TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Blvd, Cubao, Quezon City 1100 Metro Manila
College of Engineering and Architecture Department
Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development Through Contextual and Adaptive
Architecture
Submitted by:
Cruz, Jireh Daniel D.
Project Adviser:
Ar. Jayann Juliet T. Rosillo
Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
CHAPTER 1: THE PROJECT
1.1. THE PROJECT
The proposed Butuan City District Civic and Cultural Center is envisioned as a multifunctional facility that will
integrate spaces for governance, culture, education, leisure, and sports within a single, cohesive complex. The
development is conceptualized not at the scale of a full city center, but at the district level, making it more accessible
to residents living outside Butuan’s traditional downtown core.
Butuan City has long been recognized as the regional capital of Caraga and a historical center of heritage, being
known as the “Home of the Balangay.” In recent decades, it has also grown into a hub for commerce, education, and
government services, drawing in-migrants from surrounding towns and provinces. However, this growth has not been
matched by adequate investments in civic and cultural infrastructure. While the downtown area houses government
offices, schools, and a few public venues, the districts at the urban periphery often lack formal, well-equipped
facilities that can host civic, cultural, or educational activities.
This problem is not unique to Butuan. In the Philippines, civic centers are usually limited to municipal halls with
adjacent plazas or covered courts. These spaces are primarily designed for administration or simple gatherings and
often do not integrate cultural, educational, or recreational functions. In many secondary cities, civic life is fragmented
across multiple single-use facilities such as barangay halls, school auditoriums, or sports courts. This pattern creates
inefficiency and limits opportunities for inclusive community development.
In Butuan, the absence of a district-level civic complex has created gaps in access. Existing barangay and district
spaces are mostly small, single-purpose, and poorly maintained. Cultural programs are hosted either in schools,
which prioritize academic functions, or in the city proper, which creates accessibility challenges for district residents.
Recreational facilities are also fragmented, with most districts only having basketball courts or open fields. These
limitations prevent districts from holding larger-scale events, cultural exhibitions, or multi-use community programs.
The proposed Civic and Cultural Center aims to address this gap by providing a district-scale hub that balances
governance, cultural identity, and community development. Rough analysis suggests that the facility should be
located in a district with a growing residential base, good road connectivity, and proximity to schools and community
institutions. The site must also meet requirements for climate resilience, particularly protection against flooding, which
is a recurring hazard in Butuan.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Architecturally, the project will adopt a context-sensitive and climate-responsive approach. The design will draw
inspiration from the balangay as a cultural symbol of unity and collective progress, while applying modern principles
of inclusivity, adaptability, and resilience. By doing so, the project seeks not only to provide physical spaces for
governance and culture, but also to act as a symbol of civic pride and identity at the district level.
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The absence of a district level civic and cultural facility in Butuan City has created structural gaps in how governance,
culture, education, and recreation are accessed by its residents. While the city serves as the administrative and
commercial hub of Caraga Region, civic infrastructure has not kept pace with its rapid urbanization. The result is a
fragmented and inequitable public realm, where opportunities for cultural expression, public service delivery, and
community engagement remain concentrated in the city proper, leaving district level communities underserved.
Sub-Problems:
a.​ Urban Migration and Unequal Access to Civic Spaces
Butuan continues to absorb population growth due to rural-to-urban migration from surrounding provinces.
According to the Philippines Statistics Authority (PSA), Caragas urbanization rate has been steadily
increasing, with Butuan identified as one of the region’s primary growth centers. However, civic and cultural
infrastructure has remained clustered in the city core, leaving peripheral districts with only barangay halls or
school auditoriums as makeshift venues. These are inadequate to host larger gatherings, cultural events, or
district level public consultations, contributing to spatial inequality and limited civic participation.
b.​ Inadequate and Deteriorating Facilities
Existing public facilities such as the Butuan polysports Complex, were originally envisioned as regional
assets but now stand underutilized and poorly maintained. This reflects a broader national issue: many civic
centers in the Philippines were constructed in the 1970s - 1990s and are now functionally obsolete, lacking
the flexibility and resilience needed in contemporary urban contexts (Alcazaren, Cultural Center and Civic
Infrastructure Review, 2019). The deterioration of such venues highlights a systemic failure in sustaining
long term multifunctional civic infrastructure creating an urgent need for new design approaches that
emphasize adaptability and resilience.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
c.​ Cultural Marginalization and Lack of Identity Building Venues
Despite Butuan’s recognition as a cradle of Philippine civilization (Home of the balangay boats and a rich
archaeological record) the city lacks district level spaces where its cultural heritage can be celebrated and
integrated into daily life. Current venues like the Balangay Convention Center are primarily commercial or
administrative, not community centered. This reflects a wider Philippine pattern, where cultural facilities are
often developed for national prestige; like CCP Complex in Manila, but rarely for district level cultural
empowerment. The result is a disconnect between people and their heritage, limiting cultural literacy and
creative growth.
d.​ Fragmented Recreational and Educational Infrastructure
Recreational and sports spaces in Butuan, as in many Philippine cities, are scattered and often designed as
single purpose facilities. For instance, schools and barangay gyms double as event venues but lack the
technical capacity, accessibility and inclusivity required of true civic centers. This fragmentation discourages
large scale cross-sectoral programming, such as cultural festivals, interschool competitions, or public
forums, which could otherwise foster social cohesion, strengthen identity, and attract tourism and
investment.
e.​ Community Demand and Frustration with Public Space
Local voices confirm this deficit. Residents have pointed out that Butuan has few well maintained public
parks or cultural venues, aside from the downtown plaza. Many describe a lack of accessible “third places”
where they can gather, rest, or engage in cultural and recreational activities. This aligns with national studies
that show public spaces in Philippine cities are often underfunded and undervalued, despite their critical role
in community well-being (UN-Habitat Philippines, National Urban Policy Review, 2020).
