Chapter 8
1
G
Nils) oxidized ? NiO(s) reduced ?
at constant T
molar Gibbs free E
·
Ni + z0c
=
=
Vi
PATA
FA
(1 +
=
Pri
.
=
RT/n()
=
RTd()2
Pa
Enthalpy (mixing of Ideal gast
XHM = iFi-nitti
·
=
Gibbs
·
-
GM
=
free
=
* g'M
-
=
REMinXii & SM
RTIXiIX
TJTc
:
(p + f)(V
how to
distinction
-
b)
determine
btw l and g
and
a
b
compressibility
·
law
=
=>
Pep
*
=
-
Heral
+
=
3b ; Par =
62
same
=
Hr -He
=
-
-
1941855
=
,
> 0
gas reaction
.
20Imol H20 (mol
T
=
1500k
L
H
Poz
2
=
+ O2
8
=
=
I
& 20s
,
Gizook
=
2H20
@G'Rook
=
-
304 %KJ
.
-
790
.
9kJ
6 X10-ratm
.
of hematite Feet
.
=
fen048Gi000
=
=
/
-189 , 976J
=
=
202
-
PH2/PH2O
1000 %
fetto feOGi000
& feO +
Poa ?
CO2 1 Ha
,
2CO2
H2 T
in
of CO 20
=
3 FenDy
&Gi0000
=
H2O
@Gi000
=
- 138 , 1307
.
+
=
2
Ha + 202
feO
:
=
-
198 , 128
7
-
189
,
-
I
68 4945
.
-Ing /
128]
an
construction
hi
g , T< Tcr
Vr-Vetb(rr-Ve)
p
=
T
-
p
+ b(V
-
Ve
a(r vt) + P(Vu Ve)
-
=
Hi
Si
=
=
=
Hi+
-
TS+
Hin
S2az
+
Sain CpdT
+
SandT
-
Et const
=
.
b 304
eq
heat
=
262 37 J
151 , 075 + 747 220
4 reduction
=
obey
=T
u
2
variables
bea f and
Intent
-Herap
factor
corresponding
Maxwell's
·
-
= XGcres--GMOeSy
=
nRT
?
states
reduced
:
·
of
607 , 520
=
=
2
gas)
Vor
T = 124 %
reduced ?
2Cn(s) + Sa
=
200 + 02
-·
Gi
o
3
RTi(p + )(v nb)
=
MozSs in In
* G
REXiMXi
gas real
Waals
der
ran
·
no
,
-
44 , 3505
-
:
mole fraction
supercritical fluids
·
=
-195 , 2005
MogSz + 3(n + 2 Moteur
entropy (mixing of ideal gas)
·
3505
,
spotaneous Night ~
Cu-MoS bearing
.
&
o
energy mixing of ideal gas
RTEinXiiXGM
=
CheScs)
XAP
=
NiOtCO - NitCO2 8G ; 00ok
1000k
-148
=
=
=
&
XBRT
:
T
CO2 G1000k
=
-Go
dEd
=
+ comp
XaRT
=
quantities
molar
partial
=
NiO
=
20 +
= = Pa = A XAP
Xa
·
ideal gases
of
mixture
&Glook
tOz
L
-
·
N280 %
105 %
18215 %
Got RTIP
=
oxidation of Ni
.
-
it
trans
- Gin
=
MGs
Hm
=
Tmosm
=
Su
chapter &
·
Ellingham diagram
·
Goen
AtOz
oxide
metal/metallic
:
A-B binary solid or liquid solution
=
=
ADa
=
at equilibrium
xGrxn
=
=
Gixn
=>
=
AOz + 2Hz
=
+ R+ (X(n + A + XB(n(B)
excess Gibbs E1GX)
·
Gran = Garo--ho
-
ideal
GX
=a
thryn - GryntRTIn (P = GRI)()SHiM
=
OfiAzo
=
2RT/n)
(RIn (0) - St0) T + Hano
-
·
Grxn
a
+ bT
-
=
-
-
Gill
+&So kxn
·
1)
Henry's
when
2
Runit's
·
partial
Visi
=
law
C=
0
+
.
law
when -1
·
.
KHP-constant
ai
di
GitRThPi
Ei
=
Gi
=
XiP
*
Willi Xi
(g)
+ RT/di
activity
(l
,
5)
Gan = Niti
= Hii
Css) + 00219)
at
=
molar Gibbs free
energy
=
.
5
Wide
=
Pi
Gi
Gsoln
-
=
of
carbon
=
2CO(s)
of
steel
P =
equilibrium
=
ac
1
S
=
=
ai
0
=
=
0
.
414
ViXi
SMidea)
=
THMIX
=
0
=
-
solution
WAR" X + XB
= HM
sub-regular
GXS
=
GX
·
=
=
,
X
solution
WAR"XAXB + WAREXAX
-general solution
Chapter 10
activity
ai
,
regular
GXS
GAB-(GA
Hrxn"
X
=
AB(s)
=
0
Up
=
o
Xi
R(Xa(nXA + Xm(XB)
=
-
A(s) + B(s)
=
[WApXAYXn5
Gibbs-Helmholtz equation
+ + FRO
=
=
soultion
=)
0
=
1) Vi
at equilibrium
=>
(GaXa+Gr XB) + R + (XA)nX1 + XB(uXp)
mixing
mechanical
entropyidla
mixing
R + InPO2
how to control pOz using Ha/Hz0 ?
