[Kristin Plys] 15:30:49
And unlike Baldwin's maybe rosier picture. Um, Hofeng is a little bit less optimistic about the way that.
[Kristin Plys] 15:30:59
Um, this affected global labor markets. So certainly he acknowledges, just like Baldwin has told us last week.
[Kristin Plys] 15:31:05
That a lot of this disadvantaged Global North workers who now are competing with lower-wage workers in the Global South.
[Kristin Plys] 15:31:12
Um, but on the U.S. Side of this, too, which I think Baldwin was more focused on.
[Kristin Plys] 15:31:19
The impact that this had for corporations and for, um, countries in the Global South that were receiving.
[Kristin Plys] 15:31:27
Um, offshoring. The U.S. Markets also opened up more at this time.
[Kristin Plys] 15:31:32
Um, and part of it, like Hofeng says, is really important that we didn't focus on last week.
[Kristin Plys] 15:31:39
Is in more openness of the U.S. To foreign investment. So, in addition to moving manufacturing.
[Kristin Plys] 15:31:45
To the Global South, there was also this opening up of U.S. Borders in order to suck up finance capital.
[Kristin Plys] 15:31:53
Um, and a lot of this was invested in Wall Street. We've seen the consequences of this in 2008 with the financial collapse then.
[Kristin Plys] 15:32:00
Um, but essentially, the U.S. Got rid of its manufacturing in order to become.
[Kristin Plys] 15:32:07
The main source of investment of capital across the globe. So, because of these processes, we see, again, offshoring in global supply chains, like we discussed in detail last week.
[Kristin Plys] 15:32:18
But then, we also see a change in U.S. Monetary policy, where the U.S. Racks up a huge trade deficit.
[Kristin Plys] 15:32:26
Um, while other countries are gaining a trade surplus. Um, and so this might be counterintuitive for some of you, but this is, again, how the U.S. Was able to suck in.
[Kristin Plys] 15:32:38
Um, lots and lots of investment capital for itself. Um, and the way that it did this is not only by becoming the main place through Wall Street where people want to, um, invest and…
[Kristin Plys] 15:32:52
Um, you know, buy stock, buy mutual funds. Um, and other kinds of financial products.
[Kristin Plys] 15:32:57
But also setting up that the U.S. Would become this consumer of last resort.
[Kristin Plys] 15:33:03
Um, and so… and it… what the U.S. Did in order to make itself more attractive globally in this moment where it was losing manufacturing.
[Kristin Plys] 15:33:12
Is to, uh, make it so that if, um, other states and their corporations.
[Kristin Plys] 15:33:20
Wanted access to the U.S. Consumer market, which, again, is a huge… it's a huge country, very high population, and has a great deal of wealth.
[Kristin Plys] 15:33:28
Um, there had to be this free market incentive. Um, and the U.S. Economy since the 1980s has been set up to favor consumption over investments in export, and part of the reason why we have this idea of, like, Americans just, like, buying all this stuff.
[Kristin Plys] 15:33:45
Um, and part of it is. Their wages are low, and that, like, having lots and lots of cheap stuff is also a way that.
[Kristin Plys] 15:33:53
Low wages can go a little bit further. Um, and we also see low taxes on goods and services that come into being at this time as a way to encourage the average American to spend and consume, instead of having savings and investment, because if they're just keeping… if sort of you're, like, an average.
[Kristin Plys] 15:34:13
You know, middle-class person, um, and at the end of the month, like, your… whatever's left over in your paycheck.
[Kristin Plys] 15:34:20
You put in, let's say, an IRA, or you buy a mutual fund.
[Kristin Plys] 15:34:25
Um, and that's just sitting in a bank somewhere, um, it's not being pumped back into the economy, so at this point, again, with.
[Kristin Plys] 15:34:33
The… in addition to offshoring, there was this logic that if we could induce Americans.
[Kristin Plys] 15:34:39
To consume more. More money would be pumped into the economy instead of just sitting around either, like, in people's mattresses or in savings accounts.
[Kristin Plys] 15:34:49
Um, where it wasn't really gonna be productive. So, with these moves, um, the US dollar continued, and again, we'll deal with this later when we talk about… we're going to talk in detail about monetary policy, which is frankly one of my favorite weeks, because I'm a nerd like that, but it's also, I think, really illuminating to how the world economy functions.
[Kristin Plys] 15:35:10
But the US dollar then becomes this global reserve currency in order to buttress, um, this trade deficit.
[Kristin Plys] 15:35:18
Um, and so again, um. The U.S. Is taking on a lot of risk.
[Kristin Plys] 15:35:24
Um, by encouraging both, like, the average American, but also the government and Wall Street in two, to kind of spend beyond their means.
[Kristin Plys] 15:35:34
But doing so, so that the U.S. Currency can kind of become this global standard that every.
[Kristin Plys] 15:35:41
Um, you know, country's reserve bank needs to keep in stock in order to be competitive within the market, and then also, um, you know, support this trade deficit that's growing since the 80s.
[Kristin Plys] 15:35:54
Um, and this was also, of course, backed by the U.S. Military.
[Kristin Plys] 15:35:59
Um, and global security that that provided also helped buttress. The U.S. Economy and ensure a continued strong foreign exchange rate.
[Kristin Plys] 15:36:12
Um, so this is sort of how the U.S. Responded to this changing world since the 1980s.
[Kristin Plys] 15:36:18
Um, but what do we make… how do we make sense of what the former Soviet bloc did and the Global South? Um, because that's the other end of it, with, again, in 1989, the Soviet Union collapses.
[Kristin Plys] 15:36:32
Um, and it's fragmented through… now we have sort of, like, Eastern European countries, which.
[Kristin Plys] 15:36:38
Became independent from the Soviet Union, and then majority of. Um, Russia was just still somewhat intact today. Um…
[Kristin Plys] 15:36:47
So, we see other countries, especially poorer ones, didn't really want to participate in this moment of U.S.-led liberalization.
[Kristin Plys] 15:36:56
Um, but because of a lot of these policies, both domestic and foreign, that the U.S. Put in place in the 80s.
[Kristin Plys] 15:37:03
The dollar's interest rate soared to 20%. And so, just to put that in plain terms, that means if you, um, put, for example, like, $100 in mutual fund, like, in a government bond, let's say.
[Kristin Plys] 15:37:18
Um, that means, like, within… within a year, you're… that's gonna be $120.
[Kristin Plys] 15:37:24
Um, so that kind of interest is… unheard of, for those of you who maybe have savings accounts.
[Kristin Plys] 15:37:30
Or even mutual funds or other things. Very few investments have 20% return on investment.
[Kristin Plys] 15:37:37
Um, and so this led to, you know, you kind of been crazy not to do it.
[Kristin Plys] 15:37:42
And a lot of countries, um, began to invest in the US, but then countries who had already borrowed, particularly during the 70s when the global economy was in such dire crisis.
[Kristin Plys] 15:37:53
A lot of the countries who had barred on the U.S. Needed to pay, then, an additional 20% interest, which.
[Kristin Plys] 15:38:00
Is, like, an insane amount of interest. Anyone, again, who's ever taken out a loan, that's a really, really high interest rate.
[Kristin Plys] 15:38:07
Had to then pay back their loan, plus. 20%. So many Global South countries throughout the 80s then began to default on their loans to the US.
[Kristin Plys] 15:38:19
Um, and during this default process, so many countries then look to the IMF and the World Bank.
[Kristin Plys] 15:38:25
To borrow, um, in order to pay back the United States for these loans.
[Kristin Plys] 15:38:30
Which… and the, you know, the IMF and the World Bank, which are headquartered.
[Kristin Plys] 15:38:35
Um, in DC. Made liberalization, so opening up your markets to the vagrities of the global market, a condition of a lot of these new loans.
[Kristin Plys] 15:38:47
So it also forced a lot of Global South countries and part of the former Soviet bloc, whether they wanted to or not.
[Kristin Plys] 15:38:55
Um, to open up their borders. To foreign investment and to offshoring.
[Kristin Plys] 15:39:03
So now, we kind of have a picture of the U.S. Side of things, and the U.S. Pressure.
[Kristin Plys] 15:39:09
That was exerted on Eastern Europe and the Global South. But how, then, does China relate to this… these U.S. Policies and the way that U.S.
[Kristin Plys] 15:39:20
Refashioned, um, it's… international economic policy starting in the 1980s.
[Kristin Plys] 15:39:27
Um, so, up until this point, China was relatively insulated. From a lot of the pressure that the U.S. Was able to exert on other countries.
[Kristin Plys] 15:39:37
Um, and it was one of the few countries within the Global South in the 1980s.
[Kristin Plys] 15:39:41
That was able to enter the global market on its own terms. Um, and it did not sign up for an IMF or World Bank loan.
[Kristin Plys] 15:39:49
Um, and it was able to control the pace. And the speed at which it opened up its borders to foreign investment, and how foreign companies were able to operate within China when liberalization of the Chinese economy began.
[Kristin Plys] 15:40:07
So part of China's market reforms was also built on the development of township village enterprises.
[Kristin Plys] 15:40:15
Um, which had a cooperative ethos to them. And essentially levied rural labor, um, to manufacture domestic goods for internal consumption within the domestic economy.
[Kristin Plys] 15:40:28
Um, this was buttressed by Capital from Hong Kong, which facilitated export-oriented manufacturing, which initially started in southern cities within China.
[Kristin Plys] 15:40:38
Um, but by the mid-1990s, there was an economic downturn that affected most of East Asia.
[Kristin Plys] 15:40:46
Um, which led to an disadvantagement from Township Village Enterprises. And also, devaluation of Chinese currency.
[Kristin Plys] 15:40:56
So, with this devalued currency, um, this provided an opportunity for China. So.