1.3. PROJECT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The project is envisioned as an architectural response to the lack of integrated civic and cultural facilities at the
district level. Its goals and objectives emphasize design innovation, spatial organization cultural integration and
environmental performance focusing on how architecture itself can address identified community needs.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Project Goals
a.​ To create a multifunctional civic and cultural complex that organizes diverse programs such as for
governance, culture, education, leisure, and sports in a coherent architectural framework.
b.​ To embody Butuan’s cultural identity through architectural expression, drawing inspiration from local heritage
such as the balangay boats, while reinterpreting these in contemporary design language.
c.​ To establish a resilient and climate adaptive building design that responds to Butuan’s tropical conditions
and environmental risks, ensuring long-term usability and safety.
d.​ To design inclusive and universally accessible spaces that encourage participation from all user groups
including persons with disabilities, children, the elderly, and other marginalized sectors.
e.​ To develop a district scale landmark that strengthens the urban fabric by serving as a visual, cultural, and
social anchor for its surrounding communities.
Project Objectives
a.​ To synthesize civic, cultural, educational, and recreational functions into one building complex using modular
and adaptable spatial planning. It ensures efficient land use and creates synergies among different activities
through spatial adjacency.
b.​ To translate local heritage into the building’s form. Materials, and detailing, such as roof profiles inspired by
balangay boats or the use of vernacular textures and patterns.
c.​ To apply passive cooling, natural ventilation, daylighting, and elevated floor systems suited to Butuan’s
humid tropical climate and flood prone conditions.
d.​ To design circulation systems, entrances, and public spaces that comply with BP 344 and international best
practices for inclusive design.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
e.​ To orient the site planning and massing in a way that connects seamlessly with surrounding districts, creates
a hierarchy of open and built spaces, and establishes a strong civic presence.
1.4. THE CLIENT
The primary client is the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Butuan City, which is mandated to provide governance,
cultural promotion, and community development services to its districts as mandated by the Local Government Code
of 1991 (Republic Act 7160), LGU’s are responsible for providing basic services and facilities that support education,
culture, recreation, and general welfare. This legal framework establishes the LGU as the main initiator and steward
of civic infrastructure projects.
At the district level, the client represents the need to decentralize public services and cultural facilities away from the
city core. In many districts, barangay halls and multipurpose gyms serve as the default venues for civic activities, yet
these facilities are usually utilitarian in design, lacking the architectural quality, spatial flexibility and cultural
programming capacity required of a true civic and cultural hub. Civic facilities in the Philippines tend to be
single-purpose, underdesigned, and disconnected from cultural context. They are practical but not visionary, serving
immediate functions without embodying the deeper role of civic architecture as a space for collective memory,
identity, and engagement.
1.5. PROJECT SCOPE
Scope
This capstone project focuses on the conceptual and schematic design of a district-level Civic and Cultural Center.
The scope emphasizes the architectural exploration of spaces that integrate governance, culture, education, leisure,
and sports into a single development. It seeks to redefine how civic infrastructure can be more adaptive, inclusive,
and culturally rooted while still practical and aligned with local government priorities.
a.​ Spatial Programming and Zoning
Development of a balanced program integrating civic, cultural, educational, and recreational functions.
b.​ Architectural Form and Expression
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Exploration of design language inspired by Butuan’s history and identity, particularly its ties to the balangay
as a symbol of progress and community.
c.​ Sustainability and Resilience
Integration of climate-responsive strategies such as natural ventilation, daylighting, shading, stormwater
management suited to Butuan’s tropical and flood-prone context.
d.​ Urban and Site Planning
Rough analysis of site considerations including accessibility to public transport, proximity to educational and
government institutions, and integration with the urban fabric.
e.​ User-Centered Design
Identification of primary users (local residents, students, government employees, cultural practitioners,
senior citizens) and secondary users (tourists, regional event participants).
f.​ Architectural Documentation
Conceptual drawings, schematic plans, 3D massing studies, and diagrammatic analysis that communicate
the design framework.
Limitations
This study is academic in nature and limited to the conceptual and schematic design phases. It does not cover
detailed engineering and construction documentation, including structural, electrical and mechanical systems, cost
estimation, procurement, or financial feasibility studies beyond broad assumptions of modular and phased
development, large scale commercial programs such as retail malls or entertainment complexes that are inconsistent
with the civic and cultural objectives of the project.
