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Implementation Dates:
Quarter/Term:
Level:
Teacher(s) Involved:
Week 8 to 10
Term 1
Grade 12
Practical Research 1 subject
SUBJECT: Practical Research 1
PERFORMANCE STANDARD/LEARNING COMPETENCY: The learners shall be able to write a
research title, describe the justification/reasons for conducting the research, state research
questions, list research hypotheses (if any), indicate the scope and delimitation of research,
and cite benefits and beneficiaries of research.
OUTPUT: Introduction Outline
General Instructions
1. This task is designed to be worked on by a group.
2. Read the task description carefully. Your task is to write the introduction outline of a
research paper. Please follow the structure outlined below and refer to the rubric for
assessing your work.
3. Your output is an Introduction Outline graded using the criteria shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Rubric for your output
Criteria
Excellent (4)
Good (3)
Fair (2)
The problem is
somewhat unclear,
with limited
literature review and
unclear gap or
justification of
importance.
It is somewhat
unclear or
misaligned with the
research problem.
Poor (1)
Research
Problem
The problem is clearly
stated, with strong
literature support and
an identified gap; the
importance is welljustified.
The problem is clear,
with some literature
support; a gap is
identified, and
significance is
explained.
Purpose
Statement
It is clear, concise, and
directly aligned with the
research problem.
It is mostly clear and
aligned with the
research problem.
Research
Questions (RQs)
& Hypotheses
(𝑯𝟎 ) (If
applicable)
The RQs are clear and
specific, and 𝐻0 are
well-articulated and
testable.
The RQs are clear,
and 𝐻0 are testable.
The RQs are
somewhat unclear,
and 𝐻0 are unclear
or not fully testable.
The RQs are unrelated,
and 𝐻0 are missing or
unclear.
Significance of
the Study
It clearly and thoroughly
explains how the
findings will benefit
specific groups.
It explains how the
findings will benefit
specific groups.
It provides a limited
explanation of how
the findings benefit
specific groups.
The study fails to explain
how the findings will
benefit any specific
group.
The problem is unclear,
with little to no
literature support, no
gaps identified, and no
justification.
It is unclear or does not
align with the research
problem.
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Scope and
Delimitation
It is clearly defined and
well-articulated.
It is defined but
lacking in detail.
It is unclear and
incomplete.
It is unclear or missing.
4. Introduction Outline
Table 2. Template for Introduction Outline
INTRODUCTION OUTLINE
Research Title
Project V.E.R.A.: A Vital Alternative Communication Tool for Emergency
Reporting Using a Solar-Powered Arduino-based Device
List of
Members
1. De Guzman, Rihanna Cassie M.– Leader
2. Dimayacyac, Karl John G. – Asst. Leader
3. Adachi, Stephen – Member
4. Asis, Markuz– Member
5. Bernabe, Wayne Francis C. – Member
6. Lastra, Nicola Sophia B. – Member
7. Rausa, Cedrick – Member
8. Torres, Editha Mae D.- Member
Every minute of delay in an emergency can mean the difference between life
and death. Incident reporting and emergency response in the Philippines often
face challenges, especially during disasters, since the Philippines is positioned
along the "typhoon belt" and within the Pacific Ring of Fire (Chong et al., 2025).
For example, during a major factory fire in Quezon City, firefighters were slowed
by flooded streets and given the wrong address, resulting in a 14‑minute delay
that contributed to 15 fatalities, “The firefighters’ arrival was delayed by about
14 minutes after a monsoon-season downpour and wind caused flooding and
traffic jams, and a wrong address was given to firefighters” - Tarroza said (AP
News, 2023). The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) recorded nearly 15,000 fire
incidents in just the first half of 2023 (Sarao, 2023). In addition, thousands of
traffic accidents and medical emergencies occur each month, placing heavy
demands on local responders. Yet studies in provinces such as Marinduque show
that emergency vehicles typically arrive within 10–30 minutes, which both
responders and residents consider “insufficient to prevent worsening of injuries”
(Pascua, 2025). This problem affects the entire Philippines. The communication
crisis is especially acute in rural and remote barangays, which often lack robust
network coverage and backup infrastructure. A 2024 GSMA study highlighted
that nearly 30% of municipalities in the Philippines suffer from unreliable or
intermittent mobile phone and internet access, with rural areas
disproportionately affected (Christy Balita, 2025; Morath et al., 2021). During
disasters, these areas frequently face extended blackouts and total
communication blackouts, making them invisible to centralized disaster
response networks. Data from ReliefWeb and the Philippine Institute for
Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) confirm that rural communities often
The
Defici
encies
Mode
l of an
Introd
uction
State
ment
of the
resea
rch
probl
em
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go ‘silent’ for days before the first responders can physically reach them,
seriously undermining coordinated response efforts (Christy Balita, 2025).
