CAMPBELL BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS,
NINTH EDITION, GLOBAL EDITION
PowerPoint Lectures
Chapter 1
Biology: Exploring Life
TAYLOR
SIMON
DICKEY
HOGAN
REECE
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
Introduction
• Red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) are well adapted for
life in the mountainous forests of Asia.
• Their cinnamon red and white coat camouflages
them with the red mosses and white lichens of their
environment.
• Their long bushy tail provides warmth during the
winter.
• A bony projection in their wrist helps them grasp
one of their favorite foods, bamboo.
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Introduction
• Giant pandas live in similar regions in Asia.
• Are they closely related to red pandas?
• Scientists once thought so but have since
reclassified red pandas into their own family.
• Despite their distinct lineages, the red panda and
the giant panda do have something in common—
they are both at risk of going extinct in the wild.
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Figure 1.0_1
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Figure 1.0_2
Chapter 1: Big Ideas
Biology: The Scientific
Study of Life
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Five Unifying Themes
in Biology
The Process of
Science
BIOLOGY: THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY
OF LIFE
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1.1 What is life?
• Biology is the scientific study of life.
• But what is life? Properties of life include order,
reproduction, growth and development, energy
processing, regulation, response to the
environment, and evolutionary adaptation.
• The cell is the structural and functional unit of life.
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Figure 1.1
Order
Response to the
environment
Reproduction
Growth and
development
Energy processing
Evolutionary adaptation
Regulation
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Figure 1.1_1
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Figure 1.1_2
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Figure 1.1_3
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Figure 1.1_4
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Figure 1.1_5
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Figure 1.1_6
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Figure 1.1_7
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1.1 What is life?
Checkpoint question How would you define life?
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1.2 Biologist arrange the diversity of life into
three domains
• Taxonomists name species and classify them into
broader groups.
• Although the debate continues, there is consensus
among biologists that life can be organized into
three higher levels called domains.
• Domains Bacteria and Archaea contain organisms
with simple cells.
• Domain Eukarya includes various protists and the
kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
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Figure 1.2
Domain Archaea
Colorized SEM 7,500×
Colorized SEM 10,000×
Domain Bacteria
Bacteria
Archaea
LM 340×
Domain Eukarya
Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Plantae
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Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Colorized SEM 7,500×
Figure 1.2_1
Bacteria
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Colorized SEM 10,000×
Figure 1.2_2
Archaea
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LM 340×
Figure 1.2_3
Protists (multiple kingdoms)
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Figure 1.2_4
Kingdom Plantae
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Figure 1.2_5
Kingdom Fungi
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Figure 1.2_6
Kingdom Animalia
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1.2 Biologist arrange the diversity of life into
three domains
Checkpoint question To which of the three
domains of life do we belong?
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1.3 VISUALIZING THE CONCEPT: In life’s
hierarchy of organization, new properties
emerge at each level
• Biologists study life across a very broad range of
scales, from the molecules in a cell to the entire
living planet.
• They divide this vast scope of biology into a series
of structural levels.
• Emergent properties result from the specific
arrangement and interactions among component
parts.
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Figure 1.3
1. Biosphere
Florida
2. Ecosystem
5. Organism
6. Organs and organ
systems
3. Community
7. Tissue
Nucleus
4. Population
8. Cell
DNA
Nerve cell
Atom
10. Molecule
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9. Organelle
Figure 1.3_1
1. Biosphere
Florida
2. Ecosystem
3. Community
4. Population
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Figure 1.3_2_1
5. Organism
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Figure 1.3_2_2
5. Organism
6. Organs and organ
systems
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Figure 1.3_2_3
5. Organism
6. Organs and organ
systems
7. Tissue
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Figure 1.3_2_4
5. Organism
6. Organs and organ
systems
7. Tissue
Nucleus
8. Cell
DNA
Nerve cell
9. Organelle
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Figure 1.3_2_5
5. Organism
6. Organs and organ
systems
7. Tissue
Nucleus
8. Cell
DNA
Atom
10. Molecule
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Nerve cell
9. Organelle
1.3 VISUALIZING THE CONCEPT: In life’s
hierarchy of organization, new properties
emerge at each level
Checkpoint question Which of these levels of
biological organization includes all of the others in
the list: cell, molecule, organ, tissue?
