lOMoARcPSD|33262710
A&M Ielts - Cambridge Ielts 19 - Boost your vocabulary
ielts vocab (Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân)
Scan to open on Studeersnel
Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
2
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
3
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
4
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
5
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
6
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
TEST 1
READING PASSAGE 1
I
n 2016, the British professional tennis player Andy
Muray was ranked as the world's number one. It was an
incredible achievement by any standard - made even
more remarkable by the fact that he did this during a period
considered to be one of the strongest in the sport's history,
competing against the likes of Rafael Nadal, Roger Federer
and Novak Djokovic, to name just a few. Yet five years
previously, he had been regarded as a talented outsider
who entered but never won the major tournaments.
Of the changes that account for this transformation, one
was visible and widely publicized: in 2011, Muray invited
former number one player Ivan Lendl onto his coaching
team - a valuable addition that had a visible impact on the
player's playing style. Another change was so subtle as to
pass more or less unnoticed. Like many players, Murray
has long preferred a racket that consists of two types of
Professional = pro, expert, skilled ><
unprofessional prəˈfeʃənəl
Rank = place, rate, classify ræŋk
Incredible = amazing, unbelievable, fantastic
ɪnˈkredəbl̩
Achievement = success, accomplishment,
triumph əˈtʃiːvmənt
Remarkable = amazing, extraordinary,
impressive rɪˈmɑːkəbl
Like = equal, rival, opponent ˈlaɪks
Previously = before, earlier, in the past (pre- =
before, i.e previous, preview) ˈpriːviəsli
Talented = skilled, gifted, good at ˈtæləntid
Outsider = someone who is not accepted as a
member of a particular group # insider aʊtˈsaɪdə
Tournament = competition, event, championship
ˈtɔːnəmənt
Account for = Explain or provide a reason for
something,describe, show əˈkaʊnt fə
Transformation = change, shift, makeover
(trans- = across, i.e transparent,
transport) trænsfəˈmeɪʃn̩
Publicize = announce, make known, share
ˈpʌblɪsaɪ
Valuable = important, helpful, useful ˈvæljʊəbl̩
Visible = clear, noticeable, obvious vɪzəbl̩
Subtle = small, slight, hidden (sub- = below, i.e
submerge, submarine) ˈsʌtl
Pass unnoticed = go unseen, be ignored, not be
noticed pɑːs ʌnˈnəʊtɪst
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
7
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
string: one for the mains (verticals) and another for the
crosses (horizontals) While he continued to use natural
string in the crosses, in 2012 he switched to synthetic
string for the mains. Small change, perhaps, but its
String = thin, tightly woven material that is used
to make the net of a tennis racket strɪŋ
Vertical = up and down, straight up, standing
ˈvɜːtɪkl̩
Horizontal = side to side, flat, across hɒrɪˈzɒntl̩
Switch to = change to, move to, go to swɪtʃ tu
Synthetic = artificial, man-made >< natural
sɪnˈθetɪk
importance should not be underestimated.
The modification that Murray made is just one of a number
of options available to players looking to tweak their rackets
in order to improve their games. "Touring professionals
have their rackets customized to their specific needs,'
says Colin Triplow, a UK-based professional racket
stringer. 'It's a highly important part of performance
maximization. Consequently, the specific rackets used by
the world's elite are not actually readily available to the
public; rather, each racket is individually made to suit the
player who uses it. Take the US professional tennis players
Mike and Bob Bryan, for example: 'We're very particular
with our racket specifications,' they say. 'All our rackets
are sent from our manufacturer to Tampa, Florida, where
our frames go through a… thorough customisation
process.' They explain how they have adjusted not only
racket length, but even experimented with different kinds of
paint. The rackets they use now weigh more than the
average model and also have a denser string pattern (i.e.
Importance = value, significance, meaning
ɪmˈpɔːtns
Underestimate = ignore, overlook, not take
seriously >< overestimate ʌndərˈestɪmeɪt
Modification = change, adjustment, fix (mod- =
measure, change, i.e moderate, modify) mɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩
Tweak = adjust, change slightly twiːk
Touring professional = top player, pro player, best
player tʊərɪŋ prəˈfeʃnəl
Customize = specially designed for customer
ˈkʌstəmaɪz
Specific = special, particular, exact spəˈsɪfɪk
Racket stringer = a person who specializes in
stringing tennis rackets ˈrækɪt ˈstrɪŋə
Maximization = making the best, getting the most
out of, improving (maxim- = greatest, i.e maximal,
maximum) mæksɪmaɪˈzeɪʃn̩
Consequently = so, therefore, because of this
ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli
Elite = best, top, most skilled ɪˈliːt
Readily available = easy to find, easy to get, easy to
buy ˈredɪli əˈveɪləbl̩
Individually = separately, one by one, each one
ɪndɪˈvɪdʒʊəli
Suit = fit, work for, be right for suːt
Particular = careful, specific, picky pərˈtɪkjələr
Specification = detailed description of how
something should be designed or made spesɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩
Manufacturer = producer, maker, factory (manu- =
hand, i.e manual, manuscript) mænjʊˈfæktʃərə
Thorough = complete, careful, detailed ˈθʌrə
Customisation = making or changing something
according to the buyer's or user's
needs kʌs.tə.maɪˈzeɪ.ʃən
Adjust = change, fix əˈdʒʌst
Experiment = try, test ɪkˈsperɪmənt
Average = normal, usual, typical ˈævərɪdʒ
Denser = thicker, closer together, packed tighter
ˈdensə
Pattern = style, model, design ˈpætn̩
more crosses and mains).
At one time, all tennis rackets were strung with natural gut
made from the outer layer of sheep or cow intestines. This
all changed in the early 1990s with the development of
synthetic strings that were cheaper and more durable. They
are made from three materials: nylon (relatively durable
and affordable), Kevlar (too stiff to be used alone) or copolyester (polyester combined with additives that
enhance its performance). Even so, many professional
players continue to use a 'hybrid set-up', where a
Gut = the long tube in the body of a person or
animal, through which food moves during the
process of digesting food ɡʌt
Intestine = gut ɪnˈtes.tɪn
Material = substance, stuff, thing məˈtɪəriəl
Nylon = a strong artificial material that is used to
make plastics, clothes, rope ˈnaɪlɒn
Durable = strong, long-lasting, tough (dur- = hard,
i.e endure, duration) ˈdjʊərəbl̩
Affordable = cheap, not expensive əˈfɔːdəbl̩
Stiff = hard, rigid, unbending stɪf
Polyester = an artificial material used to make
cloth ˈpɒliestə
Additive = a substance that is added to
something to improve its taste, appearance
ˈædətɪv
Enhance = improve, make better, boost ɪnˈhɑːns
Hybrid = mixed, combined, different types
ˈhaɪbrɪd
combination of both synthetic and natural strings are used.
Combination = mixture, put together ( co- = with,
together, i.e compress, collide, connect)
Of the synthetics, co-polyester is by far the most widely
kɒmbəˈneɪʃən
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
8
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
used. It's a perfect fit for the style of tennis now played,
where players tend to battle it out from the back of the
court rather than coming to the net. Studies indicate that
the average spin from a co-polyester string is 25% greater
than that from natural string or other synthetics. In a sense,
the development of co-polyester strings has revolutionized
the game.
Battle something out = fight, compete, play hard
ˈbætl ˈsʌmθɪŋ aʊt
Court = the rectangular area where a tennis
match is played kɔːrt
Net = the low, stretched mesh that divides the
court in half net
Studies = research, tests, experiments ˈstʌdɪz
Indicate = show, prove ˈɪndɪkeɪt
In a sense = it means that, in other words ɪn ə
sens
Revolutionize = change completely, make a big
difference, transform revəˈluːʃənaɪz
However, many players go beyond these basic
adjustments to the strings and make changes to the racket
frame itself. For example, much of the serving power of
US professional player Pete Sampras was attributed to the
addition of four to five lead weights onto his rackets, and
today many professionals have the weight adjusted during
the manufacturing process.
Go beyond = do more than, go further than, go
past ˈɡəʊ bɪˈjɒnd
Adjustment = change, fix, tweak əˈdʒʌstmənts
Serve = the first shot of a rally, and it's the only
shot where the player can hit the ball from behind
the baseline sɜːv
Serving power = how strong the serve is, how
hard they can hit the serve sɜːrvɪŋ ˈpaʊər
Attributed to = caused by, due to, because of
əˈtrɪbjʊtɪd tuː
Weight = heavy thing, metal piece, extra weight
weɪt
Other changes to the frame involve the handle. Players
have individual preferences for the shape of the handle
and some will have the handle of one racket molded onto
the frame of a different racket. Other players make different
changes. The professional Portuguese player Gonçalo
Oliveira replaced the original grips of his rackets with
something thinner because they had previously felt
uncomfortable to hold.
Racket customisation and modification have pushed the
standards of the game to greater levels that few could
have anticipated in the days of natural strings and heavy,
wooden frames, and it's exciting to see what further
developments there will be in the future.
Involve = include or affect someone or
something ɪnˈvɒlv
Handle = the part of an object that you use for
holding it ˈhændl
Preference = like, choice, what they want
ˈprɛfərəns
Mold = shape, form, make to fit ˈmoʊld
Original = first, starting, old əˈrɪdʒn̩əl
Grip = the covering on the handle of a tennis
racket ɡrɪp
Uncomfortable = unpleasant, difficult, painful ><
comfortable ʌnˈkʌmftəbəl
Modification = changing, adjusting, fixing
mɑːdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən
Standard = levels, quality, how good it is
ˈstændərd
Anticipate = expect, think about, imagine
ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt
Development = new thing, change, progress
dɪˈvɛləpmənt
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
9
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
READING PASSAGE 2
I
n the first and second millennia BCE, pirates sailed around
the Mediterranean, attacking ships and avoiding pursuers.
When one mentions pirates, an image springs to most
people's minds of a crew of misfits, daredevils and
adventurers in command of a tall sailing ship in the Caribbean
Sea. Yet from the first to the third millennium BCE, thousands
of years before these swashbucklers began spreading fear
across the Caribbean, pirates prowled the Mediterranean,
raiding merchant ships and threatening vital trade routes.
However, despite all efforts and the might of various ancient
states, piracy could not be stopped. The situation remained
unchanged for thousands of years. Only when the pirates
directly threatened the interests of ancient Rome did the
Roman Republic organize a massive fleet to eliminate piracy.
Under the command of the Roman general Pompey, Rome
eradicated piracy, transforming the Mediterranean into 'Mare
Nostrum' (Our Sea).
Millennia = thousands of years, many centuries,
a long time mɪˈleniə
Pirate = someone who sails on the seas,
attacking other boats and stealing things from
them ˈpaɪrət
Pursuer = follower, chaser, hunter pərˈsuːər
Spring to mind = come to mind, pop into your
head, you think of sprɪŋ tu maɪnd
Misfit = people who don't fit in, oddballs, outcasts
(mis- = hate, wrong, i.e misbehavior, misogyny,
misunderstand) ˈmɪsfɪt
Daredevil = risk-taker, thrill-seeker, brave people
ˈdeərdevl
Swashbuckler = adventurer, pirate, fighter
ˈswæʃbʌklər
Prowl = move around, wander, roam praʊl
Raid = attack, steal from, take by force ˈreɪd
Merchant ship = trading ship, cargo ship, ship
that carry goods ˈmɜːrtʃənt ʃɪp
Vital = important, necessary, crucial ˈvaɪtl
Might = power, strength, force maɪt
Ancient = old, very old, bygone ˈeɪnʃənt
Piracy = the crime of stealing from a ship at sea
ˈpaɪərəsi
Fleet = naval force, group of warships, navy fliːt
Eliminate = remove, defeat, beat iˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt
Eradicate = destroy, eliminate, get rid of ɪˈrædɪkeɪt
Transform = change, make different, turn into
trænˈsfɔːrm
Although piracy in the Mediterranean is first recorded in
ancient Egypt during the reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep III (c
Record = write down, note, document rɪˈkɔːd
Reign = rule, rule over, be in power reɪn
Reasonable = logical, sensible, fair ˈriːzənəbl
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
10
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
1390-1353 BCE), it is reasonable to assume it predated this
powerful civilisation. This is partly due to the great
importance the Mediterranean held at this time, and partly due
to its geography. While the Mediterranean region is
predominantly fertile, some parts are rugged and hilly, even
mountainous. In the ancient times, the inhabitants of these
areas relied heavily on marine resources, including fish and
salt. Most had their own boats, possessed good seafaring
skills, and unsurpassed knowledge of the local coastline
and sailing routes.
Thus, it is not surprising that during hardships, these men
turned to piracy. Geography itself further benefited the pirates,
with the numerous coves along the coast providing places for
them to hide their boats and strike undetected. Before the
invention of ocean-going caravels” in the 15th century,
ships could not easily cross long distances over open water.
Thus, in the ancient world most were restricted to a few wellknown navigable routes that followed the coastline. Caught in
a trap, a slow merchant ship laden with goods had no other
option but to surrender. In addition, knowledge of the local
area helped the pirates to avoid retaliation once a state fleet
arrived.
One should also add that it was not unknown in the first and
second millennia BCE for governments to resort to pirates'
services, especially during wartime, employing their skills and
numbers against their opponents. A pirate fleet would serve in
the first wave of attack, preparing the way for the navy. Some
of the regions were known for providing safe harbors to
pirates, who, no return, boosted the local economy.
The first known record of a named group of Mediterranean
pirates, made during the rule of ancient Egyptian Pharaoh
Akhenaten (c 1353-1336 BCE), was in the Amarna Letters.
These were extracts of diplomatic correspondence between
the pharaoh and his allies, and covered many pressing
issues, including piracy. It seems the pharaoh was troubled by
two distinct pirate groups, the Lukka and the Sherden.
Despite the Egyptian fleet's best efforts, the pirates continued
to cause substantial disruption to regional commerce. In the
letters, the king of Alashiya (modern Cyprus) rejected
Akhenaten's claims of a connection with the Lukka (based in
modern-day Turkey). The king assured Akhenaten he was
prepared to punish any of his subjects involved in piracy.
Predate = come before, happen earlier than, exist
before (pre- = before i.e precede, premature) priːˈdeɪt
Civilisation = society, culture, community ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn
Predominantly = mainly, mostly, primarily
prɪˈdɒmɪnəntli
Fertile = productive, rich, fruitful ˈfɜːtaɪl
Rugged = rough, uneven, bumpy ˈrʌɡɪd
Hilly = having a lot of hills ˈhɪli
Mountainous = with mountains, high, rocky
ˈmaʊntənəs
Inhabitant = resident, people, dweller ɪnˈhæbɪtənt
Rely on = depend on, count on, trust in rɪˈlaɪ ɒn
Marine = sea, ocean, water məˈriːn
Seafaring skills = abilities and knowledge needed to
navigate and sail a ship effectively ˈsiːfɛərɪŋ skɪlz
Unsurpassed = unmatch, best, superior ʌnsəˈpɑːs
Coastline = coast, shore, beach ˈkəʊstlaɪn
Sailing route = path, way, track ˈseɪlɪŋ ruːt
Hardship = difficulty, trouble, problem ˈhɑːdʃɪp
Numerous = many, lots of, a lot of ˈnjuːmərəs
Cove = a curved part of a coast that partly
surrounds an area of water kəʊv
Undetect = unsee, unnoticed, undiscovered ><
detect (un- = not i.e undeniable, unbeatable)
ʌndɪˈtɛk
Invention = creation, discovery, development
ɪnˈvɛnʃn
Ocean-going = designed for traveling across
large areas of ocean ˈəʊʃən ˈɡəʊɪŋ
Caravel = a small, highly maneuverable sailing
ship developed by the Portuguese ˈkærəvɛl
Restrict = limit, confine, control rɪˈstrɪkt
Navigable = passable, suitable for sailing, easy
to sail on ˈnævɪɡəbl
Laden with = loaded, full of, packed with ˈleɪdn
wɪð
Surrender = give up, yield, submit səˈrɛndər
Retaliation = revenge, payback, punishment (re= back i.e revenge, redeem) rɪtælɪˈeɪʃn
Fleet = group of ships, navy, squadron fliːt
Resort to = turn to, use, rely on rɪˈzɔːrt tʊ
Employ = use, take advantage of ɪmˈplɔɪ
Opponent = enemy, rival, adversary əˈpəʊnənt
Wave = group, attack, surge weɪv
Harbor = an area of water next to the coast,
where ships and boats can shelter ˈhɑːrbər
Boost = help, improve, increase buːst
Record = document, history, evidence (re- =
back, again i.e recede, redact) ˈrɛkɔːrd
Diplomatic correspondence = official letters,
formal messages, government
communications dɪpləˈmætɪk kɒrəˈspɒndəns
Pressing = important, urgent, serious ˈprɛsɪŋ
Distinct = different, separate, unique dɪˈstɪŋkt
Substantial = significant, large, big səbˈstænʃl
Disruption = trouble, chaos, disturbance dɪsˈrʌpʃn
Reject = refuse, deny, disagree with rɪˈdʒɛkt
Claim = statement, accusation, assertion kleɪm
Connection = link, relationship, association
kəˈnɛkʃn
Assure = promise, guarantee, confirm əˈʃʊər
Punish = discipline, penalize, make pay ˈpʌnɪʃ
Subject = citizen, people, resident ˈsʌbdʒɪkt
Involve in = take part in, participate in, engaged
in ɪnˈvɒlv
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
11
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
The ancient Greek world's experience of piracy was different
from that of Egyptian rulers. While Egypt's power was landbased, the ancient Greeks relied on the Mediterranean in
almost all aspects of life, from trade to warfare. Interestingly,
in his works the iliad and the Odyssey, the ancient Greek writer
Homer not only condones, but praises the lifestyle and
actions of pirates. The opinion remained unchanged in the
following centuries. The ancient Greek historian Thucydides,
for instance, glorified pirates' daring attacks on ships or even
cities. For Greeks, piracy was a part of everyday life. Even
high-ranking members of the state were not beyond
engaging in such activities. According to the Greek orator
Demosthenes, in 35 BCE, Athenian ambassadors made a
detour from their official travel to capture a ship sailing from
Egypt, taking the wealth found onboard for themselves! The
Greeks' liberal approach towards piracy does not mean they
always tolerated it ,but attempts to curtail piracy were
hampered by the large number of pirates operating in the
Mediterranean.