The project relies on secondary sources including demographic data, LGU development plans, and literature on civic
and cultural architecture to establish its rationale. While community needs and stakeholder perspectives are
referenced, actual public consultation and participatory planning are beyond the scope of this academic study.
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT JUSTIFICATION AND DESIGN FOUNDATION
The development of civic and cultural centers has long been recognized as a cornerstone of urban growth, social
cohesion, and cultural identity. In cities undergoing rapid transformation, such as Butuan, the absence of inclusive
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
and multifunctional civic facilities presents a significant challenge to governance, public participation, and cultural
preservation. This chapter establishes the foundation for the proposed Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center, presenting
the contextual realities, identified needs, and developmental justifications that make the project both relevant and
urgent.
The discussion begins with a contextual background that situates the project within global, national, and local trends
in urbanization, demographic change, cultural preservation, and civic development. It then identifies the pressing
gaps in existing infrastructure and community spaces, particularly in addressing inclusivity, accessibility, and
resilience at the district level. Stakeholders and beneficiaries are also defined to clarify the project’s social impact and
reach. Furthermore, the chapter aligns the project with national, regional, and local development goals, as well as the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), highlighting its contribution to both policy frameworks and
long-term visions of sustainable urban growth.
Finally, this chapter underscores the demand for architectural intervention as a response to growing pressures on
Butuan’s civic, cultural, and recreational facilities. By integrating design approaches that are contextual, adaptive, and
culturally grounded, the project aims not only to meet functional requirements but also to serve as a landmark for
civic engagement, cultural continuity, and social development in the Caraga Region.
2.1. CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUND
The importance of civic and cultural infrastructure has long been recognized as a cornerstone of inclusive urban
development. Globally, the role of civic centers has expanded from being mere administrative hubs into
multifunctional complexes that accommodate governance, education, cultural exchange, and community building.
The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development emphasizes the need to “make cities and human
settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable” (SDG 11), with particular focus on providing accessible and
participatory public spaces. According to the UN-Habitat’s 2022 World Cities Report, more than 55% of the world’s
population lives in urban areas, a figure expected to rise to 68% by 2050, further intensifying the demand for inclusive
civic facilities that can balance governance, culture, and community life.
In the Philippine context, the lack of district level civic infrastructure is a pressing challenge. While Metro Manila is
home to nationally recognized cultural and civic landmarks such as the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP), the
National Museum and the Quezon City Hall Complex, regional and provincial cities often rely on multipurpose halls,
convention centers, and barangay gyms that are limited in scale and flexibility. Research from Reyes (2021)
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
highlights that civic architecture in the country remains unevenly distributed, heavily concentrated in metropolitan
centers, leaving smaller cities with inadequate access to spaces that support governance, culture, and recreation.
The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2023-2028 acknowledges this disparity by prioritizing “inclusive cultural
development” and the “creation of people-centered urban spaces” to strengthen both local governance and cultural
identity. However, gaps remain in implementation, particularly at the district level, where fast-growing cities lack
integrated facilities capable of serving multiple user groups. For example, local governments often operate from
separate office buildings, cultural programming is hosted in schools or small auditoriums, and sport activities are
confined to single-purpose structures. This fragmented setup limits efficiency and reduces opportunities for
collaboration and public engagement.
In rapidly urbanizing centers such as those in the Caraga Region, these issues are more pronounced. Butuan City,
for instance, has emerged as the administrative and commercial hub of the region, with its population increasing by
over 20% from 2015 to 2020 (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2021). Urban migration from nearby provinces has
placed strain on existing facilities, which remain inadequate to host large-scale civic, cultural, or recreational
activities. Moreover, while the city is historically recognized as the”Home of the Balangay”, celebrated for its
archaeological and cultural heritage, the lack of a dedicated civic and cultural complex undermines its capacity to
project this identity at a district or regional scale.
Environmental and resilience challenges also shape the urgency of civic infrastructure development. Butuan and its
surrounding municipalities are located along the Agusan River Basin, making them highly vulnerable to flooding and
climate-related risks. Current civic facilities, such as low-lying government offices and unprotected multipurpose halls,
lack climate-adaptive design features, rendering them less functional during disasters. According to the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC, 2022), Butuan was among the most flood affected
urban centers in Mindanao, highlighting the need for civic architecture that integrates disaster-resilient and adaptive
strategies.
These national, regional, and local conditions illustrate a clear gap: the absence of district level civic and cultural
centers that can combine governance, culture, education, and recreation in one integrated, resilient facility.
International precedents show how integrated civic complexes can catalyze community identity, strengthen
governance, and promote inclusivity. However in the Philippines, the development of such facilities outside Metro
Manila remains limited. The proposed Civic and Cultural Center seeks to address this gap by creating a
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
multifunctional landmark that reflects cultural heritage, improves governance accessibility, supports creative
industries, and enhances resilience to environmental risks.