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THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
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1.4 What is science?
• Science is a way of knowing—an approach to
understanding the natural world.
• Science uses an evidence-based process of inquiry
to investigate the natural world.
• The scientific approach involves observations,
hypotheses, predictions, tests of hypotheses via
experiments or additional observations, and
analysis of data.
• A scientific theory is broad in scope and supported
by a large body of evidence.
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Figure 1.4_1
Observation:
Flashlight doesn’t work.
Question:
Why doesn’t the
flashlight work?
Hypothesis #1:
Batteries are dead.
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Hypothesis #2:
Bulb is burned out.
Figure 1.4_2
Observation:
Flashlight doesn’t work.
Question:
Why doesn’t the
flashlight work?
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Hypothesis #1:
Batteries are dead.
Hypothesis #2:
Bulb is burned out.
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem.
Prediction:
Replacing bulb
will fix problem.
Test of prediction:
Replace batteries.
Test of prediction:
Replace bulb.
Figure 1.4_3
Observation:
Flashlight doesn’t work.
Question:
Why doesn’t the
flashlight work?
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Hypothesis #1:
Batteries are dead.
Hypothesis #2:
Bulb is burned out.
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem.
Prediction:
Replacing bulb
will fix problem.
Test of prediction:
Replace batteries.
Test of prediction:
Replace bulb.
Results:
Flashlight doesn’t work.
Hypothesis is contradicted.
Results:
Flashlight works.
Hypothesis is supported.
1.4 What is science?
Checkpoint question What is the main requirement
for a scientific hypothesis?
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1.5 Hypotheses can be tested using
controlled experiments
• In an experimental test of a hypothesis,
researchers often manipulate one component in a
system and observes the effects of this change.
• The factor that is manipulated is called the
independent variable.
• The measure used to judge the outcome of the
experiment is called the dependent variable. This
variable depends on the manipulated variable.
• A controlled experiment compares an
experimental group with a control group.
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1.5 Hypotheses can be tested using
controlled experiments
• The use of control and experimental groups can
demonstrate the effect of a single variable. For
example, researchers found that mice models that
did not match their habitat had higher predation
rates than camouflaged models.
• Hypotheses can be tested in humans with clinical
trials, as well as retrospective or prospective
observational studies.
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Figure 1.5
Beach population
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Inland population
Figure 1.5_1
Beach population
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Figure 1.5_2
Inland population
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Table 1.5
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1.5 Hypotheses can be tested using
controlled experiments
Checkpoint question In some studies, researchers
try to match factors such as sex, age, and general
health for subjects in the control and experimental
groups. What is this experimental design trying
to do?
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1.6 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Hypotheses can
be tested using observational data
• Scientists tested hypotheses about the
evolutionary relationships of red pandas.
• Based on observations of physical similarities,
scientists initially hypothesized that the red panda
was most closely related to raccoons.
• Other scientists, observing that the diet and habitat
of red pandas were similar to those of giant pandas,
placed the two pandas together in their own family.
• But recent studies comparing DNA sequences led
scientists to classify red pandas as the only living
species of their own family.
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Figure 1.6
?
Should red pandas
be grouped with
raccoons or with
giant pandas?
?
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1.6 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Hypotheses can
be tested using observational data
Checkpoint question Explain why comparisons of
DNA sequences are considered observational and
not experimental data.
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1.7 The process of science is repetitive,
nonlinear, and collaborative
• Forming and testing hypotheses at the core of
science. This endeavor is influenced by three
spheres:
1. exploration and discovery,
2. analysis and feedback from the scientific
community, and
3. societal benefits and outcomes.
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Figure 1.7
Exploration and
discovery
Formation and
testing of
hypotheses
Societal benefits
and outcomes
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Feedback from
the scientific
community
1.7 The process of science is repetitive,
nonlinear, and collaborative
Checkpoint question Why is hypothesis testing at
the center of the process of science?