Warfare = war, fighting, military operation ˈwɔːrfɛər
Interestingly = surprisingly, curiously, oddly
The rising power of ancient Rome required the Roman
Republic to deal with piracy in the Mediterranean. While piracy
was a serious issue for the Republic, Rome profited greatly
from its existence. Pirate raids provided a steady source of
slaves, essential for Rome's agriculture and mining industries.
But this arrangement could work only while the pirates left
Roman interests alone. Pirate attacks on grain ships, which
were essential to Roman citizens, led to angry voices in the
Senate, demanding punishment of the culprits. Rome,
however, did nothing, further encouraging piracy. By the 1st
century BCE, emboldened pirates kidnapped prominent
Roman dignitaries, asking for a large ransom to be paid.
Their most famous hostage was none other than Julius
Caesar, captured in 75 BCE.
Profit = benefit, gained, made money ˈprɒfɪt
Raid = attack, invasion, robbery reɪd
Steady = regular, constant, reliable ˈstedi
Essential = important, necessary, vital ɪˈsenʃl
Arrangement = agreement, deal, plan
By now, Rome was well aware that pirates had outlived their
usefulness. The time had come for concerted action. In 67
BCE, a new law granted Pompey vast funds to combat the
Mediterranean menace. Taking personal command, Pompey
divided the entire Mediterranean into 13 districts, assigning a
fleet and commander to each. After cleansing one district of
pirates, the fleet would join another in the next district. The
process continued until the entire Mediterranean was free of
pirates. Although thousands of pirates died at the hands of
Pompey's troops, as a long-term solution to the problem,
many more were offered land in fertile areas located far from
the sea. Instead of maritime menace, Rome got productive
farmers that further boosted its economy.
ˈɪntrəstɪŋli
Condone = allow, approve of, accept kənˈdoʊn
Praise = compliments, applauds, commends
ˈpreɪz
Lifestyle = way of life, habits, routine ˈlaɪfstaɪl
Unchanged = the same, constant, unchanging
ʌnˈtʃeɪndʒd
Glorify = praise, admire, celebrate ˈɡlɔːrɪfaɪ
Daring = brave, bold, courageous ˈdeərɪŋ
High-ranking = important, powerful, senior
haɪˈræŋkɪŋ
Engage in = take part in, participate in, do
ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ in
Orator = speaker, debater, talker ˈɔːrətər
Ambassador = an important official who
represents his or her government in a foreign
country æmˈbæsədər
Detour = different route, side trip, shortcut ˈdiːtʊr
Official = formal, government, authorized əˈfɪʃəl
Liberal = easy-going, sympathetic, flexible ˈlɪbərəl
Tolerate = allow, accept, put up with ˈtɒləreɪt
Curtail = limit, reduce, cut back kɜːˈteɪl
Hamper = stop, hinder, make difficult ˈhæmpər
əˈreɪndʒmənt
Grain = wheat, food, crops ɡreɪn
Angry voice = mad, upset, furious ˈæŋɡri vɔɪs
Senate = government, council, leaders ˈsenət
Demand = want, ask for, need dɪˈmɑːnd
Culprit = criminal, offender, guilty people ˈkʌlprɪt
Embolden = brave, confident, strong ɪmˈbəʊldən
Kidnap = took away, captured, stolen ˈkɪdnæp
Prominent = important, famous, well-known
ˈprɒmɪnənt
Dignitary = leader, official, VIP ˈdɪɡnɪtəri
Ransom = money, payment, reward ˈrænsəm
Hostage = prisoner, captive, person held ˈhɒstɪdʒ
Outlive one's usefulness = become no longer
useful ˈaʊtˌlɪv wʌnz ˈjuːsfəlˌnɛs
Concerted = planned, organized, together
kənˈsɜːtɪd
Combat = fight, battle, attack ˈkɒmbæt
Menace = threat, danger, problem ˈmenəs
Assign = give, appoint, choose əˈsaɪn
District = area, region, zone ˈdɪstrɪkt
Troop = soldier, army, military truːp
Maritime = sea, ocean, naval ˈmærɪtaɪm
Productive = making things, successful, useful
prəˈdʌktɪv
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
12
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
READING PASSAGE 3
B
rian Southwell looks at how human brains verify
information and discusses some of the challenges of
battling widespread falsehoods.
Misinformation - both deliberately promoted and
accidentally shared - is perhaps an inevitable part of the
Verify = check, confirm, make sure ˈvɛrɪfaɪ
Battling = fighting, struggling against, trying to
stop ˈbætəlɪŋ
Misinformation = incorrect information,
especially when deliberately intended to deceive
people mɪsɪnfəˈmeɪʃən
Widespread = common, everywhere, general
ˈwaɪdspred
world in which we live, but it is not a new problem. People
likely have lied to one another for roughly as long as
Falsehood = lie, untruth, fake information ˈfɔːlshʊd
Deliberately = on purpose, intentionally,
knowingly dɪˈlɪbərətli
Promote = encouraged, supported, helped
prəˈmoʊt
verbal communication has existed. Deceiving others can
offer an apparent opportunity to gain strategic advantage,
to motivate others to action, or even to protect interpersonal
bonds. Moreover, people inadvertently have been sharing
inaccurate information with one another for thousands of
Accidentally = by mistake, without meaning to,
unintentionally æksɪˈdentəli
Inevitable = certain, unavoidable, bound to
happen ɪnˈevɪtəbl
Roughly = approximately, about, nearly ˈrʌfli
Verbal = spoken, using words, oral ˈvɜːrbl
Deceive = trick, fool, mislead dɪˈsiːv
Apparent = clear, obvious, seeming əˈpærənt
Strategic = planned, clever, helpful for achieving
a goal strəˈtiːdʒɪk
Inadvertently = accidentally, without realizing, by
mistake ˌɪnədˈvɜːrtəntli
Inaccurate = wrong, incorrect, false ɪnˈækjʊrət
years.
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
13
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
However, we currently live in an era in which technology
enables information to reach large audiences distributed
across the globe, and thus the potential for immediate and
widespread effects from misinformation now looms larger
than in the past. Yet the means to correct misinformation
might, over time, be found in those same patterns of mass
communication and of the facilitated spread of information.
The main worry regarding misinformation is its potential to
unduly influence attitudes and behavior, leading people to
think and act differently than they would if they were
correctly informed, as suggested by the research teams of
Stephan Lewandowsky of the University of Bristol and
Elizabeth Marsh of Duke University, among others. In other
words, we worry that misinformation might lead people to
Enable = allow, make possible, let ɪˈneɪbl
Distribute = spread out, shared, given to many
people dɪˈstrɪbjuːt
Loom = appear, seem, threaten luːm
Mean = way, method, tool miːn
Facilitate = made easier, helped, supported
fəˈsɪlɪteɪt
Worry = concern, fear, anxiety ˈwɜːri
Potential = possible, likely, promising pəˈtenʃəl
Unduly = too much, excessively, unfairly ʌnˈduːli
Influence = affect, change, impact ˈɪnfluəns
Inform = tell, give information, report ɪnˈfɔːrm
Suggest = say, propose, recommend səˈdʒest
Research = study, investigation, scientific work
rɪˈsɜːrtʃ
Misperception = wrong idea, misunderstanding,
false belief mɪspərˈsepʃən
Belief = opinion, thought, idea bɪˈliːf
Occur = happen, take place, exist əˈkɜːr
Detrimental = harmful, damaging, bad detrɪˈmentl
Downstream = later, following, resulting
hold misperceptions (or false beliefs) and that these
daʊnˈstriːm
misperceptions, especially when they occur among large
ˈkɒnsɪkwɛns
groups of people, may have detrimental, downstream
ˈhɑːrməni
consequences for health, social harmony, and the political
pəˈlɪtɪkl
climate.
ˈklaɪmət
At least three observations related to misinformation in the
contemporary mass-media environment warrant the
attention of researchers, policy makers, and really
everyone who watches television, listens to the radio, or
reads information online. First of al, people who encounter
misinformation tend to believe it, at least initially. Secondly,
electronic and print media often do not block many types
of misinformation before it appears no content available to
large audiences. Thirdly, countering misinformation once it
has enjoyed wide exposure can be a resource-intensive
effort.
Knowing what happens when people initially encounter
misinformation holds tremendous importance for
estimating the potential for subsequent problems. Although
it is fairly routine for individuals to come across information
that is false, the question of exactly how —and when —we
mentally label information as true or false has garnered
philosophical debate. The dilemma is neatly
summarized by a contrast between how the 17th-century
philosophers René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza
described human information engagement, with
conflicting predictions that only recently have been
Consequence = results, effects, outcomes
Harmony = peace, agreement, good relations
Political = government, relating to politics, party
Climate = atmosphere, situation, environment
Contemporary = modern, current, present-day
kənˈtempəreri
Mass-media = news, media, broadcasting
mæsˈmiːdiə
Warrant = deserve, need, require ˈwɔːrənt
Policy-maker = someone who decides what an
organization’s or government’s policies will be
ˈpɒl.ə.siˌmeɪ.kə
Encounter = meet, find, come across ɪnˈkaʊntər
Initially = at first, in the beginning, originally
ɪˈnɪʃəli
Electronic = digital, computer, online ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪk
Block = stop, prevent, ban blɒk
Exposure = seeing, hearing, being aware of
ɪkˈspoʊʒər
Resource-intensive = needing a lot of effort,
expensive, difficult ˈriːsɔːrs ɪnˈtensɪv
Tremendous = huge, great, enormous trɪˈmendəs
Subsequent = following, later, after ˈsʌbsɪkwənt
Label = classify, identify, categorize ˈleɪbəl
Garner = receive, attract, earn ˈɡɑːrnər
Philosophical = thinking about ideas, about
knowledge, about the meaning of life fɪləˈsɒfɪkl
Dilemma = problem, difficult situation, choice
dɪˈlemə
Neatly = clearly, simply, easily ˈniːtli
Summarize = explain briefly, describe in short, tell in
a few words ˈsʌməraɪz
Contrast = difference, opposite, comparison
ˈkɒntrɑːst
Engagement = involvement, connection, interaction
ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt
Conflicting = disagreeing, opposite, different
kənˈflɪktɪŋ
Prediction = guess, forecast, estimate prɪˈdɪkʃən
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
14
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
empirically tested in robust ways. Descartes argued that a
person only accepts or rejects information after considering
its truth or falsehood; Spinoza argued that people accept
all encountered information (or misinformation) by default
and then subsequently verify or reject it through a
separate cognitive process. In recent decades, empirical
evidence from the research teams of Erik Asp of the
University of Chicago and Daniel Gilbert at Harvard
University, among others, has supported Spinoza's account:
people appear to encode all new information as if it were
true, even if only momentarily, and later tag the information
as being either true or false, a pattern that seems
consistent with the observation that mental resources for
skepticism physically reside in a different part of the brain
than the resources used in perceiving and encoding.
What about our second observation that misinformation
often can appear in electronic or print media without being
preemptively blocked? In support of this, one might
consider the nature of regulatory structures in the United
States: regulatory agencies here tend to focus on post hoc
detection of broadcast information. Organizations such as
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) offer considerable
monitoring and notification functions, but these roles
typically do not involve preemptive censoring. The FDA
oversees direct-to-consumer prescription drug
advertising, for example, and has developed mechanisms
such as the B' ad Ad' program, through which people can
report advertising in apparent violation of FDA guidelines
on drug risks. Such programs, although laudable and
useful, do not keep false advertising off the airwaves. In
addition, even misinformation that is successfully corrected
can continue to affect attitudes.
Empirically = using evidence, through experiments,
by testing ɪmˈpɪrɪkli
Robust = strong, reliable, accurate rəʊˈbʌst
Reject = disagree with, refuse, deny rɪˈdʒekt
Considering = thinking about, looking at, examining
kənˈsɪdərɪŋ
Falsehood = lie, untruth, fake information ˈfɔːlshʊd
Encounter = meet, find, come across ɪnˈkaʊntər
Default = automatically, by itself, without thinking
dɪˈfɔːlt
Subsequently = later, afterwards, after that
ˈsʌbsɪkwəntli
Verify = check, confirm, make sure ˈvɛrɪfaɪ
Cognitive = mental, thinking, related to the mind
ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv
Empirical = based on evidence, from experiments,
real-world ɪmˈpɪrɪkl
Encode = store, remember, put into the brain
ɪnˈkoʊd
Momentarily = for a short time, briefly, for a moment
ˈmoʊmənterəli
Consistent with = matching, similar to, agreeing
kənˈsɪstənt
Skepticism = doubt, questioning, not believing
easily ˈskeptɪsɪzəm
Reside in = live in, exist, be located rɪˈzaɪd ɪn
Perceive = see, notice, understand pərˈsiːv
Preemptively = beforehand, in advance, before it
happens prɪˈɛmptɪvli
Regulatory = controlling, governing, rule-making
ˈrɛɡjʊləˌtɔːri
Post hoc = after the fact, afterwards, after it
happened poʊst ˈhɒk
Detection = finding, discovering, noticing dɪˈtɛkʃən
Considerable = a lot of, much, significant
kənˈsɪdərəbl
Monitor = watch, check, observe ˈmɒnɪtər
Notification = telling, informing, warning
noʊtɪfɪˈkeɪʃən
Censor = block, ban, remove ˈsɛnsər
Oversee = supervise, manage, control oʊvərˈsiː
Direct-to-consumer = selling directly to
customers, without a store daɪˈrɛkt tu kənˈsuːmər
Prescription = medicine, drugs, pills prɪˈskrɪpʃən
Advertise = commercials, marketing, promotion
ˈædvərˌtaɪz
Mechanism = ways, methods, systems
ˈmɛkənɪzəm
Apparent = clear, obvious, seeming əˈpærənt
Violation = breaking, going against, disobeying
vaɪəˈleɪʃən
Guideline = rule, instruction, advice ˈɡaɪdlaɪn
Laudable = praiseworthy, good, admirable ˈlɔːdəbl
Airwave = radio, television, broadcasting ˈeə.weɪv
This leads us to our third observation: a campaign to correct
misinformation, even if rhetorically compelling, requires
resources and planning to accomplish necessary reach and
frequency. For corrective campaigns to be persuasive,
audiences need to be able to comprehend them, which
requires either effort to frame messages in ways that are
accessible or effort to educate and sensitize audiences to
the possibility of misinformation. That some audiences
Rhetorically = using words effectively,
persuasively, with style rɪˈtɔːrɪkli
Compelling = convincing, strong, powerful
kəmˈpɛlɪŋ
Accomplish = achieve, do, complete əˈkɑːmplɪʃ
Reach = audience, people who see or hear
something riːtʃ
Frequency = how often, how many times
ˈfriːkwənsi
Persuasive = convincing, making people believe,
influencing pərˈsweɪsɪv
Frame = present, explain, put into words freɪm
Accessible = easy to understand, clear, simple
əkˈsɛsəbl
Sensitize = make aware, teach, educate
ˈsɛnsɪtaɪz
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
15
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
might be unaware of the potential for misinformation also
Utility = usefulness, value, benefit juːˈtɪləti
Literacy = ability to read and write, knowledge
suggests the utility of media literacy efforts as early as an
ˈlɪtərəsi
elementary school. Even with journalists and scholars
pointing to the phenomenon of 'fake news', people do not
Journalists = reporters, writers, news people
ˈdʒɜːrnəlɪst
Scholars = experts, researchers, academics ˈskɒlər
Phenomenon = event, happening, occurrence
fəˈnɒmɪnən
Fake news = false information, lies, made-up stories
distinguish between demonstrably false stories and those
feɪk nuːz
based in fact when scanning and processing written
Distinguish = tell apart, recognize, see the
difference dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ
Demonstrably = clearly, obviously, provably
information.
ˈdɛmənstrəbli
Scanning = looking quickly, reading fast, checking
ˈskænɪŋ
We live at a time when widespread misinformation is
Processing = understanding, thinking about, making
sense of ˈprəʊsesɪŋ
Widespread = common, everywhere, general
common. Yet at this time many people also are
ˈwaɪdspred
Passionately = strongly, enthusiastically, with feeling
ˈpæʃənətli
passionately developing potential solutions and
remedies. The journey forward undoubtedly will be a long
and arduous one. Future remedies will require not only
continued theoretical consideration but also the
development and maintenance of consistent monitoring
tools - and a recognition among fellow members of
society that claims which find prominence in the media
Developing = creating, making, inventing dɪˈvɛlʌpɪŋ
Remedies = solutions, cures, fixes ˈrɛmɪdi
Undoubtedly = certainly, definitely, without a doubt
ʌnˈdaʊtɪdli
Arduous = difficult, hard, challenging ˈɑːrdjuːəs
Theoretical = based on ideas, not practical θiːəˈrɛtɪkl
Consideration = thinking about, examining,
discussing kənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃn
Maintenance = keeping up, taking care of, looking
after ˈmeɪntənəns
Consistent = regular, unchanging, reliable kənˈsɪstənt
Monitor = watch, check, observe ˈmɒnɪtər
Recognition = understanding, awareness,
acceptance rɛkəɡˈnɪʃn
Fellow = other, similar, equal ˈfɛloʊ
Member = people, individual, participant ˈmɛmbər
Society = community, people, nation səˈsaɪəti
Claim = state, assert, argue kleɪm
Prominence = importance, fame, attention
ˈprɒmɪnəns
that are insufficiently based in scientific consensus and
social reality should be countered. Misinformation arises
as a result of human fallibility and human information
needs. To overcome the worst effects of the phenomenon,
we will need coordinated efforts over time, rather than any
singular one-time panacea we could hope to offer.