[Kristin Plys] 15:41:03
As the US is opening up its markets and encouraging whomever wants to sell to their big consumer markets.
[Kristin Plys] 15:41:12
With their devalued currency, Chinese manufactured products became cheap globally. Um, and then new agreements to… with the USA.
[Kristin Plys] 15:41:22
Particularly in the 1990s, during the Clinton administration, allowed China. Some priority access to U.S. Markets through various free trade agreements.
[Kristin Plys] 15:41:33
And so, what started out as this, um… you know, again, financial crisis in East Asia in the mid-1990s ended up proving advantageous the way China leveraged it in order to gain preferential access to U.S. Consumer markets.
[Kristin Plys] 15:41:51
Um, but there was some pushback, um, and China's most favored nation status, that's what officially the agreement was giving China a most favored nation status.
[Kristin Plys] 15:42:02
In order to trade. Um, and sell goods within the U.S. Consumer market without tariffs or any other kind of barriers.
[Kristin Plys] 15:42:11
This was challenged by organized labor, who, again, from last week, we know was kind of one of the most disadvantaged groups within the U.S. Economy after the 1980s.
[Kristin Plys] 15:42:21
Um, but then also there were some human rights challenges, so particularly in the 1990s.
[Kristin Plys] 15:42:27
You can see an increasing growth of, um, Tibet nationalist movements.
[Kristin Plys] 15:42:32
Questions around religious freedom, and then issues around political prisoners. So these were… Um, became popular within the US and beyond as, um.
[Kristin Plys] 15:42:42
Which led some people to put pressure on the U.S. Government and other entities to rethink the favored status that was given to China within U.S. Markets.
[Kristin Plys] 15:42:55
Um, but one of the main actors that really wanted this to proceed.
[Kristin Plys] 15:43:00
Um, was Wall Street. And many corporations benefited. From the liberalization of U.S. And China trade. Um, and particularly those, as we're not surprised from last week in our offshoring game.
[Kristin Plys] 15:43:14
Those who offshored their production processes to China, in particular lobbied for low tariffs, or no tariffs, because.
[Kristin Plys] 15:43:22
Um, then there would be really no downside to moving production overseas.
[Kristin Plys] 15:43:29
Robert Rubin, in particular, who is co-chair of Goldman Sachs in the 1990s.
[Kristin Plys] 15:43:34
Urged Bill Clinton to further the trade relationship between the U.S. And China.
[Kristin Plys] 15:43:38
Um, because increased corporate profits were great for Wall Street, stock prices were going up, investments were pouring in.
[Kristin Plys] 15:43:46
Um, and so we see in this moment in the 1990s, organized labor was against.
[Kristin Plys] 15:43:53
Um, these policies. But corp… the corporate sector and Wall Street really won out because they were able to make the case that, um.
[Kristin Plys] 15:44:03
If Wall Street was booming, it would be mutually beneficial for… across the board.
[Kristin Plys] 15:44:08
So, um, so that's what happened. Um, there was also, interestingly, support from the Chinese embassy.
[Kristin Plys] 15:44:15
And we see, particularly again in the 1990s. U.s. Corporations and Wall Street seeking a support of Chinese embassy in Washington, D.C.
[Kristin Plys] 15:44:25
Um, to lobby U.S. Congress in order to maintain these free trade agreements and low tariffs.
[Kristin Plys] 15:44:31
Um, it was, of course, as we just… discussed already in the interest of these corporations to lobby for this, because they've offshored production to China, they saw increased profits as a result.
[Kristin Plys] 15:44:43
The money was pouring in through, um, stock purchases. And what needed to… what was needed to keep this, uh, going.
[Kristin Plys] 15:44:53
Was guaranteed preferential access of China to U.S. Markets. Um, but we see over this time that the increasing relationship between.
[Kristin Plys] 15:45:05
Um, China's manufacturing sector and Wall Street. Is also leading over to other areas of social life. So it becomes not only an economic cooperation.
[Kristin Plys] 15:45:18
But also military cooperation as well, where the Chinese military began to increasingly assist the United States with some military operations.
[Kristin Plys] 15:45:29
And as Hou Feng Hung, again, the author we read for today, suggests.
[Kristin Plys] 15:45:33
Um, Chinese military became, quote, an indispensable helper to the U.S. Global empire.
[Kristin Plys] 15:45:41
So, um… Again, if we're gonna think about the takeaway from the Hofeng readings that we did for today.
[Kristin Plys] 15:45:49
Where he leaves us is this question of, is this leading towards peace through mutual cooperation, or to greater conflict?
[Kristin Plys] 15:45:57
And really pushing us to think, what do we think is going to be the outcome of this cooperation, but also tension between the U.S. And China?
[Kristin Plys] 15:46:07
Um, and as we go beyond the 1990s and into the current moment.
[Kristin Plys] 15:46:14
The U.S. Now increasingly sees China as a rival instead of as a partner.
[Kristin Plys] 15:46:19
As it accrues more economic power within the global economy. So, it was kind of seemingly unthinkable, I think, to most American observers.
[Kristin Plys] 15:46:28
In the 1990s, that China could rival the power of the U.S, um, and it was seen as mostly a place.
[Kristin Plys] 15:46:36
To have efficient. Cheap, um, quality manufacturing that could, um.
[Kristin Plys] 15:46:44
Keep this house of cards afloat, where wages started decreasing in the U.S.
[Kristin Plys] 15:46:49
But if goods could also be cheaper, then American workers didn't necessarily need higher wages.
[Kristin Plys] 15:46:55
Um, they just needed cheaper goods. Um, and so a lot of the ways that the economy shifted were propped up by this partnership.
[Kristin Plys] 15:47:04
Um, but again, as China gains more power within the global economy.
[Kristin Plys] 15:47:09
The U.S. Is now concerned that, um. It's losing influence over the direction of the global economy.
[Kristin Plys] 15:47:18
Um, and Hofeng hypothesizes that. This may escalate in the coming years, even potentially leading to war, as China and the US are now, um, on more of an even playing field than ever, um, with many observers thinking that China has now surpassed.
[Kristin Plys] 15:47:38
The U.S. Economy. And so… what is this going to mean?
[Kristin Plys] 15:47:43
Um, for their relative influence over the rest of the world, and how they direct the future of global foreign policy.
[Kristin Plys] 15:47:52
And, um, you know, one of the strategies that China is increasingly using.
[Kristin Plys] 15:47:57
To levy the situation, um, to its benefit, is creating a larger domestic consumer market. So, as.
[Kristin Plys] 15:48:05
Global markets become more and more volatile with COVID and inflation and global authoritarianism, um, there's a real push to improve standards of living to a point.
[Kristin Plys] 15:48:18
Where China can actually consume what it produces, so that it's less reliant on.
[Kristin Plys] 15:48:23
The, um, unpredictability of global markets. Um, so… let's see…
[Kristin Plys] 15:48:31
Um, so… Um, so that's the whole fun book, and I want to now spend a little bit of time.
[Kristin Plys] 15:48:39
Talking also about the next reading. Um, so… let me see, we're just about at the halfway mark.
[Kristin Plys] 15:48:46
So why don't we take a 10-minute break. And then we'll get back and we'll talk about the second reading that we did for today, but also what I know is really important to most of you, if not all of you, is the assignments.
[Kristin Plys] 15:48:58
So let's resume at… Um, 3, uh, 359, if we can.
[Kristin Plys] 15:49:06
Um, but just get up, get water, do what you need to do, and then we'll… we'll resume in a couple minutes.
[Kristin Plys] 15:59:19
Okay, hello everyone, hope you had, um, a good… a little break. Um, now let's get back into our lecture for today. So we're going to now transition to discussing the second.
[Kristin Plys] 15:59:31
Reading assignment that we did for today, which was the essay that I've written.
[Kristin Plys] 15:59:36
Um, and so this essay does a couple things. So, while the Ho Feng piece, I think, really focuses on how.
[Kristin Plys] 15:59:44
We can think about this new Cold War from the top down, focusing on, um, China-U.S. Relations.
[Kristin Plys] 15:59:52
Their foreign policy programs, their ways of structuring the global economy.
[Kristin Plys] 15:59:56
Um, this looks at this process from the bottom up. Um, but also thinks about it in this, uh, more macro perspective.
[Kristin Plys] 16:00:06
And so one of the key premises of this essay is focused on, sort of, how can there even be a new Cold War?
[Kristin Plys] 16:00:14
Um, and the argument that I make in this paper is that the Cold War, um, has become an interna… is a… just in general, like, Cold War generally.
[Kristin Plys] 16:00:24
Is an international rivalry that's rooted in ideological conflict. Um, and so what that ideological conflict is, is a contestation over different ways.
[Kristin Plys] 16:00:34
Of organizing the global economy. Um, and then for most of this, uh, essay, it focuses on how.
[Kristin Plys] 16:00:42
We see Cold War, again, this ideological contestation. If we look at it through the lens of the Global South.
[Kristin Plys] 16:00:49
Um, and so I go back a little bit further than Hofeng, um, back to World War II.
[Kristin Plys] 16:00:56
Which, um, you know, I say is sort of the foundation… it's the beginning of the old Cold War.
[Kristin Plys] 16:01:01
Um, but it's also the end of World War II. Um, and during World War II, we saw.
[Kristin Plys] 16:01:07
That after the many crises of the period from the 1910s through the 1940s.
[Kristin Plys] 16:01:15
Um, they were both, like, fascist and communist challenges. To capitalism, and these contestations, which culminated in World War II.
[Kristin Plys] 16:01:24
Ended in 1945. And we see in 1945 the U.S. Emerge from World War II as a world leader.
[Kristin Plys] 16:01:31
Um, and really taking the charge to reorganize the global economy after the devastations of that war.