2.2. IDENTIFIED NEEDS OR PROBLEMS
a.​ Fragmented Civic Infrastructure
Local government functions are distributed across multiple, disconnected facilities, reducing efficiency and
accessibility. A centralized civic complex can improve administrative operations while fostering public trust
through visible and transparent governance spaces.
b.​ Lack of Cultural and Creative Venues
Despite Butuan’s heritage as the site of the ancient balangay boats and one of the earliest cultural
settlements in the Philippines, the city lacks formal venues for heritage interpretation, exhibitions, or cultural
education. The absence of architectural spaces dedicated to culture stifles opportunities for local artists,
performers, and youth to engage in creative activities.
c.​ Limited District-Level Recreational and Sports Facilities
Current sports and leisure infrastructures often designed as barangay gyms or outdoor courts do not meet
the demands of a growing urban population. These single purpose structures limit community interaction
and prevent the city from hosting larger scale district or regional events.
d.​ Inadequate Resilience and Inclusivity in Public Architecture
Many existing civic buildings in the Philippines follow generic and utilitarian designs that prioritize cost over
adaptability. In flood-prone Butuan, new civic infrastructure must consider climate-resilient and universally
accessible designs to ensure long term usability and inclusivity across user groups.
2.3. STAKEHOLDERS AND BENEFICIARIES
The development of the Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center involves a wide range of stakeholders and beneficiaries
whose participation and needs shape the project’s vision and direction. As a district-level civic development, the
project does not only address functional requirements for governance, culture, and community activities but also
seeks to strengthen local identity and social cohesion. Recognizing the diverse groups who will directly or indirectly
engage with the facility is essential in establishing a responsive and inclusive design framework.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Stakeholders include both institutional actors such as the local government unit, national cultural agencies, and
educational institutions and community-based groups, including residents, artists, students, and small enterprises.
Each of these sectors has distinct interests: some require spaces for governance and administration, while others
depend on venues for cultural expression, education, recreation, and livelihood opportunities. Beyond direct users,
secondary beneficiaries such as local businesses, tourism operators, and neighboring municipalities also stand to
gain from the project’s ability to stimulate economic and cultural activities in the district.
By identifying and analyzing stakeholders and beneficiaries, the project ensures that the design process remains
rooted in community relevance, inclusivity, and adaptability. This alignment not only reinforces the architectural value
of the civic center but also guarantees that it functions as a catalyst for broader cultural preservation, social
participation, and regional development.
Category
Stakeholders/Beneficiari
es
Role/Involvement
Expected Benefits
Local Government Unit
Department of Public
Works and Highways
Government agencies
Policy making, funding
Department of Tourism
allocation,
urban
integration,
heritage
National Commission for preservation, and tourism
Culture and the Arts
promotion
National
Commission
thePhilippines
Regional Agencies
Historical
of
Caraga
Regional
Development Council
Alignment with regional
development
goals,
integration with Caraga
National Economic and infrastructure
and
Development Authority
economic plans
Caraga State University
Educational Sector
Stronger
Governance
infrastructure,
preservation of heritage,
improved public services,
and tourism branding.
Academic partnerships,
student engagement in
Father Saturnino Urios civic
and
cultural
University
programs, research and
extension activities.
Enhanced regional role of
Butuan as a civic and
cultural hub, support for
regional growth strategies.
Access to multipurpose
learning spaces, support
for student and youth
development, enhanced
cultural literacy.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Butuan
Division
City
School
Technical-Vocational
Institutions
Balangay
Cultural
Heritage Advocates
Cultural Sector
Platform
for cultural
Contribution of cultural
expression,
preservation
Indigenous Manobo and
content,
performances,
of indigenous knowledge,
Higaonon Communities
exhibitions, and heritage
empowerment of local
based programs.
Local Artists’ Guilds
artists.
Museum
Barangay Councils
Community Groups
Active participation in civic
events, representation of
grassroots
interests,
inclusivity advocacy.
Accessible
community
spaces, inclusive facilities,
stronger community and
participation.
Utilization of Multipurpose
courts,
hosting
of
Varsity tournaments, recreational
programming.
Expanded opportunities
for sports, recreation, and
youth
athletic
development.
Senior Citizens
PWD Federations
Butuan
Council
City
Sports
Local Athletic Clubs
Sports and Recreation
School
Teams
Based
Fitness and
Organizations
Wellness
Local Business Chambers
Economic Stakeholders
Micro-Entrepreneurs
Food Vendors
Transport Cooperatives
Increased local income,
Provision of services
stronger MSME visibility,
during events, mobility
improved mobility and
and logistics, support
accessibility for civic
industries.
activities.
Butuan City Tourism
Office
Tourism Sector
Caraga Regional Tourism
Council
Local Tour Operators
Development of heritage
tourism
packages,
promotion of cultural
events.
Boost in cultural and
heritage
tourism,
increased visitor arrivals,
enhanced city branding.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Hotel and Resorts
Associations
DXBC radyo Pilipinas
Butuan
Media & Communication
Local Newspaper
Digital Content Creators
and Vloggers
Amplified
public
Coverage and promotion
awareness, strengthened
of civic, cultural,and
identity of Butuan as a
sporting events.
cultural hub.
