Presented by
Alexandra Lovenie Gratia Gozal
250111010131
Pneumonia,
Bronchopneumonia
Definition, etiology, risk factors, patophisiology, clinical
manifestation, diagnosis, treatment and preventation.
What is
Pneumonia?
Pneumonia is an acute
infection that affects the lung
parenchyma caused by
various pathogens. It is
clinically characterized by
respiratory symptoms (e.g.,
cough, chest pain, and
dyspnoea) and confirmed by
abnormal lung imaging
results.
Killed more than
740.000
children under the age of 5 in
2019
(WHO, 2022)
Etiology &
Risk Factors
Pneumonia,
Bronchopneumonia
Etiology
Risk Factors
Bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae (the most common),
Haemophilus influenzae, Gram-negative bacilli
Atypical bacteria: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila
species (e.g., Chlamydophila pneumoniae), Coxiella burnetii
Virus: Influenza viruses (A and B), Respiratory Syncytial Virus
(RSV), Rhinoviruses, Coronavirus, Varicella-zoster virus
Fungi: Aspergillus species (especially in
immunocompromised patients) and Candida species
Age: infant and elderly
Lifestyle habits: smoking and the use of illicit drugs or alcohol
Chronic illness: e.g., Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), cancer, diabetes, stroke, etc.
Weak immune system: e.g., HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, etc.
Inhaled pathogen successfully enters
the respiratory system
Pneumonia,
Bronchopneumonia
passes through the pharynx and
reaches the alveoli
Patophisiology
alveolar macrophages become
overwhelmed in phagocytosis
of Pneumonia
macrophages release cytokines
inflammation and attracts leukocytes
purulent exudate fills the alveoli
impaired gas exchange
Pneumonia, Bronchopneumonia
What is Bronchopneumonia?
Bronchopneumonia is a type of pneumonia
characterized by patchy consolidation.
Inflammation is centered in the bronchioles or
bronchi and spreads to the surrounding alveoli.
The most common causative organisms:
S. aureus
H. influenzae
P. aeruginosa
anaerobic bacteria
Clinical Manifestation
Pneumonia,
of Bronchopneumonia
Cough
Fever
Chest pain
Malaise
Bronchopneumonia
Productive sputum
Cough
Dyspnea
Robotic
Surgery
Characteristic
manifestation
of
bronchopneumonia on HRCT:
centrilobular ill-defined nodules and
branching linear opacities
airspace nodules
multifocal lobular areas of
consolidation
Pneumonia,
Bronchopneumonia
Diagnosis
Physical exam
Anamnesis
(respiratory symptoms, e.g.,
cough, dyspnea)
Laboratory test
(e.g., blood test, sputum test)
(e.g., temperature check,
auscultation)
Radiological
Examination
(e.g., High-Resolution
Computed Tomography
(HRCT))
Treatment and
Prevention
Pneumonia,
Bronchopneumonia
Treatment
Antibiotics (based on the causative
pathogen)
Supportive therapy (e.g., oxygen
therapy, hydration, complication
monitoring, corticosteroids)
Prevention
Vaccines (e.g., pneumococcus
vaccines, influenza vaccine, Hib
vaccine)
Healthy lifestyle (e.g., maintaining
hand hygiene, eating healthy food,
avoiding smoking, and doing regular
exercise)
Pneumonia,
Bronchopneumonia
Conclusion
Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lung parenchyma
caused by various pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and
fungi. Bronchopneumonia is a type of pneumonia
characterized by patchy consolidation.
Accurate diagnosis can lead to effective treatment of
pneumonia, and preventive measures, such as vaccination,
also play an important role in reducing the risk factor for this
disease.
Pneumonia,
Bronchopneumonia
Reference
World Health Organization. (2022). Pneumonia in childern.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia.
Lee, Kyung Soo., Kim, Tae Jung., Peck, Kyong Ran., Han, Joungho. (2018).
Infectious pneumonia in immunocompetent patients: updates in clinical
and imaging features. _Precision and Future Medicine_., 2(3), 79-94.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022). Pneumonia. Diakses dari
[https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia].
Adam, Andreas et al. (2020). Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology
(7th ed). 104-125.
Hts, Sakila Ersa Putri., Amalia, Dika. (2023). Bronkopneumonia. _Jurnal
Medika Nusantara_, Vol.1 No.3. Netter, F. H. (2021). Netter’s integrated
review of medicine : pathogenesis to treatment (B. C. Leppert & C. R. Kelly,
Eds.). Elsevier. 488-493.
Herman et al. (2024). Penentuan Spesies Jamur Pada Sampel Sputum
Pasien Pneumonia di UPF BBKPM RSUP Dr. Tadjuddin Chalid Makassar.
_Jurnal Media Analis Kesehatan_, Vol.15 No.2.
Shoar, S., Musher, Daniel M. (2020). Etiology of community-acquired
pneumonia in adults: a systematic review. _Pneumonia_.
Thank you
Any question?
Pneumonia, Bronchopneumonia