Research Basics
Research is a systematic investigation to find answers to a problem, discover principles, or
revise facts. It uses logical and objective methods to establish facts and create new
knowledge. A research problem is an identified difficulty or obstacle that needs to be
solved through investigation. It is defined clearly, neither vague nor broad, and must be
researchable, significant, and feasible. A problem statement expresses the issue in
concrete terms, often as a question that directs the research. A hypothesis is a proposed
explanation tested through data collection, experimentation, and verification or rejection.
Variables are measurable elements that change within a study, while the population is the
total group under study. A sample is a subset of the population taken for analysis using
sampling techniques such as probability (random, stratified) or non-probability (purposive,
snowballing). Validity ensures accuracy of results, and reliability ensures consistency
when repeated. Data are facts gathered systematically and accurately using devices like
questionnaires, interviews, observations, or experiments. Technical writing is direct,
factual, clear, and concise writing focused on communicating technical information.
Operational definition provides the meaning of variables or terms based on how they are
measured or used in the study. Research Methods
Quantitative research deals with quantifiable data—statistical and experimental—collected
through surveys or lab results. Qualitative research uses non-quantifiable information such
as interviews, observations, and discussions. Mixed research combines both quantitative
and qualitative approaches systematically. Experimental research tests hypotheses using
controlled conditions, while survey research collects data from samples to generalize
about a population. Case study focuses on in-depth analysis of a specific instance or
situation. Structure of a Research Report
A formal research report includes front matter (cover, title, contents, list of tables and
figures, summary), main body, and back matter (references and appendices). Abstract or
Summary: a brief overview stating objectives, methods, results, and conclusions.
Introduction: sets the background, problem, objectives, significance, and scope. Literature
Review: summarizes previous studies and theoretical background. Results/Findings:
present analyzed data and outcomes related to objectives. Discussion: interprets results,
explains implications, and links findings to the problem. Conclusion: summarizes main
results, answers research questions, and draws implications. References/Bibliography:
lists all sources alphabetically. Appendices: include supplementary items such as
questionnaires or raw data. Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics summarize data using numerical indicators (like averages or
percentages). Inferential statistics allow conclusions or generalizations from a sample to a
population. Correlations show relationships between variables. Regression examines how
one variable predicts another. Thematic analysis is used in qualitative studies to identify
patterns or themes from data. Ethics in Research
Ethics govern honesty and objectivity in the research process. Plagiarism—using others’
ideas without credit—is prohibited. Confidentiality ensures that participants’ identities and
information remain private. Informal concept refers to the moral and professional conduct
expected of researchers in gathering, analyzing, and reporting data. Technical Writing
Features
Clarity ensures unambiguous expression so the reader understands exactly what is
meant. Conciseness presents information completely but briefly and precisely. Objectivity
uses facts, data, and evidence rather than opinions or emotions. Coherence maintains
logical organization and smooth flow of ideas. Citation and Referencing Style
acknowledges information sources using systems such as MLA, APA, Chicago, or Harvard
styles.