2.4. ALIGNMENT WITH DEVELOPMENT GOALS
2.4.1. National Development Goals
The Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center supports the objectives of the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2023-2028,
which promotes inclusive growth, resilient infrastructure, and cultural preservation. By integrating governance,
culture, and recreation in one development, the project contributes to building people centered and climate-adaptive
communities. Its architectural design responds to the PDP’s emphasis on disaster resilience, accessibility, and
human capital development, ensuring that civic participation and cultural expression are central to national progress.
2.4.2. Regional Development Goals
Regionally, the project supports the Caraga Regional Development Plan (RDP) 2023–2028, which calls for
diversifying the region’s economy through education, culture, and tourism alongside traditional industries. By
positioning Butuan as the civic and cultural hub of Caraga, the project advances regional inclusivity and
identity-building. This aligns with SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth, as the development creates
employment and supports the creative economy, and SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure, by promoting
adaptive, multi-functional civic spaces.
2.4.3. Local Development Goals
At the local level, the project complements the Butuan City Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) and Local
Development Plan, both of which emphasize the need for inclusive public spaces and civic infrastructure. The city’s
rapid urbanization has placed strain on existing facilities, creating a demand for integrated venues that can serve
residents, students, workers, and local organizations. The proposed development responds by creating a
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
district-level hub that provides accessible, multi-use facilities while reinforcing Butuan’s identity as a growing
administrative and cultural center.
2.4.4. Tourism Development Goals
The project also contributes to the tourism development agenda of both the region and the city. Butuan is historically
recognized as the “Home of the Balangay” and is increasingly being promoted as a cultural and heritage destination.
The Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center, designed as both a civic landmark and cultural showcase, strengthens this
identity by providing spaces for festivals, exhibitions, and cultural performances. Its strategic role in tourism aligns
with the Department of Tourism’s (DOT) thrust to promote heritage-based and cultural tourism, while generating new
opportunities for local artists, entrepreneurs, and communities.
2.4.5. Education Development Goals
The project advances the educational objectives of both national and local development frameworks by providing
spaces that foster lifelong learning, cultural education, and community-based training. As Butuan grows into an
educational hub of Caraga, the lack of multifunctional venues for seminars, workshops, and youth programs has
become a challenge. The civic and cultural center responds to this gap by integrating learning environments within its
design—such as lecture halls, exhibition spaces, and creative studios—that allow schools, universities, and local
organizations to host educational activities. This aligns with the government’s vision of enhancing human capital
development through improved access to cultural and educational facilities.
2.5. DEMAND ANALYSIS
This section examines the architectural demand for a district-level Civic and Cultural Center in Butuan City, grounded
in demographic trends, socio-economic dynamics, present facility gaps, future projections, and the design response
these factors call for.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Population Growth and Demographics
The population of the City of Butuan as of July 1, 2025 was 385,530 based on the 2024 Census of Population
(POPCEN). The 2024 population of the city is higher by 13 thousand compared with the population of 327,910 in
2020; by 48 thousand compared with the population of 337,063 in 2015; and by 76 thousand compared with the
population of 309,709 in 2010. (Table 1)
The population of the City of Butuan increased by 1.87 percent annually, on average, during the period 2010 to 2020.
By comparison, the rate at which the city’s population grew during the period from 2015 to 2024 was at 1.52 percent.
(Table 2)
Among the 86 barangays, Libertad had the biggest population in 2024 with 24,880, followed by San Vicente with
20,369, Ambago with 15,523, Baan Km3 with 15,066, and Doongan with 14,951. (Table 3)
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
On the other hand, Urduja (Pob.) was the least populous barangay in the City of Butuan in 2024 with a population of
80. Followed by Humabon (Pob.) with 85, Sikatuna (Pob.) with 130, Leon Kilat (Pob.) with 139, and Rajah Soliman
(Pob.) with 252. (Table 4)
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
User and Worker Analysis
Classification
Type of User
Profile
Primary Students (Age: 3 to 5 y.o.)
Elementary Students (Age: 6 to 11
y.o.)
Secondary Students (Age: 12 to 17
y.o.)
Potential users from age groups
ranging from 3-21 y.o. Specifically
students within the vicinity and
primary users for learning and
experience from the project.
Primary Users
Tertiary Students (Age: 18 to 21
y.o.)
Field Trip Tours
Visits by groups of residents,
employees, and community. Space
allocation for multiple transport or
multiple passenger transports are
required.
Tourists and Visitors
Categorized as local and foreign
tourists. Type of users that travels to
places of attraction or mainly
participates in tourism activities.
Vloggers
Secondary Users
Users that will boost the project,
potentially
encouraging
their
viewers to pay a visit.
Senior Citizens and Marginalized Elderly
Sectors
groups,
PWDs,
and
low-income families looking for
accessible spaces for leisure, civic
participation, and welfare programs.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Facility Staff and Administrator
Maintenance and Utility Workers
Users that will maintain the function
of the spaces in the project.
Cultural and Technical Staff
Worker Analysis
Vendors and Service Providers
Users that will operate small food
kiosks,
souvenir
concession
stands.
stalls,
and
Designated
vending areas, water/electric supply,
and controlled waste management
is required.
Emergency & Disaster Response
In times of crisis, the project will
Teams
double
as
evacuation
or
coordination hubs. Spaces should
be adaptable for temporary shelters,
logistics storage, and coordination
Other Relevant Groups
rooms.
