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"<img src=""https://www.donsmaps.com/images33/pebbleface.jpg"">""Makapansgat Pebble
<br>Australopithecus africanus
<br>c. 3 000 000 BP
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The Meaning of Life the Universe and Everything</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A manuport is a natural unmodified object that has been deliberately moved from its original location by a hominin.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This pebble was likely carried because its natural markings resemble a face. The fact it was ""perceived"" as significant suggests an early capacity for symbolic thought.</div>
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<img src='https://www.bradshawfoundation.com/sculpture/sculptures/tan-tan.jpg'/>"Venus of Tan-Tan
<br>Homo heidelbergensis/erectus
<br>c. 500 000–300 000 BP
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The Meaning of Life the Universe and Everything</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Claimed to be one of the oldest representations of a human figure though its status as art is highly debated by archaeologists.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Found in Morocco this quartzite artifact has grooves that suggest a human form and bears traces of red ochre pigment implying intentional modification.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://www.bradshawfoundation.com/sculpture/sculptures/berekhat.jpg'/>"Venus of Berekhat Ram
<br>Homo heidelbergensis/erectus
<br>c. 280 000–230 000 BP
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The Meaning of Life the Universe and Everything</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Explores the origins of symbolic thought and art in early human history.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Discovered in the Golan Heights this artifact has grooves that were possibly enhanced by hominins to emphasize its natural human-like shape. Like the Venus of Tan-Tan its status as art is contested.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://photos.app.goo.gl/dyB1Nk94FbepAwTW8'/>"Blombos Cave Ochre & Drawing
<br>Homo sapiens
<br>c. 75 000–73 000 BP
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism and Real Abstraction</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>These are among the earliest known examples of abstract symbolic markings made by Homo sapiens.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Two key finds: an ochre piece with an engraved cross-hatch pattern (c. 75 000 BP) and the world's oldest known drawing a similar pattern on a silcrete flake (c. 73 000 BP).</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSx-XuJ-tCzsPB1lFarzYbxVAtq8Yp9m_ZK3OZuY-Kvsg&s=10'/>"Quneitra Artifact
<br>Neanderthal
<br>c. 54 000 BP
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The Meaning of Life the Universe and Everything</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The search for the ""first"" artworks: sculptures petroglyphs and manuports.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This is an engraved flint cortex with concentric circles. While clearly human-made its abstract nature means its meaning and purpose remain unknown.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://cdn.sci.news/images/enlarge12/image_13077e-Leang-Karampuang-Painting.jpg'/>"Leang Karampuang Painting
<br>Homo sapiens
<br>c. 51 200 BP
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The Meaning of Life the Universe and Everything</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Represents the oldest confirmed figurative cave art in the world.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Discovered in Sulawesi Indonesia in 2017 and dated in 2024 this painting of a warty pig pushes back the timeline for figurative art.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTES0gDzVA4dHoFcJR4fqv_JbWNAu6Y8nnjsQ&s'/>"Leang Tedongnge Painting
<br>Homo sapiens
<br>c. 45 500 BP
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The Meaning of Life the Universe and Everything</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Early evidence of narrative and figurative cave painting.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Also found in Sulawesi Indonesia this painting of a warty pig was considered the world's oldest figurative art until the 2024 dating of the Leang Karampuang find.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/VenusHohlefels2.jpg/960px-VenusHohlefels2.jpg'/>"Venus of Hohle Fels
<br>Aurignacian Culture
<br>c. 40 000 BP
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A key example of early figurative sculpture carved from mammoth ivory.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This is the oldest undisputed example of figurative art. Its head is replaced by a carved ring indicating it may have been worn as a pendant.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://donsmaps.com/images22/chauvetpan.jpg'/>"Chauvet Cave Paintings
<br>Homo sapiens
<br>c. 36 000–30 000 BP
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The Meaning of Life the Universe and Everything</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The ""Out of Africa"" theory suggests that as modern humans migrated globally art appeared further from Africa at later dates.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>These paintings are known for their remarkable realism and sophistication. They are believed to have served religious or spiritual purposes connecting to a belief system about the power of animals and nature.</div>
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<img src='https://photos.app.goo.gl/X8FcZtM8Vvqnnrm19'/>"Venus of Willendorf
<br>Homo sapiens (Gravettian)
<br>c. 30 000–28 000 BP
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The Meaning of Life the Universe and Everything</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>An iconic example of a prehistoric ""Venus"" figurine.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Its exaggerated reproductive features (breasts hips belly) are often interpreted as symbols of fertility and abundance. It is carved from limestone and was originally colored with red ochre.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://cdn.pandoraceramiste.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/pandora-matres-magazine-N0-00018bis.jpg?strip=all&lossy=1&ssl=1'/>"Venus of Dolní Věstonice
<br>Homo sapiens (Gravettian)
<br>c. 29 000–25 000 BP
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The Meaning of Life the Universe and Everything</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Like other ""Venus"" figures it emphasizes features associated with fertility and femininity.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This is the oldest known ceramic artifact in the world made of fired clay. A fingerprint fired into the surface may be that of the artist.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Venus-de-Laussel-vue-generale-noir.jpg'/>"Venus of Laussel