Besides the loss of life and injury directly due to delayed emergency response,
the social, emotional impact on communities and families is deep. Families who
lose members experience trauma such that the deaths could have been avoided
had responders earlier responded sooner. Survivors experience trauma not only
from the disaster itself but also from prolonged stresses caused by
communication failures, which deepen household vulnerability. For instance,
Edwards et al. (2020) found that experiencing natural disasters was associated
with higher levels of family violence, parenting stress, children witnessing
physical violence, child abuse, stunting, and food insecurity. This means that
when emergency reporting fails, delaying help and prolonging suffering, the
consequences extend beyond immediate tragedy, placing families under
immense psychological and economic strain.
In times of disaster, when power outages and network failures are common,
these systems often collapse. Even under normal conditions, responders report
that incomplete or inaccurate caller information, such as wrong addresses,
causes delays and confusion (AP News, 2023). In essence, communities are left
without a dependable tool to communicate during crises. Thus, there is a
pressing need for an alternative reporting system that is low-cost, simple, and
resilient. A Solar-Powered Arduino-based device using SMS/GSM technology
could fill this gap within these challanges, enabling alerts to be sent even
without internet and during power outages.
Similar studies, such as the the Bandilyo App (de los Santos et al., 2020),
developed for Leyte, used Short Message Service (SMS) and geolocation to
report incidents and was rated 4.38 (Extremely Efficient) under ISO 25010
standards, proving its effectiveness in areas with limited internet access.
Similarly, the iAlerto System (Luvett et al., 2023) in Pasig City scored 4.48 in
functionality, but researchers emphasized the need to integrate Short Message
Service (SMS) modules to support communities without reliable connectivity.
Solar-Powered devices further enhance resilience by operating independently of
grid electricity. A study on a Solar-Powered flood detector with Short Message
Service (SMS) alerts demonstrated successful deployment using Arduino and
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) modules, showing strong
potential for disaster-prone barangays (StudyLib, 2025). Studies such as these
show the significance of addressing problems that go beyond saving lives in the
immediate moment. Developing a resilient Short Message Service-based
communication system directly supports SDG 7 (Sustainable Development), SDG
9 (innovation and infrastructure), SDG 11 (sustainable communities), SDG 13
(climate action), and SDG 16 (strong institutions). Moreover, it restores public
trust by ensuring that citizens are never left without a voice in times of need. In
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short, the problem of failed incident reporting is both a technological challenge
and a moral imperative, solving it will strengthen community safety, resilience,
and well-being.
Revie
w
evide
nce
from
litera
ture
justif
ying
the
probl
em
Communication, failures to continue as one of the major challenges during
crimes, emergencies, and disasters in many communities, especially in rural or
disaster-prone areas. According to the study of Hansson (2020), communication
vulnerabilities arise when citizens experience network interruptions,
misinformation, or lack of access to reliable reporting systems during
emergencies. Such barriers increase the risk of delayed response, confusion, and
public panic. Similarly, World Vision Philippines (2023) described how floods
during the Christmas break affected hundreds of families in Mindanao and
disrupted communication between communities and responders. These real
events emphasize how network failures and lack of immediate communication
access worsen disaster impacts and delay emergency response. These findings
emphasize the importance of developing an independent, low-cost, and
sustainable communication system that can operate even during network or
power outages.
Recent incidents in the Philippines further highlight this concern. Herbie (2024)
reported that Bicol emergency hotlines suffered severe disruptions during a
surge in rescue requests during storms, delaying assistance to stranded
residents. Similarly, Press (2023) noted that heavy rain and miscommunication
of location details slowed down firefighters’ response during a factory blaze in
the Philippines that killed fifteen lives. In another case, Lim (2024) reported that
more than one hundred individuals went missing during a landslide in
Mindanao, where poor coordination and damaged communication lines
hindered rescue operations. These real events emphasize how network failures
and lack of immediate communication access worsen disaster impacts and delay
emergency response.
