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C H AP T E R 1
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The Health Research
Process
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Health research is the process of systematically investigating a single, well-defined aspect of
physical, mental, or social well-being.
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NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
FOR
individuals and families. ANOT
clinician
is a SALE
med- OR DISTRIBU
1.1 Clinical and
Population Health
Research
ical professional who provides direct care to
patients or clients. Clinicians include physicians, surgeons, nurses, psychiatrists, physician assistants, midwives, registered dietitians,
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Bartlett Learning, LLC
© skilled
Jonesprofessionals
& Bartlett
Learning,
and other
who
work in LLC
Health is defined by the World Health
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FOR
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OR
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medical settings as well as practitioners in
“a state of complete physidentistry, clinical psychology, podiatry, physcal, mental, and social well-being, and not
ical therapy, occupational therapy, pharmacy,
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
optometry, kinesiology, rehabilitation, and
Determinants of health are the biological,
other health-related fields. Clinical practice is
behavioral, social, environmental, political,
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& Bartlett
Learning,
contrasted
with laboratory
workLLC
and research
and other factors
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that SALE
do not OR
involve
direct interaction with
tus of individuals and populations. Health
patients or clients.
research is the investigation of health and
Clinical research evaluates the best ways
disease or any of the factors that contribute to
to prevent, diagnose, and treat adverse health
the presence or absence of physical, mental,
issues that adversely affect individuals and
and social health among individuals, families,
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families. For example, clinical
research&projcommunities,
nations,
or the world
popula- LLC
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SALE
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ects may examine the progression
of a disease
tion asNOT
a whole.
Health
research
over time, compare the effectiveness of various
both clinical research and population health
therapeutic regimens, or test the safety and
research.
utility of new diagnostic tests, medications, or
Medicine is the practice of preventing,
medical devices.
diagnosing, and treating health problems in
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1
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2
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Chapter 1 The Health Research Process
on the tools of the laboratory sciences, such
Clinical research generally uses humans
& Bartlett
© Jones
as LLC
molecular biology, microbiology,
immunol-& Bartlett Learning, L
as the unit ©of Jones
investigation,
whereasLearning,
basic
ogy,
nutrition,
and
genetics.
Population
(also
called
basic
science)
­medical research
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NOT health
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research often uses tools from ­demography,
studies molecules, genes, cells, and other
smaller biological components related to
the study of the size and composition of populahuman function and health. Translational
tions and of population dynamics, such as birth
and death rates. Many clinical and population
research bridges basic research and clini© Jones
& Bartlett
Learning,
© Jones
Bartlett
Learning, LLC
cal research
by applying
scientificLLC
discoverhealth research studies
use the&methods
of social
ies
to
the
improvement
of
clinical
outcomes.
science
fields
such
as
psychology,
sociology,
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The aim of translational medicine is to move
anthropology, and economics.
research from the bench (the laboratory) to the
bedside (clinical care settings).
1.2 The Research
Population health focuses on the health
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& Bartlett Learning, LLC
outcomes
and the
determinants of health in © Jones
Process
groups
of humans. Population health is a func- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
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Research is the process of systematically and
tion of many factors, including human behavcarefully
investigating a topic in order to disiors, the social and economic environment,
cover
new
insights about the world. No matter
the physical environment, access to healthcare
what
the
goals
of a research project are or what
services, and many other exposures. Public
methods
are
used
to achieve those
goals, the& Bartlett Learning, L
© Jones
& Bartlett
Learning,
LLC
© Jones
of the actions
taken to
prohealth consists
five
steps
of
the
research
process
are
the same
mote healthNOT
and prevent
illnesses,
injuries,
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OR
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(
Figure
1-1
).
The
first
two
steps
are
identifying
and early deaths at the population level. Public
a study question and selecting a general study
health practitioners monitor health status in
approach. These two steps are often completed
communities, mitigate environmental hazards,
concurrently, because the approach selected
provide health education, support community
may require the©refinement
of the
study ques© Jones
Bartlett Learning,
LLChealth
Jones &
Bartlett
Learning, LLC
health &partnerships,
develop public
tion.