<br>Homo sapiens (Gravettian)
<br>c. 25 000 BP
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A discussion of whether an artwork is abstract or figurative.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>It is a bas-relief (carved into a rock face) and is clearly figurative. The woman holds a bison horn with 13 notches which may represent lunar or menstrual cycles.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg'/>"Lascaux Cave Paintings
<br>Homo sapiens (Magdalenian)
<br>c. 21 000–17 000 BP
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The Meaning of Life the Universe and Everything</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Cave art as an early and sophisticated form of visual communication.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Located in France the cave features the famous ""Hall of the Bulls."" The paintings' scale detail and composition suggest they were part of complex social or ritualistic practices.</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg'/>"Cueva de las Manos
<br>Homo sapiens
<br>c. 13 000–9 500 BP
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The Meaning of Life the Universe and Everything</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Demonstrates how early peoples created art with available materials integrating it into their way of life.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Located in Argentina this is one of the best-preserved examples of early art in South America. Most of the hands are stencils created by blowing pigment through a bone tube.</div>
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<img src='https://share.google/YzSDV0rxELKsc9PS7'/>"Shigir Idol
<br>Mesolithic Culture
<br>c. 12 500 BP
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The lecture focused on whether an artwork is abstract or figurative (realistic).</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The oldest known wooden sculpture in the world it is covered in geometric patterns and has eight human-like faces carved into it.</div>
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<img src='https://cdn.britannica.com/36/199936-050-3BA07B39/Human-figurine-lime-plaster-grasses-twigs-bundles-6500-bce.jpg'/>"Ain Ghazal Statues
<br>Pre-Pottery Neolithic Culture
<br>c. 9 000 BP
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A figurative art form capturing stylized details of the human face.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>These are among the world’s oldest large-scale human figures made of plaster over a reed framework. They were found carefully buried in groups.</div>
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<img src='https://www.google.com/imgres?q=the%20thinker%20of%20cernavoda&imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F6%2F65%2FBucharest_-_The_Thinker_%2526_The_Sitting_Woman_of_Cernavoda_-_no_bg.png&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThinker_of_Hamangia&docid=xFzytUjr1xuoGM&tbnid=vVl6ApPSnHbJ_M&vet=12ahUKEwiTmrOBwNyPAxXWbPUHHebgHQcQM3oECB4QAA..i&w=2388&h=1668&hcb=2&ved=2ahUKEwiTmrOBwNyPAxXWbPUHHebgHQcQM3oECB4QAA'/>"The Thinker of Cernavodă
<br>Hamangia Culture
<br>c. 7 000 BP
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Discussion on whether the art is abstract or figurative.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This stylized terracotta figure representing a human in deep thought is considered a masterpiece of Neolithic art. It was discovered along with a similar female figure the ""Sitting Woman.""</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ1VRZZEh4FslEgYDkIN-mJy3ChS1SzWjXOzQ&s'/>"Cypriot Cruciform Figurines
<br>Chalcolithic Culture
<br>c. 5 900–4 500 BP
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The symbolic and ritual significance of cruciform figurines.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Carved from picrolite stone these abstract figures with outstretched arms were often worn as amulets and are linked to fertility or protection.</div>
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<img src='https://share.google/images/Y5knh32mm0OhmQPDU'/>"Cycladic Female Figure
<br>Early Bronze Age Culture
<br>c. 5 200–4 300 BP
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Discussion about whether the art is abstract or figurative.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>These abstract marble sculptures of a female form with a distinctive pose (folded arms) are known for their minimalist geometric purity which influenced many modern artists.</div>
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<img src='https://share.google/kHMTPIrPsVwOILx6a'/>"Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro
<br>Indus Valley Civilization
<br>c. 4 300–3 750 BP
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Discussion about whether the art is abstract or figurative.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This figurative bronze sculpture portrays a young woman with a confident naturalistic pose. It was created using the lost-wax casting technique one of the earliest examples of this method.</div>
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<img src='https://share.google/3iMBXOWbnoc130L9W'/>"Priest-King of Mohenjo-Daro
<br>Indus Valley Civilization
<br>c. 4 000–3 900 BP
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Representation of authority and status in the Indus Valley Civilization.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A small but iconic steatite (soapstone) statue of a bearded man with a serene expression wearing an ornate headband and patterned robe.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'></div>"
<img src='https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTKLwa63TJdH_X_mHLKd3mBJRnPGubVySYle399VvKBng&s=10'/>"Pyramids of Giza
<br>Old Kingdom Egypt
<br>c. 2589–2504 BCE
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The Meaning of Life the Universe and Everything</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Ancient royal tombs built for Pharaohs to ensure their protection and successful journey to the afterlife.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Located on the west bank of the Nile the Great Pyramid was the tallest human-made structure in the world for over 3 800 years.</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/1024px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg'/>"Nefertiti Bust
<br>Thutmose (Amarna Period)
<br>c. 1345 BCE
