Good afternoon maam good afternoon everyone. So after the previous group discuss the traditional behavior therapy, we are now moving in the direction of cognitive behavior therapy. I am going to summarize three prominent cognitive behavioral approaches but first of all, let’s define what cognitive behavior therapy is. So cbt is simply the combination of both cognitive and behavioral principles and methods in a short-term treatment approach. So we have rational emotive behavior therapy of albert ellis, cognitive therapy of aaron beck and cognitive behavior therapy of donald meichenbaum. All of these approaches share the same basic characteristics and assumptions with traditional behavior therapy. First, a collaborative relationship between client and therapist. Basically a client and a therapist should be a team. Dapat naay active participation ang client during the process rather than only listening to the therapist. Second, psychological distress stems from distorted cognitions - this only means na what cause us distress is how we interpret the events, how we think about it rather than the event itself. Third, changing thoughts to produce desired changes in emotion and behavior. We can change the way we feel by changing how we think abt it. Fourth, present centered, time limited focus Fifth, therapist is active and directive - they do not just listen, but they also guide, teach skills, and challenge clients’s thinking patterns Sixth, it is an educational treatment that focuses on structured target problems. So again a therapist acts like a teacher here while the client is a learner who is taught to learn and apply strategies to address their problems It is also a structured, psychoeducational model, emphasizing client responsibility and often involving homework assignments. You'll have "homework" to practice new skills and ways of thinking between sessions. Lets start with the Rational emotive behavior therapy of Albert Ellis So ingon si Albert Ellis People are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them. And the core idea abt it is according to REBT, people contribute to their own psychological problems by extreme beliefs they hold about situations. Getting rejected from a job Rebt also emphasizes the reciprocal interaction of cognitions, emotions, and behaviors. It means your thoughts, feelings, and actions are all connected and constantly affect each other. If you think negatively, you'll likely feel bad, and then act in ways that confirm those negative thoughts. But if you change one part—like your thoughts—you can start to change the others too. ABC Framework is central to REBT theory and practice. This is a useful tool for understanding the client’s feeling, thoughts, events and behavior. A stands fot an activating event of an individual, B for the person’s belief about the event, and C as the consequence or reaction of an individual. The idea here is an activating event does not cause the consequence or reaction. Instead, it is the person’s belief about the event that creates an emotional reaction or consequence. Example. If a person experiences a depression after a divorce, it may not be the divorce itself that causes depressive reaction but it is the person’s beliefs about his divorce or abt his failure like he felt like a failure bcs he’s now a divorced person. He may blame himself for the divorce. That cause him that emotion So albert ellis believes that human beings are largely responsible for creating their own emotional reactions. The point is you mainly feel the way you think. After AB and C comes D which stands for disputing - this is a method to challenge irrational beliefs. So naay 3 components ang disputing process. First, detecting irrational beliefs like identifying thoughts such as i must be perfect, things should be this way or thay way. Next, is debate those thoughts by using logic or facts. You can try asking yourself. Does this make sense? Is this good for me? And third, discriminate. U would then discriminate the beliefs that would help u from the beliefs that would only cause u distress/ Eventually, clients arrived at E which stands for an effective philosopy. U will now replace unhealthy thoughts with healthy ones which if successful, will lead u to F which stands for new set of feelings. THERAPEUTIC PROCESS THE MAIN GOAL OF REBT is to help clients separate their evaluation of their behaviors from their self-evaluation, and to help them achieve unconditional self-acceptance (USA) and unconditional other-acceptance (UOA). The idea is: "You may act poorly, but you are not a bad person." it’s abt accepting urself and the others despite imperfections and without judgment. ● Therapist's Function: As mentioned, the therapist is a direct and active teacher, showing clients their irrational beliefs and helping them modify their thinking. ● Client's Experience: Clients are active participants, engaging in cognitive restructuring it is improving themselves by chaining irrational beliefs into rational ones, logical thought, experiential exercises, and crucial homework assignments outside of sessions. You're not just talking; you're actively practicing new ways of thinking and behaving. Next rebt techniques and applications REBT utilizes a variety of techniques, cognitive, emotive, and behavioral methods. ● Cognitive: This includes active disputing of irrational beliefs, cognitive homework (like identifying and challenging "shoulds" in a daily thought record), and bibliotherapy (reading self-help books on REBT). ● Emotive: Techniques like rational