Insufficiently = not enough, not adequately, not
sufficiently ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃəntli
Based = founded, grounded, supported beɪst
Scientific = relating to science, factual, evidencebased saɪənˈtɪfɪk
Consensus = agreement, shared opinion, common
understanding kənˈsɛnsəs
Social = relating to people, society, community
ˈsoʊʃəl
Reality = truth, facts, what is real riˈælɪti
Counter = oppose, challenge, argue against ˈkaʊntər
Arise = happen, occur, appear əˈraɪz
Fallibility = making mistakes, being imperfect, being
prone to errors ˌfæləˈbɪləti
Need = requirement, desire, want niːd
Overcome = defeat, get over, conquer ˌoʊvərˈkʌm
Worst = most serious, most harmful, most negative
wɜːrst
Coordinate = organize, plan, work together
kəʊˈɔːrdɪneɪt
Effort = attempt, action, work ˈɛfərt
Singular = single, one, only ˈsɪŋɡjələr
Panacea = cure-all, solution for everything, magic fix
ˌpænəˈsiːə
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
16
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
TEST 2
READING PASSAGE 1
T
agrarian = farming, agricultural, rural ˈæɡrərɪən
transform = change, alter, convert (trans- =
through i.e transfer, transport, transcontinental)
and by the 1830s and 1840s had spread to many other parts
of the world, including the United States. In Britain, it was a
period when a largely rural, agrarian society was
transformed into an industrialised urban one. Goods that
had once been crafted by hand started to be produced in
mass quantities by machines in factories, thanks to the
invention of steam power and the introduction of new
machines and manufacturing techniques in textiles, ironmaking and other industries.
industrialise = manufacture, factory-based,
mechanize ɪnˈdʌstriəlaɪ
good = things, products, items ɡʊd
craft = make, create, produce ˈkræf
invention = discovery, creation, innovation
he Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the mid-1700s
The foundations of the Industrial Revolution date back to the
early 1700s, when the English inventor Thomas Newcomen
designed the first modern steam engine. Called the
'atmospheric steam engine', Newcomen's invention was
trænˈsfɔːm
ɪnˈvenʃən
steam power = the use of water in gaseous form
to power mechanical devices stiːm ˈpaʊə(r)
textile = fabric, cloth, material ˈteksˌtaɪl
iron-making = the making of iron from an ore
ˈaɪənˌmeɪkɪŋ
industry = business, sector, trade ˈɪndəstriː
foundation = beginning, origin, base faʊnˈdeɪʃən
inventor = creator, designer, maker ɪnˈventər
design = create, invent, plan dɪˈzaɪn
atmospheric steam engine = a very simple
machine which employs the steam generated by
boiling water at atmospheric pressures ætˈmɒsfɛrɪk
stiːm ˈendʒɪn
to adapt one of Newcomen's models, and succeeded in
originally = first, initially, at first əˈrɪdʒənəli
power = drive, operate, propell ˈpaʊə
pump = extract, remove, drain pʌmp
adapt = modify, change, adjust əˈdæpt
succeed in = manage to, be able to, achieve
making it far more efficient. Watt later worked with the English
efficient = effective, productive, useful ɪˈfɪʃənt
originally used to power machines that pumped water out of
mines. In the 1760s, the Scottish engineer James Watt started
səkˈsiːd ɪn
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
17
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
manufacturer Matthew Boulton to invent a new steam engine
manufacturer = producer, maker, factory owner
driven by both the forward and backward strokes of the
drive = power, operate, move ˈdraɪv
stroke = movement, push, pull stroʊk
piston = a cylinder or metal disc that is part of an
engine ˈpɪstən
gear mechanism = a mechanism for transmitting
motion for some specific purpose ɡɪə ˈmekənɪzəm
rotary motion = circular movement, turning,
spinning ˈrəʊtəri ˈməʊʃən
key = important, major, essential kiː
innovation = invention, new idea, new development
piston, while the gear mechanism it was connected to
produced rotary motion. It was a key innovation that would
allow steam power to spread across British industries.
The demand for coal, which was a relatively cheap energy
source, grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, as it was
mænjuˈfæktʃərər
ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən
spread across = reach, go to, extend spred əˈkrɔːs
needed to run not only the factories used to produce
demand = demand = need, want, requirement
manufactured goods, but also steam-powered transportation.
relatively = comparatively, fairly, reasonably
In the early 1800s, the English engineer Richard Trevithick
built a steam-powered locomotive, and by 1830 goods and
passengers were being transported between the industrial
centres of Manchester and Liverpool. In addition, steampowered boats and ships were widely used to carry goods
along Britain's canals as well as across the Atlantic.
Britain had produced textiles like wool, linen and cotton for
hundreds of years, but prior to the Industrial Revolution, the
British textile business was a true 'cottage industry', with the
work performed in small workshops or even homes by
individual spinners, weavers and dyers. Starting in the mid1700s, innovations like the spinning jenny and the power
loom made weaving cloth and spinning yarn and thread much
easier. With these machines, relatively little labour was
required to produce cloth, and the new, mechanised textile
factories that opened around the country were quickly able to
meet customer demand for cloth both at home and abroad.
dɪˈmɑːnd
ˈrelətɪvli
rapidly = quickly, speedily, swiftly ˈræpɪdli
transportation = transport, conveyance,
movement trænspɔːˈteɪʃən
locomotive = engine, train, railway engine
ˈloʊkəmoʊtɪv
industrial centre = manufacturing hubs,
industrial areas, factory towns ɪnˈdʌstriəl ˈsentər
in addition = also, moreover, furthermore ɪn
əˈdɪʃən
widely = extensively, commonly, broadly ˈwaɪdli
canal = a long, narrow stretch of water that has
been made for boats to travel along or to bring
water to a particular area. kənæl
prior to = before, ahead of, leading up to ˈpraɪər tuː
cottage industry = home-based business, smallscale production, handcrafted industry ˈkɒtɪdʒ ˈɪndəstri
spinner = a person occupied in making thread by
spinning ˈspɪ.nər
weaver = a person who makes fabric by weaving
threads together ˈwiːvər
dyer = a person whose trade is the dyeing of cloth or
other material ˈdaɪər
spinning jenny = an early machine that could spin
many threads of wool at the same time ˈspɪnɪŋ ˈdʒeni
power loom = a kind of machinery that is worked
with electric power for making a piece of fabric
ˈpaʊə(r) luːm
labour = work, effort, manpower ˈleɪbər
mechanise = automated, machine-driven, motorize
ˈmekənaɪz
meet somebody demand = satisfy someone's
need, supply what is needed, provide enough miːt
dɪˈmɑːnd
undergo = experience, go through, endured
The British iron industry also underwent major change as it
adopted new innovations. Chief among the new techniques
was the smelting of iron ore with coke (a material made by
heating coal) instead of the traditional charcoal. This method
was cheaper and produced metals that were of a higher
quality, enabling Britain's iron and steel production to expand
in response to demand created by the Napoleonic Wars
(1803-15) and the expansion of the railways from the 1830s.
The latter part of the Industrial Revolution also saw key
advances in communication methods, as people
increasingly saw the need to communicate efficiently over
long distances. In 1837, British inventors William Cooke and
ʌndəˈɡəʊ
adopt = use, implement, take on əˈdɒpt
chief = main, primary, principal tʃiːf
smelt = melt, refine, process ˈsmeltɪŋ
charcoal = a hard, black substance that is produced
by burning wood without much air, and that is used
as fuel or for drawing ˈtʃɑːrkoʊl
metal = a type of solid mineral substance that is
usually hard and shiny and that heat and electricity
can travel through ˈmetl
expand = grow, increase, enlarge (ex- = out i.e
extend, exist) ɪkˈspænd
in response to = in reply to, in return for,
responding to ɪn rɪˈspɒns tuː
advance = improvement, development, progress
ədˈvɑːns
method = way, technique, system ˈmeθəd
increasingly = more and more, progressively,
gradually ɪnˈkriːsɪŋli
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
18
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Charles Wheatstone patented the first commercial
telegraphy system. In the 1830s and 1840s, Samuel Morse
and other inventors worked on their own versions in the United
States. Cooke and Wheatstone's system was soon used for
railway signaling in the UK. As the speed of the new
locomotives increased, it was essential to have a fast and
effective means of avoiding collisions.
patent = get the rights to, make it official, make it
their own ˈpætnt
commercial = business, trade, market kəˈmɜːʃəl
telegraphy system = electronic message system,
wire message system, long-distance message
system təˈleɡrəfi ˈsɪstəm
signal = communicate, message, alert ˈsɪɡnəl
essential = necessary, crucial, vital ɪˈsenʃəl
avoid = prevent, stop, escape əˈvɔɪd
collision = crash, accident, impact kəˈlɪʒən
immense = huge, vast, enormous ɪˈmens
accelerate = speed up, increase, quicken əkˈseləreɪt
dramatically = significantly, greatly, considerably
drəˈmætɪkli
The impact of the Industrial Revolution on people's lives was
immense. Although many people in Britain had begun moving
to the cities from rural areas before the Industrial Revolution,
this accelerated dramatically with industrialisation, as the
rise of large factories turned smaller towns into major cities in
just a few decades. This rapid urbanisation brought
significant challenges, as overcrowded cities suffered from
pollution and inadequate sanitation.
industrialization = the process of a society
transitioning from a primarily agricultural economy to
one dominated by manufacturing and industry
ɪnˈdʌstriəlaɪˈzeɪʃən
urbanization = the rapid growth of cities and the
increasing number of people living in urban areas
ɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃən
significant = important, considerable, substantial
sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt
overcrowded = too many people, too crowded,
squeezed in (over- = excessive i.e overstock,
overweight) oʊvərˈkraʊdɪd
suffer from = have problems with, struggle with,
deal with ˈsʌfər frəm
inadequate = insufficient, lacking, deficient
ɪnˈædɪkwət
sanitation = hygiene, cleanliness, health sænɪˈteɪʃən
Although industrialisation increased the country's economic
output overall and improved the standard of living for the
middle and upper classes, many poor people continued to
struggle. Factory workers had to work long hours in dangerous
conditions for extremely low wages. These conditions along
with the rapid pace of change fuelled opposition to
industrialisation. A group of British workers who became
known as 'Luddites' were British weavers and textile workers
who objected to the increased use of mechanized looms and
knitting frames. Many had spent years learning their craft, and
they feared that unskilled machine operators were robbing
them of their livelihood. A few desperate weavers began
breaking into factories and smashing textile machines. They
called themselves Luddites after Ned Ludd, a young
apprentice who was rumored to have wrecked a textile
machine in 1779.
The first major instances of machine breaking took place in
1811 in the city of Nottingham, and the practice soon spread
across the country. Machine-breaking Luddites attacked and
burned factories, and in some cases they even exchanged
gunfire with company guards and soldiers. The workers
wanted employers to stop installing new machinery, but the
British government responded to the uprisings by making
economic output = production, wealth, goods and
services iːkəˈnɑːmɪk ˈaʊtpʊt
standard of living = quality of life, living conditions,
well-being ˈstændərd ɒv ˈlɪvɪŋ
upper class = wealthy people, affluent people, elite
ˈʌpə ˈklɑːs
struggle = fight, battle, strive ˈstrʌɡl
condition = circumstance, situation, environment
kənˈdɪʃən
fuel = power, drive, motivate ˈfjuːəl
opposition = resistance, protest, disagreement (op= against i.e oppose, object) ɑːpəˈzɪʃən
luddite = a person who is opposed to the
introduction of new working methods, especially new
machines ˈlʌdaɪt
object to = oppose, protest, disagree with əbˈdʒekt
tuː
loom = weaving machine, textile machine, machine
luːm
unskilled = untrained, inexperienced, unqualified #
skilled ʌnˈskɪld
operator = worker, runner, handler ˈɑːpəreɪtər
rob = steal, take away, deprive ˈrɒb
livelihood = way of life, mean of living, income
ˈlaɪvlihud
desperate = hopeless, having a hard time, in
despair ˈdespərət
break into = get into, go into, enter illegally breɪk
ˈɪntuː
smash = break, destroy, shatter ˈsmæʃ
apprentice = trainee, learner, student əˈprentɪs
rumour = reported, suppose, believe ˈruːmə
wreck = damage, ruin, destroy rekt
instance = event, occurrence, example ˈɪnstəns
break = destruction, smash, wreck ˈbreɪk
practice = action, activity, habit ˈpræktɪs
spread across = extend throughout, expand to,
reach all parts of spred əˈkrɒs
install = put in, set up, place ɪnˈstɔːl
respond to = react to, answer, address rɪˈspɒnd tuː
uprising = rebellions, revolts, protests ˈʌpraɪzɪŋ
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
19
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
machine-breaking punishable by death. The unrest finally
reached its peak in April 1812, when a few Luddites were
shot during an attack on a mill near Huddersfield. In the days
that followed, other Luddites were arrested, and dozens were
hanged or transported to Australia. By 1813, the Luddite
resistance had all but vanished.
punishable by death = a capital offense, a death
penalty crime, subject to execution ˈpʌnɪʃəbəl baɪ deθ
unrest = trouble, disorder, turmoil ʌnˈrest
reach its peak = reach its highest point, reach its
climax, reach its maximum riːtʃ ɪts piːk
mill = factory, plant, manufacturing facility mɪl
arrest = capture, take into custody, put in jail əˈrest
dozen = a large number, a good number, quite a few
ˈdʌzən
hang = killed by hanging, put to death by hanging,
hanged by the neck hæŋ
resistance = opposition, rebellion, uprising rɪˈzɪstəns
vanish = disappear, fade, end ˈvænɪʃ
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
20
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
READING PASSAGE 2
A
Professional = expert, skilled, proficient
ˈprəˈfɛʃənəl
. It isn't easy being a professional athlete. Not only
Demand = requirement, need, expectation
dɪˈmænd
are the physical demands greater than most people could
handle, athletes also face intense psychological
pressure during competition. This is something that British
tennis player Emma Raducanu wrote about on social media
following her withdrawal from the 2021 Wimbledon
tournament. Though the young player had been doing well
in the tournament, she began having difficulty regulating
her breathing and heart rate during a match, which she later
attributed to 'the accumulation of the excitement and the
buzz'.
Handle = mange, deal with, cope with ˈhændəl
Intense = strong, powerful, severe ɪnˈtɛns
Psychological = mental, emotional, cognitive
(psych- = mind i.e psychic, psychology, psycho)
saɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkəl
Pressure = stress, strain, tension ˈprɛʃə
Withdrawal = leaving, quitting, departure
wɪðˈdrɔːəl
Tournament = competition, contest,
championship ˈtʊənəmənt
Regulate = control, manage, adjust ˈrɛɡjʊleɪt
Attribute to = explain by, blame on, connect
to əˈtrɪbjuːtɪd tu:
Accumulation = buildup, collection, gathering
ækjʊmjʊˈleɪʃən
Buzz = excitement, energy, enthusiasm bʌz
B.For athletes, some level of performance stress is almost
unavoidable. But there are many different factors that
dictate just how people's minds and bodies respond to
stressful events. Typically, stress is the result of an
exchange between two factors: demands and resources.
An athlete may feel stressed about an event if they feel the
demands on them are greater than they can handle. These
demands include the high level of physical and mental effort
required to succeed, and also the athlete's concerns about
the difficulty of the event, their chance of succeeding, and
any potential dangers such as injury. Resources, on the
other hand, are a person's ability to cope with these
Unavoidable = certain, inevitable, inescapable #
avoidable ʌnəˈvɔɪdəbl
Dictate = determine, control, influence ˈdɪkteɪt
Stressful = demanding, difficult, challenging
ˈstrɛsfl
Typically = usually, generally, normally ˈtɪpɪkli
Exchange = interaction, connection, relationship
ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ
Resource = ability, strength, capacity rɪˈsɔːs
Potential = possible, likely, probable pəˈtɛnʃəl
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
21
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
demands. These include factors such as the competitor's
degree of confidence, how much they believe they can
control the situation's outcome, and whether they're
looking forward to the event or not.
C. Each new demand or change in circumstances affects
whether a person responds positively or negatively to
stress. Typically, the more resources a person feels they
have in handling the situation, the more positive their
stress response. This positive stress response is called a
challenge state. But should the person feel there are too
many demands placed on them, the more likely they are to
experience a negative stress response - known as a threat
state. Research shows that the challenge states lead to
good performance, while threat states lead to poorer
performance. So, in Emma Raducanu's case, a much larger
audience, higher expectations and facing a more skilful
opponent, may all have led her to feel there were greater
demands being placed on her at Wimbledon - but she didn't
have the resources to tackle them. This led to her
experiencing a threat response.