[Kristin Plys] 16:01:37
Um, we're going to revisit this again later on, um, in the semester when we think about monetary policy, because this also becomes a really big turning point.
[Kristin Plys] 16:01:47
In how, uh, monetary policy is organized on a world scale.
[Kristin Plys] 16:01:52
So part of the U.S. Strategy, though, in becoming this world leader.
[Kristin Plys] 16:01:57
Um, was to rethink its relationship to the Global South, but even just rethinking what the Global South is and was.
[Kristin Plys] 16:02:05
Um, and the U.S. At this point coined the term economic development, which is now.
[Kristin Plys] 16:02:12
Like, a pretty common terminology. And what they meant by economic development in this moment was that this idea that.
[Kristin Plys] 16:02:20
Advanced technological knowledge, mostly formulated by American economists. Could create this more efficient way of mobilizing all of the world's resources.
[Kristin Plys] 16:02:31
And by resources, they really meant both natural resources. Um, but also human resources, so meaning, like, people's labor. Um, so it was really this way of thinking, how can…
[Kristin Plys] 16:02:43
Um, we levy advanced technical knowledge and. International and domestic policy.
[Kristin Plys] 16:02:50
To best organize, um, global production, both in terms of. Labor inputs, but also natural resources.
[Kristin Plys] 16:02:58
So the goal of this economic development, which Harry Truman, who was the president of the U.S. In 1945, led the call to formulate.
[Kristin Plys] 16:03:07
Um, was the idea of economic growth everywhere, democracy everywhere, and that these two components would generally lead to peace and prosperity.
[Kristin Plys] 16:03:18
Um, so within this, though, as was, like, we spoke about in the beginning when we were talking about, sort of, OG Cold War.
[Kristin Plys] 16:03:25
This then translated into a U.S.-Soviet rivalry, because, um, for those of you who maybe are World War II buffs.
[Kristin Plys] 16:03:33
You know that the Soviet Union did most of the fighting, especially towards the end of World War II, after they.
[Kristin Plys] 16:03:40
Um, after Germany started to attack the Soviet Union. Um, and so, as, you know, one of the powers that.
[Kristin Plys] 16:03:50
Um, you know, was really instrumental in the defeat of Germany during World War II.
[Kristin Plys] 16:03:55
Um, the Soviet Union also, um, you know, started to try to reconstitute.
[Kristin Plys] 16:04:02
A lot of it's long-held policies. So, there was also these new ways of thinking about alternatives both to U.S. Liberalism.
[Kristin Plys] 16:04:11
Um, and also it's, you know, new policies of economic development, and while… Um, previous leaders of the Soviet Union had thought about the Global South in some way, so Lenin has this famous book that he wrote on imperialism.
[Kristin Plys] 16:04:25
Um, the Soviet Union wasn't really that interested. In the Global South until the mid-1950s.
[Kristin Plys] 16:04:33
Um, and it was Premier Khrushchev who first developed a Soviet policy for influence in the Global South.
[Kristin Plys] 16:04:39
Um, and his idea for this was. That the Soviet Union should support what they called this Revolutionary Democrat.
[Kristin Plys] 16:04:47
So generally, they were looking to leaders from the upper classes of a country.
[Kristin Plys] 16:04:53
Um, who could implement socialist development, but also dearment. So the Soviet Union really wanted countries in Asia, Africa, um, didn't have as much… well, I guess in some parts of Latin America, there was some influence.
[Kristin Plys] 16:05:07
Um, to develop their own militaries, but to rely on the Soviet Union for protection.
[Kristin Plys] 16:05:12
And so, these policy packages usually came with economic aid, with trade agreements between the Soviet Union and the Global South Country that was engaged in these arrangements.
[Kristin Plys] 16:05:25
Um, but also things like cultural exchange, state visits. And also military aid.
[Kristin Plys] 16:05:31
Um, so the… however the, um, the Global South did push back on these arrangements.
[Kristin Plys] 16:05:39
Um, because both U.S. Economic development. And Soviet revolutionary Democrat policies.
[Kristin Plys] 16:05:49
Constricted, um, and restricted the extent to which this Global South could determine its own future.
[Kristin Plys] 16:05:56
And… a lot of this started to change when we start to see independence from colonial rule.
[Kristin Plys] 16:06:03
So, India and Vietnam, for example, become. Some of the biggest countries to have, um, independence movements on a really large scale, and this is happening in the mid-1940s, around the… just after the end of World War II.
[Kristin Plys] 16:06:17
Um, but we see more and more countries that are fighting for independence and winning it from the 1950s on. And this culminates in a conference in 1955.
[Kristin Plys] 16:06:28
In Bandung, Indonesia, where we see 29 newly independent states are discussing matters of racism and colonialism.
[Kristin Plys] 16:06:36
And this conference eventually became what's now known as the Non-Aligned Movement, and it was a coalition of a lot of different kinds of countries.
[Kristin Plys] 16:06:44
Who had a legacy of colonialism, but also didn't want either the Soviet Union or the US.
[Kristin Plys] 16:06:53
Influencing their domestic policy. And so, I think a lot of times when we think about non-alignment, we think about it as.
[Kristin Plys] 16:07:00
Oh, these were countries who were neutral in the Cold War, but it wasn't really neutrality as much as it was a rejection of neocolonialism.
[Kristin Plys] 16:07:09
And a rejection of the interference of the US and the Soviet Union in the Global South.
[Kristin Plys] 16:07:15
Um, but, you know, the other part of this was, it was a really broad coalition.
[Kristin Plys] 16:07:20
And so there were some more conservative member states, um, and so there were also limitations of non-alignment.
[Kristin Plys] 16:07:28
And, um, that meant certain issues were off the table, especially questions like gender and caste, where caste is a salient issue.
[Kristin Plys] 16:07:37
Um, so there is a question on the chat about the difference between neocolonialism and colonialism, which is a really important one to understand.
[Kristin Plys] 16:07:44
Um, you know, the non-aligned movement and what's happening in this period of the 1950s.
[Kristin Plys] 16:07:50
And essentially, colonialism is when another power exerts formal political control over another country.
[Kristin Plys] 16:07:59
Um, and so if we can think of an example like… Um… there's so many that come to mind. I mean, we can take India and Vietnam, for example. So, India was colonized by the British Empire.
[Kristin Plys] 16:08:14
And one is independence in 1947, and so up until 1947, um, India was.
[Kristin Plys] 16:08:20
A colonial state, which was directly controlled. By, um, Britain.
[Kristin Plys] 16:08:26
And then, um, after, uh, we have this, like, the period of independence.
[Kristin Plys] 16:08:33
When there's maybe no formal political control, um, but there's still influence from the colonizers. So we can think of, for example.
[Kristin Plys] 16:08:41
The fact that in many West African countries that were once colonized by the French Empire.
[Kristin Plys] 16:08:48
Um, part of the agreements that they made after the French.
[Kristin Plys] 16:08:52
Stopped formally exerting political control is that they still use the French franc as a currency.
[Kristin Plys] 16:08:59
So that could be a situation where there's still this continued influence of France and some West African countries.
[Kristin Plys] 16:09:08
Um, but they're not formally under French direct political control. Um, and I think Hemet has also put a very great, um, helpful, uh, answer to that in the chat, too, if there are further questions. But this is an important distinction.
[Kristin Plys] 16:09:26
Um, so, if we can move on through time, in the 1960s, we see yet another alternative emerging.
[Kristin Plys] 16:09:35
So, again, while non-alignment was this gathering of different countries who had experienced colonialism.
[Kristin Plys] 16:09:42
And we're trying to assert their continued independence in light of.
[Kristin Plys] 16:09:47
The U.S. And the Soviet Union vying for influence in the Global South.
[Kristin Plys] 16:09:51
Um, Mao Zedong, who was the leader of the Chinese Revolution in 1949.
[Kristin Plys] 16:09:56
Um, and was the leader of China until the 1970s. Um, broke away from the Soviet Union, um, and started rejecting their aid and their influence.
[Kristin Plys] 16:10:07
And wanted China to be economically, politically, and socially independent of the Soviet Union.
[Kristin Plys] 16:10:13
Um, soon after this assertion of independence from Soviet influence. The Chinese Cultural Revolution took place in 1967, um, to kind of revive the revolutionary fervor of the ruling party.
[Kristin Plys] 16:10:29
And these ideas took hold really around the world, and led to massive student protests in almost every country of the world.
[Kristin Plys] 16:10:38
Um, in the spring of 1968, um, and we can think of, sort of, the iconic student movement in Paris.
[Kristin Plys] 16:10:45
Um, where most of the city's universities and streets and… Um, you know, in other spaces were occupied by student protesters.
[Kristin Plys] 16:10:54
This also inspired the Black Panther Party, um, closer to us in North America.
[Kristin Plys] 16:11:00
And other, um, student movements and racial liberation movements, like the Dalit Panthers in India.
[Kristin Plys] 16:11:08
Um, and so we see that with this new rejection. Of the, um, constellations of the Cold War.
[Kristin Plys] 16:11:17
That there were these new ideas that had this mobilizing potential.
[Kristin Plys] 16:11:21
From the 1960s on. Now, what were these ideas? Um, so, Maoism as it travels outside of China.
[Kristin Plys] 16:11:29
Um, and the paper focuses very little on what's happening in China and more about how.
[Kristin Plys] 16:11:35
These ideas get taken up outside and on this world scale. Um, and this becomes a really global idea of a critique of European imperialism.
[Kristin Plys] 16:11:45
Um, and also uneven development that tries to make sense of how, especially in the 1960s.
[Kristin Plys] 16:11:52
So many countries are gaining their independence. And yet, with the influence that the USSR and the US is trying to exert within the world.
