(Introduction)
(Scenario)
(Behavioral)
(Meaning of Emotion)
"Emotion"
"Emovere"
– "To move out or to
excite"
(Definitions of Emotion)

(Woodworth, 1938), “
”
(APA Dictionary of Psychology, 2020),

“
,
,
”
(Nature of Emotion)
1.
:
(
2.
, 1992)
-
:
experience),
(physiological arousal)
(
(behavioral expression)
3.
(subjective
, 1962)
औ
:
(
4.
, 1980)
:
(
, 1908)
5.
:
(
6.
, 1937)
-
:
(
7.
-
:
(
8.
-
, 1978)
(Expre
:
-
(
, 1971)
9.
:
(
, 1998)
, 1996)
10.
:
(
, 1872)
(Types of Emotion)
1.
(Basic)
:
(1872)
(Universal)

(Happiness)

(Sadness)

(Anger)

F
(Surprise)


(1992)
(Disgust)
(Contempt)
:
2.
(Complex / Secondary)

(Love) =

(Jealousy) =

(Pride) =

(Guilt) =
:
-
(Biological)
“
(1980)
(Psychoevolutionary Theory of
Emotion ”
3.
औ
(Positive Emotions):

(
, 1998)
(Negative Emotions):

-
(
-
,
1977)
,
,
,
(Nervous System),
(Endocrine Glands),
,
“
(1938)
A.
(External Physiological Changes:
1.
2.
,
)
(Changes in Facial Expressions)

→

→

→
(
औ
, 1971)
( Changes in Posture & Body Movements)

→

→
3.
(Voice Changes)


→
→
4.
(Motor Restlessness)


:
F
-
B.
M
(Internal Physiological Changes):
1.
औ
(Changes in Heart Beat and Pulse Rate)


2.
T
→
→
-
(Changes in Respiration Rate)


3.
→
→
(Blood Pressure)

)
(
, 1992)
4.
(Endocrine Activity and Hormonal Changes)

→
(

)
(
→
5.
, 2004)
(Skin Response – GSR)

(Galvanic Skin Response)
→
6.
(Pupil Dilation)

→

7.
(Changes in Digestive System)

“
→
8.
”
(Muscular Tension)
“

9.
(Changes in Brain Waves)
•
•
औ
→
→
(EEG)
(EEG)
” F
F
:
–
(Conclusion):
,
,
,
(Introduction)
(physiological arousal),
-
-
-
औ
-
।
(James-Lange Theory, 1884-1885):
-
(Emotion
(William James, 1884)
-
(Carl Lange, 1885)
“
—
”
(Main Components)
(bodily changes)


(Stimulus) →
(Physiological Changes) →
(Emotion Experienced)
उद्दीपक
शारीररक पररवर्तन
शारीररक पररवर्तन ों
की प्रत्यक्षण
सोंवेग अनुभव
(Process)
1.
—
2.
—
3.
4.
(Emotion)
(Example):


(Stimulus):
(Physiological Response):
—
(Emotion Experienced):

—“
”
(Criticism)
-

-

“
”
(awareness)
-
(Cannon-Bard Theory, 1927):
(Walter Cannon, 1927)
-
(Philip Bard, 1934)
—“
-
(Physiological Response)
(simultaneously)
(1)
System)
(2)
”
(Sympathetic Nervous
(Cerebral Cortex)
-
(Main Components)


उद्दीपक
थैलेमस
सहानुभूतर्
र्ोंतिका र्ोंि
शारीररक
पररवर्तन
प्रमस्तिष्कप्रान्तस्था
सोंवेग
अनुभव
(Process)
1.
2.


3.
(Example):
1.
(Stimulus):
2.
(Physiological Arousal):

(Emotion Experienced):

3.
F
(simultaneously)
“
”
“
-
-
”
-
(Criticism)


-
-
(Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory, 1962):
(Stanley Schachter)
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
(Jerome Singer)
(Physiological Arousal) औ
:
(Cognitive Labeling)
(Cognitive Label)
(Main Components):
1.
(Physiological Arousal)
2.
(Cognitive Labeling)
शारीररक उत्तेजना
उद्दीपक
+
सोंज्ञानात्मक व्याख्या
(Process)
1.
2.
3.
सोंवेग अनुभव
(Example)
1.
(Stimulus):
2.
(Physiological Arousal):
3.
(Cognitive Labeling):
4.
(Emotion Experienced):
“
F
”
“
”
“
”
-
Emotion = Arousal + Cognitive Label.
(Criticism)