Academics and Researchers
Local universities may use the
center for conferences, research
exhibitions,
and
cultural
documentation.
Socioeconomic Trends
a.​ Migration Pressure
Butuan as a regional center, attracts inward migrants seeking employment, leading to sprawl and informal
housing in peri-urban districts. This results in demands for public and cultural facilities, as they seek spaces
for social interaction, community events, and civic participation. The growing population necessitates
accessible venues for public gatherings, cultural programs, and recreational activities.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
b.​ Service Strain
Existing cultural and civic facilities, including auditoriums, parks, and community centers are limited in
capacity and adaptability. Overcrowding during events, insufficient venues for exhibitions, performances or
community programs, and lack of accessible spaces for persons with disabilities indicate a significant gap in
service provision.
Gaps in Existing Facilities
Local government functions are distributed across multiple, disconnected facilities, reducing efficiency and
accessibility. A centralized civic complex can improve administrative operations while fostering public trust through
visible and transparent governance spaces.
a.​ Butuan National Museum
The facility offers valuable insights into the region’s past, but it is only limited to and primarily functions as an
exhibition space and does not provide facilities for performing arts, community events, or interactive cultural
programs. By limiting venues to perform, practice, and showcase, it can hinder cultural development and
community identity.
b.​ Balangay Shrine Museum
The Balangay Shrine Museum serves as a cultural heritage site, preserving the famous Balangay boats and
showcasing Butuan’s maritime history. However, the facility is primarily an open air site with minimal indoor
exhibition areas, which limits its functionality for year round activities. It lacks dedicated spaces for
performing arts, workshops, or interactive educational programs, and accessibility for persons with
disabilities (PWDs) and elderly visitors is limited (Butuan Story, 2020). These gaps restrict the museum’s
ability to host community events, cultural programs, or educational workshops.
c.​ Butuan Polysports Complex
The Butuan Polysports Complex is designed primarily for regional sporting events, featuring facilities for
basketball, football, and other athletic activities. While it effectively serves sports purposes, its specialized
design prevents adaptation for cultural performances, workshops, or community gatherings. Some areas are
underutilized or suffer from maintenance issues, limiting their effectiveness (Wikimedia Commons, 2019).
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Future Demand Projections
Tourism Potential
Sporting Events
2.6. DESIGN APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
The design of the Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center is guided by an approach that integrates research-based inquiry,
user-centered design, and context-sensitive architectural strategies. This section outlines the methods and principles
that inform the project’s translation from conceptual framework into spatial and architectural solutions. It emphasizes
the importance of grounding design decisions in empirical data, cultural narratives, and inclusive participation while
maintaining adaptability to future urban demands.
The methodology is structured to move from problem identification and contextual analysis to conceptual
development, design iteration, and technical resolution, ensuring that the project remains holistic and responsive. It
draws from architectural precedents, sustainability frameworks, and case study insights while aligning with local
development goals and global standards such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By
adopting a participatory and iterative design process, the project aims to deliver a civic and cultural center that not
only addresses current gaps in civic infrastructure but also embodies resilience, inclusivity, and cultural preservation.
2.6.1. DESIGN PROCESS
Problem
Identification
Preliminary
Research and
Contextual
Analysis
Conceptual
Development
Iterative
Refinement and
Evaluation
Technical
Resolution and
Detailing
Synthesis and
Final
Presentation
Problem Identification
The process begins with identifying issues in the civic and cultural landscape of Butuan City. Rapid population
growth, limited public venues, fragmented recreational facilities, and insufficient cultural infrastructure highlight the
need for an integrated civic and cultural complex. This stage clarifies why architectural intervention is necessary,
focusing on how the built environment can resolve problems of accessibility, inclusivity, and lack of identity.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Preliminary research and Contextual Analysis
Following the problem definition, the project undertakes comprehensive research on demographics, urbanization,
cultural identity, and socioeconomic trends. This involves examining existing civic centers in the Philippines, studying
best practices, and assessing the Caraga region’s unique conditions such as climate risks and migration pressures.
Site studies covering accessibility, circulation, environmental resilience, and land use compatibility ensure that the
project remains context sensitive.
Conceptual Development
Research findings and identified problems are translated into conceptual frameworks. Local cultural narratives,
particularly Butuan’s heritage as the “Home of the Balangay,” guide the design identity. Early spatial strategies
include massing explorations, zoning for governance, culture, and recreation, and circulation studies that ensure
logical movement and connectivity.
Iterative Refinement and Evaluation
The initial concepts are subjected to multiple design iterations. Each proposal is evaluated against criteriasuch as
inclusivity, adaptability, sustainability, and symbolic resonance. Case study insights and user feedback especially
from residents, students, workers, and civic employees are incorporated. Design strategies such as flexible halls,
passive cooling, flood adaptive planning, and public green spaces are tested and refined to strengthen architectural
performance.