[Kristin Plys] 16:12:03
There are these new dependencies that are being formed so that these states that have been colonized for centuries.
[Kristin Plys] 16:12:10
Finally winning their independence are finding that once they sign on to get support from either the US or the Soviet Union.
[Kristin Plys] 16:12:17
Are now part of a very similar dependency, or what we might call neocolonialism.
[Kristin Plys] 16:12:22
And so, for example, we can think about the ways that the British Empire is then replaced in this period with something like the International Monetary Fund. So, for example, on the Ho Feng Hung book.
[Kristin Plys] 16:12:33
We… he does have that section where he mentions how when a lot of countries in the Global South start defaulting on their U.S. Loans.
[Kristin Plys] 16:12:41
Loans that were made in the spirit of economic development, um, as Truman developed it.
[Kristin Plys] 16:12:47
Um, the International Monetary Fund then says, well, if we're gonna bail you out of your loan default.
[Kristin Plys] 16:12:54
You need to open up your borders to American investment, you need to let American companies offshore within your borders.
[Kristin Plys] 16:13:01
So, you know, it really kind of restricts the extent to which countries can then make decisions about their own economic futures.
[Kristin Plys] 16:13:09
Um, and so in the article, for those of you who have read it for today, or for those of you who will read it in the coming days.
[Kristin Plys] 16:13:16
Um, it looks at four particular cases. Um, of how Maoist ideas took… were taken up outside of China.
[Kristin Plys] 16:13:25
Um, looking to India and questions of peasants' movements. Um, in Peru, looking to Indigenous movements.
[Kristin Plys] 16:13:33
In the Philippines, looking at, um, because the Philippines were one of the few formal U.S. Colonies.
[Kristin Plys] 16:13:40
In the world, um, that then became independent. I guess Puerto Rico is still a U.S. Colony that is not yet independent.
[Kristin Plys] 16:13:47
Um, and sort of the legacy of U.S. Imperialism in that context.
[Kristin Plys] 16:13:51
Um, and then in Iran, where you see, um, Maoist student and worker movements.
[Kristin Plys] 16:13:56
That, um, start to think about the Cold War as this new form of imperialism.
[Kristin Plys] 16:14:03
Um, so the other thing that I think is notable in this article is the role that Saudi Arabia plays in the Cold War.
[Kristin Plys] 16:14:10
Um, and particularly in the last example, when I looked to Iran.
[Kristin Plys] 16:14:15
Um, Iranian Maoists in particular are looking at Saudi Arabia and their role in helping the U.S. Win the Cold War, particularly within.
[Kristin Plys] 16:14:25
North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of South Asia, like Pakistan.
[Kristin Plys] 16:14:30
Um, and so the Saudis, throughout the 1980s. Help the United States suppress movements for liberation in Oman, in Yemen, in Sudan, and in other places.
[Kristin Plys] 16:14:41
And by the 1980s, they developed their own new way of thinking, um, that's kind of the opposite of what Mao was doing, and that is this new conservative interpretation of Islam, which we call Salafism.
[Kristin Plys] 16:14:55
Um, and it was created to really be this alternative. To, um, left ideas that were starting to spread throughout Asia and Africa in particular.
[Kristin Plys] 16:15:06
Um, and so, for example, we can see the lasting consequences of this new.
[Kristin Plys] 16:15:13
Ideological conflict. If we think about, again, the way that. The, um, dominance of the U.S. And the Soviet Union were challenged from below.
[Kristin Plys] 16:15:22
We have the left response that's coming from China, and Maoist ideas about how.
[Kristin Plys] 16:15:28
The Cold War and Order can be resisted, but then the Saudis have more of a right-wing alternative to how the Cold War order can be resisted.
[Kristin Plys] 16:15:37
Um, and these ideas of… that the Saudis developed. Changed how we saw, for example, the conflict in Palestine.
[Kristin Plys] 16:15:45
So in the 60s and 70s, it was largely seen as a secular conflict for self-determination, and the 60s and 70s were kind of this heyday.
[Kristin Plys] 16:15:54
Of national liberation movements, and it was really seen as part of this frame. But with the introduction of Salafi ideologies.
[Kristin Plys] 16:16:01
Um, we see this conflict then transformed into this primordial conflict of religions.
[Kristin Plys] 16:16:07
Um, and not the kind of secular issue that it was.
[Kristin Plys] 16:16:10
Um, certainly in the 60s and into the early 70s. And so it really kind of transforms the terrain of a lot of these global.
[Kristin Plys] 16:16:19
Conflicts that still endure to this day. Um, and another example, I think, that's worth noting and that's pretty consequential here, is if we look at, um, Saudis' influence.
[Kristin Plys] 16:16:33
Um, in Pakistan during the Cold War, for example. So, the military dictator of Pakistan at that period, um, Ziel Haq.
[Kristin Plys] 16:16:42
Had a very close relationship with U.S. President Ronald Reagan. Um, but the Reagan administration, in order to support, um.
[Kristin Plys] 16:16:52
Pakistan, particularly because Afghanistan at that point had become a Soviet client state, um, and was… Um, you know, uh, yeah, I mean, it was essentially, like, yeah, it was very strongly influenced by the Soviet Union.
[Kristin Plys] 16:17:07
Throughout the 1980s. Um, and so the U.S. Was very concerned about this and began to… Um, provide military assistance to Pakistan to fight, um, the Soviets in Afghanistan.
[Kristin Plys] 16:17:21
But, um, what the Reagan administration did at this point was to channel.
[Kristin Plys] 16:17:26
The resources that were being sent to Pakistan to fight Afghanistan.
[Kristin Plys] 16:17:31
Through Saudi Arabia, so that. Both Pakistan and the U.S. Could frame Pakistan's role in the Cold War.
[Kristin Plys] 16:17:40
As this organic force for Islam in the region. Um, and particularly trying to sort of reclaim.
[Kristin Plys] 16:17:47
Um, or restore Islam in Afghanistan. And so we see how, um, these new Salafi ideologies that are being developed in Saudi.
[Kristin Plys] 16:17:58
Um, and the way that it relates to the legacy of the non-aligned Movement, too.
[Kristin Plys] 16:18:04
Really helped the U.S. To achieve its strategic goals in the Middle East during the Cold War.
[Kristin Plys] 16:18:09
Um, while also suppressing genuine movements for people's liberation. So, the point of this article is not to sort of get lost in the…
[Kristin Plys] 16:18:20
Details of this period of the Cold War, although I think it's really interesting to look at the Cold War.
[Kristin Plys] 16:18:27
Not just from the top down of the great powers, but also to think about how this affected.
[Kristin Plys] 16:18:31
Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Um, but we see that these ideas that emerge towards the end of the Cold War, particularly Maoism on the left and Salafism on the right.
[Kristin Plys] 16:18:42
Become these attempts to influence the Cold War from the Global South.
[Kristin Plys] 16:18:46
Um, and we see, again, on the left side of things that Maoism attempts to foment.
[Kristin Plys] 16:18:51
Um, this critique of the imperialist aspects of the Cold War.
[Kristin Plys] 16:18:55
And to offer new alternatives for the Global South that's not just on coloniality and race, like the Non-Aligned Movement and Bandung did.
[Kristin Plys] 16:19:04
But also thinking about questions of class inequalities. And the, um, undue power that corporations were really starting to wield at this period of time.
[Kristin Plys] 16:19:15
Um, if we look at things from the right-wing perspective, we see Salafism as this kind of right-leaning reaction against these left critics, um, and particularly with respect to how it was articulated throughout the Islamic world.
[Kristin Plys] 16:19:29
Um, but there was also ways that we have to acknowledge that Salafism was used by the USA.
[Kristin Plys] 16:19:35
When it could, to further its own strategic interests in the Cold War, particularly when we think about the case of Afghanistan.
[Kristin Plys] 16:19:44
Um, but also in other contexts. Um, and so when we think about how these, then, legacies have played out to the current moment.
[Kristin Plys] 16:19:51
We see Saudi Arabia maintaining its position of a U.S. Ally in the region.
[Kristin Plys] 16:19:56
This was particularly clear when we were looking at, um, you know, I think a few months ago.
[Kristin Plys] 16:20:02
When, um, the U.S. And Israel. Um, we're having military conflict in Iran.
[Kristin Plys] 16:20:10
And the way that, um, Pakistan and Saudi were really ready to come to the U.S.
[Kristin Plys] 16:20:16
Aid in that situation. Um, and now, with this new Cold War, we see, uh, China and the U.S. Vying for influence in the Global South through distinct strategies, um, particularly if we think about the.
[Kristin Plys] 16:20:30
Way that China has, um, set up extractive industries across Sub-Saharan and East Africa, in particular.
[Kristin Plys] 16:20:38
And established military bases throughout, um, East Africa. So, we can see these continuities that just as the U.S. And the Soviet Union fed off each other during the Cold War.
[Kristin Plys] 16:20:51
Um, we can also see how that can work with China and the US today.
[Kristin Plys] 16:20:55
Um, and so what that means for globalization is something that I think a lot of you will have to grapple with in your assignments.
[Kristin Plys] 16:21:04
And I'm really looking forward to seeing, um, you know, what your thinking is on how these new political constellations of this new Cold War.
[Kristin Plys] 16:21:13
Have disrupted our ability to really connect across borders. Um, so now that we've gone over the readings for today, I do want to get into, um, strategies for the assignment that's due next week.
[Kristin Plys] 16:21:29
Um, so hopefully that's… instead of doing a fun, um, game, I think we have to be a little pragmatic today and focus on best strategies for everyone getting A's, because I really do want everybody.
[Kristin Plys] 16:21:42
Um, to do the best that they can on this assignment.
