracoid.
31. Rectus abdomi-
Pubic joint.
nis
32. Transversus
Tlium and vertebrae.
Dorsal
surface
Xiphisternum.
Linea alba.
of
Supports
abdominal
viscera.
33, Coracoideus
34. Supracoracoideus
35. Deltoideus
Posterior margin of
coracoid.
Ventral side of cora-
Humerus.
Retracts humerus.
Radius.
Flexes elbow.
Crest of humerus.
Protracts and retracts
humerus.
coid.
Coracoid, clavicle and
scapula.
36. Triceps brachii
Posterior
scapula
edge
and
of
Radio-ulna.
Adducts arm.
anterior
half of humerus.
37. Extensor digito-
rum communis
Lateral
surface
humerus.
38. Anconeus
Humerus.
39. Flexor antibrachii
Humerus.
40. Flexor digitorum
Humerus.
of
Iind,
IVth
and
Vth
Extends finger.
digits.
Ulna.
Radio-ulna.
Extends forearm.
Extends hand
and
flexes forearm.
Fascia of fingers.
Flexes hand and fingers.
41. Flexor carpi
ulnaris
42. lliacus internus
Humerus.
Pubic symphysis and
Femur.
43. Biceps femoris
Posterior part of ilium.
Wrist and ventral fin-
44. Triceps femoris
Ilium and acetabulum.
45. Gastrocnemius
Distal end of femur.
Proximal
end
tibiofibula.
Proximal
end
tibiofibula
Sole of foot.
46. Semimembrano-
sus
47. Pyriformis
Flexes hand and wrist.
gers.
Flexes
and
Extends
thigh
thigh.
of
rotates
and
flexes leg.
of Flexes thigh and
Dorsal surface of ischi-
Proximal end of tibio-
um,
fibula.
Tip of urostyle.
Femur (near head).
tends leg.
ex-
Extends ankle and
foot and flexes shank.
Flexes knee and ex-
tends thigh.
Draws urostyle down
and femur dorsally.
48. Adductor mag-
nus
49. Niacus externus
Ischium and pubis.
Ilium
surface).
50. Peroneus
(outer
dorsal
Distal end of femur.
Femur.
Adducts leg and thigh.
Femur (posterior end
Rotates thigh.
of head).
Tibiofibula and calca-
51. Semitendinosus
Ischium.
Tibiofibula.
Extends foot and draw
shank against thigh.
Flexes knee joint.
52. Obturator inter-
Acetabulum.
Femur (dorsal surface)
Rotates femur.
53. Pectineus
TNlium and pubis.
Femur.
54. Adductor brevis
Pubis and ischium.
Femur (distal end).
Adducts and flexes
thigh.
Flexes and adducts
neum.
nus
thigh.
Dium.
Femur.
Adducts thigh.
. Extensor cruris
Pubic joints and ilium.
Femur.
Tibiofibula,
Tibiofibula.
. Tibialis anticus
Femur.
Astragalus and calca-
Tibiofibula.
neium.
Astragalus.
Flexes thigh at hip.
Protracts femur and
extends leg.
Flexes
tarsus
and
extends foot.
Flexes foot.
. Gracialis major
Ischium.
Tibiofibula.
61. Gracialis minor
Ischium.
Tibiofibula.
62. Tibialis posticus
Tibiofibula.
Astragalus.
5. Adductor longus
. Sartorius
longus
Tibialis anticus
brevis
Flexes
knee
extends thigh.
Flexes
knee
extends thigh.
Extends foot.
and
and