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction 03/09/2025 Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The bust is a masterpiece of figurative realism from the Amarna Period known for its unique artistic style.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Made of limestone coated in painted stucco this bust is celebrated for its graceful proportions and lifelike appearance embodying the Amarna ideal of beauty.</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/San_Lorenzo_Monument_4_crop.jpg'/>"Colossal Heads
<br>Olmec Culture
<br>c. 1500–400 BCE
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>These sculptures are considered figurative because they are realistic portraits of powerful Olmec rulers.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Carving and transporting the massive basalt boulders required immense resources signaling the power and status of the individuals depicted.</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Genien%2C_Nimrud_870_v._Chr._Aegyptisches_Museum%2C_Muenchen-4.jpg'/>"Winged Genie
<br>Assyrian Culture
<br>c. 883–859 BCE
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The Winged Genie is a figurative relief carving detailing a muscular man with large wings.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>These figures known as Apkallu were often depicted in rituals and linked to mythological or semi-divine beings who served as protectors against evil.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'></div>"
https://www.hiddenhistory.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/statue-3425372_1920.jpg"Discobolus (Discus Thrower)
<br>Myron (Classical Greece)
<br>c. 460–450 BCE
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW Noun Bias vs. Verb Bias</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Celebrated for its idealized depiction of athletic movement capturing a fleeting moment of tension and balance.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The original Greek bronze sculpture is lost; the work is known only through numerous Roman marble copies.</div>
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<img src='https://globalvolunteers.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/terracotta-army.jpg'/>"The Terracotta Army
<br>Qin Dynasty
<br>c. 210 BCE
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The Meaning of Life the Universe and Everything</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This massive collection of funerary art was created to protect the first Emperor of China Qin Shi Huang in the afterlife.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Thousands of life-sized unique clay figures of soldiers horses and chariots were buried with the emperor representing his imperial might.</div>
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<img src='https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sothebys.com%2Fen%2Fbuy%2Fauction%2F2024%2Fbibliotheca-brookeriana-iii-art-architecture-and-illustrated-books%2Fvitruvius-de-architectura-libri-decem-venice-1567-2&psig=AOvVaw0HB0Cg1E5lfBaDjcfG5yR5&ust=1758085255098000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjRxqFwoTCPCIu4vA3I8DFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE'/>"De Architectura
<br>Vitruvius (Roman)
<br>30–15 BCE
<br><br>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Based on the three core principles of architecture: firmitas (strength) utilitas (utility) and venustas (beauty).</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This is the sole surviving architectural treatise from Classical antiquity a comprehensive guide to architecture and engineering that heavily influenced Renaissance artists.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'></div>"
<img src='https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2Fa-large-gray-schist-figure-of-a-standing-buddha-gandhara-2nd3rd-century-superbly-carved-standing-on-a-plinth-with-worsh--396035360986353172%2F&psig=AOvVaw2h5m9MKynB1vkWLVTQqbpn&ust=1758085038916000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjRxqFwoTCOietaW_3I8DFQAAAAAdAAAAABAb'/>"Rashtrapati Bhavan Buddha
<br>Gupta Culture
<br>c. 450 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A masterpiece of sculpture that visualizes the Gupta era's philosophy: calmness perfection and spirituality distilled into form.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The serene expression downcast eyes and perfect proportions define the classic Gupta style. The halo signifies not decoration but cosmic radiance and spiritual authority.</div>
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<img src='https://www.pallasweb.com/p/2020-apse-theotokos%20copy.jpg'/>"Theotokos Mosaic (Hagia Sophia)
<br>Byzantine Culture
<br>c. 867 CE
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstraction seeks to simplify a complex reality by focusing on a few essential features as seen in the mosaic's symbolic style.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This is the oldest surviving mosaic in Hagia Sophia located in the apse. It depicts the Virgin Mary and Child on a golden throne marking the end of Byzantine iconoclasm.</div>
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<img src='https://share.google/images/rXJXv1SMNuTJ2ZWES '/>"Mount Kuanglu
<br>Jing Hao
<br>c. 900–950 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Verb bias emphasizes motion and dynamic moments. Here the mountain seems to rise and the mist appears to drift.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A monumental landscape painting in the Northern Song style known for its powerful brushwork and dramatic towering peaks.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'></div>"
<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Li_Cheng%2C_Luxuriant_Forest_among_Distant_Peaks.jpg/1200px-Li_Cheng%2C_Luxuriant_Forest_among_Distant_Peaks.jpg '/>"Luxuriant Forest Among Distant Peaks
<br>Li Cheng
<br>c. 960 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Ambiguous focus allows for a more expressive scene where precise detail is less important than the overall mood.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A masterpiece of early Chinese landscape painting known for its ""crab claw"" trees and use of diluted ink to create an atmospheric misty effect.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'></div>"
<img src='https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSsbHIJS9UwxE_fXfXESEaQHhflm0qnYO617Lze_qjLOA&s=10'/>"Angkor Wat
<br>Khmer Empire
<br>c. 1113–1150 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Drawings in History of Art and Architecture</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A 12th-century Khmer temple originally Hindu and dedicated to Vishnu.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Its architecture is a symbolic microcosm of the mythical Mount Meru. It is famed for its extensive narrative bas-reliefs that fuse storytelling with the building's sacred function.</div>