Outcome = result, consequence, effect ˈaʊtkʌm
Look forward to = hope, anticipate, expect ˈlʊkɪŋ
ˈfɔːwəd tuː
Circumstance = condition, situation, event
ˈsɜːkəmstɑːns
Handle = deal with, manage, cope with ˈhæn.dl
Research = study, investigation, analysis rɪˈsɜːtʃ
Audience = spectators, viewers, crowd ˈɔːdiən
State = condition, mode, status steɪt
Expectation = hopes, beliefs, desires
ɛkspekˈteɪʃən
Skilful = talented, proficient, expert ˈskɪlfl
Opponent = competitor, rival, adversary (op- =
against i.e oppose, opposite) əˈpəʊnənt
Tackle = handle, manage, deal with ˈtækəl
Essentially = basically, fundamentally, primarily
D. Our challenge and threat responses essentially
influence how our body responds to stressful situations, as
both affect the production of adrenaline and cortisol - also
known as 'stress hormones'. During a challenge state,
adrenaline increases the amount of blood pumped from the
heart and expands the blood vessels, which allows more
energy to be delivered to the muscles and brain. This
increase of blood and decrease of pressure in the blood
vessels has been consistently related to superior sport
performance in everything from cricket batting, to golf
putting and football penalty taking. But during a threat state,
cortisol inhibits the positive effect of adrenaline, resulting in
tighter blood vessels, higher blood pressure, slower
psychological responses, and a faster heart rate. In short, a
threat state makes people more anxious - they make worse
decisions and perform more poorly. In tennis players,
cortisol has been associated with more unsuccessful serves
and greater anxiety.
E. That said, anxiety is also a common experience for
athletes when they're under pressure. Anxiety can increase
heart rate and perspiration, cause heart palpitations,
muscle tremors and shortness of breath, as well as
headaches, nausea, stomach pain, weakness and a desire
to escape in more extreme cases. Anxiety can also reduce
concentration and self-control and cause overthinking. The
intensity with which a person experiences anxiety depends
on the demands and resources they have. Anxiety may also
manifest itself in the form of excitement or nervousness
depending on the stress response. Negative stress
responses can be damaging to both physical and mental
ɪˈsɛnʃəli
Influence = affect, impact, change ˈɪnfluəns
Adrenaline = a hormone produced by the body
when a person is frightened, angry, or excited
əˈdrɛnəlɪn
Cortisol = a hormone produced by the small
organs above the kidneys in response to
stress ˈkɔːtɪsɒl
Pump = circulate, move, transporte pʌmp
Vessel = tube, channel, conduit ˈvɛsəl
Consistently = regularly, continuously
persistently kənˈsɪstəntli
Superior = better, excellent, outstanding suːˈpɪəriə
Inhibit = restrain, prevent, hinder ɪnˈhɪbɪt
Tighter = narrower, smaller, constricted ˈtaɪtə
Perspiration = sweat, moisture, wetness
pɜːspəˈreɪʃən
Palpitation = a physical condition in which your
heart beats very quickly and in an irregular way
pælpiˈteɪʃən
Tremor = shake, tremble, shiver ˈtrɛmə
Shortness of breath = difficulty breathing,
breathlessness, being unable to breath ˈʃɔːtnɪs əv
breθ
Nausea = sickness, queasiness, vomiting ˈnɔːziə
Intensity = strength, power, severity ɪnˈtɛnsɪti
Manifest = show, appear, display ˈmænɪfɛst
Excitement = enthusiasm, eagerness, zeal
ɪkˈsaɪtmənt
Nervousness = anxiety, worry, apprehension
ˈnɜːvəsnɪs
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
22
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
health - and repeated episodes of anxiety coupled with
negative responses can increase risk of heart disease and
depression.
Damage = harmful, destructive, injurious ˈdæmɪdʒ
Episode = event, occurrence, incident ˈɛpɪsoʊd
Couple with = combine with, along with, together
with ˈkʌpl wɪθ
F. But there are many ways athletes can ensure they
respond positively under pressure. Positive stress
responses can be promoted through the language that they
and others - such as coaches or parents - use.
Psychologists can also help athletes change how they see
their physiological responses - such as helping them see a
higher heart rate as excitement, rather than nerves.
Developing psychological skills, such as visualization, can
also help decrease physiological responses to threat.
Visualization may involve the athlete recreating a mental
picture of a time when they performed well, or picturing
themselves doing well in the future. This can help create a
feeling of control over the stressful event. Recreating
competitive pressure during training can also help athletes
learn how to deal with stress. An example of this might be
scoring athletes against their peers to create a sense of
competition. This would increase the demands which
players experience compared to a normal training session,
while still allowing them to practice coping with stress.
Ensure = guarantee, make sure, confirm ɪnˈʃʊər
Coach = trainer, instructor, mentor ˈkoʊtʃ
Psychologist = therapist, counselor, mental
health professional saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst
Physiological = biological, bodily, physical
fɪziəˈlɒdʒɪkəl
Nerve = anxiety, fear, worry nɜːrv
Visualization = imagine, picture, envision
vɪʒuəlaɪˈzeɪʃən
Recreate = reproduce, reimagine, relive (re- =
back, again i.e reuse, recycle) riːkriˈeɪt
Score = rate, rank, compare skɔːr
Peer = equal, colleague, companion pɪə
Sense = feeling, perception, awareness sɛns
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
23
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
READING PASSAGE 3
L
et us start by looking at a modern 'genius', Maryam
Mirzakhani, who died at the early age of 40. She was the
only woman to win the Fields Medal - the mathematical
equivalent of a Nobel prize. It would be easy to assume
that someone as special as Mirzakhani must have been one
of those 'gifted' children, those who have an extraordinary
ability in a specific sphere of activity or knowledge. But look
closer and a different story emerges. Mirzakhani was born
in Tehran, Iran. She went to a highly selective girls' school
but maths wasn't her interest - reading was. She loved
novels and would read anything she could lay her hands
on. As for maths, she did rather poorly at it for the first
couple of years in her middle school but became interested
when her elder brother told her about what he'd learned. He
shared a famous math problem from a magazine that
fascinated her and she was hooked.
genius = brilliant person, super smart individual,
prodigy ˈdʒiːniəs
equivalent = equal, comparable, similar (equ- =
even, equal i.e equity, equilibrium, equal)
ɪˈkwɪvələnt
assume = believe, think, suppose əˈsuːm
gifted = talented, skilled, able ˈɡɪftɪd
extraordinary = remarkable, exceptional, unusual
ɪkˈstrɔːrdənəri
sphere = area, field, domain sfɪər
emerge = appear, come out, develop ɪˈmɜːdʒ
selective = exclusive, rigorous, demanding sɪˈlektɪv
lay one's hand on = touch, get hold of, grab leɪ
wʌnz hænd ɑn
poorly = badly, weakly, unskillfully ˈpʊərli
fascinate = captivate, intrigue, hook ˈfæsɪneɪt
hook = captivate, interested in, absorb hʊk
resolute = determined, unwavering, steadfast
ˈrezəluːt
In adult life it is clear that she was curious, excited by what
she did and also resolute in the face of setbacks. One of
her comments sums it up. 'Of course, the most rewarding
part is the "Aha" moment, the excitement of discovery and
enjoyment of understanding something new... But most of
the time, doing mathematics for me is like being on a long
hike with no trail and no end in sight.' That trail took her to
in the face of = despite, when face with, throgh ɪn
ðə feɪs ɒv
setback = difficulty, failure, obstacle ˈsetbæk
sum up = summarize, give a summary of, explain
sʌm ʌp
rewarding = Satisfying, fulfilling, gratifying rɪˈwɔː.dɪŋ
discovery = finding, innovation, invention dɪˈskʌvəri
hike = walk, trek, journey haɪk
trail = path, route, track treɪl
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
24
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
the heights of original research into mathematics.
height = peak, top, summit haɪt
original = unique, innovative, unprecedented
əˈrɪdʒənəl
Is her background unusual? Apparently not. Most Nobel
prize winners were unexceptional in childhood. Einstein
was slow to talk as a baby. He failed the general part of the
entry test to Zurich Polytechnic - though they let him in
because of high physics and maths scores. He struggled
at work initially, but he kept plugging away and
eventually rewrote the laws of Newtonian mechanics with
his theory of relativity.
There has been a considerable amount of research on
high performance over the last century that suggests it
goes way beyond tested intelligence. On top of that,
research is clear that brains are flexible, new neural
pathways can be created, and IQ isn't fixed. For example,
just because you can read stories with hundreds of pages
at the age of five doesn't mean you will still be ahead of
your contemporaries in your teens.
While the jury is out on giftedness being innate and other
factors potentially making the difference, what is certain is
that the behaviours associated with high levels of
performance are replicable and most can be taught - even
apparently = clearly, seemingly, evidently, əˈpærəntli
unexceptional = ordinary, average, normal #
exceptional ʌnɪkˈsepʃənəl
struggle = have a hard time, find it tough, have
difficulties ˈstrʌɡəl
initially = at first, in the beginning, at the start
ɪˈnɪʃəli
plug away = working hard, try hard, persevere ˈplʌɡ
əˈweɪ
eventually = finally, ultimately, in the end ɪˈventʃuəli
rewrite = changed, revised, modified (re- = again,
back i.e recede, redact) riːˈraɪt
relativity = gravity, ideas about space and time,
rules of the universe reləˈtɪvɪti
considerable = significant, large, important
kənˈsɪdərəbəl
go beyond = more than, further than, past ɡoʊ
bɪˈjɑːnd
on top of that = in addition, furthermore, and ɑːn
tɑːp ʌv ðæt
flexible = changeable, adaptable, bendable
ˈfleksəbəl
neural pathway = connections between neurons in
the brain ˈnʊrəl ˈpæθˌweɪ
pathway = route, road, way ˈpæθˌweɪ
ahead of = better than, surpass, outdo əˈhɛd ʌv
contemporary = peer, classmate, people of the
same age kənˈtempəreri
the jury is out on something = no decision or
agreement has been made about a situation ðə
ˈdʒʊəri ɪz aʊt ɒn ˈsʌm.θɪŋ
giftedness = talent, genius, prodigy ˈɡɪftɪdnəs
innate = natural, inborn, inherent ɪˈneɪt
associate with = link to, connect to, relate to
əˈsoʊsiˌeɪt wɪθ
replicable = copyable, repeatable, duplicable
ˈreplɪkəbəl
traits such as curiosity.
trait = quality, characteristics, feature treɪt
According to my colleague Prof Deborah Eyre, with whom
I've collaborated on the book Great Minds and How to
Grow Them, the latest neuroscience and psychological
research suggests most individuals can reach levels of
performance associated in school with the gifted and
talented. However, they must be taught the right attitudes
and approaches to their learning and develop the
attributes of high performers - curiosity, persistence and
hard work, for example - an approach Eyre calls 'high
performance learning'. Critically, they need the right
support in developing those approaches at home as well as
at school.
Prof Anders Ericsson, an eminent education psychologist
at Florida State University, US, is the co-author of Peak:
colleague = coworker, partner, associate ˈkɒliːɡ
collaborate = work together, team up, join forces
kəˈlæbəreɪt
neuroscience = brain science, study of the brain, mind
science (neur- = nerve i.e neurologic, neurologist,
neuron) ˈnʊərəʊsaɪəns
psychological = mental, emotional, mind-related
(psych- = mind i.e psyche, psychic, psychology)
saɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkəl
gifted = talented, skilled, able ˈɡɪftɪd
attitude = mindset, belief, way of thinking ˈætɪtuːd
approach = method, way, strategy əˈproʊtʃ
attribute = quality, characteristic, feature ˈætrɪbjuːt
persistence = determination, perseverance, staying
power pərˈsɪstəns
critically = importantly, essentially, fundamentally
ˈkrɪtɪkli
eminent = famous, well-known, distinguished
ˈemɪnənt
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
25
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Secrets from the New Science of Expertise. After research
going back to 1980 into diverse achievements, from music
to memory to sport, he doesn't think unique and innate
talents are at the heart of performance. Deliberate practice,
that stretches you every step of the way, and around
10,000 hours of it, is what produces the goods. It's not a
magic number - the highest performers move on to doing a
whole lot more, of course. Ericsson's memory research is
particularly interesting because random students, trained in
memory techniques for the study, went on to outperform
others thought to have innately superior memories - those
who you might call gifted.
diverse = different, varied, various daɪˈvɜːrs
achievement = success, accomplishment, triumph
əˈtʃiːvmənt
deliberate = intentional, planned, conscious
dɪˈlɪbərət
stretch = challenge, push, test ˈstretʃ
a whole = much, a great deal, significant ə ˈhoʊl
outperform = do better than, surpass, exceed # fall
behind (out- = greater, better i.e outdo, outweigh)
aʊt pərˈfɔːrm
superior = better, greater, higher # inferior
suːˈpɪəriər
distinguished = famous, respected, well-known
But it is perhaps the work of Benjamin Bloom, another
distinguished American educationist working in the
1980s, that gives the most pause for thought. Bloom's
team looked at a group of extraordinarily high achieving
people in disciplines as varied as ballet, swimming, piano,
tennis, maths, sculpture and neurology. He found a pattern
of parents encouraging and supporting their children, often
in areas they enjoyed themselves. Bloom's outstanding
people had worked very hard and consistently at
something they had become hooked on when at a young
age, and their parents all emerged as having strong work
ethics themselves.
dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt
educationist = educator, teacher, school expert
ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃənɪst
give pause for thought = to cause someone to
stop and think about something carefully or to have
doubts about something ɡɪv pɔːz fɔːr θɔːt
extraordinarily = incredibly, exceptionally,
amazingly (extra- = very, more than usual i.e extrathin, extra-special) ɪkˈstrɔːrdənərɪli
discipline = subject, area of study, field ˈdɪsəplɪn
outstanding = excellent, exceptional, remarkable
(out- = better, greater i.e outdo,
outperform) aʊtˈstændɪŋ
consistently = regularly, always, steadily
kənˈsɪstəntli
hooked on = interested in, passionate about,
addicted to hʊkt ɒn
emerge = appear, come out, develop ɪˈmɜːdʒ
ethics = morals, values, principles ˈeθɪk
Eyre says we know how high performers learn. From that
she has developed a high performing learning approach.
She is working on this with a group of schools, both in
Britain and abroad. Some spin-off research, which looked
in detail at 24 of the 3,000 children being studied who were
succeeding despite difficult circumstances, found something
remarkable. Half were getting free school meals because
of poverty, more than half were living with a single parent,
and four in five were living in disadvantaged areas.
Interviews uncovered strong evidence of an adult or adults
in the child's life who valued and supported education,
either in the immediate or extended family or in the child's
wider community. Children talked about the need to work
hard at school, to listen in class and keep trying.
spin-off = additional, extra, side ˈspɪn ɒf
Let us end with Einstein, the epitome of a genius. He clearly
had curiosity, character and determination. He struggled
against rejection in early life but was undeterred. Did he think
he was a genius or even gifted? He once wrote: 'It's not that
I'm so smart, it's just that I stay with problems longer. Most
people say it is the intellect which makes a great scientist.
They are wrong: it is character.'
epitome = perfect example, best example, ideal
remarkable = amazing, extraordinary, impressive
rɪˈmɑːrkəbəl
poverty = lack of money, being poor, hardship
ˈpɒvərti
disadvantaged = poor, deprived, underprivileged #
advantaged dɪsædˈvɑːntɪdʒd
uncovered = found, revealed, discovered #
covered ʌnˈkʌvərd
evidence = proof, support, indication ˈevɪdəns
immediate = close, nearby, direct ɪˈmiːdiət
extended = large, wider, broader ɪkˈstendɪd
ɪˈpɪtəmi
rejection = refusal, turn-down, dismissal rɪˈdʒɛkʃən
undeterred = fearless, determined, firm #
deterred ʌndɪˈtɜːrd
intellect = intelligence, mind, brain ˈɪntəlekt
character = personality, resilience, strength of will
ˈkærəktər
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
26
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
TEST 3
READING PASSAGE 1
I
n early April 2019, Dr Ceri Shipton and his colleagues
from Australian National University became the first
archaeologists to explore Obi, one of many tropical
islands in Indonesia's Maluku Utara province. The research
team's discoveries suggest that the prehistoric people
who lived on Obi were adept on both land and sea, hunting
in the dense rainforest, foraging on the seashore, and
possibly even voyaging between islands.
archaeologists = a person who studies past
peoples and cultures by excavating and
examining material remains ɑːrkiˈɒlədʒɪsts
tropical = hot, humid, warm ˈtrɒpɪkəl
discovery = finding, result, observation dɪˈskʌvəri
prehistoric = ancient, old, primitive (pre- = before
i.e previous) priːhɪˈstɔːrɪk
adept = skilled, proficient, expert ˈædept
rainforest = a forest in a tropical area that
receives a lot of rain ˈreɪnfɒrɪst
forage = search, hunt, gather ˈfɔːrɪdʒ
seashore = the land along the edge of the sea
ˈsiːʃɔːr
voyage = travel, sail, cruise ˈvɔɪɪdʒ
excavation = digging, investigation, exhumation
The excavations were part of a project to learn more about
how people first dispersed from mainland Asia, through the
Indonesian archipelago and into the prehistoric continent
that once connected Australia and New Guinea. The team's
earlier research suggested that the northernmost islands
in the group, known as the Wallacean islands, including
Obi, would have offered the easiest migration route. It also
seemed likely that these islands were crucial 'stepping
stones' on humans' island-hopping voyages through this
region millennia ago. But to support this idea, they needed
ekskəˈveɪʃənz
disperse = spread, move away, migrate dɪˈspɜːs
archipelago = a group of small islands or an area
of sea in which there are many small islands
ɑːrkɪˈpɛləɡoʊ
northernmost = furthest towards the north of an
area ˈnɔːðənmoʊst
migration = movement, relocation, go to different
place (migr- = wander i.e emigrate,
transmigrant) maɪˈgreɪʃən
route = path, way, course ruːt
stepping stone = stop, place to rest, place to
refuel ˈstepɪŋ stoʊn
island-hopping = traveling from one island to
another, often in a series of short trips ˈaɪlənd hɒpɪŋ
millennia = thousands of years, long time, ages
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
27
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
archaeological evidence for humans living in this remote
area in the ancient past. So, they traveled to Obi to look for
sites that might reveal evidence of early occupation.