To address such communication issues, several researchers have explored
technological approaches to lessen these problems. Beltran Jr. (2020) developed
an Arduino-Based Disaster Management System that sends emergency alerts
through GSM modules, proving that SMS-based systems can work effectively
even in low-connectivity areas. Prakash and Kumar (2021) designed a GSMBased Home Security System Using Arduino Microcontroller, which
demonstrated the effectiveness of GSM technology for sending alerts and
notifications through text messages, though limitations such as signal delays and
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short transmission range persisted. In addition, Wicaksono et al. (2023) created
a Solar-Powered IoT-Based Fire Alarm System that continued operating during
power outages, demonstrating the potential of renewable energy in sustaining
communication devices during disasters.
Globally, research has also recognized the need for stronger disaster
communication strategies. Sah (2025) emphasized that effective disaster
communication must bridge language gaps, as many victims struggle to
understand technical or foreign terms in public advisories. Ewart and Henry
(2025) similarly reviewed Australian disaster reports and found that
communication gaps, unclear warnings, and inconsistent messages between
agencies were recurring problems across two decades of inquiries.
Local reports from the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Council (NDRRMC, 2024) further revealed that power interruptions, overloaded
hotlines, and damaged communication networks remain recurring issues during
natural disasters such as typhoons and earthquakes. Therefore, this research
seeks to fill that gap by developing a solar-powered Arduino-based incident
reporting device that offers a sustainable, accessible, and reliable form of
communication during emergencies. The proposed device will serve as an
alternative communication system that supports rapid emergency reporting,
enhances community safety, and aligns with several Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 9 (Industry,
Innovation, and Infrastructure) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and
Communities).
Several Philippine studies have explored options for emergency and disaster
reporting systems, demonstrating the significant progress in the country's digital
communication, however,such framework still possesses shortcomings. Most
projects such as the E-BAGAM (UPOU, 2021), iAlerto (Luvett et al, 2023), and the
Indica
Emergency-Incident Reporting App (Tolentino & Hernandez 2020), rely heavily
te the
on Wi-Fi or smartphone connection, rendering them ineffective in low-signal or
defici
rural areas. Similarly, software-based systems like the Bandilyo App (de los
encie
Santos et al., 2020) rely on mobile applications and SMS technology to process
s in
communication between citizens and disaster response authorities. Though
the
effective in communicating information and geolocation data, these systems
evide
lack real physical hardware integration and renewable power sources, thus
nce
rendering them dependent on the use of smartphones and electricity. This
reliance limits the software's functionality during crucial emergency situations
where power is unavailable and in remote areas with poor connectivity.
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Additionally, many disaster focused systems such as the Arduino-Based Disaster
Management System (Beltran et al., 2021) and the Sensor-Based Integrated
Emergency Alert System using Raspberry Pi (Castro et al., 2023) demonstrate
how integrated hardware systems are capable of improving hazard detection.
These systems successfully utilize sensors in order to detect temperature,
rainfall, among others, however they often emphasize on specific risks such as
floods or earthquakes and lack adaptability for multiple incidents or disasters.
Morath et al. (2021) also stated that despite national-level disaster management
advancements, many barangays still face difficulties and limitations in
infrastructure, communication tools and energy supply. Thus, there remains a
need for certain systems that are adaptable, multi-purpose, and capable of
operating under many emergency situations especially in the barangay level
where, according to Morath et al. (2021), infrastructure is often limited.
Furthermore, previous studies rarely examine the way technologically
inexperienced individuals in local communities interact with such technologies,
as well as how these systems perform. Research such as Pascua (2025)
acknowledge persistent delays in emergency response times, while Thim (2024)
emphasizes the persistent problem of poor rural connectivity in the Philippines.
In addition, Morath et al. (2021) reveals that weakness in communication
networks remains a challenge to the nation's primary disaster management.
Despite such findings, limited exploration has been done for possible solutions
that integrate the use of solar energy, SMS-based reporting, as well as useractivated reporting. The proposed Solar-Powered Smart Incident Reporting
Device aims to address the stated deficiencies through combining renewable
energy, GSM-based SMS technology, as well as Arduino-based programming to
create a more inclusive, reliable and community-centered approach to
emergency response at the barangay level.