[Kristin Plys] 16:21:46
So, the, um, the question that we're answering is, essentially, what is the argument for globalization?
[Kristin Plys] 16:21:54
Um, and how the Cold War then disrupts this. So, the objective of the assignment, or part of the requirements of the assignment, is to cite at least 3 of the course readings for this module, and this is consistent across the assignment. So in this module, we only have 3 readings.
[Kristin Plys] 16:22:10
So you will have to cite Baldwin and Hofeng and myself.
[Kristin Plys] 16:22:14
Um, and what's really, really important… Because you will get points off if you don't do this.
[Kristin Plys] 16:22:20
Page numbers are required as part of the citation. Um, and it's 3 pages, double-spaced, so that's kind of the… the details. And I know that there's a lot of questions about what citation format to use.
[Kristin Plys] 16:22:32
It doesn't matter to me which citation format you want to use, as long as you include page numbers. So please don't come to me and say.
[Kristin Plys] 16:22:40
Well, I followed the guidelines for the citation format, and you said I could use any one. Please, please, please.
[Kristin Plys] 16:22:47
Use page numbers. Um, but in terms of which style, you know, whatever you're most comfortable with is fine, as long as.
[Kristin Plys] 16:22:55
Page numbers are included. Um, so I also want to make sure that we go over, especially because some of you.
[Kristin Plys] 16:23:03
Might be, uh, new to, um, okay, so for the page numbers.
[Kristin Plys] 16:23:08
Okay, that's an important question. Um, are you talking about in-text citations? Yes, there should… you could have in-text citations, you could have footnotes.
[Kristin Plys] 16:23:17
You could have endnotes, um, but whether it's your in-text citations, your footnotes, or your endnotes.
[Kristin Plys] 16:23:22
They should all… all of them should include the page number of where you're accessing that information in the text.
[Kristin Plys] 16:23:28
So I should be able to look at your citation, go to that page in the reading, and see either, you know, that information that was paraphrased in your essay, or if you're going to use a direct quote to prove your point.
[Kristin Plys] 16:23:41
Um, that quote should be on that page. So, I want to be able to very easily go to wherever it is in the reading and see, um, the evidence that you're drawing on to make your conclusions.
[Kristin Plys] 16:23:53
So, um, so all of the readings for this text have pages, so if you're citing, again, Baldwin.
[Kristin Plys] 16:24:00
Hofeng, or myself, all of those have page numbers, so there shouldn't be an issue.
[Kristin Plys] 16:24:06
When it comes to writing a social science paper, um, I hope that this will be helpful for those of you who are maybe.
[Kristin Plys] 16:24:14
Uh, you know, new to university, and if you're not, if you've kind of been around for a while.
[Kristin Plys] 16:24:19
It's always good, I think, to revisit this because… Writing is such an important skill that no matter where we are in our writing journey, we can always improve. And I myself, even though I've been writing for, like, decades.
[Kristin Plys] 16:24:34
I'm always trying to become a better writer, because I think it's such an essential skill.
[Kristin Plys] 16:24:39
Um, and especially now that I think we're a more visual than a literate society.
[Kristin Plys] 16:24:44
Um, writing really well, I think, is kind of a really important way to get your ideas across, no matter.
[Kristin Plys] 16:24:52
What setting. So, a good social science paper, just generally, sociology included.
[Kristin Plys] 16:24:58
We'll have an introduction, um, which includes a thesis statement and an outline of an argument, and we're gonna go through each of these again.
[Kristin Plys] 16:25:07
Um, to make sure that we're really on the same page in terms of how we write.
[Kristin Plys] 16:25:11
Um, we'll have hypotheses, evidence, and arguments. Um, an assessment of the evidence, and then a summary and a conclusion.
[Kristin Plys] 16:25:22
So, um, when we think about the… what the introduction and the thesis statement should do.
[Kristin Plys] 16:25:29
Um, the introduction should always contextualize the topic of the essay.
[Kristin Plys] 16:25:34
Um, and the two most important parts of any, um, essay that you will ever write in your life.
[Kristin Plys] 16:25:41
Is the introduction and the conclusion. Um, and I always, whenever I write, um, even if I have some ideas for the introduction.
[Kristin Plys] 16:25:49
While I'm starting out. I always go back over the introduction before, um, I send it off to the final stages of the process.
[Kristin Plys] 16:26:00
And also, the conclusion, too, but the introduction sometimes is most important.
[Kristin Plys] 16:26:04
Because that's how people decide whether they want to keep reading what you're writing.
[Kristin Plys] 16:26:08
Um, so it should be something kind of catchy. Um, so… Let's see, I'm seeing that there's a bunch of questions right now.
[Kristin Plys] 16:26:17
Um, so… yes, the essay, all three readings are answering these questions. Yeah, some of them more so than others. I'll get back to that in a second.
[Kristin Plys] 16:26:27
Um, you have the slides on Quarkus, so you should be able to access the… this in particular if you need to refer back to it.
[Kristin Plys] 16:26:35
Um, and then there's a question about doing a traditional… article, um, and we'll get to that after we go through all of that stuff. So…
[Kristin Plys] 16:26:44
Again, the introduction should provide a context for the topic and really draw your reader in.
[Kristin Plys] 16:26:50
So, in this particular, um, context for these questions that you'll be answering.
[Kristin Plys] 16:26:55
You might… the introduction should let your reader know why is globalization an important topic.
[Kristin Plys] 16:27:03
Um, why is this move to global protectionism significant? And why is the new Cold War important for how we understand globalization? So, if you notice, too, all of the questions that I've posed within this… these things to think about are why.
[Kristin Plys] 16:27:18
Because why is going to lead you to have to explain things. Um, if you think of a question like.
[Kristin Plys] 16:27:25
Um, you know, what is globalization? The answer will be something that's kind of a definition, it's a little dry, um, it's just a statement of fact. You could say, like, when did the new Cold War start? You give me the answer of, like, a year. Again, not much need for.
[Kristin Plys] 16:27:43
Explanation, um, but as sociologists in particular, we really like why.
[Kristin Plys] 16:27:48
Because the answer to a why question always forces us to really explain.
[Kristin Plys] 16:27:53
Um, and the reason for being a sociologist is to really try to, um, analyze and understand why society is the way it is. We want to explain.
[Kristin Plys] 16:28:03
The things that we see in our everyday lives. So, um, so these are the kinds of questions that your introduction should answer.
[Kristin Plys] 16:28:11
Within your introduction, it should provide a thesis statement, and by thesis statement, it just means.
[Kristin Plys] 16:28:17
The answer to the question. Um, in one or two sentences.
[Kristin Plys] 16:28:21
And then, after you provide your one or two sentence answer.
[Kristin Plys] 16:28:26
That's when you then spell out how you're going to convince the reader that your answer is the right answer. And usually, when we're writing an essay, or we're writing social science nonfiction.
[Kristin Plys] 16:28:37
Generally, we have, like, our short answer, and then the bulk of the writing is just trying to convince the reader that this answer that we posed is really the right answer.
[Kristin Plys] 16:28:48
Given that we could have had lots of other possible answers to our question.
[Kristin Plys] 16:28:53
Um, and the way that we're gonna do that is through evidence.
[Kristin Plys] 16:28:56
So, when we're going through answering our question, we're going to assess the evidence. Um, and so… There was the question by iPhone 3, I'm not sure, um, who is iPhone 3, but…
[Kristin Plys] 16:29:11
Um, you know, so they want to think about, um, looking at reading one, reading 2, reading 3, using each article or reading to answer the prompt questions.
[Kristin Plys] 16:29:23
Um, and that is a, oh, okay. Thanks, Michael. I'm sorry, I just didn't know, um, you know, what to refer to iPhone 3 as.
[Kristin Plys] 16:29:32
Um, so looking at how different authors would answer the question. And so, um, just as a tip for those of you who are on the call, um, today.
[Kristin Plys] 16:29:42
Um, the Richard Baldwin reading, I think, is going to be the most helpful in answering the first part of the question.
[Kristin Plys] 16:29:48
And then the second part of the question, um, I think that's where you're gonna look to.
[Kristin Plys] 16:29:54
Um, the Hofang and my own work. And so I think that it really will be more than saying, like.
[Kristin Plys] 16:30:02
Baldwin says this about these questions, Hofeng says this about these questions.
[Kristin Plys] 16:30:07
Professor Poliss says this about these questions. Um, Baldwin, I think, really helps you to understand what's the argument for globalization.
[Kristin Plys] 16:30:15
And then the other two really help you think about, sort of, what is this thing that's the Cold War that's coming back, and… affecting and disrupting these, um, tendencies towards increased global connection. So that's a hot tip.
[Kristin Plys] 16:30:27
For everybody who came to lecture today. Um, now the next thing that we're going to, like, do in a strong essay.
[Kristin Plys] 16:30:38
Is evaluate, summarize, and conclude. So, in the, um, the end of the paper, so again, intro, we established.
[Kristin Plys] 16:30:49
The, um… the… part where you're showing your evidence, which is…
[Kristin Plys] 16:30:54
Through your assessment of the readings. Um, then you sort of evaluate at the end.
[Kristin Plys] 16:31:00
And you summarize and you conclude. So, you can state in your conclusion section.
[Kristin Plys] 16:31:06
Uh, which of the authors got it right, and why do you think so? Or you could even, like, take a more philosophical stand and say.
[Kristin Plys] 16:31:15
You know, what is the significance of the moment where we are today?
[Kristin Plys] 16:31:19
Um, yeah, I'd be happy to go back to it, but let me just finish about, um, the, you know, how to strategize around the conclusion.
[Kristin Plys] 16:31:28
Um, and then, after you have your evaluation of the argument that you made.