Just inland from the village of Kelo on Obi's northern coast,
Shipton and his colleagues found two caves containing
prehistoric rock shelters that were suitable for excavation.
With the permission and help of the local people of Kelo,
they dug a small test excavation in each shelter. There they
found numerous artifacts, including fragments of axes,
some dating to about 14,000 years ago. The earliest axes
at Kelo were made using clam shells. Axes made from clam
shells from roughly the same time had also previously
been found elsewhere in this region, including on the
nearby island of Gebe to the northeast. As on Gebe, it is
highly likely that Obi's axes were used in the construction
of canoes, thus allowing these early peoples to maintain
connections between communities on neighboring islands.
The oldest cultural layers from the Kelo site provided the
team with the earliest record for human occupation on Obi,
dating back around 18,000 years. At this time the climate
was drier and colder than today, and the island's dense
rainforests would likely have been much less impenetrable
than they are now. Sea levels were about 120 meters lower,
meaning Obi was a much larger island, encompassing
what is today the separate island of Bisa, as well as several
other small islands nearby.
Roughly 11,700 years ago, as the most recent Ice age
ended, the climate became significantly warmer and wetter,
no doubt making Obi's jungle much thicker. According to the
researchers, it is no coincidence that around this time the
first axes crafted from stone rather than sea shells appear,
likely in response to their heavy-duty use for clearing and
modification of the increasingly dense rainforest. While
stone takes about twice as long to grind into an axe
compared to shell, the harder material keeps its sharp edge
for longer. Judging by the bones which the researchers
unearthed in the Kelo caves, people living there mainly
hunted the Rothschild's cuscus, a possum-like creature
that still lives on Obi today. As the forest grew more dense,
people probably used axes to clear patches of forest and
make hunting easier.
(mill- = thousand i.e million, millennium) mɪˈleniə
evidence = proof, facts, data ˈevɪdəns
reveal = show, display, uncover rɪˈviːl
occupation = residence, settlement, habitation
ɒkjʊˈpeɪʃən
shelter = a place of protection or refuge,
specifically formed by natural rock formations ˈʃɛltər
permission = allowance, approval, consent
pərˈmɪʃən
artifact = ancient object, remain, relic ˈɑːtɪfækt
fragment = piece, part, bit (frag- = break i.e
fragile, fractal) ˈfræɡmənt
axes = stone tools used for chopping, cutting, or
shaping wood ˈæks
clam = a type of sea creature with a shell in two
parts that can close together tightly, and a soft
body that can be eaten klæm
roughly = about, nearly, approximately ˈrʌfli
construction = building, making, creation (-struct
= build ie. structure, instruct) kənˈstrʌkʃən
record = evidence, proof, trace (re- = again i.e
reapply, reassure) ˈrɛkɔːrd
impenetrable = unbreakable, unpassable,
uncrossable # penetrable (im- = not i.e
impossible, impractical ) ɪmˈpenɪtrəbl
encompass = include, cover, surround ɪnˈkʌmpəs
separate = different, individual, distinct ˈsepərət
ice age = a period of long-term reduction in the
earth's temperature, resulting in the expansion of
continental ice sheets and glaciers aɪs eɪdʒ
coincidence = chance, accident, happening (cowith, together i.e collide, connect) koʊˈɪnsɪdəns
craft = make, shape, creat ˈkræft
in response to = because of, due to, as a result
of ɪn rɪˈspɒns tuː
heavy-duty = strong, tough, durable ˈhevi ˈduːti
clear = remove, cut down, thin out ˈklɪər
modification = change, alteration, adjustment
(mod- = measure, change i.e moderate, modify)
mɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən
grind = crush, smash, form ɡraɪnd
edge = point, blade, cut edʒ
unearth = find, discover, uncover ʌnˈɜːθ
cuscus = a group of marsupial mammals found in
the islands of indonesia, new guinea, and
australia ˈkʌskəs
patch = area, spot, section ˈpætʃ
volcanic = related to or formed by volcanoes
Shipton's team's excavation of the shelters at the Kelo site
unearthed a volcanic glass substance called obsidian,
which must have been brought over from another island,
as there is no known source on Obi. It also revealed
particular types of beads, similar to those previously found
on islands in southern Wallacea. These finds again support
the idea that Obi islanders routinely traveled to other
islands.
vɒlˈkænɪk
substance = material, compound, thing ˈsʌbstəns
obsidian = a naturally occurring volcanic glass
formed when lava cools rapidly with minimal crystal
growth ɒbˈsɪdiən
bring over = transport, ship, carry ˈbrɪŋ ˈoʊvər
source = origin, supply, location sɔːrs
reveal = show, uncover, expose rɪˈviːl
bead = jewelry, ornament, decoration biːd
islander = people, inhabitant, resident ˈaɪləndər
routinely = regularly, usually, often ruːˈtiːnli
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
28
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
The excavations suggest people successfully lived in the
two Kelo shelters for about 10,000 years. But then, about
8,000 years ago, both were abandoned. Did the residents
leave Obi completely, or move elsewhere on the island?
Perhaps the jungle had grown so thick that axes were no
longer a match for the dense undergrowth. Perhaps
people simply moved to the coast and turned to fishing
rather than hunting as a means of survival.
Whatever the reason for the departure, there is no
evidence for use of the Kelo shelters after this time, until
about 1,000 years ago, when they were re-occupied by
people who owned pottery as well as items made out of
gold and silver. It seems likely, in view of Obi's location, that
this final phase of occupation also saw the Kelo shelters
used by people involved in the historic trade in spices
between the Maluku islands and the rest of the world.
abandon = leave, vacate, desert (ab- = away
from i.e absent, abstraction) əˈbændən
resident = people, inhabitant, dweller ˈrezɪdənt
dense = think, impenetrable, compact dens
undergrowth = bushes, vegetation, plants
ˈʌndəɡroʊθ
mean of survival = way of life, livelihood, way to
make a living ˈmin əv sərˈvaɪvəl
departure = leaving, exit, going away (de- = away
from i.e delude, deletion) dɪˈpɑːrtʃər
re-occupy = return to, settle in again, inhabit
again riːˈɒkjʊpaɪ
pottery = objects made from clay that have been
shaped and hardened by heat ˈpɒtəri
make out of = make from, compose of, construct
from ˈmeɪd ˈaʊt ʌv
phase = stage, period, step feɪz
involve in = participate, take part, engage in
ɪnˈvɒlv in
spices = romatic parts of plants, such as seeds,
roots, bark, buds, and fruits, used primarily for
flavoring food ˈspaɪsɪz
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
29
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
READING PASSAGE 2
W
etlands are areas where water covers the soil, or
is present either at or near the surface of the soil, for all or part
of the year. These are complex ecosystems, rich in unique
plant and animal life. But according to the World Wide Fund for
Nature
(WWFN),
half
of
the
world's
wetlands
have
disappeared since 1990 - converted or destroyed for
commercial development, drainage schemes and the
extraction of minerals and peat". Many of those that remain
have been damaged by agricultural pesticides and fertilizers,
industrial pollutants, and construction works.
Throughout history, humans have gathered around wetlands,
and their fertile ecosystems have played an important part in
human
development.
Consequently,
they
are
of
complex = complicated, difficult, hard ˈkɒmplɛks
ecosystem = environment, habitat, natural area
(eco- = connected with the environment i.e
ecology, eco-friendly) rɪˈsɜːtʃər
rich in = have a lot of, full of, abundance of rɪtʃ ɪn
convert = change, transform, alter kənˈvɜːtɪd
commercial = business, economic, industrial
kəˈmɜːʃəl
drainage = water removal, drying, dehydration
ˈdreɪnɪdʒ
scheme = plan, project, system skiːm
extraction = removal, taking out, gathering (ex- =
from, out i.e exclude, exist) ɪkˈstrækʃən
peat = type of soil formed by the partial
decomposition of plant matter, primarily mosses,
in waterlogged conditions piːt
pesticide = a chemical substance used to kill
harmful insects, small animals, wild plants, and
other unwanted organisms ˈpestəsaɪd
fertilizer = a natural or chemical substance that
is spread on the land or given to plants, to make
plants grow well ˈfɜːrtəlaɪzər
pollutant = toxic substance, contaminant, waste
product pəˈluːtənt
fertile = rich, productive, fruitful ˈfɜːtaɪl
consequently = so, therefore, as a result
ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli
considerable religious, historical and archaeological value
considerable = great, substantial, significant
to many communities around the world. 'Wetlands directly
religious = spiritual, faith-based, sacred rɪˈlɪdʒəs
archaeological = ancient, historical, old
support the livelihoods and well-being of millions of people,'
says Dr Matthew McCartney, principal researcher and
kənˈsɪdərəbl
ɑːkiəˈlɒdʒɪkəl
principle = rule, law, standard ˈprɪnsəpəl
researcher = scientist, scholar, investigator
rɪˈsɜːtʃər
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
30
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
hydrologist at the International Water Management Institute
(IWMI). In many developing countries, large numbers of
people are dependent on wetland agriculture for their
hydrologist = a scientist who studies water (hydr
= water i.e hydrate, hydrogen) haɪˈdrɒlədʒɪst
dependent on = reliance on, count on, relying on
dɪˈpɛndənt ɒn
livelihood = jobs, work, ways of making money
ˈlaɪvlihuːd
livelihoods.'
mitigate = reduce, lessen, make less severe
ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt
They also serve a crucial environmental purpose. 'Wetlands
are one of the key tools in mitigating climate change across
the planet,' says Pieter van Eijk, head of Climate Adaptation at
Wetlands International (WI), pointing to their use as buffers
that protect coastal areas from sea-level rise and extreme
weather events such as hurricanes and flooding. Wetland
coastal forests provide food and water, as well as shelter from
storms, and WI and other agencies are working to restore
those forests which have been lost. 'It can be as simple as
planting a few trees per hectare to create shade and
substantially
change
a
microclimate,'
he
says.
'Implementing climate change projects isn't so much about
money.'
The world's wetlands are, unfortunately, rich sources for indemand commodities, such as palm oil and pulpwood.
Peatlands - wetlands with a waterlogged organic soil layer are particularly targeted. When peatlands are drained for
cultivation, they become net carbon emitters instead of
active carbon stores, and, according to Marcel Silvius, head
of Climate- smart Land-use at WI, this practice causes six per
cent of all global carbon emissions. The clearance of
peatlands for planting also increases the risk of forest fires,
which release huge amounts of CO2. 'We're seeing huge
buffer = protector, defense, shield ˈbʌfər
extreme = severe, intense, devastating ɪkˈstriːm
shelter = protection, safety, refuge ˈʃɛltər
agency = organization, group, institution ˈeɪdʒənsi
restore = repair, fix, rebuild (re- = back i.e rebuild,
replay) rɪˈstɔːr
shade = the area of relative darkness and coolness
created by the canopy of trees ʃeɪd
substantially = significantly, greatly, considerably
səbˈstænʃəli
microclimate = an area in which the weather is
usually different from the areas around it (micr- =
small i.e microbe, microcosm) ˈmaɪkroʊˌklaɪmət
implement = carry out, do, put into practice
ˈɪmplɪmɛnt
unfortunately = unluckily, regretfully, disappointingly
# fortunately ʌnˈfɔːtʃənɪtli
in-demand = popular, valuable, wanted
ɪn dɪˈmænd
commodity = good, product, resource kəˈmɒdɪtiz
palm oil = an oil from the nuts of some types of
palm tree, used in some foods and to make soap
pɑːm ɔɪl
pulpwood = wood suitable for making into pulp for
making paper ˈpəlpwood
waterlogged = full of water, soaked, flooded
ˈwɔː.tə.lɒɡd
drain = empty, dry out, remove water dreɪn
cultivation = farming, agriculture, planting kʌltɪˈveɪʃən
net carbon emitter = releases more carbon dioxide
than it absorbs net ˈkɑr.bən ɪˈmɪt.ər
active carbon store = environment that actively
capture and hold onto large amounts of carbon
dioxide ˈæk.tɪv ˈkɑr.bən stɔːr
clearance = removal, cutting down, clearing ˈklɪərəns
peatland = an area of land consisting mainly of peat
ˈpiːtlænd
peatland forests with extremely high biodiversity value being
biodiversity = variety of life, different species,
ecological diversity (bio- = life i.e biology, biography)
lost for a few decades of oil palm revenues,' says Silvius.
baɪoʊdaɪˈvɜːrsɪti
revenue = income, profit, earning ˈrevənjuː
subsidence". Peat comprises 90 percent water, so this is one
logging = cutting woods, deforestation, timber
harvesting ˈlɑːɡɪŋ
ditch = a shallow, narrow channel or trench dug in
the ground dɪtʃ
swamp = an area of very wet, soft land swɑːmp
float = move on water, drift, sail floʊt
log = piece of wood, tree trunk, timber lɒɡ
drain = remove water, dry out, empty dreɪn
bacteria = a type of very small organism that lives in
air, earth, water, plants, and animals, often one that
causes disease bækˈtɪəriə
fungi = types of organisms that get their food from
decaying material or other living things ˈfʌŋɡaɪ
break down = decompose, rot, decay breɪk daʊn
remainder = rest, leftover, remaining part rɪˈmeɪndər
solid = hard, strong, steady ˈsɒlɪd
downward = lower, decrease, fall ˈdaʊnwərd
subsidence = sinking, settling, dropping (sub- =
below i.e submarine, submerge) ˈsʌbsɪdəns
alarming = worrying, frightening, concerning
of the most alarming consequences of peatland clearances.
consequence = effect, result, outcome ˈkɒnsɪkwəns
The damage starts when logging companies arrive to clear
the trees. They dig ditches to enter the peat swamps by boat
and then float the logs out the same way. These are then
used to drain water out of the peatlands to allow for the
planting of corn, oil palms or pulpwood trees. Once the water
has drained away, bacteria and fungi then break down the
carbon in the peat and turn it into CO2 and methane.
Meanwhile, the remainder of the solid matter in the peat
starts to move downwards, in a process known as
əˈlɑːmɪŋ
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
31
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
'In the tropics, peat subsides at about four centimeters a year,
tropic = hot region, tropical area, equatorial region
so within half a century, very large landscapes on Sumatra
landscape = area of land, region, scenery
and Borneo will become flooded as the peat drops below
catastrophe = disaster, tragedy, calamity
water level,' says Silvius. 'It's a huge catastrophe that's in
in preparation = coming, about to happen, on
the way ɪn prɛpəˈreɪʃən
preparation. Some provinces will lose 40 per cent of their
ˈtrɒpɪk
ˈlændskeɪp
kəˈtæstrəfi
landmass.'
And while these industries affect wetlands in ways that can
easily be documented, Dr Dave Tickner of the WWFN
believes that more subtle impacts can be even more
devastating. 'Sediment run-off and fertilizers can be pretty
invisible,' says Tickner. 'Over-extraction of water is equally
invisible. You do get shock stories about rivers running red, or
even catching fire, but there's seldom one big impact that
really hurts a wetland.' Tickner does not blame anyone for
deliberate damage, however. 'I've worked on wetland issues
for 20 years and have never met anybody who wanted to
damage a wetland,' he says. 'It isn't something that people
generally set out to do. Quite often, the effects simply come
from people trying to make a living.'
Silvius also acknowledges the importance of income
generation. 'It's not that we just want to restore the
biodiversity of wetlands - which we do - but we recognise
there's a need to provide an income for local people.' This
approach is supported by IWMI. 'The idea is that people in a
developing country will only protect wetlands if they value and
profit from them,' says McCartney. 'For sustainability, it's
essential that local people are involved in wetland planning
and decision making and have clear rights to use wetlands.'
The fortunes of wetlands would be improved, Silvius
suggests, if more governments recognised their long-term
value. 'Different governments have different attitudes,' he says,
and goes on to explain that some countries place a high
priority on restoring wetlands, while others still deny the
issue. McCartney is cautiously optimistic, however.
'Awareness of the importance of wetlands is growing,' he says.
'It's true that wetland degradation still continues at a rapid
pace, but my impression is that things are slowly changing.'
industry = business, company, sector ˈɪndəstriː
document = record, write down, prove ˈdɒkjʊmɛnt
subtle = small, unnoticeable, hard to see ˈsʌtl
devastating = destructive, damaging, ruinous
ˈdɛvəsteɪtɪŋ
sediment run-off = soil loss, erosion, washing
away of soil ˈsɛdɪmɛnt rʌn ɒf
pretty = fairly, relatively, quite ˈprɪti
invisible = hidden, unseen, undetectable #
visible ɪnˈvɪzəbl
over-extraction = taking too much, overusing,
overharvesting (over- = too much i.e overweight,
overprice) oʊvərɪkˈstrækʃən
hurt = damage, harm, degrade hɜːt
seldom = rarely, not often, hardly ever ˈsɛldəm
deliberate = intentional, planned, on purpose
dɪˈlɪbərət
generally = usually, normally, typically ˈdʒɛnərəli
set out = plan, aim, intend to set aʊt tuː
make a living = earn money, support oneself,
work meɪk ə ˈlɪvɪŋ
acknowledge = recognize, agree, admit əkˈnɒlɪdʒ
income generation = making money, earning,
profiting ˈɪnkʌm ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃən
restore = repair, fix, rebuild rɪˈstɔːr
approach = method, way, strategy əˈproʊtʃ
support = help, assist, back səˈpɔːt
profit = benefit, gain, make money ˈprɒfɪt
sustainability = the quality of being able to
continue over a period of time səˌsteɪnəˈbɪlɪti
essential = necessary, important, crucial ɪˈsɛnʃəl
be involved in = participate in, take part in, work
on bi ɪnˈvɒlvd ɪn
right = allowance, permission, entitlement raɪt
fortune = future, outlook, future ˈfɔːtʃən
place a high priority on = consider very
important, focus on, emphasize pleɪs ə haɪ praɪˈɒrɪti
ɒn
deny = refuse to accept, disagree with, ignore
dɪˈnaɪ
cautiously = carefully, guardedly, prudently
ˈkɔːʃəsli
optimistic = hopeful, positive, confident
ˈɒptɪmɪstɪk
degradation = damage, destruction, decline (de= down i.e decay, decompose) ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃən
rapid pace = quickly, fast, speedily ˈræpɪd peɪs
impression = feeling, opinion, belief ɪmˈpreʃən
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
32
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
READING PASSAGE 3
O
nce the stuff of science fiction, technology that
enable = allow, activate, permit ɪˈneɪbl
enables people to talk using different languages is now
here. But how effective is it?