During emergency or disaster situations, communication usually turns out to be
one of the most significant issues. When power lines, or internet connectivity is
State
disrupted, individuals from the affected regions find themselves without means
the
to report occurrences or seek assistance. Project V.E.R.A. (Vital Emergency
impor
Reporting Alternative) targets ensuring a low-cost and reliable solution for the
tance
issue by a solar-powered Arduino-based system that enables users to send out
of the
emergency reports even in the absence of traditional communications
probl
infrastructures.
em
for
This project matters as it ensures safety, accessibility, and sustainability. Since
the
the device utilizes solar energy, it can still function even when there are power
audie
blackouts, making it ideal for remote or disaster-stricken regions. Its low-cost
nce
and straightforward nature also makes it simpler for communities and
municipalities to implement and apply.
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Apart from being a communication tool during an emergency, Project V.E.R.A.
promotes innovation and strength. It shows how technology can come together
to develop feasible solutions that assist in saving lives and enhancing disaster
readiness. The creation of the project contributes towards the mission of
developing sustainable and resilient infrastructure that continues to operate
even under very difficult circumstances.
The purpose of this study is to design and develop a solar-powered, Arduinobased incident reporting device that provides a convenient, reliable, and
sustainable communication system during emergencies. This project aims to
address the continuing issue of communication failure especially in our country,
Philippines, during disasters, crimes, and other emergency situations, which
often leads to delayed response and rescue operations that worsens situation.
Purpose
Statement
The device is designed to function as an alternative reporting system that allows
individuals to send emergency alerts even in areas with limited network
coverage or power supply. It promotes faster coordination between
communities and responders, ensuring that help can be delivered on time.
The expected outcome of this study is a functional and dependable
communication device that enhances emergency reporting, supports public
safety, and promotes the use of renewable energy. Furthermore, this project
supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 7
(Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure),
and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), by encouraging innovative,
inclusive, and resilient approaches to disaster communication and community
preparedness.
Research
Questions
1. What is the level of acceptability of V.E.R.A. as device for communication in
emergency response in terms of the following respondents:
1.1 Medical emergencies
1.2 Fire emergencies
1.3 Police assistance
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2. What is the level of acceptability of V.E.R.A. as device for communication in
emergency response in terms of the following technical features?
2.1 SMS transmission
2.2 Reliability
2.3 Functionality
2.4 Performance
3. Is there a significant difference in the level of acceptability of the V.E.R.A.
device between the type of emergency response and its performance in terms
of:
3.1 SMS transmission
3.2 Reliability
3.3 Functionality
3.4 Performance
Research Question 1: What is the level of acceptability of V.E.R.A. as a device for
communication in emergency response in terms of the following types of
respondents (medical, fire, police)?
•
•
Null Hypothesis (H₀₁):
There is no significant level of acceptability of the V.E.R.A. as device for
communication in emergency response in terms of medical, fire, and
police incidents.
Alternative Hypothesis (H₁₁):
There is a significant level of acceptability of the V.E.R.A. device as an
alternative communication tool for emergency response in terms of
medical, fire, and police incidents.
Research
Hypotheses
Research Question 2: What is the level of acceptability of V.E.R.A. as device for
communication in emergency response in terms of the following technical
features (SMS transmission, reliability, functionality, and performance)?
•
•
Null Hypothesis (H₀₂):
There is no significant level of acceptability of the V.E.R.A. device in
terms of its technical features: SMS transmission, reliability,
functionality, and performance.
Alternative Hypothesis (H₁₂):
There is a significant level of acceptability of the V.E.R.A. device in terms
of its technical features: SMS transmission, reliability, functionality, and
performance.
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Research Question 3: Is there a significant difference in the level of acceptability
of the V.E.R.A. device between the type of emergency response and its
performance in terms of SMS transmission, reliability, functionality, and
performance?
•
•
Null Hypothesis (H₀₃):
There is no significant difference in the level of acceptability of the
V.E.R.A. device between the type of emergency response (medical, fire,
police) and its performance in terms of SMS transmission, reliability,
functionality, and performance.
Alternative Hypothesis (H₁₃):
There is a significant difference in the level of acceptability of the
V.E.R.A. device between the type of emergency response (medical, fire,
police) and its performance in terms of SMS transmission, reliability,
functionality, and performance.
This study is valuable to students and academic researchers as it promotes
exploration of low-cost innovations in emergency communication systems
through the integration of GSM and Arduino technologies. Academically, it can
be used as a foundation for further research on enhancing wireless reporting
systems that function effectively even in low-resource environments (GSMA,
2025). The project’s findings may inspire future academic studies that focus on
sustainability, communication, and safety technology, thus contributing to the
advancement of engineering and information technology education. By
analyzing how communication technologies can support social needs, this
research encourages critical thinking and applied learning, helping students
become innovators who develop cost-efficient solutions for real-world
problems.