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1.8 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, and
society are connected in important ways
• The goal of science is to understand natural
phenomena.
• In contrast, the goal of technology is to apply
scientific knowledge for some specific purpose.
• These two fields, however, are interdependent.
Technological advances stem from scientific
research, and research benefits from new
technologies.
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FIVE UNIFYING THEMES IN
BIOLOGY
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1.9 Theme: Evolution is the core theme of
biology
• Life is distinguished by its unity and its diversity.
• The scientific explanation for this unity and
diversity is evolution, the process of change that
has transformed life on Earth from its earliest
forms to the vast array of organisms living today.
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Figure 1.9a
Ruby-throated
hummingbird
American flamingo
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Gentoo penguin
Figure 1.9a_1
American flamingo
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Figure 1.9a_2
Ruby-throated
hummingbird
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Figure 1.9a_3
Gentoo penguin
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1.9 Theme: Evolution is the core theme of
biology
• Darwin synthesized the theory of evolution by
natural selection.
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Figure 1.9b_1
1 Population with varied
inherited traits.
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Figure 1.9b_2
1 Population with varied
inherited traits.
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2 Elimination of individuals
with certain traits and
reproduction of survivors.
Figure 1.9b_3
1 Population with varied
inherited traits.
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2 Elimination of individuals
with certain traits and
reproduction of survivors.
3 Increasing frequency of
traits that enhance survival
and reproductive success.
1.9 Theme: Evolution is the core theme of
biology
• Each species on Earth today has a family history.
• A species represents one twig on a branching tree
of life that extends back in time through ancestral
species more and more remote.
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Figure 1.9c
Procyonidae
(Raccoons)
Common
ancestor of
red pandas,
raccoons,
and weasels
Mustelidae
(Weasels, otters)
Ailuridae
(Red pandas)
Mephitidae
(Skunks)
Common
ancestor of
red pandas and
giant pandas
Phocidae
(Seals)
Ursidae (Giant
pandas, other bears)
Canidae (Dogs,
wolves, foxes)
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1.9 Theme: Evolution is the core theme of
biology
Checkpoint question Explain the cause and effect
of unequal reproductive success.
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Video: Galápagos Island Overview
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Video: Galápagos Marine Iguana
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Video: Galápagos Sea Lion
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Video: Galápagos Tortoise
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Video: Blue-footed Boobies Courtship Ritual
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Video: Albatross Courtship Ritual
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1.10 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is
connected to our everyday lives
• Evolutionary theory is useful in medicine,
conservation, and agriculture.
• Through the selective breeding of plants and
animals, humans also act as agents of evolution.
• As a result of artificial selection, our crops,
livestock, and pets bear little resemblance to their
wild ancestors.
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1.10 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is
connected to our everyday lives
Checkpoint question Explain how humans are
agents of both artificial selection and natural
selection.
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1.11 Theme: Life depends on the flow of
information
• The processes of life all depend on the
transmission and use of information.
• DNA is responsible for heredity and for
programming the activities of a cell by providing the
blueprint for proteins.
• Information from the external and internal
environment includes the stimuli, signals, and
pathways that regulate body processes and gene
expression.
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Figure 1.11a
T
A
A
T
C
G
A
T
T
A
C
G
T
C
C
A
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G
C
G
A
G
A
T
T
T
A
Figure 1.11b
DNA
Protein X
Gene X
RNA transcribed
from gene X
RNA
Cellular
machinery
Information flow
Protein Y
Gene Y
RNA transcribed
from gene Y
Information flow
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Figure 1.11c
Pancreas
1 Signal:
high blood
glucose level
Glucose
Normal blood
glucose level
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2 Pancreatic
cell releases
insulin
3 Insulin binding
stimulates
body cells to
take up glucose
4 Normal blood
glucose level
removes
signal, insulin
release stops
1.11 Theme: Life depends on the flow of
information
Checkpoint question How is signaling information
involved in the expression of genetic information?