-

(Conclusion):
-
(cognitive labeling)
(Points)
(1884-1885)
(1927,1934)
-
(1962)
1.
(Main Idea)
2.
(Sequence)
Stimulus →
Physiological
Changes → Emotion
Experienced
3.
(Proponents)
4.
(Role of
Body)
5.
(Role of
Brain)
6.
(Cognition)
7.
(Example)
Stimulus →
Thalamus →
(Emotion
Experienced +
Physiological
Changes)
–
(Cognitive
appraisal)
“
“
“
,
”
(
8.
(Uniqueness)
9.
(Criticism)
Stimulus →
Physiological Arousal
+ Cognitive Label →
Emotion Experienced
-
,
”
) ”
-
:
+
,
(
10.
(Contribution)
)
त्यक्ष
P
(Introduction)
0
“
“
”
”
(Scenario)
-
त्यक्ष
(Meaning of Perception)
Percepere
“
”
—
“
”
(Definitions of Perception)
औ

(Lindsay & Norman, 1977):
(Goldstein, 2019): “

“
त्यक्ष
(Nature of Perception)
1.
–
2.
(Subjective)
3.
(Dynamic)
–
–
4.
5.
त्यक्ष
(Process of Perception)
1.
(Stimulus):
2.
(Sensation):
3.
:
–
4.
(Organization):
5.
(Interpretation):
6.
(Response):
-
त्यक्ष
(Laws of Perception)
"
"
,
(
,
,
)
(Primary Laws)
—
Laws)
A.
(
(Primary (Peripheral) Laws of Perception):
(Wertheimer, Koffka, Köhler; 1920s)
-
(Secondary
1.
(Law of Proximity):
2.
(Law of Similarity):
3.
-
(Law of Closure):
4.
(Law of Continuity):
5.
(Law of Symmetry/Good Figure):
6.
(Law of Common Fate):
7.
(Law of Prägnanz/Good Form):
8.
9.
(Law of Uniform Connectedness):
औ
Figure & Ground):
—
(Law of
F
B.
(
(Secondary (Central) Laws of Perception):
,
1.
,
(Law of Past Experience or Learning):
2.
(Law of Mental Set):
(stimuli)
,
"RAILWAY STATION"
3.
,
"STATION"
(Law of Motivation):
(Motives)
,
(
,
)
,
(Conclusion):
,
hP
(Introduction)
(Meaning)
–
-
(Definitions)
1.
(Morgan, 1975): “
“
2.
(Depth
:
(Mechanism of Depth Perception):
1.

(Binocular Cues):(Retinal Disparity):
(binocular
(Convergence):

2.

(Monocular Cues):क्ष
(Relative Size):
(Interposition):


(Linear Perspective):

(Texture Gradient):



औ
(Light and Shadow):
(Motion Parallax):
-
(Accommodation Cue):
(curvature)
→
"
→
(ciliary muscles)
(
2–3
(Factors Affecting Depth Perception)
1.
2.
)
3.
4.
5.
(Theories of Depth Perception)
1.
(Empiricist Theory):
2.
"
3.
(Nativist Theory; Kant, Descartes):
"
(Interactionist View):
:
(Conclusion):
0
"Visual Cliff Experiment"
(Illusion)
(Introduction)
(Meaning)
—
Illudere
(Definitions)
: “

”

:“
”
(Nature / Characteristics)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
त्यक्ष
त्यक्ष
औ
(Perception)
(Illusion)
(Broad Types)
1.
(Optical/Visual):
2.
(Auditory):
3.
(Tactile):
4.
(Gustatory/Olfactory):
5.
(Cognitive):
Necker
(Permanent vs Temporary Illusions)



:


M
M

I



:
M

I


(Geometrical Illusions)
,
(Coren, Ward & Enns; 1976, 1999)
(Geometrical Illusions)
1.
-
(1889) (Müller-Lyer Illusion)
2.
3. क्ष
(1911) (Ponzo Illusion)
-
(Horizontal-Vertical
Illusion)
4.
(1860) (Zöllner Illusion)
-
औ
5.
(1860) (Poggendorff Illusion)
6.
(1861) (Hering Illusion)
(radial)
7.
(Café Wall Illusion; Gregory,
1973)
-
-
-
8.
(1939) (Orbison Illusion)
9.
Titchener Circles)
(1898)
(Ebbinghaus
Illusion;
10.
(1865) (Delboeuf Illusion)
(Other Illusions)
1.
(1955) (Kanizsa Triangle Illusion)
illusory contour
2.
(1832) (Necker Cube Illusion)
-
3.
(Impossible Figures Illusion)
(Escher, 20th century)
.
—
.
(M.C. Escher)
4.
(1889) (Jastrow Illusion)
-
त्यक्ष
(comparative
perception)
5.
(1941) (Ehrenstein Illusion)
(illusory
circle)
6.
(1869) (Wundt Illusion)
Hering Illusion
7.
(Twisted Cord Illusion)
(twist)
औ
8.
(Corridor Illusion; Thompson, 1881)
(perspective)
(Conclusion):
-
(1976)