[Kristin Plys] 16:31:34
Then it's really important to samurai, and so to restate your answer, and that's just sort of… you know, part of the tradition of nonfiction writing, and also really helpful, um, to kind of sum up, because sometimes when you put it all together in a… after going through all your evidence.
[Kristin Plys] 16:31:51
There's… it's not just sort of what you presented in your thesis statement, but there's, like, a little extra.
[Kristin Plys] 16:31:56
Um, that makes it really have its punch, then, throughout your summary.
[Kristin Plys] 16:32:01
And then, as you, uh, conclude the paper, this is where you can add your informed opinion.
[Kristin Plys] 16:32:07
About globalization and the new Cold War, um, and when you insert your opinion in this point in the paper, you can state what you think policymakers.
[Kristin Plys] 16:32:17
Or other groups of people could or should do, um, to improve economic outcomes.
[Kristin Plys] 16:32:23
Or any kind of viewpoint, opinion, or take that you have after assessing.
[Kristin Plys] 16:32:29
The evidence throughout your paper. Um, so, let's see, there's a lot of questions in the chat. Um…
[Kristin Plys] 16:32:38
So, um, so there's a question of, are we basically comparing the three? So… I'm not sure if that, like, a compare and contrast is exactly the best strategy to get to all of the questions that you have to answer.
[Kristin Plys] 16:32:55
Um, I think you could compare the Hofeng reading and the PLIS reading.
[Kristin Plys] 16:33:01
Um, because both of them are about the Cold War, but I think the first part of the essay.
[Kristin Plys] 16:33:08
Really speaks to the Baldwin reading, where, um, you know, he's really describing, like, what is globalization, why do we need globalization? Because he's very pro-globalization.
[Kristin Plys] 16:33:19
Um, and then what we read for this week is really the piece that's thinking about.
[Kristin Plys] 16:33:25
How has globalization been affected by the Cold War, or the new Cold War?
[Kristin Plys] 16:33:30
Um, and so… okay, to repeat the last part. So again, this is the… Baldwin, for the first part, and the other readings for the second part, and that, I think, is a very good strategy to.
[Kristin Plys] 16:33:43
Answer the questions. Um, so Mariana's asking if we should connect the readings to relevant current news.
[Kristin Plys] 16:33:49
I think that you could bring that in, um, certainly if that makes sense and helps you with your argument.
[Kristin Plys] 16:33:55
But don't do so, um… if it's gonna help, like, if it's gonna lead you to neglect what we read in class.
[Kristin Plys] 16:34:03
Because essentially, this is testing whether you've read, understood. And thought about the kinds of topics that we've covered in the class.
[Kristin Plys] 16:34:13
Um, and certainly current events can help you make sense of what we're talking about, especially for this week.
[Kristin Plys] 16:34:19
Um, but just make sure that, um, you're… you're meeting the… requirements of the assignment.
[Kristin Plys] 16:34:27
Um, okay, so Fatima is asking, are we allowed to use first pronoun pronouns? Yeah, you can use your first pronouns, it's your opinion, so you can say, I think this.
[Kristin Plys] 16:34:36
Um, I mean, I know that, I think in high schools.
[Kristin Plys] 16:34:40
You're taught to always write in the third person, but there's a lot of situations in which.
[Kristin Plys] 16:34:46
It's strategic and acceptable, and… Um, to write in your… the first person, especially when it's an idea that you're putting forth.
[Kristin Plys] 16:34:58
Um, okay, has it been decided which TA will grade which papers? No, you won't know.
[Kristin Plys] 16:35:04
Until you get your papers back. Um, but both of our TAs are great, and they're gonna give you great advice.
[Kristin Plys] 16:35:13
So, um… and then ZANUB is asking about deciding which author does the best job of helping us understand.
[Kristin Plys] 16:35:21
Do we have to choose one? Um, well, you should be citing all three. So, again, you'll get points off if you don't engage all three of the authors.
[Kristin Plys] 16:35:31
Um, so you can certainly say author 1 does the best job at explaining this, and author 2 does the best job at explaining this other thing.
[Kristin Plys] 16:35:41
Um, that is fine. Um, and then there's also a question about whether the three pages include the references.
[Kristin Plys] 16:35:49
Or are the references separated. So, when… with references, if you mean a bibliography, the bibliography, I think, can be beyond that page, because that's not going to create.
[Kristin Plys] 16:35:59
Additional, uh, labor for your TAs. Um, but make sure that at least the text, because you will have, again, either footnotes.
[Kristin Plys] 16:36:09
And notes, in-text citations. Um, so make sure that that is part of the pages. Um, and yes, 3 pages is the maximum. And again, as we discussed, I think the first week of class.
[Kristin Plys] 16:36:21
Part of the reason for this, I know it feels really, really short, um, but if you think about, you know, an op-ed in a newspaper.
[Kristin Plys] 16:36:30
Or, um, some kind of public policy brief. Um, at the most, you're gonna have 1,500 words, um, and, like, it's very common that.
[Kristin Plys] 16:36:41
An op-edited in a newspaper, especially, like, a top newspaper, is gonna be, like, 500 to 700 words. So… This is a really important exercise for those of you who want to go into government, into policy.
[Kristin Plys] 16:36:54
Into business, to write really brief reports, because that's what, uh, in academia, like, you can be very lengthy.
[Kristin Plys] 16:37:02
Um, with your words, so if you are somebody who really wants to have space to write, um, in long format, I would suggest thinking about going to do a PhD.
[Kristin Plys] 16:37:13
Um, but for, you know, other kinds of professions. It's really important to be able to write as brief as possible, but pack a lot of information into it. So this is, again.
[Kristin Plys] 16:37:25
Um, I want you to come out of this class with, like, really practical career skills, too, um, in addition to.
[Kristin Plys] 16:37:32
Um, being able to think and analyze and do the kind of intellectual work that we do in this course.
[Kristin Plys] 16:37:40
Um, I don't want it to be totally divorced from the real world.
[Kristin Plys] 16:37:44
Um, and let's see, title page? Title page is optional if you want to have it, fine. If not, um, you don't have to have a title page.
[Kristin Plys] 16:37:53
Okay, so if there aren't any other questions immediately, and feel free to, um, put whatever you're thinking in the chat.
[Kristin Plys] 16:38:01
Um, I just want to go over one more time, the general outline for your paper.
[Kristin Plys] 16:38:07
So, introduce the topic by saying why it's important, um. And it's really important that you have a thesis statement, which, again, is just a short answer to the question that you're gonna pose.
[Kristin Plys] 16:38:19
And to outline the paper. So, again, tell the reader how you're going to prove.
[Kristin Plys] 16:38:25
Your answer is the right one. Um, and then in the middle of the paper, you can look at… and again, I think in this case.
[Kristin Plys] 16:38:32
It makes sense to start with Baldwin and the, what is the argument for globalization?
[Kristin Plys] 16:38:37
Um, and kind of delineate through, um, evidence from the Baldwin reading, like, why people advocate for globalization.
[Kristin Plys] 16:38:47
And then, um, the second part of that section could be about what is the new Cold War, and what does it mean for globalization.
[Kristin Plys] 16:38:55
Um, and then you could assess the arguments and sort of what have you… which do you think.
[Kristin Plys] 16:39:01
Um, does the best job of helping us understand globalization and the Cold War, um, and also it's really important to say why you think so. So instead of just saying, like, I like Baldwin the best.
[Kristin Plys] 16:39:11
Um, you know, tell us why. Like, what about that reading was either… you know, clear, or what about it resonated with what you see in the real world.
[Kristin Plys] 16:39:21
Um, those kinds of things are really helpful. And then, briefly summarize your argument and conclude. And part of the…
[Kristin Plys] 16:39:29
Wrapping up can involve your own informed opinion and your thoughts on possible solutions.
[Kristin Plys] 16:39:36
And here, it's totally fine to say, I think this, or I believe that, or I think policymakers should do this.
[Kristin Plys] 16:39:43
Um, that's great. And it also shows that you've really thought about this, and you've taken.
[Kristin Plys] 16:39:48
The information that we've learned in these past couple weeks, and you're able to assess it and formulate your own opinions based on.
[Kristin Plys] 16:39:57
Um, you know, the research that we read for the course.
[Kristin Plys] 16:40:03
So, I also know that a lot of you care about your marks, which is, I think, you know, really understandable, and it's great that everybody wants to do the best that they can do.
[Kristin Plys] 16:40:13
So I also want to just go over what does it take to distinguish yourself between an A and a B and a C.
[Kristin Plys] 16:40:21
Um, so as you know, at UTM, a bee is kind of… Um, like, when you've done…
[Kristin Plys] 16:40:30
Um, you know, have achieved sort of a basic level of mastery.
[Kristin Plys] 16:40:34
Um, and so we think of a B paper as something that shows.
[Kristin Plys] 16:40:39
Um, grasp of subject matter. Some evidence of critical capacity and analytic ability.
[Kristin Plys] 16:40:45
Um, an understanding of the relevant issues, and an evidence of familiarity with the literature. So… If you've gotten a B, it shows… we… it will show that… or to get a bee, you have to show that the readings were read and understood.
[Kristin Plys] 16:41:00
Um, that you have a clear, engaging thesis statement that answers the question.
[Kristin Plys] 16:41:05
Um, the thesis statement is well supported by the argument of the paper. Your writing is logical, scholarly, and relevant to the argument that you're presenting in the paper.
[Kristin Plys] 16:41:17
You have your citations with page numbers. Um, that you're using to justify and support your argument, and you've cited the three readings, at least.
[Kristin Plys] 16:41:26
Uh, included a bibliography, and that generally you have, like, proper spelling and grammar and usage. That's always, again, pretty standard.
[Kristin Plys] 16:41:33
So this is sort of the threshold for a B paper, so it's kind of like you've done… all the basic things that need to be done.