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"<img src='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batlló_Majesty#/media/File%3AMajestad_Batlló_(48995864901).jpg'/>""Majestat Batlló (Batlló Majesty)
<br>Romanesque Culture (Catalan)
<br>c. 1150 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The lecture explores how religion can unify and preserve culture by providing a collective identity.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This wooden crucifix depicts Christ not as a suffering man but as a triumphant king wearing a royal tunic. The use of expensive pigments like lapis lazuli suggests a wealthy patron.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'></div>"
<img src='https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTjKUbeTD-OpKy1noglVNnouIp8TYvwzgjDN2YBIOOCWQ&s=10'/>"Portrait of Minamoto no Yoritomo
<br>Attributed to Fujiwara no Takanobu
<br>c. 1179 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Embodies the characteristics of early Kamakura period portraiture with its use of sharp outlines and large blocks of dense color.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This hanging scroll is considered one of Japan's first realistic portraits and is designated as a National Treasure.</div>
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<img src='https://share.google/9Ayx97PV8SIxRQN9b'/>"Cologne Cathedral
<br>Gothic Culture
<br>1248–1880 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>An iconic example of High Gothic architecture.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Its construction took over six centuries making it a testament to medieval faith and engineering. Its twin spires were the tallest in the world upon completion.</div>
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<img src='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg'/>"Trinity
<br>Andrei Rublev
<br>c. 1411 or 1425–27 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This icon uses a symbolic non-realistic style to convey profound spiritual meaning rather than a purely literal representation.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>One of the most famous Russian icons it depicts the three angels who visited Abraham. The composition is circular symbolizing unity and it is renowned for its harmonious colors and peaceful tone.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'></div>"
<img src='https://en.calmtripguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Ryoan-ji-Hojo-Teien-Rock-Garden-2-April-2016.jpg'/>"Ryōan-ji
<br>Muromachi Period
<br>c. 1450 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW Horror vacui / Ma</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Ryōan-ji's rock garden is a masterclass in the use of Ma (negative space) where emptiness is as important as the objects within it.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A Zen temple in Kyoto Japan famous for its karesansui (dry landscape) rock garden. The garden's meaning is not explicit encouraging meditation and contemplation.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'></div>"
"<img src='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnolfini_Portrait#/media/File%3AThe_Arnolfini_portrait_(1434).jpg'/>""The Arnolfini Portrait
<br>Jan van Eyck
<br>1434 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Explores the use of scale proportion composition and perspective in creating a scene dense with symbolism.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A masterpiece of the Northern Renaissance famous for its intricate detail and complex iconography. The artist's reflection can be seen in the convex mirror on the back wall.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'></div>"
<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Giovanni_Bellini_-_Saint_Francis_in_the_Desert_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg'/>"St. Francis in Ecstasy
<br>Giovanni Bellini
<br>c. 1480 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A religious depiction of Saint Francis of Assisi in a detailed landscape.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The painting is celebrated for its pioneering and symbolic use of natural light which illuminates the scene with divine radiance.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'></div>"
<img src='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SE2YMQCWHChsfFqgqRFy9vRwNiWann5fsaMXATrEWu_QDYNhUVFdOFHJRbcCp3Cof_oeawez2C=s1200'/>"The Ideal City
<br>Attributed to Fra Carnevale
<br>c. 1480–1484 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A demonstration of linear perspective scale and proportion.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This Renaissance painting depicts a perfectly ordered cityscape reflecting ideals of harmony and civic virtue embodying the architectural and philosophical ideals of 15th-century humanism.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'></div>"
<img src='https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR4sEEWPUsmB-zEJjlLUxbhEz4M4p4MCyrE5CJmN4mBEw&s=10'/>"The Last Supper
<br>Leonardo da Vinci
<br>1495–1498 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Leonardo’s masterpiece captures the apostles' reactions the moment Christ announces his betrayal.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A study in psychological realism using linear perspective to focus all attention on Christ. His experimental technique (tempera on gesso) allowed for great detail but led to poor durability.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/1280px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg'/>"Vitruvian Man
<br>Leonardo da Vinci
<br>c. 1490 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A study of the rules of proportion composition and scale based on the writings of the Roman architect Vitruvius.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This famous drawing from Leonardo's notebooks explores the ideal proportions of the human body correlating them with geometry.</div>
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<img src='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa'/>"Mona Lisa
<br>Leonardo da Vinci
<br>c. 1503–1506 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Discussion of the two manners of representing reality through art: abstract or figurative depending on historical context and the artist's psychology.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A masterpiece of figurative art famous for its enigmatic smile and Leonardo's pioneering use of the sfumato technique which creates soft hazy transitions between colors.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://share.google/b9tqnJkkwR5tfNuxI'/>"David