Significance of
the Study
To policy makers and practitioners, this study has practical applications that
could be used to switch the operations of local safety. Project V.E.R.A. (Vital
Alternative Communication Tool for Emergency Reporting Using a Solarpowered Arduno-based Device) can be used by barangay officials, emergencies
responders, school safety officers to establish a more efficient and reliable
communication network in case of an emergency. Instead, policymakers can
think of implementing technologies powered by the sun and using SMS as an
effective alternative communication with communities and other safety systems
to facilitate resilience and maintain service in times of power failure (Kumar &
Singh, 2022). By the revelation of this research, government agencies are able to
formulate data-informed approaches to increase preparedness, and transform
the management of public safety using the updated policies of the country and
local authorities on disaster risk reduction.
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In addition, the study is useful to those future researchers and communities that
wish to implement or build on its research. Adopt of innovative sustainable
warning systems and coupled with the enhanced capacity of different
communities to respond to emergencies may lead to increased safety and
heightened confidence in community systems. One of the most important
outcomes of this study is the future researchers can use the present work as a
first step to develop similar or better technologies, incorporating IoT capabilities
or automated alert features to increase accuracy and coverage (Rahman et al.,
2023). Apart from technology, this research contributes to the global
sustainability agenda, in particular to the United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) - SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 9
(Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and
Communities), SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice and Strong
Institutions). Overall, in addition to contributing to academic knowledge, this
study directly supports innovation, safety, and sustainability both locally and
globally.
This study focuses on the design and evaluation of the Project V.E.R.A. (A Vital
Alternative Communication Tool for Emergency Reporting Using a SolarPowered Arduino-based Device) device as an alternative communication tool for
emergency response. It specifically investigates the device’s level of
acceptability in terms of SMS transmission, reliability, functionality, and
performance. The study also examines how the device is perceived across three
emergency response types: medical, fire, and police assistance.
Scope and
Delimitation
The research includes usability testing, survey-based feedback, and performance
assessment within selected urban barangays in Central Luzon. It aims to provide
insights into the practicality of solar-powered, SMS-enabled systems in lowconnectivity environments.
The study is limited to a short-term evaluation conducted within a specific
geographic area—barangays in Central Luzon. It involves a sample population
composed of community members, local responders, and barangay officials. The
timeframe for data collection is constrained to the academic calendar and
available deployment period.
The study does not cover large-scale disaster scenarios, commercial emergency
alert systems, or long-term durability testing of the device. It excludes internetbased reporting tools and focuses solely on SMS-based communication.
Comparative analysis with other technologies is not included, and the findings
are not intended to represent nationwide emergency response systems.
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Additionally, the study does not test the overall effectiveness of the device in
real emergency situations. Durability, longevity, and success rate under
repeated use are not measured. The resilience of individual components during
disasters (e.g., extreme heat, flooding, or physical impact) is also beyond scope.
The Project V.E.R.A. is not intended to replace or outperform existing emergency
communication systems, but rather to serve as a low-cost, accessible alternative
in specific contexts. The study also does not account for potential misuse of the
device, such as false reporting, prank activation, or non-emergency use. These
behaviors are considered outside the scope of this research and are not
evaluated during testing. Project V.E.R.A. is intended solely for responsible
emergency communication and should be used in accordance with its design
purpose.
Richie, J., Michelle, Copino, R. C., & Loyaga, L. (2020). Bandilyo
App: A Disaster Risk Reduction Monitoring and Incident Reporting
System with Geolocation and SMS Technology. 2021 IEEE 13th
International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology,
Information Technology, Communication and Control, Environment,
and Management (HNICEM), 1–5.
https://doi.org/10.1109/hnicem51456.2020.9400138
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Disasters on Violence, Mental Health, Food Insecurity, and
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Luvett, M., Aila, V., Justine, C., Jerard, R., Cedric, C., & Vicente, H.
N. (2023). iAlerto: A Web and Mobile Alert System for Pasig
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G Frazier, Dr. T., & R. K. Luft, T. (2021). A DATA-DRIVEN
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TOOL FOR ASSESSING RISK AND BUILDING LASTING
RESILIENCE PHILIPPINES NATIONAL DISASTER
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