Noise, Alex Waibel tells me, is one of the major challenges
that artificial speech translation has to meet. A device
may be able to recognise speech in a laboratory, or a
meeting room, but will struggle to cope with the kind of
background noise I can hear in my office surrounding
Professor Waibel as he speaks to me from Kyoto station in
Japan. I'm struggling to follow him in English, on a scratchy
line that reminds me we are nearly 10,000 kilometers apart
- and that distance is still an obstacle to communication
even if you're speaking the same language, as we are. We
haven't reached the future yet. If we had, Waibel would
have been able to speak more comfortably in his native
German and I would have been able to hear his words in
English.
At Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, where he is a professor
of computer science, Waibel and his colleagues already
give lectures in German that their students can follow in
English via an electronic translator. The system
generates text that students can read on their laptops or
artificial speech translation = the process of
converting spoken language from one language to
another using computer software and algorithms
ɑːtɪˈfɪʃəl spiːtʃ trænzˈleɪʃən
recognise = identify, understand, know ˈrekəɡnaɪz
laboratory = research facility, testing facility,
experimental station (labor- = work i.e
collaboration, labor) ˈlæbrətɔːri
cope with = deal with, handle, manage koʊp wɪθ
scratchy line = poor quality connection, bad
signal, noisy ˈskrætʃi laɪn
obstacle = barrier, difficulty, problem ˈɒbstəkl
native = original, first, natural (nat- = born i.e
innate, natal) ˈneɪtɪv
comfortably = easily, naturally, without difficulty
ˈkʌmftəbli
colleague = co-worker, teammate, workmate
ˈkɒliːɡ
electronic translator = a device or software
system that is capable of providing real-time
translation between spoken languages ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪk
trænzˈleɪtər
generate = create, produce, make ˈdʒenəreɪt
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
33
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
phones, so the process is somewhat similar to subtitling. It
helps that lecturers speak clearly, don't have to compete
with background chatter, and say much the same thing
each year.
subtitle = text for a video, transcription, caption
The idea of artificial speech translation has been around
for a long time. Douglas Adams' science fiction novel, The
Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, published in 1979,
featured a life form called the 'Babel fish' which, when
placed in the ear, enabled a listener to understand any
language in the universe. It came to represent one of those
devices that technology enthusiasts dream of long before
they become practically realizable, like TVs flat enough to
hang on walls: objects that we once could only dream of
having but that are now commonplace. Now devices that
look like prototype Babel fish have started to appear,
riding a wave of advances in artificial translation and voice
recognition.
be around = exist, present, persist bi əˈraʊnd
science fiction = fantasy stories, futuristic stories,
imaginative stories ˈsaɪəns ˈfɪkʃən
feature = depict, show, present ˈfiːtʃərd
life form = creature, being, organism
At this stage, however, they seem to be regarded as eye-
stage = point, phase, level steɪdʒ
regard as = see as, consider as, think of as rɪˈɡɑrd
catching novelties rather than steps towards what Waibel
æz
calls 'making a language-transparent society'. They tend
to be domestic devices or applications suitable for hotel
check-ins, for example, providing a practical alternative to
speaking a traveler's English. The efficiency of the
translator is less important than the social function.
However, 'Professionals are less inclined to be patient in a
conversation,' founder and CEO at Waverly Labs, Andrew
Ochoa, observes. To redress this, Waverly is now
preparing a new model for professional applications, which
entails performance improvements in speech recognition,
translation accuracy and the time it takes to deliver the
translated speech.
ˈsʌbˌtaɪtl
compete with = try to be better than, fight
against, rival kəmˈpiːt wɪθ
chatter = noise, sound, buzz ˈtʃætər
laɪf fɔːrm
place in = put in, insert into, locate in pleɪs ɪn
enthusiast = lover, fan, supporter ɪnˈθjuːziˌæst
dream of = want, desire, hope for driːm ɒv
realisable = possible, achievable, feasible
ˈpræktɪkli ˈriːəlaɪzəbl
commonplace = ordinary, usual, typical
ˈkɒmənpleɪs
prototype = early model, test version, sample
(prot= first i.e protagonist, protocol) ˈproʊtoʊtaɪp
ride a wave = take advantage of, benefit from,
driven by ˈraɪd ə weɪv
advance = improvement, development, progress
ədˈvɑːns
eye-catching = striking, attention-grabbing,
distinctive ˈaɪ kætʃɪŋ
novelty = innovation, new and unusual item,
gadget ˈnɒvəlti
step towards = progress towards, movement
towards, approaches to step tɔːrdz
language-transparent society = social
environment where language differences do not
affect communication ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ trænzˈpærənt
səˈsaɪəti
domestic devices = home appliances, household
gadgets, home electronics dəˈmɛstɪk dɪˈvaɪs
applications = tool, program, software æplɪˈkeɪʃən
alternative = other option, choice, possibility
ɔːlˈtɜːrnətɪv
efficiency = effectiveness, productivity,
performance ɪˈfɪʃənsi
incline to = tend to, lean towards, prefer ɪnˈklaɪnd
tuː
redress = correct, fix, improve rɪˈdres
model = design, version, type ˈmɒdl
entail = involve, require, mean ɪnˈteɪl
accuracy = correctness, precision, exactness
ˈækjʊrəsi
For a conversation, both speakers need to have devices
called Pilots (translator earpieces) in their ears. 'We find
that there's a barrier with sharing one of the earphones with
a stranger," says Ochoa. That can't have been totally
unexpected. The problem would be solved if earpiece
translators became sufficiently prevalent that strangers
would be likely to already have their own in their ears.
Whether that happens, and how quickly, will probably
depend not so much on the earpieces themselves, but on
the prevalence of voice-controlled devices and artificial
barrier = challenge, obstacle, difficulty ˈbæriər
sufficiently = enough, adequately, sufficiently
səˈfɪʃəntli
prevalent = common, popular, widespread
ˈprev.əl.ənt
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
34
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
translation in general.
Waibel highlights the significance of certain Asian
nations, noting that voice translation has really taken off in
countries such as Japan with a range of systems. There is
still a long way to go, though. A translation system needs to
be simultaneous, like the translator's voice speaking over
the foreign politician being interviewed on the TV, rather
than in sections that oblige speakers to pause after every
few remarks and wait for the translation to be delivered. It
needs to work offline, for situations where internet access
isn't possible, and to address apprehensions about the
amount of private speech data accumulating in the cloud,
having been sent to servers for processing.
Systems not only need to cope with physical challenges
such as noise, they will also need to be socially aware by
addressing people in the right way. Some cultural traditions
demand solemn respect for academic status, for example,
and it is only polite to respect this. Etiquette-sensitive
artificial translators could relieve people of the need to
know these differing cultural norms. At the same time, they
might help to preserve local customs, slowing the spread of
habits associated with international English, such as its
readiness to get on first-name terms.
highlight = emphasize, point out, draw attention
to ˈhaɪlaɪts
significance = importance, meaning, value
sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns
take off = become popular, become ˈteɪk ɒf
simultaneous = happening at the same time,
concurrent, parallel sɪməlˈteɪniəs
oblige = force, require, make əˈblaɪdʒ
remark = comment, statement, observation
rɪˈmɑːrk
address = tackle, deal with, handle əˈdrɛs
apprehension = worry, concern, fear æprɪˈhɛnʃən
accumulate = collect, build up, grow əˈkjuːmjʊleɪt
cloud = a system of storing and accessing data
and programs over the internet instead of on
computer klaʊd
solemn = serious, formal, respectful ˈsɑːləm
status = position, rank, level ˈsteɪtəs
etiquette-sensitive = aware of social manners,
understanding of etiquette, polite ˈɛtɪkɛt sɛnsətɪv
relieve = free, release, ease rɪˈliːv
norm= standard, rule, custom nɔːrm
readiness = willingness, preparedness,
availability ˈrɛdɪnəs
outsource = hand over, delegate, entrust ˈaʊtsɔːrs
mature = develop, grow, become more advanced
məˈtʃʊərz
Professors and other professionals will not outsource
language awareness to software, though. If the technology
matures into seamless, ubiquitous artificial speech
translation, it will actually add value to language skills.
Whether it will help people conduct their family lives or
relationships is open to question - though one noteworthy
possibility is that it could overcome the language barriers
that often arise between generations after migration,
leaving children and their grandparents without a shared
language.
Whatever uses it is put to, though, it will never be as good
as the real thing. Even if voice- morphing technology
simulates the speaker's voice, their lip movements won't
match, and they will look like they are in a dubbed movie.
The contrast will underline the value of shared languages,
and the value of learning them. Sharing a language can
promote a sense of belonging and community, as with the
international scientists who use English as a lingua franca,
where their predecessors used Latin. Though the practical
need for a common language will diminish, the social value
of sharing one will persist. And software will never be a
substitute for the subtle but vital understanding that
comes with knowledge of a language.
seamless = smooth, effortless, uninterrupted
ˈsiːmləs
ubiquitous = everywhere, common, widespread
juːˈbɪkwɪtəs
add value to = improve, enhance, make better æd
ˈvæljuː tuː
conduct = carry out, manage, perform kənˈdʌkt
open to question = uncertain, debatable not
clear ˈoʊpən tuː ˈkwɛstʃən
noteworthy = significant, important, remarkable
ˈnoʊtwɜːrði
arise = appear, emerge, occur əˈraɪz
generation = families, groups of people born at
different times, time periods ˌdʒɛnəˈreɪʃənz
migration = moving to a new place, relocating,
settling in a new country maɪˈɡreɪʃən
voice-morphing technology = type of audio
processing that alters the sound of a person's voice,
making it sound like someone else vɔɪs mɔːrfɪŋ
tekˈnɒlədʒi
simulate = imitate, copy, replicate (simul - likeness,
immitating i.e similar, simulation) ˈsɪmjʊleɪt
dubbed movie = a film where the original audio track
has been replaced with a different language dʌbd
ˈmuːvi
underline = emphasize, highlight, point out ˌʌndərˈlaɪn
lingua franca = common language, shared
language, language of communication ˈlɪŋɡwə ˈfræŋkə
predecessor = people who came before, earlier
generations, those who came earlier ˈpriːdɪˌsesər
diminish = decrease, reduce, lessen dɪˈmɪnɪʃ
persist = continue, endure, last (-sist = cause to
stand i.e insist, resist) pərˈsɪst
substitute = replacement, alternative, stand-in
ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt
subtle = delicate, slight, not obvious ˈsʌtl
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
35
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
TEST 4
READING PASSAGE 1
A
ccording to conservationists, populations of around
two thirds of butterfly species have declined in Britain over
the past 40 years. If this trend continues, it might have
unpredictable knock-on effects for other species in the
ecosystem. Butterfly eggs develop into caterpillars and
these insects, which are the second stage in a new
butterfly’s lifecycle, consume vast quantities of plant
conservationist = someone who works to protect
the environment from the damaging effects of human
activity (serv- = save, protect i.e preserve,
reserve) ˌkɒn.səˈveɪ.ʃən.ɪst
species = group, type, kind ˈspiː.ʃiːz
trend = tendency, movement, inclination trend
unpredictable = changeable, uncertain, not
predictable # predictable ˌʌn.prɪˈdɪk.tə.bəl
knock-on effect = indirect effect, chain reaction
ˈnɒk.ɒn ɪˌfekt
ecosystem = all the living things in an area and the
way they affect each other and the environment
(eco- = connected with the environment i.e ecology,
eco-friendly) ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təm
caterpillar = a small creature like a worm with legs
that develops into a butterfly or moth ˈkæt.ə.pɪl.ər
insect = a type of small animal with six legs and
often two pairs of wings ˈɪn·sekt
stage = step, phase, period steɪdʒ
lifecycle = the series of changes that a living thing
goes through from the beginning of its life until death
laɪf ˌsaɪ.kəl
material, and in turn act as prey for birds as well as bats
material = matter, stuff, substance məˈtɪə.ri.əl
in turn = in order, one after another, in succession ɪn
and other small mammals. Only by arming themselves
act as something = to do a particular job ækt æz
tɜːn
with an understanding of why butterfly numbers are down
can conservationists hope to halt or reverse the decline.
ˈsʌm.θɪŋ
prey = victim, target, quarry preɪ
mammal = any animal that gives birth to live young,
not eggs, and feeds its young on milk ˈmæm.əl
arm someone with something = equip someone
with, provide someone with, gain an understanding
of ɑːm ˈsʌm.wʌn wɪð ˈsʌm.θɪŋ
halt = stop, quit, discontinue hɒlt
reverse = change, overturn, turn around (re- =
again, back i.e recede, redact) rɪˈvɜːs
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
36
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Butterflies prefer outdoor conditions to be 'just right’, which
means neither too hot nor too cold. Under the conditions of
climate change, the temperature at any given time in
summer is generally getting warmer, leaving butterflies with
the challenge of how to deal with this.
One of the main
ways in which species are ensuring conditions suit them is
by changing the time of year at which they are active and
reproduce. Scientists refer to the timing of such lifecycle
events as ‘phenology’, so when an animal or plant starts to
do something earlier in the year than it usually does, it is
said to be 'advancing its phenology’.
These advances have been observed already in a wide
range of butterflies-indeed, most species are advancing
their phenology to some extent. In Britain, as the average
spring temperature has increased by roughly 0.5 °C over
the past 20 years, species have advanced by between
three days and a week on average, to keep in line with
cooler temperatures. Is this a sign that butterflies are well
equipped to cope with climate change, and readily adjust
to new temperatures? Or are these populations under
stress, being dragged along unwillingly by unnaturally
fast changes? The answer is still unknown, but a new
study is seeking to answer these questions.
First, the researchers pulled together data from millions of
records that had been submitted by butterfly enthusiastspeople who spend their free time observing the activities of
different species. This provided information on 130 species
of butterflies in Great Britain every year for a 20-year
period. They then estimated the abundance and
distribution of each species across this time, along with
how far north in the country they had moved. The data also,
crucially, allowed researchers to estimate subtle changes
in what time of the year each species was changing into an
adult butterfly.
Analysing the trends in each variable, the researchers
discovered that species with more flexible lifecycles were
more likely to be able to benefit from an earlier emergence
driven by climate change. Some species are able to go
from caterpillar to butterfly twice or more per year, so that
the individual butterflies you see flying in the spring are the
grandchildren or great-grandchildren of the individuals seen
a year previously.
condition = state, situation, circumstance kənˈdɪʃən
climate change = changes in the world's weather,
particularly an increase in temperature ˈklaɪ.mət ˌtʃeɪndʒ
generally = usually, typically, commonly ˈdʒen.ə r.əl.i
challenge = problem, issue, question, ˈtʃæl.ɪndʒ
deal with = handle, take action, cope with diːl wɪð
ensure = make sure, guarantee, make certain ɪnˈʃɔːr
reproduce = give birth, produce offspring, breed
ˌriː.prəˈdʒuːs
phenology = the study of recurring phenomena,
such as animal migration, especially as influenced
by climatic conditions fəˈnɒlədʒi
advance = go forward, progress, upgrade ədˈvɑːns
observe = see, witness, perceive əbˈzɜːv
range = variety, selection, assortment reɪndʒ
indeed = in fact, in truth, actually ɪnˈdiːd
extent = amount, expanse, magnitude ɪkˈstent
average = medium, usual, common ˈæv.ər.ɪdʒ
roughly = about, around, approximately ˈrʌf.li
keep in line with = similar to, or at the same
level as something kiːp ɪn laɪn wɪð
equipped = trained, prepared, practiced ɪˈkwɪp
cope with something = go through, endure,
undergo kəʊp wɪð ˈsʌm.θɪŋ
adjust = change, modify, adapt əˈdʒʌst
drag somebody/something along = to make
someone go somewhere they do not want to go
dræɡ ˈsʌm.bə.di/ˈsʌm.θɪŋ əˈlɒŋ
unwillingly = begrudgingly, reluctantly, resistantly
# willingly ʌnˈwɪl.ɪŋ.li
unnaturally = abnormally, unusually,
uncommonly # naturally ʌnˈnætʃ.ər.əl.i
unknown = unidentified, undiscovered, unheardof # known ʌnˈnəʊn
seek = try, strive, attempt siːk
pull together = gather, compile, collect pʊl
təˈɡeð.ər
submit = give, hand in, offer səbˈmɪt
enthusiast = fan, devotee, fanatic ɪnˈθjuː.zi.æst
estimate = guess, calculate, believe ˈes.tɪ.meɪt
abundance = plenty, ample amount, surplus
əˈbʌn.dəns
distribution = arrangement, grouping,
organization ˌdɪs.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən
crucially = importantly, critically, essentially
ˈkruː.ʃəl.i
subtle = light, delicate, sophisticated ˈsʌt.əl
analyse = examine, evaluate, study ˈæn.əl.aɪz
variable = a number, amount, or situation that
can change and affect something in different
ways ˈveə.ri.ə.bəl
discover = find out, gain knowledge of, realize
dɪˈskʌv.ər
flexible = adaptable, changeable, malleable
ˈflek.sə.bəl
emergence = appearance, happening,
occurrence ɪˈmɜː.dʒəns
be driven by = caused by, stem from, result from
bɪ ˈdrɪv.ən baɪ
individual = singular, specific, separate
Among these species, researchers observed that those
which have been advancing their phenology the most over
the 20-year study period also had the most positive trends
in abundance, distribution and northwards extent. For
these species, such as Britain’s tiniest butterfly, the dainty
Small Blue, whose colonies are up to a hundred strong,
some develop into butterflies early in spring, allowing their
ɪn.dɪˈvɪdʒ.u.əl
previously = before, earlier, prior, ˈpriː.vi.əs.li
northwards = towards the north ˈnɔːθ.wədz
dainty = small, little, tiny ˈdeɪn.ti
colony = group, community, swarm ˈkɒl.ə.ni
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
37
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
summer generations to complete another reproductive
cycle by autumn so that more population growth occurs.