<br>Michelangelo
<br>1501–1504 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>It is figurative due to its precise anatomy yet so idealized that it verges on the abstract.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A Renaissance masterpiece standing over 5 meters tall. The head and hands are disproportionately large possibly to emphasize them when the statue was viewed from below.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Michelangelo_-_Creation_of_Adam_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Michelangelo_-_Creation_of_Adam_%28cropped%29.jpg'/>"The Creation of Adam
<br>Michelangelo
<br>c. 1512 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The lecture emphasizes color composition scale and proportion in this iconic fresco.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A key panel from the Sistine Chapel ceiling depicting the biblical scene from Genesis. The nearly-touching fingers of God and Adam represent the divine spark of life being passed to humanity.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='PASTE IMG LINK HERE'/>"Sistine Madonna
<br>Raphael
<br>c. 1512 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The lecture analyzes how Raphael stages the figures like actors on a theatre stage directing all attention toward the central Virgin.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The composition is built like a pyramid placing the Virgin and Child at the apex to highlight their importance. The two cherubs at the bottom are among the most famous figures in art history.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://epe.brightspotcdn.com/2d/49/76e7bd5d4f9386669957169f8f9f/032323-michelangelo-david-sculpture-ap-bs.jpg'/>"The Ambassadors
<br>Hans Holbein the Younger
<br>1533 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A complex composition filled with symbolic objects related to the arts and sciences representing a world of learning and power.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The painting is famous for the distorted skull in the foreground an example of anamorphosis which serves as a memento mori (a reminder of death).</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/960px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg '/>"Portrait of Martin Luther
<br>Lucas Cranach the Elder
<br>c. 1529 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Drawings in History of Art and Architecture</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This portrait served as both a personal study and a key piece of propaganda for the Protestant Reformation.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Cranach was a close friend of Martin Luther and produced many portraits of him which were instrumental in shaping the public image of the Reformation leader.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://share.google/images/iVCLXEl3llTJwF98q'/>"Christ Washing the Feet of the Disciples
<br>Tintoretto
<br>c. 1548–1549 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The composition is strongly horizontal with figures spread across the space making the scene feel more like a shared human moment.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The unconventional composition with Christ positioned at the side and the dramatic use of light and perspective are hallmarks of Tintoretto's Mannerist style.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTZ3ffSZRmp8UP5T6mqEIuC0N3goFLlGtZY36wgPDPBFg&s=10'/>"Teatro Olimpico
<br>Andrea Palladio
<br>1585 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A key example of Renaissance perspective especially in its permanent stage set.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The stage features seven streets in forced perspective a trompe-l'œil technique that creates the illusion of long pathways receding into the distance.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Interior_of_Teatro_Olimpico_%28Vicenza%29_scena_.jpg/500px-Interior_of_Teatro_Olimpico_%28Vicenza%29_scena_.jpg '/>"Saint John the Baptist in the Wilderness
<br>Caravaggio
<br>c. 1604 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The use of chiaroscuro (strong contrast between light and dark) directs the observer's focus and creates dramatic tension.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Caravaggio's mastery of light is evident here. The bright highlights on St. John's body and the red drapery make him emerge from the dark ambiguous background.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Caravaggio-Baptist-Toledo.jpg '/>"The Calling of Saint Matthew
<br>Caravaggio
<br>1599–1600 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The beam of light in the painting is both a compositional device and a religious symbol.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The dramatic use of chiaroscuro highlights the figures at the table. The light follows Christ's gesture symbolizing the divine call to Matthew for spiritual awakening.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Caravaggio_%E2%80%94_The_Calling_of_Saint_Matthew.jpg/960px-Caravaggio_%E2%80%94_The_Calling_of_Saint_Matthew.jpg '/>"Architectural Capriccio with Jephthah and His Daughter
<br>Dirck van Delen
<br>1633 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The lecture focuses on understanding perspective as a tool for developing composition specifically one-point perspective.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This painting is a classic example of one-point perspective with all architectural lines converging at a single vanishing point to create a strong sense of depth.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Dirck_van_Delen_-_Architectural_Capriccio_with_Jephthah_and_His_Daughter_-_WGA6275.jpg'/>"Saturn Devouring His Son
<br>Peter Paul Rubens
<br>1636 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A discussion of Rubens's dynamic and monumental figures characteristic of the Baroque style.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This dramatic and violent painting depicts the Roman myth. Rubens's style is defined by its energy rich color and powerful fleshy figures.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rubens_saturn.jpg/1229px-Rubens_saturn.jpg'/>"The Night Watch
<br>Rembrandt van Rijn
<br>1642 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This painting exemplifies a Western individualistic mindset within a group context contrasting with more collective Eastern traditions.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A massive group portrait of a city militia famous for its dramatic use of light and shadow (chiaroscuro) and for capturing a sense of movement and individual character in each figure.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTGhsiuCEKvTW9tOU8CJCHBQEbecxUq2tYAyQy15QlAQA&s=10'/>"The Virgin in Prayer