emotive imagery (imagining an activating event and then forcing a healthy emotion), shame-attacking exercises (deliberately doing something silly in public to reduce fear of embarrassment), and humor are used to challenge beliefs emotionally. ● Behavioral: Role-playing difficult situations and in vivo desensitization (gradually exposing oneself to feared situations) are also employed. ● Group Therapy: REBT is very well-suited for group settings, providing opportunities for homework, assertiveness practice, challenging thinking, and mutual support Next, we move to Cognitive Therapy (CT) was developed by Aaron Beck during his research on depression. He found that people with depression often interpret events in a negative and distorted way that led him to develop this approach. These patterns of faulty thinking are called cognitive distortions such as Arbitrary inferences - it is jumping to conclusions without real evidence. Selective abstraction - means focusing only on one negative detail and ignoring everything else. Example: You make one mistake and think you're a failure, even if you've done many things right. Overgeneralization - means making a broad, negative conclusion based on just one event. Magnification and minimization consist - where you exaggerate the bad or downplay the good. U may assume a minor mistake in a counseling could create a crisis or u might ignore ur strengths and successes Personalization is when you blame yourself for something that isn't really your fault. Labeling and mislabeling Defining yourself based on past mistakes. Dichotomous thinking (also called all-or-nothing thinking) means seeing things in extremes—either all good or all bad, with no in-between. Cognitive Therapy aims to bring about lasting emotional and behavioral change by modifying distorted thinking THERAPISTS USE TECHNIQUES SUCH AS: Socratic questioning Behavioral experiments Homework and journaling Focus on current problems rather than deep past exploration Past is explored only when necessary to understand core schemas Therapy is brief, goal-directed, and relapse preventiv Cognitive Therapy, a collaborative alliance between the therapist and client is essential because: 🔹 Trust and empathy help the client feel safe and understood. ● 🔹 When clients feel supported, they are more willing to explore painful thoughts. ● 🔹 Therapists guide, not dictate—clients actively participate in identifying and testing ● their beliefs. ● 🔹 A strong alliance makes cognitive techniques more effective because clients are more engaged and motivated. In short: Clients change best when they feel heard, supported, and involved. In REBT (Ellis), the therapist acts more like a teacher or educator because: 🔹 The main goal is to challenge irrational beliefs that cause emotional distress. ● 🔹 Ellis believed that warmth or deep emotional connection isn't necessary—what ● matters most is teaching clients to think rationally. ● 🔹 Too much empathy might encourage emotional dependence, making clients rely on the therapist instead of learning to think independently. In short: REBT aims to correct thinking, not comfort emotions—clarity over closeness. REBT: Emphasizes changing beliefs through logic CT: Believes change is only possible within a strong therapeutic relationship Both use cognitive strategies, but their relational approach differs key differences between Cognitive Therapy (CT) and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): ● REBT is more directive and confrontational. The therapist actively teaches the client to dispute irrational beliefs. ● CT is more collaborative and reflective. The therapist asks open-ended questions (Socratic method) to help clients discover their thinking errors themselves. ● Ellis (REBT) sees faulty thinking as irrational and aims to persuade clients to change it. ● Beck (CT) sees faulty thinking as inaccurate, and helps clients test beliefs through evidence and real-life experiments. In short: REBT tells, CT asks. REBT is about changing irrational beliefs, while CT focuses on testing the accuracy of thoughts. client–therapist relationship in Cognitive Therapy (CT) compared to REBT: 🔹 In REBT (Ellis): ● The therapist is like a teacher—directive and persuasive. ● The focus is on challenging irrational beliefs, not on building a warm relationship. ● Empathy is helpful but not essential. 🔹 In CT (Beck): ● The therapist acts more like a collaborative guide or partner. ● A strong therapeutic relationship is important for effective treatment. ● Emphasis is on empathy, sensitivity, and trust, alongside using techniques. ● Therapy is collaborative, with clients actively involved in: ○ setting goals, ○ designing homework, ○ and exploring their own thoughts. ● Therapists use Socratic questioning (asking thoughtful, open-ended questions) to help clients discover their own beliefs and test them. Applications of Cognitive Therapy ● Originally used to treat depression, CT now helps with many issues, including: ○ Anxiety, panic, phobias ○ Eating disorders, anger, PTSD ○ Personality disorders, substance abuse ○ Chronic pain, stress, relationship and family problems ● CT is popular because it is well-researched and proven effective for many conditions. 🔹 Key Techniques in CT ● Cognitive techniques: Identify, examine, and change negative beliefs. ● Behavioral techniques: Activity scheduling, role-playing, skills training, and exposure therapy. ● Goal: Help clients see events differently and change how they think and act. 