Technical Resolution and Detailing
At this stage, the design matures into detailed architectural solutions. Structural systems, materiality, and
environmental strategies are addressed to balance feasibility with innovation. Accessibility codes, universal design
standards, and disaster-resilient measures are integrated to ensure the complex can serve diverse users while
withstanding local climate challenges.​
Synthesis and Final Presentation
The final step consolidates the research, concepts, and technical decisions into a comprehensive design proposal.
Architectural drawings, models, and visualizations illustrate how the center meets functional needs while symbolizing
Butuan’s cultural identity. The output positions the Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center as a district-level landmark that
strengthens governance, celebrates culture, and fosters social cohesion through architecture.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
2.6.2. LITERATURE AND CASE STUDY INSIGHTS
The study of literature and precedent projects provides a critical foundation for shaping the design of the proposed
Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center. Civic and cultural facilities are not merely functional structures; they serve as
platforms for governance, community engagement, artistic expression, and cultural preservation. By examining
theoretical frameworks, architectural strategies, and best practices, this section identifies relevant themes and
principles that inform the project’s design direction.
The literature review highlights recurring concepts such as spatial behavior in civic spaces, cultural identity in
architecture, inclusivity and accessibility, sustainable development, and tourism integration. These themes reveal how
civic centers worldwide have evolved into hybrid spaces that bridge governance with cultural and social activities,
thereby reinforcing their role in both local identity and urban competitiveness.
Complementing the literature, case studies of comparable civic and cultural centers—both local and
international—are analyzed to extract transferable lessons. These precedents demonstrate innovative approaches to
spatial programming, sustainability strategies, materiality, and community integration. Through these insights, the
proposed project can ground its architectural framework in tested principles while adapting them to the district-level
scale and socio-cultural context of Butuan City.
Historical Evolution and Ideological Foundations
The concept of grouping public buildings into civic and cultural centers emerged prominently in American city
planning during the early 20th century. Inspired by European models and events like the World’s Columbian
Exposition in Chicago (1893), architects sought to create monumental civic spaces that symbolized democratic ideals
and served as focal points for community life. This movement led to the development of civic centers in cities such as
Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and Detroit, reflecting a shift towards monumental urban planning.
Design Principles for Successful Civic and Cultural Centers
Contemporary design guidelines emphasize several key principles for creating effective civic and cultural centers:
a.​ Clear Conceptual Framework: Designs should reflect the history, culture, and the aspirations of the
community.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
b.​ Transparency and Accessibility: Ground level transparency helps visitors connect with the space, making
it more approachable.
c.​ Durability and Cultural Relevance: Materials and architectural styles should convey permanence and
resonate with local traditions.
d.​ Flexibility and Adaptability: Spaces should be versatile to accommodate various activities and events.
e.​ Community Centric Design: Layouts should facilitate social interaction and community engagement.
Jiaxing Civic Center (Jiaxing, China)
Image Source: DAN | Daily Architecture News Jiaxing Civic Centre in China by MAD Architects - DAN | Daily
Architecture News
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Overview
The Jiaxing Civic Center is a modern civic complex that integrates cultural, administrative, and public
functions. The design draws inspiration from the local canal system, emphasizing fluidity and connectivity.
The center hosts cultural events, exhibitions, and public gatherings, serving as a focal point for community
life.
Architectural Features
The architecture emphasizes fluidity and connectivity through curvilinear forms, open plazas, and
landscaped pedestrian pathways. Extensive use of glass and open spaces promotes visual transparency,
while elevated walkways connect different functional areas. The design balances modern aesthetics with a
sense of cultural continuity, allowing visitors to experience both heritage and contemporary urban life.
Community Impact
The center has successfully fostered public engagement by providing accessible areas for cultural and civic
programs. It has strengthened local identity by integrating cultural symbolism into its design and serves as
a model for blending traditional heritage with modern urban planning.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Brentwood Civic Center (California, USA)
Image Source: Brentwood Civic Center - Project Detail - LP Consulting Engineers
Overview
The Brentwood Civic Center combines municipal offices with public and recreational spaces to create a
centralized hub for civic life. The center caters not only to administrative functions but also to cultural,
educational, and community activities. Its open design encourages interaction between citizens and
government spaces.
Architectural Features
Features include a central 2.7 acre park, flexible community rooms, and environmentally sustainable
systems such as vegetated roofs, solar panels, and rainwater harvesting. The layout promotes walkability,
integrates greenery throughout, and allows for both formal and informal gatherings. The design ensures
that indoor and outdoor areas are seamlessly connected.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Community Impact
The center enhances civic participation and social interaction, providing spaces for festivals, performances,
workshops, and public meetings. Its flexible rooms can adapt to changing community needs, making the
center a dynamic cultural and civic focal point.
Adaptive Civic Landscapes - Superkilen Park (Copenhagen, Denmark)
Image Source: Superkilen / Topotek 1 + BIG Architects + Superflex | ArchDaily
Overview
Superkilen is an unconventional civic project that turned a public park into a living cultural archive.
Developed in a diverse immigrant neighborhood, it integrates more than 100 objects from around the world
into one civic space, celebrating multiculturalism through design.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Architectural Features
Everyday objects such as benches, streetlamps, tiles, and playground equipment were sourced from
different countries and arranged across the park. This creates zones of identity and belonging that reflect
the diversity of the local population.