<br>Sassoferrato
<br>c. 1640–1650 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The use of expensive pigments like ultramarine blue signified the importance of the subject and the wealth of the patron.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The vibrant blue of the Virgin's mantle is made from ground lapis lazuli a pigment that was once more valuable than gold.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Sassoferrato_-_Jungfrun_i_b%C3%B6n.jpg'/>"Las Meninas
<br>Diego Velázquez
<br>1656 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The lecture focused on the revolutionary composition complex perspectives and ambiguous narrative of the painting.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Velázquez used proportion and perspective to create a complex illusion where the artist appears to be painting the viewer who takes the place of the king and queen reflected in the mirror.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/1280px-Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg'/>"Modern Rome
<br>Giovanni Paolo Panini
<br>1757 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The lecture focused on the composition of an artwork that contains multiple perspectives within a single scene.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Panini arranges the painting like a stage set a ""gallery view"" containing dozens of ""frames within the frame "" where each depicted artwork has its own perspective.</div>
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<img src='https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/437245/795984/main-image'/>"Takiyasha the Witch and the Skeleton Spectre
<br>Utagawa Kuniyoshi
<br>c. 1844 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This artwork is considered realistic in its storytelling and detail despite its highly stylized Japanese art form.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This famous ukiyo-e woodblock print triptych depicts a historical princess summoning a giant skeleton. It is celebrated for its dramatic composition and imaginative power.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://share.google/images/WKKIJcF2EfLGPzdv5'/>"Courtesan Hanamurasaki of the House of Mitsui
<br>Kitagawa Utamaro
<br>c. 1794 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The artwork is considered realism despite its high degree of stylization.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A classic example of a ""bijin-ga"" (picture of a beautiful woman) from the ukiyo-e genre created using the Japanese woodblock printing technique.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://www.artic.edu/iiif/2/40835f84-2423-374d-e300-356c79362bc7/full/1686,/0/default.jpg'/>"Interior of a Kitchen
<br>Martin Drolling
<br>1815 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>An interesting fact about historical pigments was discussed.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The pigment ""Mummy Brown"" was a real pigment used from the 16th to the 19th centuries created by grinding ancient Egyptian mummies into powder.</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Martin_Drolling_-_Interior_of_a_Kitchen_%28detail%29_-_WGA6679.jpg'/>"Saturn Devouring His Son
<br>Francisco Goya
<br>1819–1823 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The distorted body and horrifying subject matter spark an argument about whether art can be beautiful when its subject is disturbing.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>One of Goya's ""Black Paintings "" this work was painted directly onto the walls of his house. It is a raw and terrifying depiction of the myth often interpreted as a commentary on conflict or the artist's fear of madness.</div>
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<img src='https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*hDVxltW_1FmxVVVB.jpg'/>"Under the Mannen Bridge at Fukagawa
<br>Katsushika Hokusai
<br>1830–32 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>As one of the ""Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji "" this series reflects a deep observation of nature from a distinctly Japanese perspective.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The simple frontal view of the deeply curved Mannen Bridge expresses its grand monumental character framing a distant view of Mount Fuji.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Fuji_seen_through_the_Mannen_bridge_at_Fukagawa.jpg'/>"Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji
<br>Katsushika Hokusai
<br>c. 1830–1832 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Originating from Japan's isolationist Edo period this ukiyo-e series heavily influenced Western artists like Vincent van Gogh.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The series actually contains 46 prints as ten more were added due to its popularity. It features Mount Fuji from different locations and in various seasons and weather conditions.</div>
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<img src='https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1016/3209/t/2/assets/36-views_all36-1664031482832.jpg?v=1664031484'/>"The Great Wave off Kanagawa
<br>Katsushika Hokusai
<br>c. 1831 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The composition and color choices especially the use of imported Prussian blue were revolutionary for Japanese prints at the time.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The most iconic work by Hokusai it depicts a massive wave threatening three boats with Mount Fuji in the background. It symbolizes the overwhelming power of nature and human resilience.</div>
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<img src='https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/45434/134438/main-image'/>"Sudden Shower Over Shin-Ōhashi Bridge and Atake
<br>Utagawa Hiroshige
<br>1857 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This lecture explores differences in artistic traditions highlighting the unique aesthetics that developed during Japan's isolation.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This print conveys the charm of a fleeting moment showing people caught in a sudden downpour. The dramatic cropping and diagonal lines are characteristic of Hiroshige's style.</div>
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<img src='https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/36461/130952/main-image'/>"Bridge in the Rain (after Hiroshige)
<br>Vincent van Gogh
<br>1887 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Van Gogh's copy highlights the cross-cultural influence of Japanese art on European modernism a phenomenon known as Japonisme.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Van Gogh faithfully copied the composition of Hiroshige's original print but reinterpreted it with his own vibrant colors and expressive heavy brushstrokes.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Brug_in_de_regen-_naar_Hiroshige_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg'/>"The Letter