After
the
objectives
and
the
approach
enforce safety
regulations, and ensure
NOTpolicies,
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set, the last three steps are designing the study
access to essential health services.
and collecting data, analyzing the data, and
Population health research examines
reporting the findings. These steps apply to
health outcomes at the community, regional,
nearly every research project. A research projnational, and worldwide levels. For example,
is not finished
until all
five steps have
been
public
health researchers
assess population © ect
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Learning,
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Jones
& Bartlett
Learning,
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completed.
needsDISTRIBUTION
and capacities; design, implement, and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
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test population-based health interventions;
and evaluate population-based health pro1.3 Text Overview
grams, projects, and policies.
This text is a handbook for clinical and
Both clinical and population health research
­population
chapters& Bartlett Learning, L
studies apply©the
tools from
a diversity Learning,
of acaJones
& Bartlett
LLC health researchers. The
© Jones
are
organized
according
to
the
five
steps
the SALE OR DISTRIBU
demic disciplines.
Clinical
research
often
draws
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NOT of
FOR
FIGURE 1-1 The Research Process
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Bartlett Learning,
Identify
Select LLC
Design
study
study
study
and
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question
approach
collect data
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Analyze
Report
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data
findings
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1.3 Text Overview
3
research process. The first section provides
from consulting specialized ­references. Many
© Jones
Bartlett
Jones &
Bartlett Learning, L
suggestions
for &
selecting
an Learning,
appropriately LLC
excellent books, journal© articles,
technifocused
research
question
and
establishing
cal
reports,
and
online
and
library
resources
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good relationships with collaborators and
contain the advanced information required
mentors early in a project. The second section
for complex study designs and a­nalytic
presents an overview of each of the main study
techniques. It is also essential for the condesigns used in the clinical and population
sulted resources to include human experts—­
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Bartlett
Learning,
© supervisors,
Jones & Bartlett
health
sciences.
The third LLC
section describes
professors,
colleagues, Learning,
librarians, LLC
research
ethics
and
the
data
collection
prostatistical
consultants,
and
others—who
can
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cess. The fourth section summarizes common
provide insights gained from personal research
strategies for quantitative and qualitative data
experience and can direct new investigators to
analysis. The fifth section presents tips for
the background readings and other informawriting success and a step-by-step guide for
tion that will be most helpful as they explore
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© Jones
&selected
Bartlett
Learning,
preparing aLLC
manuscript for review and publitheir
research
questions.LLC
cation. If the goal is to publish the findings
of FOR Anyone
completes a novel, valid
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NOT
SALE who
OR DISTRIBUTION
a study, it may be helpful to write throughout
research project can contribute to advancthe research process. Thus, some readers may
ing clinical and population health. Health
find it helpful to read some of the chapters
research does not require a license. It does
from the fifth section of the text prior to finalnot require a doctorate or a master’s degree. It
Jones
Bartlett Learning, LLC
© Jones
& Bartlett Learning, L
izing ©
their
research&plans.
does not even require coursework
in research
The
waySALE
to learn
health
methods, although that isNOT
certainly
helpful.
NOTbest
FOR
ORabout
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research is to do actual research and to learn
What research demands is perseverance and
firsthand how the research process works. This
patience, honesty and integrity, carefulness
guidebook provides a comprehensive overview
and attention to detail, the willingness to learn
of the entire research process and details about
new knowledge and develop new skills, open© Jones &
Learning,
LLC
© Jones
Bartlett
Learning,
theBartlett
most common
methods used
in clinical and
ness to expert
advice&and
feedback,
and the LLC
health
research. It is not intended
ability toNOT
criticize
and SALE
revise one’
s own
work
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OR
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to be a compendium of everything that health
and writing. These are personal character traits
researchers know about study design, data colthat everyone can cultivate and develop along
lection, and statistical analysis. As a research
with the technical skills required for research
project unfolds, most ­researchers will ­benefit
excellence.
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