[Kristin Plys] 16:41:42
Now, what is going to distinguish you into… what are you gonna… yeah, if you're gonna fall into, sort of, the C category.
[Kristin Plys] 16:41:49
Um, this is where, you know, again, the italicized is sort of, like, right from the UTIM registrar.
[Kristin Plys] 16:41:57
Um, and so we generally think of a C as someone who is profiting from their university experiencing.
[Kristin Plys] 16:42:03
University experience, understanding the subject matter, able to develop solutions to simple problems.
[Kristin Plys] 16:42:10
Um, but in the context of this course, this would show.
[Kristin Plys] 16:42:15
If you maybe show that you didn't really understand what was read.
[Kristin Plys] 16:42:19
Um, you could fall into this category if the thesis statement is unclear, if the argument's unclear.
[Kristin Plys] 16:42:27
If you're not using the literature, the readings in a relevant way.
[Kristin Plys] 16:42:32
If you're not citing all the three sources, if you're not citing at all.
[Kristin Plys] 16:42:37
Um, or citing incorrectly, if you're lacking a bibliography, um, if you're not really fully.
[Kristin Plys] 16:42:43
Answering the question that you posed in the paper, or the paper asked you to pose.
[Kristin Plys] 16:42:48
Um, if you have a lot of spelling and grammar and usage issues, and if it's generally just not clearly written, or it's confusing.
[Kristin Plys] 16:42:56
Um, and we can't really understand what you're trying to communicate. This is the kind of paper that would fall into a C range.
[Kristin Plys] 16:43:03
Um, so, again, B paper is sort of like, you've ticked all the boxes.
[Kristin Plys] 16:43:09
C paper, you have not ticked all the boxes, but I'm sure everyone's very curious of, like, okay, well, what can I do to get an A? That's what we all want, right?
[Kristin Plys] 16:43:16
And that's what we all want to give, too. Um, so… the registrar says that an A paper has strong evidence of original thinking.
[Kristin Plys] 16:43:26
Good organization, capacity to analyze and synthesize. A superior grasp of subject matter with sound critical evaluations and evidence of an extensive knowledge base.
[Kristin Plys] 16:43:38
So, in order to get an A paper. You'll have to demonstrate to us that all the readings were completed and really well understood.
[Kristin Plys] 16:43:47
And that you've not only shown us that you fully understand what we've, um, covered in the course so far.
[Kristin Plys] 16:43:54
But you've also been able to develop an informed opinion about what you've read, um, including both praise for the argument where it's appropriate and criticism.
[Kristin Plys] 16:44:04
Of arguments from a scholarly perspective. Um, an A thesis statement is one that's interesting, engaging, and novel and creative.
[Kristin Plys] 16:44:14
Um, and an A paper takes that thesis statement and really runs with it and offers new ways to think about the subject matter.
[Kristin Plys] 16:44:23
But also in a way that's very clear and… brief, that stays within the tight word limit.
[Kristin Plys] 16:44:31
Um, and a paper demonstrates a lot of original and creative thinking about the question that's presented.
[Kristin Plys] 16:44:37
Um, the thesis statement is well cited and well-reasoned. All three of the readings are cited, and there's page numbers included, there's a bibliography, um, you show that you're a great writer, and that you know how to articulate an argument very easily.
[Kristin Plys] 16:44:54
Um, and that there's high fluency of, um, writing with strong spelling and grammar. So… Again, that's what we're looking for in the difference between an A, a B, and a C paper. I'm not even gonna go over D and F papers, because I'm sure none of you are gonna fall into those categories.
[Kristin Plys] 16:45:11
Um, but this is, again, I think it's very good to know clearly, like, what does it take?
[Kristin Plys] 16:45:17
To do the best that you can in this course. So, um, you know, oh, that's from last semester. So, again, we went over the special office hours.
[Kristin Plys] 16:45:27
Um, so hopefully those of you who. Um, one to two were able to avail those.
[Kristin Plys] 16:45:34
And if you… if something comes up between now and the deadline, you can always come to my office hours, and I'm definitely… maybe I'm not as cool as our TAs, but I'm not scary.
[Kristin Plys] 16:45:44
Um, so please come and talk to me during our office hours.
[Kristin Plys] 16:45:48
And, um… Let's see… um, if there are any questions on the paper, then I'm happy to take.
[Kristin Plys] 16:45:56
Those questions. Right now, because we have, like, a couple minutes.
[Kristin Plys] 16:46:02
Okay, so Vince is asking, are we answering both questions? Yes. So, the argument's gonna proceed in two stages.
[Kristin Plys] 16:46:10
And so, again, the first part just asks you to lay out what's the argument for globalization. Like, you know, and again, to put it in an even simpler way, like, why do people want globalization? What's the case to be made in favor of it?
[Kristin Plys] 16:46:24
And then the second part is how the new Cold War affects it. So, the first part, you'll proceed by saying, you know, like, this is the argument for globalization, this is why people want it.
[Kristin Plys] 16:46:35
Um, and then this is how the new Cold War. Affects the possibilities for globalization, um, and I think it's pretty clear from today's lecture that it.
[Kristin Plys] 16:46:47
Um, you know, in some sense, I guess, if we think about just the US and China, like, certainly they're more interconnected.
[Kristin Plys] 16:46:54
Um, but there's also ways in which the new Cold War, um, pushes countries apart and retreat… forces… or pushes them to retreat back into domestic policy.
[Kristin Plys] 16:47:06
Um, okay, so with the… that's really important. I'm sorry, I'm just gonna take this question in the chat, and then, um, if you… you can jump in. I'm sorry about that.
[Hanson Han] 16:47:07
Bye. Hello?
[Kristin Plys] 16:47:15
Um, so Leila says that on the slides, it says, okay, that is not correct, that's from last year.
[Kristin Plys] 16:47:20
Um, and so, I apologize, but there is, yeah, that's not accurate. That was, again, from last year's slide, so no, there is no extension, unless… Um, you've submitted… a formal extension request.
[Kristin Plys] 16:47:36
Um, okay, and so then there's another… question from Connor about, in the introduction.
[Kristin Plys] 16:47:43
Can, um, we create some type of hook that supports the idea, yeah, that would be fabulous. I think that that's a really good strategy to… Um, you know, to draw in your reader, and also just kickstart the argument in the paper.
[Kristin Plys] 16:47:56
I'm sorry, please jump in with your question.
[Hanson Han] 16:47:59
Yeah, sorry about that. So, I just wanted… you said China was inflated from pressure, that U.S. Was able to extort on other countries, right?
[Kristin Plys] 16:48:08
I'm sorry, could you just repeat that one more time?
[Hanson Han] 16:48:11
Yeah, you said, uh, China was insulated from pressure, the US was able to exert on the other countries, correct?
[Kristin Plys] 16:48:16
Yes, that's correct.
[Hanson Han] 16:48:19
I didn't catch that part, unfortunately. Can you tell me what you meant by that?
[Kristin Plys] 16:48:22
Sure. So, um, again, in the 1980s, after the stagflation crisis of the 1970s.
[Kristin Plys] 16:48:30
There were a lot of countries that defaulted on loans that they had taken from the U.S. For international development.
[Kristin Plys] 16:48:38
Um, but China had, especially during the 60s, 70s. Um, did not take any loans from the U.S. Or Soviet Union.
[Kristin Plys] 16:48:48
Um, and so, when other countries were defaulting on their loans.
[Kristin Plys] 16:48:53
And then we're forced to, um. Take additional loans through the IMF and World Bank that had a lot of conditions around liberalizing their economies.
[Kristin Plys] 16:49:05
Um, China didn't have to do that because they had not taken loans in the first place.
[Kristin Plys] 16:49:09
So, the advantage of that for China was that they could slowly open up their borders.
[Kristin Plys] 16:49:15
In a way that benefited them, instead of most countries in.
[Kristin Plys] 16:49:21
Asia, Africa, and Latin America in the 1980s. That had to, um, all at once open up their borders and allow.
[Kristin Plys] 16:49:29
Um, international capital to. Um, you know, invest, or to build factories.
[Kristin Plys] 16:49:36
Or whatever they wanted, um, and had to do it as a condition of the new loans that they needed to take.
[Kristin Plys] 16:49:42
In order to pay back, um, you know, the now… nearly 20% or higher interest rates to the United States.
[Hanson Han] 16:49:52
Their title was able to open up their borders.
[Kristin Plys] 16:49:54
Yeah, so they were able to open up borders, but they were able to do it on their terms.
[Hanson Han] 16:50:00
Sorry again for interrupting.
[Kristin Plys] 16:50:03
No, no, no, that's quite alright. That's a really important point. Um, and it really does explain a lot of what's happened in the.
[Kristin Plys] 16:50:09
The subsequent decades. Um, and I think it's also a really important lesson in development economics or development studies.
[Kristin Plys] 16:50:18
That a lot of the accepted wisdoms of economists of the 1980s.
[Kristin Plys] 16:50:24
Turned out to be really detrimental in the long run. And so this kind of… Um, you know, rapid opening up of markets. And we saw it again, like, in Eastern Europe in the 1990s with the end of the Cold War.
[Kristin Plys] 16:50:36
Where, again, the accepted wisdom was called, like, a shock doctrine of you very suddenly remove all protections to foreign investment, and that's the way to get rich really quickly.
[Kristin Plys] 16:50:47
And it turned out that it was such a big shock to economies that it ended up having, like, really adverse consequences, actually, and a lot of economic uncertainty.
[Kristin Plys] 16:50:57
Um, and a lack of protection and regulation. So, um, now with the perspective of 2025, we can look back at those policies.