Community Impact
Superkilen demonstrates how public space can become a physical celebration of pluralism. In Butuan,
where migration and cultural layering are central to its history, a civic plaza could feature symbolic design
elements from indigenous Manobo motifs to references to migrant communities creating a landscape of
collective identity.
Krushi Bhawan (Bhubaneswar, India)
Image Source: Krushi Bhawan by Studio Lotus | 2020-03-03 | Architectural Record
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Overview
Krushi Bhawan functions as a civic center focused on agricultural and community services while
embedding local culture and traditions. The center hosts exhibitions, workshops, and public meetings,
serving as a bridge between the government, community, and local artisans.
Architectural Features
The design employs traditional Indian patterns, local craft motifs, and passive climate responsive features.
Courtyards and semi-open spaces encourage social gatherings and events, while the arrangement of
spaces facilitates both formal administrative functions and cultural programming.
Community Impact
Krushi Bhawan enhances cultural identity and community pride. By combining modern civic functionality
with local heritage, it fosters a sense of belonging and encourages active participation in civic and cultural
initiatives.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Hangzhou Civic Center (Hangzhou, China)
Image Source: Civic Center Hangzhou by schneider+schumacher / Frankfurt - Vienna - Tianjin - Architizer
Overview
The Hangzhou Civic Center integrates municipal offices, the city library, and the urban planning museum
into a single urban complex. Serving as both a civic and cultural hub, it accommodates government
services and public activities in a highly symbolic environment.
Architectural Features
The design includes a central plaza, six curved office towers, and elevated pedestrian walkways. Its spatial
organization draws inspiration from traditional Chinese cosmology, representing harmony between heaven
and earth. Open Spaces and landscaped areas are designed to promote accessibility and visual
connectivity.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Community Impact
The center encourages civic engagement and cultural participation. By embedding cultural symbolism and
creating open, inviting spaces, it reinforces local identity and enhances public interaction, serving as a
model for multi-functional civic planning.
Jinwan Arts Center (Zhuhai, China)
Image Source: Zhuhai Jinwan Civic Art Center / Zaha Hadid Architects | ArchDaily
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Overview
The Jinwan Arts Center is a cultural complex comprising a performing arts theater, a science center, and an
art museum. It functions as a major cultural hub, attracting residents and visitors for artistic, educational,
and civic events.
Architectural Features
The building’s most striking feature is its roof, patterned after the flight of migratory birds, symbolizing
movement and collective identity. Expansive glass facades and open interiors encourage interaction while
sustainable building systems enhance comfort and efficiency.
Community Impact
The center plays a transformative role in promoting the arts and sciences. It has quickly become a
landmark where residents and visitors can access cultural programming, science exhibits, and
performances in one location. Its flexibility allows for diverse events, from concerts to educational fairs,
underlining the importance of multi-purpose civic cultural centers in modern cities.
Architecture as Civic Topography - Oslo Opera House (Oslo, Norway)
Image Source: Pin on *architecture*
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Overview
The Oslo Opera House redefined how a civic landmark interacts with the public by blurring the boundary
between architecture and landscape. Completed in 2008, it transformed what could have been an elite
cultural facility into an open ground for all residents, whether or not they were attending performances
inside. This act of “democratizing” a cultural building shows how form can influence public perception of
governance and culture.
Architectural Features
The most distinctive aspect of the Opera house is its monumental sloping roof that extends directly to the
harbor edge, making the building climbable. Citizens can walk, sit, gather, and even hold informal events on
the roof, treating it like a civic plaza. Its geometric stone planes make the roof feel like part of the city’s
terrain, emphasizing accessibility instead of exclusivity.
Community Impact
The project has become one of Norway’s most visited public spaces, not only because of its performance
but because the architecture itself is a civic invitation. For Butuan, adopting a similar strategy where a roof
or elevated surface doubles as a “public hill” could symbolize openness while providing much needed
gathering space in a compact urban core.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Cultural Center of the Philippines (Pasay City, Philippines)
Image Source: Cultural Center of the Philippines: Arts and culture’s timeless trailblazer - Manila Standard
Overview
Established in 1969, the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) remains the premier venue for Filipino
performing arts, cultural exhibitions, and national celebrations. It serves as the country’s symbolic home for
artistic excellence and continues to be central to the promotion of Philippine identity through culture and the
arts.
Architectural Features
Designed by National Artist Leandro V. Locsin, the CCP showcases the iconic “brutalist tropical” style with
massive cantilevers and stark geometric volumes. Its interiors accommodate theaters, galleries, and
rehearsal spaces, while outdoor grounds provide venues for festivals and public gatherings.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
Community Impact
CCP has nurtured generations of artists, performers, and cultural workers, while also becoming a space
where Filipinos from all walks of life can encounter both traditional and contemporary art. It symbolizes the
blending of governance, culture, and public identity, demonstrating how architecture can embody national
aspirations.
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Tagbo Civic and Cultural Center: A District-Level Development in Butuan City for Civic Engagement, Cultural
Preservation, and Social Cohesion Through Contextual and Adaptive Architecture
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