Other species, however, are less flexible and restricted to
a single reproductive cycle per year. For these species,
there was no evidence of any benefit to emerging earlier.
Indeed, worryingly, it was found that the species in this
group that specialise in very specific habitat types, often
related to the caterpillar’s preferred diet, actually tended to
be most at harm from advancing phenology. The beautiful
High Brown Fritillary, often described as Britain’s most
endangered butterfly, is in this group. It is found only in
coppiced woodland and limestone pavement habitats. It
is also a single-generation butterfly that has advanced its
phenology. This suggests that climate change, while
undoubtedly not the sole cause, might have played a part
in the downfall of this species.
generation = offspring, family, progeny
ˌdʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃən
reproductive cycle = the process of
reproduction ˌriː.prəˈdʌk.tɪv ˈsaɪ.kəl
population growth = the increase in the number
of people in a population or dispersed group
ˌpɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən ɡrəʊθ
occur = happen, take place, come about əˈkɜːr
restricted = limited, specified, confined rɪˈstrɪk.tɪd
evidence = proof, fact, confirmation ˈev.ɪ.dəns
worryingly = in a way that makes you feel
worried ˈwʌr.i.ɪŋ.li
specialise = concentrate on, study intensively,
practice exclusively ˈspeʃ.əl.aɪz
specific = precise, exact, certain spəˈsɪf.ɪk
habitat = native environment, natural home,
natural locality ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt
diet = the food and drink usually eaten or drunk
by a person or group ˈdaɪ.ət
endangered = ill-protected, vulnerable, insecure
ɪnˈdeɪn.dʒəd
coppiced woodland = involves repeatedly felling
trees at the base and allowing them to regrow for
a number of years ˈkɒp.ɪst ˈwʊd.lənd
limestone pavement = a horizontal surface of
exposed limestone in which the joints have been
enlarged, cutting the surface into roughly
rectangular blocks ˈlaɪm.stəʊn ˈpeɪv.mənt
undoubtedly = certainly, unquestionably,
undeniably ʌnˈdaʊ.tɪd.li
sole = only, one, single səʊl
play a part = participate, take part, engage in pleɪ
ə pɑːt
All is not lost, however. Many of Britain's single-generation
species show the capacity, in continental Europe, to add
a second generation in years that are sufficiently warm.
Therefore, as the climate continues to warm, species like
the Silver-studded Blue might be able to switch to multiple
generations in the UK as well, and so begin to extract
benefits from the additional warmth, potentially leading to
population increases.
downfall = fall, destruction, ruin, ˈdɑʊnˌfɔl
capacity = ability, capability, power kəˈpæs.ə.ti
continental europe = the continent of europe
ˌkɒn.tɪˈnen.təl ˈjʊə.rəp
sufficiently = adequately, abundantly, plentiful
səˈfɪʃ.ənt.li
switch = change, adapt, transform swɪtʃ
multiple = many, varied, numerous ˈmʌl.tɪ.pəl
extract = get, take, derive (ex- = from, out i.e
exclude, exit) ɪkˈstrækt
additional = extra, added on, supplementary
əˈdɪʃ.ən.əl
potentially = maybe, plausibly, possibly pəˈten.ʃəl.i
More immediately, conservationists can arm themselves
with all this knowledge to spot the warning signs of
species that may be at risk. The White Admiral of southern
England, a much sought-after butterfly, experienced a
significant increase in numbers from the 1920s but has
shown a considerable decline in the past 20 years. This
may be because the caterpillar exists solely on a diet of a
plant called honeysuckle. But it is also likely to be due to
climate change.
immediately = now, instantly, straight away
ɪˈmiː.di.ət.li
spot = see, notice, catch sight of spɒt
warning sign = forewarning, signal, hint ˈwɔː.nɪŋ
saɪn
at risk = in a dangerous situation ət rɪsk
sought-after = wanted by many people and
usually of high quality or rare ˈsɔːt ˌɑːf.tər
experience = endure, undergo, go through
ɪkˈspɪə.ri.əns
significant = big, important, prominent
sɪɡˈnɪf.ɪ.kənt
considerable = large, noticeable, substantial
kənˈsɪd.ər.ə.bəl
honeysuckle = a climbing plant with flowers that
smell sweet ˈhʌn.iˌsʌk.əl
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
38
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
READING PASSAGE 2
B
bacteria = very small organisms that are found
everywhere and are the cause of many diseases
bækˈtɪər·i·ə
acteria from the ocean floor can beat superbugs
and cancer. But habitats are at risk from the hunger for
marine minerals.
A. When Professor Mat IJpton found that a microbe from
a deep-sea sponge was killing pathogenic bugs in his
laboratory, he realised it could be a breakthrough in the
light against antibiotic-resistant superbugs, which are
responsible for thousands of deaths a year in the UK
alone. Further tests confirmed that an antibiotic from the
superbugs = strains of bacteria, viruses, or fungi that
have become resistant to the medications, like
antibiotics (super- = over i.e superman,
superior) ˈsuː.pə.bʌɡ
habitat = environment, surroundings, home ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt
mineral = a valuable or useful chemical substance
formed naturally in the ground ˈmɪn.ər.əl
marine = oceanic, of the sea, aquatic (mar- sea i.e
mariculture, maritime) məˈriːn
microbe = a very small living thing, especially one that
causes disease, that can only be seen with a
microscope ˈmaɪ.krəʊb
deep-sea = happening in or relating to the deep parts
of the sea ˌdiːpˈsiː
sponge = a soft substance that is full of small holes
and can absorb a lot of liquid spʌndʒ
pathogenic = infective, contagious, toxic (path- =
feeling, disease i.e pathogen,
pathology) ˌpæθ.əˈdʒen.ɪk
laboratory = a room or building with equipment for
doing scientific tests (labor- = work i.e collaboration,
labor) ləˈbɒrətəri
breakthrough = progress, advance, invention
ˈbreɪk.θruː
sponge bacteria, found living more than 700 metres under
antibiotic-resistant superbugs = bacteria that have
evolved to survive the effects of antibiotics, making
them difficult to treat with standard medications
the sea at the Rockall trough in the north-east Atlantic,
trough = a linear structural depression that extends
laterally over a distance. trɒf
ˌæn.ti.baɪˈɒt.ɪk rɪˈzɪs.tənt ˈsuː.pə.bʌɡ
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
39
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
was previously unknown to science, boosting its
potential as a life-saving medicine. But Upton, and other
scientists who view the deep ocean and its wealth of
unique and undocumented species as a prospecting
ground for new medicines, fear such potential will be lost
in the rush to exploit the deep sea’s equally rich metal
and mineral resources.
B. ‘We’re looking at the bioactive potential of marine
resources, to see if there are any more medicines or drugs
down there before we destroy it for ever,’ says Upton, a
medical microbiologist at the University of Plymouth. Ile
is among many scientists urging a halt to deep-sea
mining, asking for time to weigh up the pros and cons.
‘In sustainability terms, this could be a better way of
exploiting the economic potential of the deep sea,’ he
argues. Oceanographers using remotely operated
vehicles have spotted many new species. Among them
have been sea cucumbers with tails allowing them to sail
along the ocean floor, and a rare ‘Dumbo’ octopus, found
3,000 metres under the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of
California. Any one of these could offer life-saving
potential. Upton estimates it could take up to a decade
for a newly discovered antibiotic to become a medicine but
the race towards commercial mining in the ocean abyss
has already begun.
unknown to = unfamiliar to, not recognized by,
unnoticed by ʌnˈnəʊn tʊ
boost = improve, increase, advance buːst
potential = ability, possibility, capability pəˈten.ʃəl
life-saving = done to prevent someone from dying
ˈlaɪfˌseɪ.vɪŋ
view = consider, perceive, regard vjuː
unique = uncommon, exotic, rare juːˈniːk
undocumented = not officially recorded # documented
ʌnˈdɒk.jə.men.tɪd
prospecting = process of searching for valuable
natural resources, such as minerals, oil, or metals,
often by exploring and examining land ˈprɒspektɪŋ
rush = speed, hurry, sprint rʌʃ
exploit = use to advantage, make use of, capitalize on
(ex- = out i.e exclude, exit) ɪkˈsplɔɪt
equally = similarly, evenly, alike (equ- = equal, even i.e
equate, equator) ˈiː.kwəl
metal = a chemical element that is generally hard and
strong ˈmet.əl
bioactive = having an effect on a living organism (bio= life i.e biologist, biotin) baɪəʊˈæktɪv
microbiologist = a person who studies very small
living things such as bacteria (micr- = small i.e
microbe, microscopic) ˌmaɪ.krəʊ.baɪˈɒl.ə.dʒɪst
urge = drive, force, hasten ɜːdʒ
halt = stop, quit, discontinue hɒlt
weigh something up = to think carefully about the
advantages or disadvantages of a situation before
making a decision weɪ ˈsʌm.θɪŋ ʌp
pros and cons = advantages and disadvantages prəʊz
ænd kɒnz
sustainability = the quality of causing little or no
damage to the environment and therefore able to
continue for a long time səˌsteɪ.nəˈbɪl.ə.ti
term = word, phrase, expression tɜːm
oceanographer = people who study the earth's
oceans and seas ˌəʊʃəˈnɒɡrəfər
remotely = at a distance in time or space rɪˈməʊt.li
operate = work, function, manage ˈɒp.ər.eɪt
spot = see, notice, catch sight of spɒt
sea cucumber = an invertebrate animal that lives on
the sea floor, with a long thick body like a worm ˌsiː
ˈkjuːkʌmbər
sail = speed, hurry, rush seɪl
coast = the land next to or close to the sea kəʊst
estimate = guess, believe, evaluate ˈes.tɪ.meɪt
decade = ten years dekˈeɪd
commercial = business, trade, profit-making kəˈmɜː.ʃəl
abyss = a very deep hole that seems to have no
bottom əˈbɪs
nickel = a chemical element that is a silver-white metal
C. The deep sea contains more nickel, cobalt and rare
earth metals than all land reserves combined, according
to the US Geological Survey. Mining corporations argue
that deep-sea exploration could help diversify the supply
of metals and point to the fact that demand for resources
ˈnɪk.əl
cobalt = a chemical element that is a hard silver-white
metal, used in metal mixtures and for making materials
blue ˈkəʊ.bɒlt
rare = uncommon, unusual, scarce reər
reserve = an area of land kept in its natural state,
especially for wild animals to live in and be protected (serv = conserve, preserve) rɪˈzɜːv
corporation = company, business, enterprise
ˌkɔː.pərˈeɪ.ʃən
diversify = vary, expand, broaden daɪˈvɜː.sɪ.faɪ
supply = stock, source, reserves, səˈplɑɪ
point to something = refer to, highlight, emphasize
pɔɪnt tʊ ˈsʌmθɪŋ
such as copper, aluminum, cobalt for electric car
batteries and other metals to power technology and
demand = need, request, requirement dɪˈmɑːnd
copper = a chemical element that is a reddish-brown
metal ˈkɒp.ər
aluminum = a light, silver-colored metal used for
making containers, cooking equipment, and aircraft
parts (-lumin = light i.e illuminant, luminescent)
əˈluː.mə.nəm’
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
40
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
smartphones, is soaring. They say that deep-sea mining
could yield far superior ore to land mining with little, if
any, waste. Different methods of extraction exist, but
most
involve
employing
some
form
of
converted
cobalt = a hard, silvery-blue metal that is a chemical
element ˈkoʊbɑːlt
power = energize, fuel, supply energy to paʊər
soar = increase, grow, escalate sɔːr
yield = bring in, generate, provide jiːld
superior = greater, better, exceptional (super- =
above, over i.e superpower, supervise) suːˈpɪə.ri.ər
ore = rock or soil from which metal can be obtained ɔːr
extraction = the process of removing something,
especially by force (ex- = from, out i.e exclude, exist)
ɪkˈstræk.ʃən
machinery previously used in terrestrial mining to
excavate materials from the sea floor, at depths of up to
converted = altered, modified, adjusted kənˈvɜː.tɪd
machinery = a group of large machines or the parts of
a machine that make it work məˈʃiː.nər.i
terrestrial = relating to the planet earth, or living or
existing on the land (terr- = earth i.e terrain, territory)
təˈres·tri·əl
6,000 meters, then drawing a seawater slurry, containing
rock and other solid particles, from the sea floor to ships
on the surface. The slurry is then ‘de-watered ’ and
transferred to another vessel for shipping. Extracted
seawater is pumped back down and discharged close to
the sea floor.
D. But environmental and legal groups have urged
caution, arguing there are potentially massive and
unknown ramifications for the environment and for
nearby communities, and that the global regulatory
framework is not yet drafted. ‘Despite arising in the last
half century, the “new global gold rush” of deep-sea mining
shares many features with past resource scrambles including a general disregard for environmental and
social impacts, and the marginalisation of indigenous
peoples and their rights, a paper, written by Julie Hunter
and Julian Aguon, from Blue Ocean Law, and Pradeep
Singh, from the Center for Marine Environmental
Sciences, Bremen, argues, ‘flic authors say that
knowledge of the deep seabed remains extremely limited.
‘The surface of the Moon, Mars and even Venus have all
been mapped and studied in much greater detail, leading
marine scientists to commonly remark that, with respect
to the deep sea, “We don’t yet know what we need to
know”.’
E. Scientific research -including a recent paper in Marine
Policy journal has suggested the deep seabed, and
hydrothermal vents, which are created when seawater
meets volcanic magma, have crucial impacts upon
biodiversity and the global climate. The mineral-rich
vents and their surrounds are also home to many well-
excavate = extract, remote, mine ˈɛks.kə.veɪt
slurry = mixture of water and small pieces of solide
ˈslʌr.i
solid = hard, firm, rigid ˈsɒl.ɪd
particle = an extremely small piece of matter, that
together with others makes up an atom ˈpɑː.tɪ.kəl
surface = the outer or top part or layer of something
ˈsɜː.fɪs
de-water = to remove water from (de- = remove i.e
defrost, deforest) di:´wɔtə
vessel = ship, boat, craft ˈves.əl
pump = to force liquid or gas to move somewhere pʌmp
discharge = emit, exude, expel dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ
legal = connected with or allowed by the law ˈliː.ɡəl
caution = carefulness, attention, alertness ˈkɔː.ʃən
ramification = consequence, result, extension
(ram- = branch i.e ramose) ˌræm.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən
regulatory = having the power to control an area of
business or industry and make sure that it is
operating fairly (regul- = rule i.e regular, regulation)
reɡ.jəˈleɪ.tər.i
framework = a system of rules, ideas, or beliefs
that is used to plan or decide something ˈfreɪm.wɜːk
draft = sketch, outline, make a preliminary version
drɑːft
arise = start, stem from, occur əˈraɪz
feature = characteristic, trait, quality ˈfiː.tʃər
scramble = a hurried attempt to get something
ˈskræm.bəl
disregard = inattention, neglect, negligence #
regard ˌdɪs.rɪˈɡɑːd
marginalisation = the act of treating someone or
something as if they are not important
ˌmɑː.dʒɪ.nə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən
indigenous = originating in, native, aboriginal
ɪnˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.nəs
flic = police in slang term fliːk
map = to represent an area of land in the form of a
map mæp
remark = say, comment, state rɪˈmɑːk
with respect to = about, concerning, regarding wɪð
rɪˈspekt tʊ
hydrothermal vents = underwater openings in the
earth's crust that release hot, mineral-rich water,
often found in deep ocean areas. haɪ.drəʊˈθɜː.məl vent
volcanic magma = extremely hot liquid and semiliquid rock located under earth’s surface vɒlˈkæn.ɪk
ˈmæɡ.mə
crucial = essential, critical, vital ˈkruːʃəl
biodiversity = the number and types of plants and
animals that exist in a particular area or in the world
generally (bio- = life i.e biography, biology)
ˌbaɪ.əʊ.daɪˈvɜː.sə.ti
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
41
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
known animals including crustaceans, tubeworms,
clams, slugs, anemones and fish. ‘It is becoming
increasingly clear that deep-sea mining poses a grave
threat to these vital seabed functions,’ the paper says.
‘Extraction methods would produce large sediment
plumes and involve the discharge of waste back into the
ocean, significantly disturbing seafloor environments,’ the
paper continues.‘On deep sea vents, scientists are clear,’
says Dr Jon Copley of the National Oceanography Centre,
Southampton: ‘We don’t want mining on them.’