[Kristin Plys] 16:51:06
Um, and see that they actually weren't that beneficial to, again, most of Eastern Europe and the Global South that was subject to them.
[Hanson Han] 16:51:16
You're absolutely right.
[Hanson Han] 16:51:22
If no one has another question to ask something else?
[Kristin Plys] 16:51:25
Sure, yeah, please. I'm happy to take questions until the class is over, and if anyone wants to drop something in the chat, please feel free to do that, too.
[Hanson Han] 16:51:34
So you said that dollar interest rate soared to 20% because of the policy's domestic and foreign. What do you mean by the policies? Which policies?
[Kristin Plys] 16:51:42
Yeah, so these were the policies that the U.S. Used to try to get itself out of the stagflation crisis.
[Kristin Plys] 16:51:48
Um, so again, Hofeng briefly touches on that, mostly around questions of labor.
[Kristin Plys] 16:51:54
And the, um, U.S. Federal Reserve. Um, but we're gonna get into this in much more detail when we get to… again, I don't remember now which week it is, but the week that we read the Barry Eiching Green book.
[Kristin Plys] 16:52:08
On the international monetary system. Um, and we're gonna spend a lot of time talking about inflation.
[Kristin Plys] 16:52:14
Um, it causes… its consequences. What kinds of policy tools we have to…
[Kristin Plys] 16:52:21
Um, both prevented, and once it starts happening, what we can do to mitigate it.
[Kristin Plys] 16:52:26
Um, so for now, I think what's important to know is just what Hofeng tells us about it.
[Kristin Plys] 16:52:32
And that is the way the U.S. Tried to get out of the stagflation crisis in the 1970s.
[Kristin Plys] 16:52:37
Was by essentially making labor cheaper. Um, on the one hand, um, by breaking trade unions and allowing inflation to reduce wages.
[Kristin Plys] 16:52:49
Um, and also through monetary policy, which lowered interest rates, which meant people… induced people to spend more, because if you're… If the interest rates go lower, there's not much incentive to save because you're not getting much return on investment.
[Kristin Plys] 16:53:06
So, it was, on the one hand, um… You know, again, making wages cheaper, but also encouraging people to invest less.
[Kristin Plys] 16:53:15
Um, I think those are the two points for now, but again, later in the semester, if you're interested in, um, the kinds of policy tools.
[Kristin Plys] 16:53:24
States have to address inflationary periods, we are going to spend, like, a significant amount of time on that later on in the semester. And I think it's really interesting, really important.
[Kristin Plys] 16:53:35
And I think for any of us who… I mean, we're living through a time like that right now, where prices keep rising and rising and rising.
[Kristin Plys] 16:53:42
Um, and it seems like it's just kind of like this natural thing that happens.
[Kristin Plys] 16:53:47
Um, but we're gonna really get into the causes and consequences of that, because it's not… just a natural thing that happens periodically.
[Kristin Plys] 16:53:56
Um, okay, so I see… let's see… Um, I'm gonna just check in the chat, and then I see Fatima has, um…
[Kristin Plys] 16:54:04
A hand. Um, okay, so the thesis statement is supposed to answer both questions, yes.
[Kristin Plys] 16:54:09
Yes, it is. Um, okay, uh, Fatima, would you like to ask your question?
[Fatima Irfan] 16:54:14
Yeah, could you go back to the slide that had the, um… I guess, like, the general requirements of the paper?
[Kristin Plys] 16:54:22
Sure, um, right here?
[Fatima Irfan] 16:54:25
Um, no, the one that, like, uh, was telling, okay, the first is the thesis, and it's, like, author 1, 2, 3, summary.
[Kristin Plys] 16:54:32
Ah, okay, yeah, this one.
[Fatima Irfan] 16:54:33
Yeah, so you know how here it says, um, like, 3 of them are well with author, 1, same with author… Tuesday, 3 say. Um, when you were going over the A-plus paper requirements of going to register, it said that.
[Fatima Irfan] 16:54:43
Um, a paper has, like, a good synthesis of the arguments, but according to this.
[Fatima Irfan] 16:54:49
Doesn't it… like, from my view, I think, isn't it, like, each paragraph is… each reading has a dedicated paragraph, so there's not much room for synthesis?
[Kristin Plys] 16:54:59
Uh, no. I mean, so, it's not that every bullet point is a paragraph, um… So, for example, the first two bullet points would definitely be one paragraph.
[Kristin Plys] 16:55:09
Um, and then the middle 3 bullet points, I would say it could be 2 paragraphs, because you could write one paragraph.
[Kristin Plys] 16:55:16
About the case for globalization, and then a second paragraph about the Cold War piece.
[Fatima Irfan] 16:55:21
Yeah.
[Kristin Plys] 16:55:21
Um, so I don't think it necessarily is a clean line between each bullet point and each paragraph.
[Fatima Irfan] 16:55:27
Okay.
[Kristin Plys] 16:55:28
Um, and certainly the last 3 bullet points should… could be one paragraph, maybe two, but, you know, I think you could… do the whole paper, and maybe 4 paragraphs.
[Fatima Irfan] 16:55:40
Okay, thank you.
[Kristin Plys] 16:55:42
You're welcome. Are there any other questions, either about the content we covered for today, or about the assignment?
[Kristin Plys] 16:55:52
Okay, so there is one more in the chat. Okay, so there's a confusion about the assignments question, what's the argument for globalization?
[Kristin Plys] 16:55:59
Is that the same meaning with, like, why we support globalization, or what advantages that globalization brings? So… Um, it's a little bit of both. So it's essentially asking you… so there are people who.
[Kristin Plys] 16:56:12
Like globalization, think it's the best. Like, it's something that we should encourage.
[Kristin Plys] 16:56:17
Um, that it's something that benefits most people. So, that first part of the question is essentially asking you to make the argument.
[Kristin Plys] 16:56:26
For globalization. Um, so it includes the advantages that globalization brings, certainly.
[Kristin Plys] 16:56:35
Um, and it is sort of, I guess, saying why… people support global… so it's not forcing you to, um, agree with Baldwin that globalization is generally good.
[Kristin Plys] 16:56:47
Um, but essentially just asking you to outline what's the argument that people make.
[Kristin Plys] 16:56:53
When they're in favor of more globalization. Um, okay. And so, then…
[Kristin Plys] 16:57:00
Um, a whole paper in four paragraphs. Yeah, I think it can be done. You don't have to.
[Kristin Plys] 16:57:05
I could see it somewhere between 4 to 6, I think is probably doable.
[Kristin Plys] 16:57:10
Um, and there's, of course, there's some room for creativity, and so, you know.
[Kristin Plys] 16:57:15
Papers will vary from paper to paper, but I think it's possible. I think at the… if you're… want to be the most concise, I think you can get it done in four paragraphs.
[Kristin Plys] 16:57:24
Um, okay, so the bullet points thing again? Okay, so for the… The first two bullet points, or the first paragraph.
[Kristin Plys] 16:57:31
The intro. Um, and so again, in the intro, you'll have the introducing the topic.
[Kristin Plys] 16:57:38
Providing your thesis statement and outlining your answer. To the question, yes, and yes, the question on the assignment page for the assignment, yeah.
[Kristin Plys] 16:57:47
Um, and then the body of the paper will be the three bullet points, so I think that that's anywhere from.
[Kristin Plys] 16:57:55
Two to three paragraphs would be those 3 bullet points. Um, and then the last 3 bullet points are the conclusion, and I think you could do a one-paragraph conclusion, um, but you might have a two-paragraph conclusion.
[Kristin Plys] 16:58:09
Um, and if you're gonna go with a two-paragraph conclusion, um, I think… you know, let me see what makes more sense. Yeah, I mean, I think if you're going with it, you can either have your…
[Kristin Plys] 16:58:20
Um, assessment and summary in one paragraph, and then a second paragraph on your opinion, or you could have, um, an assessment, and then a summary and your opinion. So, I mean, I… but I think you could also just have it.
[Kristin Plys] 16:58:35
Really tight in one. Um, in one more concise paragraph.
[Kristin Plys] 16:58:41
So hopefully that helps. That's maybe a little too in the weeds.
[Kristin Plys] 16:58:45
Um, no, the title page doesn't count if you want to do that, and the bibliography, no. You can have that on a second page, or on an additional page.
[Kristin Plys] 16:58:54
Um, okay, so there's a lot about this, like… Um, so yeah, the first two bullet points are definitely the intro part.
[Kristin Plys] 16:59:02
The body of the paper is the three bullet points, and that's anywhere… I think 2 is probably the.
[Kristin Plys] 16:59:09
Minimum that you could do, two paragraphs. And the last three are the conclusion, I think you could have one paragraph conclusion, you could have a two-paragraph conclusion if they're two short paragraphs, yeah.
[Kristin Plys] 16:59:19
Okay, we are almost out of time, um, and I do want to just give a quick preview for next week.
[Kristin Plys] 16:59:26
So next week, um, I think everyone now knows their papers are due.
[Kristin Plys] 16:59:30
Um, we are going to be moving on to Module 2, and so again, for those of… those social majors who really are like, let's get to the heart of sociology now.
[Kristin Plys] 16:59:39
Uh, we're gonna be moving on to race, caste, class, and gender, and next week, we're going to be focusing particularly on the relationship between racial capitalism and globalization.
[Kristin Plys] 16:59:49
And reading two readings, um, one by Dustin Jenkins and Justin Leroy.
[Kristin Plys] 16:59:54
On racial capitalism, and in a second essay by Sheetal Chabriya.
[Kristin Plys] 16:59:59
Um, about caste, and where CAST fits into globalization. Um, okay, looking forward to seeing everyone next week, and please don't hesitate to be in touch with any of us.
[Kristin Plys] 17:00:10
Um, should you have any questions about the assignment. Um, and hope you