<br>Mary Cassatt
<br>1890–91 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A discussion of expansionism versus isolationism and their effects on art.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Part of a series of prints heavily influenced by Japanese ukiyo-e this work uses flat colors and bold patterns to depict a modern woman in a private everyday moment.</div>
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<img src='https://www.artic.edu/artworks/13508/the-letter'/>"Water Lilies and Japanese Bridge
<br>Claude Monet
<br>1899 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The lecture talks about how composition and technique can change the feeling of an artwork.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Part of Monet's famous series the bridge is painted so loosely that it almost dissolves into the background showing how different cultural elements (a Japanese bridge in a French garden) can blend into one harmonious scene.</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Water-Lilies-and-Japanese-Bridge-%281897-1899%29-Monet.jpg'/>"The Scream
<br>Edvard Munch
<br>1893 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A foundational work of Expressionism this piece translates Munch's personal anxiety into a universal symbol of existential dread.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The distorted figure and landscape visualize an internal state of panic embodying what Munch called the ""infinite scream passing through nature.""</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://static01.nyt.com/images/2012/09/18/arts/MUSEUM/MUSEUM-superJumbo.jpg'/>"Composition IX (Card Players)
<br>Theo van Doesburg
<br>1917 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A discussion of the principles of abstraction within the De Stijl movement.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>An example of Neo-Plasticism this painting reduces figures to a dynamic arrangement of geometric shapes and primary colors seeking universal harmony.</div>
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<img src='https://share.google/images/Ix7NpbzVvyzJCC5Ta'/>"Sportsmen
<br>Kazimir Malevich
<br>1931–32 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This work is an example of Malevich's return to figurative subjects after his purely abstract Suprematist phase.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Though it depicts human figures they are rendered as faceless blocky forms stripped of individuality and defined by bold flat planes of color.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://rusmuseumvrm.ru/data/collections/painting/19_20/malevich_ks_sportsmeni_19281932_zh_9439/5980_mainfoto_03.jpg'/>"Hand with Reflecting Sphere
<br>M.C. Escher
<br>1935 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The lecture emphasizes color composition scale and proportion.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This lithograph is a self-portrait showing the artist holding a reflecting sphere. It is a masterful study of perspective reflection and the illusion of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/66/Hand_with_Reflecting_Sphere.jpg'/>"Guernica
<br>Pablo Picasso
<br>1937 CE
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The Meaning of Life the Universe and Everything Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Picasso's monumental monochromatic painting is a powerful anti-war protest against the bombing of a Basque town during the Spanish Civil War.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Using a Cubist style it depicts the horror and chaos of war transforming a specific event into an enduring universal symbol of civilian suffering.</div>
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<img src='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)'/>"One: Number 31 1950
<br>Jackson Pollock
<br>1950 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstraction allows artists to explore concepts deeper than simple perception.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A key work of Abstract Expressionism this piece showcases Pollock's ""action painting"" technique. The canvas acts as a direct record of the artist's physical gestures with an ""all-over"" composition that has no central focus.</div>
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<img src='https://www.sartle.com/media/artwork/one-number-31-1950-jackson-pollock.jpg'/>"Christ of Saint John of the Cross
<br>Salvador Dalí
<br>1951 CE
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The lecture emphasizes color composition scale and proportion.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This painting shows Christ on the cross from a dramatic overhead viewpoint looking down on a tranquil sea. The unique perspective and geometric composition (a triangle and a circle) create a powerful spiritual effect.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8c/Christ_of_Saint_John_of_the_Cross.jpg'/>"The Walking Man I
<br>Alberto Giacometti
<br>1960 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The sculpture's elongated proportions and rough texture create a powerful feeling of isolation and existential vulnerability.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The figure is extremely thin making it seem both fragile and determined. It is often interpreted as a symbol of humanity's resilience and perseverance in a post-WWII world.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcToWRO6FQIIXm-SMVAzOOPeWwK53rFJDlxwNvPsGUm1mg&s=10'/>"Triple Self-Portrait
<br>Norman Rockwell
<br>1960 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This artwork uses mise en abyme a compositional trick where an element is repeated within the scene to explore different layers of meaning.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>By depicting himself painting himself being observed by himself Rockwell explores different facets of his identity: the artist the man and the public persona.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://prints.nrm.org/vitruvius/render/1200/261054.jpg'/>"Shot Blue Marilyn
<br>Andy Warhol
<br>1964 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Discussion on whether the art is abstract or figurative.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A key work of the Pop Art movement. While the image is figurative its mechanical reproduction flat colors and celebrity subject matter abstract the person into a commercial icon.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'></div>"