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1.12 Theme: Structure and function are
related
• The relationship between structure and function
can be observed at every level of life.
• At the molecular level, the structure of a protein
correlates with its function. For example,
hemoglobin molecules transport oxygen in blood.
• On the cellular level, the long extensions of nerve
cells enable them to transmit impulses from your
spinal cord to your toes.
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Figure 1.12a
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Figure 1.12b
Radial sesamoid
bone (“false thumb”)
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Figure 1.12b_1
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Figure 1.12b_2
Radial sesamoid
bone (“false thumb”)
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Video: Soaring Hawk
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1.12 Theme: Structure and function are
related
Checkpoint question Look at the structure of your
hand and explain how its structure supports its
function.
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1.13 Theme: Life depends on the transfer and
transformation of energy and matter
• Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
direction
• entering as sunlight,
• converted to chemical energy by producers,
• passed on to consumers, and
• exiting as heat.
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1.13 Theme: Life depends on the transfer and
transformation of energy and matter
• Ecosystems are characterized by the cycling of
matter
• from the atmosphere and soil,
• through producers, consumers, and decomposers,
• then back to the environment.
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Figure 1.13
FLOW OF ENERGY
Sun
Inflow of
light energy
Outflow of
heat
Consumers
(animals)
Producers
(plants)
Leaves take up
CO2 from air; roots
absorb H2O and
minerals from soil
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Chemical energy
in food
Decomposers such
as worms, fungi,
and bacteria return
chemicals to soil
Figure 1.13_1
FLOW OF ENERGY
Sun
Inflow of
light energy
Outflow of
heat
Consumers
(animals)
Producers
(plants)
Leaves take up
CO2 from air; roots
absorb H2O and
minerals from soil
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
Chemical energy
in food
Decomposers such
as worms, fungi,
and bacteria return
chemicals to soil
Figure 1.13_2
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1.13 Theme: Life depends on the transfer and
transformation of energy and matter
Checkpoint question Describe how photosynthesis
transforms energy and matter.
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1.14 Theme: Life depends on interactions
within and between systems
• The study of life extends from the microscopic
scale of the molecules and cells that make up an
organism to the global scale of the living planet.
• Emergent properties are the result of interactions
between the components of a system.
• Using an approach called systems biology,
scientists attempt to model the behavior of
biological systems by analyzing the interactions
among their parts.
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1.14 Theme: Life depends on interactions
within and between systems
Checkpoint question A box of bicycle parts won’t
do anything, but if the parts are properly
assembled, you can take a ride. What does this
illustrate?
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Figure 1.14
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You should now be able to
1. Describe seven properties common to all life.
2. Compare the three domains of life.
3. Describe the levels of biological organization
from molecules to the biosphere, noting the
interrelationships between levels.
4. Describe the concept of emergent properties.
5. Define science and distinguish between a
hypothesis and a scientific theory.
6. Describe the structure of a controlled
experiment.
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You should now be able to
7. Explain how hypotheses can be used to test
observational data.
8. Explain how science is repetitive, nonlinear, and
collaborative.
9. Describe the relationship between science and
technology.
10. Describe the process and products of natural
selection.
11. Explain how evolution impacts the lives of all
humans.
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You should now be able to
12. Explain how DNA determines an organism’s
structures and functions.
13. Describe the relationship between structure and
function in biology.
14. Compare the dynamics of nutrients and energy
in an ecosystem.
15. Explain how systems biology is used to
understand biological systems.
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Figure 1.UN02
FLOW OF ENERGY
Light
Heat
Consumers
Producers
Chemical
energy
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Figure 1.UN03
Biology
is the study of
(a)
has changed
through the process of
(b)
mechanism is
accounts
for
depends on
DNA
(genetic code)
(c)
leads to
codes for
(e)
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is evidence of
(d)
diversity of life
seen in
accounts
for
seen in
variations in
cells as basic
units of life
seen in
common properties
of living organisms
Average time to
complete maze (min)
Figure 1.UN04
25
20
15
10
5
0
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No reward
Food reward
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