🔹 Example Scenario ● You feel ignored when a professor doesn’t call on you and think, “She must think I’m dumb.” ● A CT therapist would help you challenge that thought and explore other explanations (e.g., time limits, rotating participation). ● You’d learn to recognize distortions like magnification and selective abstraction. 🔹 Treating Depression with CT ● Beck's Cognitive Triad: ○ Negative view of self ○ Negative view of the world ○ Negative view of the future ● Depressed clients often: ○ Blame themselves for setbacks ○ Ignore their strengths ○ Set unrealistic goals ○ Magnify problems ● CT helps by: ○ Challenging self-critical thoughts ○ Using Socratic questioning ○ Setting up small, achievable tasks ○ Using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for assessment 🔹 Application in Family Therapy ● CT focuses on belief systems (schemas) of both individuals and families. ● Families may share “family schemata”—long-standing shared beliefs that influence how they think, feel, and act. ● CT helps identify and restructure these beliefs to improve family dynamics. CT is similar to REBT and behavior therapy. It is active, structured, short-term, and focused on present problems. It helps clients recognize and change unrealistic negative thoughts. The goal of CT is to help people: ● Notice their automatic thoughts, ● Test if these thoughts are accurate, ● Understand how thoughts affect emotions and actions, ● And replace faulty beliefs with more realistic ones. The basic principle of CT focuses on identifying and modifying automatic thoughts and these cognitive caused strong emotional reactions. The basic principle of ct primary focus on • Automatic thoughts: spontaneous, emotionally charged internal —-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CBM focuses on changing the way clients talk to themselves (self-talk) to improve how they think, feel, and act. It combines cognitive and behavior therapy. 🔹 Core Beliefs of CBM: ● Our self-statements (what we tell ourselves) shape our feelings and behavior. ● To change, clients must: ○ Notice their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors ○ Interrupt automatic (scripted) responses ○ Learn new, healthier ways to respond 🔹 3 Phases of Change in CBM: 1. Self-Observation → Become aware of negative self-talk and behavior patterns. 2. Start a New Dialogue → Replace negative self-talk with more helpful, realistic thoughts. 3. Learn New Skills → Practice better coping skills in real life and keep track of the results. In short: Change starts by noticing your thoughts, then changing your inner dialogue, and finally practicing new behaviors. Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) SIT helps clients build resilience to stress, like a psychological vaccine. It teaches coping skills before facing real-life stressors. 🌟 3 Phases of SIT: 1. Conceptual-Educational Phase ○ Build trust and explain how thoughts, emotions, and behavior relate to stress. ○ Help clients recognize their role in creating stress. 2. Skills Acquisition Phase ○ Teach relaxation, self-talk, time management, and other coping skills. ○ Clients rehearse new, helpful self-statements (e.g., “I can handle this”). 3. Application Phase ○ Practice coping skills in real-life or role-play situations. ○ Teach relapse prevention and follow-up strategies. 🔹 Constructivist Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CNP) ● Focuses on the stories clients tell about their lives. ● Helps clients re-author their story from “victim” to “survivor” to “thriver.” ● Encourages self-reflection, strengths, and positive identity change. ● Therapists use curious questioning to help clients reshape their beliefs and meanings. In short: SIT builds coping skills before stress hits. The constructivist approach helps clients change their inner story and take control of their growth. Constructivist Narrative Perspective (CNP) ● We are storytellers—therapy helps clients re-author negative stories about themselves. ● Focuses on how people create their reality through stories. ● Clients move from being “victims” to “survivors” or “thrivers.” ● Emphasizes past experiences, core beliefs, and their emotional impact. ● Uses questions to guide clients in building new, empowering narratives. ● Goal: Clients become their own therapists. ● CBT can be culturally sensitive if the therapist understands the client’s values. ● It encourages active participation and teaches practical skills. ● CBT emphasizes collaboration, empowerment, and present behavior. ● CBT fits well with multicultural therapy by: ○ Tailoring treatment to the person ○ Empowering clients to use their strengths ○ Focusing on skill-building and reducing stress ○ Supporting personal growth within one’s cultural context ⚠️ Limitations: ● Direct, confrontational styles (like in REBT) may clash with cultural values of interdependence and respect. ● Terms like “irrational” or “dysfunctional” can sound judgmental; better to use gentler, client-appropriate language. ● CBT’s focus on individualism, assertiveness, and the present may not align with cultures that value: ○ Community and interdependence ○ Quiet reflection over verbal expression ○ Past experiences as important to healing 📝 Key Reminder: ● Cultural awareness is crucial. Therapists must adapt their approach and respect the client’s worldview to make CBT more effective for diverse population —--------Donald Meichenbaum’s Cognitive Behavior Modification (CBM) is a combination of elements from cognitive and behavior therapy, focusing on how self statements influences behavior.
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