<img src='https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRlJEf4951rv2EnZmBWPR8vJIIwxq1NTHN8KkhPx0eN2w&s=10'/>"The Blank Signature
<br>René Magritte
<br>1965 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism & Real Abstraction</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Discussion of the two manners of representing reality through art: abstract or figurative depending on historical context and the artist's psychology.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>At first sight the painting is figurative but its abstract quality comes from the paradoxical perspective where objects impossibly overlap disturbing the viewer's sense of reality.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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<img src='https://yourarthome.com/cdn/shop/products/YAH_0867_1200x1200.jpg?v=1629787378'/>"One and Three Chairs
<br>Joseph Kosuth
<br>1965 CE
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism and Real Abstraction</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A seminal work of Conceptual Art where the idea (concept) behind the work is more important than the physical object.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The piece presents a physical chair a photograph of that chair and a dictionary definition of ""chair."" It prompts the viewer to question what constitutes the true ""chair"" and explores the relationship between object image and language.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'></div>"
<img src='https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTdeqm2S4eCxcDMUYvhU8uq8Fv1EQAx9oGPl0pN59bcKA&s=10'/>"Rest Energy
<br>Marina Abramović & Ulay
<br>1980 CE
<br><br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Abstract Realism and Real Abstraction</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Discussion on whether art is abstract or figurative.</div>
<br>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This is a documented performance piece not a photograph. It explores extreme vulnerability and trust as Abramović holds a bow and Ulay holds the arrow aimed at her heart their body weight keeping it taut.</div>
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<img src='https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS3oPE8zyGOozAMZkhZQrBdNYGnwyk7iJI7FqvaeAt8qw&s=10'/>"Descent into Limbo
<br>Anish Kapoor
<br>1992 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This installation uses color and perspective to manipulate the viewer's perception of space and depth.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A cube-shaped building contains a circular hole in the floor coated in an intensely dark matte pigment. This creates an optical illusion of a flat 2D circle masking the true depth of the void and making it appear as a solid surface.</div>
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<img src='https://www.dezeen.com/2018/08/20/anish-kapoor-art-accident-descent-into-limbo-serralves-museum/'/>"Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn
<br>Ai Weiwei
<br>1995 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>It's about Mise-en-scène because the artist carefully staged his own act of destruction presenting it as a deliberate performance captured in a photographic sequence.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The work sparked controversy seen by some as cultural vandalism and by others as a critique of how China's modernization often destroys its own heritage.</div>
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<img src='https://www.reddit.com/media?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpreview.redd.it%2Fx4kz28u7e8441.jpg%3Fwidth%3D1080%26crop%3Dsmart%26auto%3Dwebp%26s%3D6e7e3b5a3763eb918a05934f5ccdd9a7bd4f9ffb'/>"Boy
<br>Ron Mueck
<br>1999 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The lecture discusses scale and human scale is the best reference for measuring something.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>This hyperrealistic sculpture of a crouching boy is monumental in size. Its impact comes from the contrast between its familiar subject and its unsettling colossal scale.</div>
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<img src='https://live.staticflickr.com/5099/5422130764_7f88b359d2_b.jpg'/>"Mask II
<br>Ron Mueck
<br>2001–2002 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A lecture chapter on scale.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A colossal sculpture of the artist's own sleeping face. The hyperrealistic detail at such an immense scale is both intimate and disturbing.</div>
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<img src='https://artsology.com/images/gallery-insider/ron-mueck-mask.jpg'/>"A Girl
<br>Ron Mueck
<br>2006 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>Mise-en-scène</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A lecture chapter on scale.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>RELATED INFORMATION</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>A monumental sculpture of a newborn baby many times larger than life. The massive scale makes details like blood and vernix both fascinating and confrontational.</div>
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<img src='https://www.museumtv.art/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/baby.jpg'/>"Sumida Hokusai Museum
<br>Kazuyo Sejima (SANAA)
<br>2016 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The building itself is a sculpture that represents contradiction and complexity with its sharp modern form standing out against the traditional city around it.</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>The museum's angled reflective surfaces play with light and shadow making the building's appearance change dramatically depending on the time of day and the viewer's position.</div>
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<img src='https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5919/03c8/e58e/cea8/b300/0196/medium_jpg/copyright_laurianghinitoiu_sumida_hokusai_(1_of_40).jpg?1494811587'/>"Hokusai Museum
<br>SEJIMA Kazuyo
<br>2016 CE
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>NSEW</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>THEMES AND CONCEPTS</div>
<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>It represents contradiction and complexities with its sharp irregular form standing out against the traditional city around it</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 20px;'>It also plays light and shadow on its angled surfaces making the building look different depending on the time of the day</div>
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<div style='font-family: ""Arial""; font-size: 10px;'>CONTEXT</div>
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