F. The oceans occupy around 70% of the planet and arc
relatively
unexplored,
says
Mike
Johnston,
chief
executive of Nautilus, a Canadian underwater exploration
company: ‘It makes sense to explore this untapped
potential in an environmentally sustainable way, instead
crustacean = any of various types of animal that
live in water and have a hard outer shell krʌsˈteɪ.ʃən
tubeworm = marine worms that live in tubes made
of secreted materials or debris ˈtjuːbˌwɜːm
anemone = a soft, brightly coloured sea creature
that looks like a flower and often lives on rocks in
the ocean əˈnem.ə.ni
pose a threat = create danger, cause harm, be a
risk pəʊz ə θret
grave = bad, serious, severe ɡreɪv
vital = important, fundamental, crucial ˈvaɪ.təl
function = purpose, job, duty (funct- = do i.e
functional, malfunction) ˈfʌŋk.ʃən
sediment plumes = clouds of particles like dirt or
sand stirred up in water, often by mining or natural
events ˈsed.ɪ.mənt pluːm
seafloor = ocean floor, seabed, ocean bottom
siːflɔːr
vent = opening, fissure, outlet vent
occupy = fill up, take up, involve ˈɒk.jə.paɪ
arc = the shape of part of a circle, or other curved
line ɑːk
relatively = rather, somewhat, comparatively
ˈrel.ə.tɪv.li
chief executive = the person with the most
important position in a company or organization ˌtʃiːf
of continually looking at the fast depleting land
ɪɡˈzek.jʊ.tɪv
resources of the planet to meet
ʌnˈtæpt
society’s rising
needs.’Those leading the global rush to place giant
mining machines thousands of metres below the sea
surface say the environmental impacts will be far lower
than on land. But critics say exotic and little-known
ecosystems in the deep oceans could be destroyed and
must be protected. ‘Mining will be the greatest assault on
deep-sea
ecosystems
ever
inflicted
by
humans,’
according to hydrothermal vent expert Verena Tunnicliffe,
at the University of Victoria in Canada. She argues that
active vents must be off-limits for mining to protect the
new knowledge and biotechnology spin-offs they can
deliver, and that strict controls must be in place
elsewhere.
untapped = unused, unexploited, intact # tapped
sustainable = eco-friendly, non-polluting,
endurable səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl
continually = constantly, repeatedly, nonstop
kənˈtɪn.ju.ə.li
deplete = decrease, drain, impoverish (de- = down
i.e decline, decay) (plet- = fill i.e complete, deplete,
replete ) dɪˈpliːt
meet someone’s needs = satisfy, fulfill, provide for
miːt ˈsʌm.wʌnz niːdz
place = put, set, locate pleɪs
critic = individuals or groups who are expressing
opposition or concern (crit- judge i.e critical,
critique) ˈkrɪt.ɪk
exotic = unique, uncommon, rare (exo- = outside
i.e exoplanet, exoteric) ɪɡˈzɒt.ɪk
ecosystem = all the living things in an area and the
way they affect each other and the environment
(eco- = connected with the environment i.e ecology,
eco-friendly) ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təm
assault = a violent attack əˈsɒlt
inflict = bring, cause, wreak ɪnˈflɪkt
off-limits = where people are not allowed to go (off= not on, away from i.e offload, offstage) ˌɒfˈlɪm.ɪts
biotechnology = the use of living things, especially
cells and bacteria, in industrial processes bio- = life
i.e biology, biography) ˌbaɪ.əʊ.tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi
spin-off = a product that develops from another
more important product ˈspɪn.ɒf
strict = firm, tough, harsh strɪkt
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
42
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
READING PASSAGE 3
A
psychologist gives his view on how humans
ˌselfˈsen.təd
became self-centred.
There has long been a general assumption that human
beings
are
psychologist = an expert in the study of the human
mind and behavior (psych = mind i.e psyche,
psychology)
self-centred = selfish, self-absorbed, egoistic (self- =
by of or by yourself i.e self-educated, self-determined)
essentially
selfish.
We’re
apparently
ruthless, with strong impulses to compete against each
other for resources and to accumulate power and
possessions. If we are kind to one another, it’s usually
because we have ulterior motives. If we are good, it’s
only because we have managed
to control and
transcend our innate selfishness and brutality.
This bleak view of human nature is closely associated
with the science writer Richard Dawkins, whose 1976
assumption = belief, idea, guess (sumpt- = take, i.e
consumption, presumption) əˈsʌmp.ʃən
essentially = fundamentally, inherently, by nature
ɪˈsen.ʃəl.i
apparently = seemingly, clearly, obviously əˈpær.ənt.li
ruthless = cruel, harsh, mean ˈruːθ.ləs
impulse = urge, instinct, desire (puls- = drive, push, i.e
appulse, repulsive) ˈɪm.pʌls
accumulate = gather, collect, build up əˈkjuː.mjə.leɪt
possession = belonging, thing, property pəˈzeʃ.ən
ulterior = hidden, secret, private ʌlˈtɪə.ri.ər
motive = reason, purpose, intention (mot- = move,
motion, i.e commotion, motor) ˈməʊ.tɪv
manage to = succeed in, be able to, accomplish (man= hand, i.e manufacture, maneuver) ˈmæn.ɪdʒ tʊ
transcend = rise above, overcome, surpass (trans- =
across, i.e transact, transitory) (scend- = climb, i.e
ascend, descend) trænˈsend
innate = natural, inborn, inherent (nat- = born, i.e
native, natal) ɪˈneɪt
brutality = cruelty, violence, savagery bruːˈtæl.ə.ti
bleak = bad, negative, pessimistic bliːk
associated with = linked to, connected to, related to
əˈsəʊ.si.eɪ.tɪd wɪð
book The Selfish Gene became popular because it fitted
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
43
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
so well wit -and helped to justify the competitive and
individualistic ethos that was so prevalent in late 20thcentury societies. Like many others, Dawkins justifies his
views with reference to the field of evolutionary
psychology. Evolutionary psychology theorises that
present-day human traits developed in prehistoric times,
during what is termed the ‘environment of evolutionary
adaptedness’.
justify = explain, defend, prove (jus- = law, justice, i.e
justice, jury) ˈdʒʌs.tɪ.faɪ
individualistic = independent, self-reliant, selfcentered ˌɪn.dɪˌvɪdʒ.u.əˈlɪs.tɪk
ethos = values, beliefs, mindset (eth- = custom, habit,
i.e ethic, ethology) ˈiː.θɒs
prevalent = common, widespread, frequent ˈprev.əl.ənt
reference = mention, cite, point to ˈref.ər.əns
evolutionary = relating to the way in which living
things develop over millions of years ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ər.i
psychology = the scientific study of the mind and how
it influences behaviour (psych- = mind, i.e psychiatry,
psychic) saɪˈkɒlədʒi
theorise = suggest, propose, claim (theori- =
speculation, i.e theorist, theory) ˈθɪə.raɪz
trait = character, feature, quality treɪt
prehistoric = ancient, early, very old (pre- = before, i.e
previous)ˌpriː.hɪˈstɒr.ɪk
term = refer to, define, label tɜːm
adaptedness = suitability, fitness, adjustment
əˈdæptɪdnəs
Prehistory is usually seen as a period of intense
competition, when life was such a brutal battle that only
those with traits such as selfishness, aggression and
ruthlessness survived. And because survival depended
on access to resources – such as rivers, forests and
animals – there was bound to be conflict between rival
groups, which led to the development of traits such as
racism and warfare. This seems logical. But, in fact, the
assumption on which this all rests – that prehistoric life
was a desperate struggle for survival – is false.
It’s important to remember that in the prehistoric era, the
world was very sparsely populated. According to some
estimates, around 15,000 years ago, the population of
Europe was only 29,000, and the population of the whole
world was less than half a million. Humans at that time
were hunter-gatherers: people who lived by hunting wild
animals and collecting wild plants. With such small
population densities, it seems unlikely that prehistoric
hunter-gatherer groups had to compete against each
other for resources or had any need to develop
ruthlessness and competitiveness, or to go to war.
intense = strong, powerful, extreme (tens- = stretch,
i.e extension, distension) ɪnˈtens
aggression = hostility, anger, violence (gress- = walk,
step, go, i.e progress, regress) əˈɡreʃ.ən
survive = live, stay alive, endure (viv- = live, i.e
revive, convivial) səˈvaɪv
access = entry, way in, approach ˈækses
resource = supply, material, tool rɪˈsɔːs
bound = likely, sure, certain baʊnd
conflict = fight, struggle, disagreement (flict- = strike,
i.e afflict, inflict) ˈkɒn.flɪkt
rival = competing, opposing, adversary ˈraɪ.vəl
racism = the belief that one race is superior to others,
leading to discrimination and unfair treatment based on
a person's race or ethnicity ˈreɪ.sɪ.zəm
warfare = fighting, battle, war ˈwɔː.feər
logical = reasonable, valid, rational (log- = thought, i.e
analogy, biology, psychology)ˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl
rest = depend, rely, is based rest
desperate = urgent, hopeless, critical (sper- = hope,
i.e despair, prosper)ˈdes.pər.ət
struggle = fight, effort, battle ˈstrʌɡ.əl
era = time period, age, stage ˈɪrə
sparsely = lightly, thinly, scarcely (spars- = scatter,
sprinkle, i.e asperse, disperse) spɑːslɪ
according to = as stated by, as said by, in line with
əˈkɔːdɪŋ tu
estimate = guess, approximation, calculation ˈestɪmeɪt
hunter-gatherer =a member of a society that lives by
hunting and collecting wild food, rather than by farming
ˌhʌn.təˈɡæð.ər.ər
population density = the concentration of individuals
within a species in a specific geographic locale (popul= people, i.e popular, populous) ˌpɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən ˈden.sɪ.ti
compete against = fight with, combat, clash with
kəmˈpiːt əˈɡenst
There is significant evidence to back this notion from
contemporary hunter-gatherer groups, who live in the
same
way
as
prehistoric
humans
did.
As
the
back = support, defend, prove bæk
notion = idea, belief, thought (not- = letter, note, paper,
i.e annotation, connotation, notation) ˈnəʊ.ʃən
contemporary = modern, current, present-day
(tempor- = time, i.e tempo, contemporaneous)
kənˈtem.pər.ər.i
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
44
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
anthropologist Bruce Knauft has remarked, huntergatherers are characterized by ‘extreme political and
sexual
egalitarianism’.
Knauft
has
observed
that
individuals in such groups don’t accumulate property or
possessions and have an ethical obligation to share
everything. They also have methods of preserving
egalitarianism by ensuring that disparities of status don’t
arise.
The Kung people of southern Africa, for example, swap
arrows before going hunting and when an animal is killed,
the acclaim does not go to the person who fired the
arrow, but to the person the arrow belongs to. And if a
person becomes too domineering, the other members of
the group ostracise them, exiling the offender from
society. Typically in such groups, men do not dictate what
women do. Women in hunter-gatherer groups worldwide
often benefit from a high level of autonomy, being able to
select their own marriage partners, decide what work they
do and work whenever they choose to. And if a marriage
breaks down, they have custody rights over their
children.
Many anthropologists believe that societies such as the
Kung were normal until a few thousand years ago, when
population growth led to the development of agriculture
and a settled lifestyle. In view of the above, there seems
little reason to assume that traits such as racism, warfare
and male domination should have been selected by
evolution as they would have been of little benefit in the
prehistoric era. Individuals who behaved selfishly and
ruthlessly would be less likely to survive, since they would
have been ostracised from their groups.
It makes more sense, then, to see traits such as
cooperation, egalitarianism, altruism and peacefulness
as innate characteristics of human beings. These were
anthropologist = someone who scientifically studies
humans and their customs, beliefs, and relationships
(anthrop- = human, i.e misanthrope, philanthropy)
ˌæn.θrəˈpɒl.ə.dʒɪst
remark = say, note, state rɪˈmɑːk
characterize = define, mark, describe ˈkær.ək.tə.raɪz
extreme = intense, strong, severe (extrem- =
outermost, utmost, i.e extremity, extremophile)ˈstriːm
egalitarianism = the belief that all people are equal
and deserve equal rights and opportunities
ɪˌɡæl.ɪˈteə.ri.ən.ɪ.zəm
observe = watch, see, notice (serv- = save, protect,
serve, i.e conserve, preserve, service) əbˈzɜːv
property = belongings, things, possessions ˈprɒpəti
ethical = moral, right, justice (eth- = custom, habit, i.e
ethology, ethics) ˈeθ·ɪ·kəl
obligation = duty, responsibility, requirement
ˌɒb.lɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən
preserve = protect, keep, save (serv- = save, protect,
serve, i.e conserve, reserve, service) prɪˈzɜːv
disparity = difference, gap, inequality (dis- = opposite
i.e disagree, disadvantage) (par- = equal, i.e
compare, disparage) dɪˈspær.ə.ti
status = rank, position, standing (statu- = stand, i.e
institution, statute) ˈsteɪ.təs
arise = develop, occur, emerge əˈraɪz
swap = exchange, trade, switch swɒp
arrow = a thin stick with a sharp point at one end,
which is shot from a bow ˈærəʊ
acclaim = praise, recognition, applause əˈkleɪm
fire = shoot, launch, release faɪər
domineering = controlling, bossy, overbearing (domin= master, i.e codominant, dominance)ˌdɒm.ɪˈnɪə.rɪŋ
ostracise = shun, exclude, reject (ostrac- = shell, i.e
ostracon, ostracism) ˈɒs.trə.saɪz
exile = expel, send away, banish (ex- = from, out, i.e
exclude, exit) ˈek.saɪl
offender = wrongdoer, lawbreaker, criminal (of- =
against, i.e offend, oppose) (fend- = strike, i.e defend,
offense) əˈfen.dər
dictate = control, command, order (dict- = say,
proclaim, i.e dictionary, indictment) dɪkˈteɪt
autonomy = independence, freedom, self-rule (auto- =
self, directed from within, i.e automatic, autograph,
autism) ɔːˈtɒn.ə.mi
break down = collapse, end, fail breɪk daʊn
custody right = the right or duty to care for someone
or something, as for a child whose parents have
separated or died ˈkʌs·tə·di raɪt
agriculture = the science or practice of farming,
including both the cultivation of crops and the raising of
animals for food and other products (agri- = field, i.e
peregrine) ˈæɡ.rɪ.kʌl.tʃər
settled = established, fixed, stable ˈset.əld
in view of = because of, due to, considering ɪn vju: əv
domination = control, power, rule (domin- = master,
i.e codominant, dominance)ˌdɒm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən
evolution = development, change, growth ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən
cooperation = teamwork, collaboration, working
together (co- = with, together, i.e connect, coagulate)
kəʊˈɒp.ər.eɪt
altruism = willingness to do things that bring
advantages to others ˈæl.tru.ɪ.zəm
characteristic = trait, feature, quality ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
45
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
the traits that were prevalent in human life for tens of
thousands of years. So presumably these traits are still
strong in us now.
presumably = probably, likely, assumed (pre- = before
i.e previous, preview) prɪˈzjuː.mə.bli
repeatedly = constantly, again and again, frequently
rɪˈpiː.tɪd.li
But if prehistoric life wasn’t really as brutal as has often
been assumed, why do modern humans behave so
selfishly and ruthlessly? Perhaps these negative traits
should be seen as a later development, the result of
environmental and psychological factors. Research has
shown repeatedly that when the natural habitats of
primates such as apes and gorillas are disrupted, they
habitat = environment, home, surrounding (habit- =
have, i.e inhabit, habitable) ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt
primate = a member of the most developed and
intelligent group of mammals, including humans,
monkeys, and apes (prim- = first, primal, primitive)
ˈpraɪ.meɪt
ape = an animal like a large monkey with no tail, that
uses its arms to move through trees eɪp
disrupt = disturb, interrupt, upset (rupt- = break, i.e
abrupt, interrupt) dɪsˈrʌpt
violent = forceful, aggressive, brutal ˈvaɪələnt
hierarchical = arranged according to people's or
things' level of importance, or relating to such a system
(hier- = holy, sacred, i.e hierarch, hieratic) haɪəˈrɑː.kɪ.kəl
tend to become more violent and hierarchical.
So, it could well be that the same thing has happened to
us. I believe that the end of the hunter-gatherer lifestyle
and the advent of farming was connected to a
psychological change that occurred in some groups of
people. There was a new sense of individuality and
separateness, which led to a new selfishness, and
ultimately to hierarchical societies, patriarchy and
warfare. At any rate, these negative traits appear to have
developed so recently that it doesn’t seem feasible to
explain them in adaptive or evolutionary terms.
advent = arrival, beginning, start (vent- = come, i.e
adventure, convention) ˈæd.vent
individuality = the qualities that make a person or
thing different from others ˌɪn.dɪ.vɪdʒ.uˈæl.ə.ti
separateness = individuality, isolation, distinctiveness
ˈseprətnəs
ultimately = finally, eventually, in the end (ultim- =
farthest, i.e ultimatum) ˈʌl.tɪ.mət.li
patriarchy = male dominance, male authority, fatherruled society (patr- = father, i.e patriot, patriarch)
ˈpeɪ.tri.ɑː.ki
at any rate = in any case, anyway, regardless æt ˈen.i
reɪt
feasible = possible, achievable, workable ˈfiː.zə.bəl
adaptive = flexible, adjustable, able to change (ad- =
movement to or toward, i.e attend, affect) əˈdæp.tɪv
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
46
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
47
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
48
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
49
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
50
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
51
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
52
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
53
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
54
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
55
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
56
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
57
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
58
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
59
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
60
lOMoARcPSD|33262710
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 19
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Downloaded by Tuy?t Nguy?n (cauvang167@gmail.com)
61