AS-5011 Compressible Fluid Flow
Lecture-1
HISTORY OF FLUID MECHANICS
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Archimedes (3 Century BC)
• Principle of Buoyancy ("Eureka!")
W
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Leonardo da Vinci (15 Century AD):
• Observations of vortices and flow patterns.
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Isaac Newton (17 Century)
• Laws of Motion
• Calculus
• Gravity
• Optics
• Heat transfer
th
Bendetto Castelli (17 Century)
• Continuity Principle
Daniel Bernoulli and Leonhard Euler (18th Century)
• Momentum and Energy Equations
th
Jean D’Alembert (18 Century)
• Zero drag paradox
Jean Poiseuille (19th Century)
• Flow in capillary tubes (circular cross sections)
th
Gotthilf Hagen (19 Century)
• Laminar and turbulent pipe flows
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Osborne Reynolds (19 Century)
• Transition from laminar to turbulent state
• Reynolds number
πππΏ
π
π =
π
th
George Stokes (19 Century)
• Fluid flow Equations with friction
• Extended the work of Louis Navier
• The famous Navier-Stokes equations
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Orville and Wilbur Wright (20 Century)
• First flight of airplane (1903)
• Application of theory and experiments to airplane
th
Martin Knudsen (20 Century)
• Limit of continuum assumption
π
πΎπ =
πΏ
Ludwig Prandtl (20th Century)
• Concept of boundary layer
• Lifting line theory
Knudsen number
ππππ ππππ πππ‘β, ππ =
1
2ππ 2 π/∀
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Theodore von Karman (20 Century)
• Vortex shedding
• Turbulence
Paul Blasius (20th Century)
• Laminar boundary layer solution
πΉ(π) ≈ π
ππΌπ
π
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Vortex shedding off the Beerenberg volcano
HISTORY OF GAS DYNAMICS
Pierre Simon Laplace and Macquorn Rankine
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(19 Century)
• Propagation of sound waves
• Estimation of sound speed
Ernst Mach (19th Century)
• Supersonic fluid mechanics
• Mach number
First photograph of a shock
wave in front of an object (1888)
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Carl de Laval (19 Century)
• Convergent-divergent nozzle
• Acceleration of steam to supersonic speeds
Robert Goddard (20th Century)
• Used Convergent-divergent nozzle in a rocket engine
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Ludwig Prandtl (20 Century)
• Expansion waves
• Supersonic airfoils
Bell X-1 (1948)
• First manned aircraft to break the sound barrier
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