AtH20
(Gi + RTIAA) Xa + CGp +RTInAm) XB
:
=
XGrxtRtInp
0
EaXA + EBXB
=
z
WApts XaYXBj
6 elimination
z(u(l)
of
z0r(g)
+
from
copper
silver
Pen
(420(s)
=
at equilibrium G -RTI E
ac Poc
=
44 , 180
=>
Xcu
=>
8 414
=
3
=
.
*
G
=
(b) + G
=
2 ,
-
=
=> xcn
Pen
10
77 , 220
0
.
=
- 8 414 1400
.
.
(ac
22
·
-(2000)
> Ray
=
=
=
-
14 600
=
,
3 .
AgeIna(s)
=
-
8
n
/4 943/n
(AAg JAg May
4X10-4
den
Fin
=
Ei
GitRTInPi
ai
=
dG
=
Gays
1
=
=
Pen
=
=>
G
=
1
.
X Pen
x70
& Gmix
=
=
0
=
.
↓
Hm
=
RAGAtUiGi
x70
1
364
.
=
Xinh
=
0
In from
Ag
.
=
.
x
RTNaInXA + XpInXB)
RT
=
=
(XAInXAfX (nXk) + OHMYAYE
G product
-
Hm
=
w
2c-(GatEp)
- RT In
.
XAXB
+phase
Greactant
= Grin + RT
=
T&Smix
-
In
(D)
=
0
.
464
of
1
.
=
-
=
=>
Indon
=>
Inte
(
RT In
*H
=
=
M
(1-Xcn)
<
InXcum11 Xan)
-
2InXc # (1-Xcn)
2X8 3/4X(2n3(nXcu + 2419390(1
-
·
=
O Grxn"
-
17990XAgXcu JImol
RTIVcn
Go +RTIP
wso
Grxn
264ata
.
0
nn
elimination
.
+G
x
-
364
0
=
=
-
8062
.
<1
=
·
-
pen
activity
Ma (G1 + RTInPA) + Mi (GrtRTInPr)
f4 mix
1
=
Xmg Ping
=
=
idea
.
Ping
896atm
8962 + (1
(pure state
Vdp
1 45x10-3
=
.
,
11
di :
.
001X11X 1 72
.
pin
.
(9)
GitRTIndi
=
1 22 for
=
==
Win M2n)
=
Per
InPen
1
.
=
0
=
Pmg
.
.
1)
.
InPing =
lead
8. recovery of silver from a bath of
2Ag(e) +31n(e)
=
000I
.
=
In
Yonnca)
=
Wen
0
60-1 126109T
-
.
,
=
Inp
CheO : stable
<0
nn2k
Nen
mixture of liquid Mg-In and its gas phase
.
cn0())
=
=
20 2(g) + (420(s)
1005
=
T
00
Pozn
·
.
Cuc0(s)
=
2x(c(1) + 202(g)
(u8(5)
10
copper from gold
of
Cu(l) + 20219)
2
Xcu. 21
In
·
54
7. elimination
(a)
1292
.
.
12
=
Ven
·
distillation
vacuum
of
Men
=
109 Pin
.
In by
recovery
%
Separation
=
12
.
11805
elimination In
PbS + 2Cu
=
Xc
:.
-
from
Cu2 S + +b
=
↓G
=
:
G +RTIQ
:
=
=
0
Pb
.
0003
8022k
=>
125
.
(12)
X
6
=
125
.
=
-
132205
0
= Q24 = 4
=
X(n)
=
.
83
RG6x
642
:.
x
=
0
.
085
13
alloy
Fe-Mn
.
POz
1600°
T
=
f +0
Mn + z0
-
146000
-
=
24,000
X foo
za
2b
Yee
·
986
Its1
+
SitSz
=
G
0 H
=
-
-
-24nk]
:
EHotOE
0
=
.
I
100
X
=
expr
=
-(s
+ 1
+
+ V
He
Gibbs-buhem equation
Hs
+
=
=
=
R+
d(p)
·
peS: dp
231
x=x)
Pi
=
=
Pa =W IHAPA" ra < 1
,
+))
>
r) 1 : pos
Henry's law
:
neg
law
XBPi
(db
=
XB)
·
HB
=
XGmix
det Pot
V
=
*
+ Smix
=
+
+
w
Pos
M
1n7
Mo + R +
=
mix
TXS
=
R + Hinf)
A
monotectic
=
=
Raout's
perfectoid
RTInpo
= dp
du
u
entetoid
:
G
ideal
+M
perfectic
:
-
potential
-non-ideal
extectic
:
-
X =
=
#
+ S ,:
12
+
Sy
+
-146k]
Gmix
SetSa
si +
x4
S2
7
Xfeo
,
X-X
=
=
/
=
sitSc
·
.
me
L-
1
G10
11-Xfe)
.
0
chemical
"
RT/()
61 94
=
lever
&
0X10-
MnO G1000
0975
.
=
.
-RT/n
0
Yfe
=>
-
=
=
XMno
=
2
1
feO
=
2
=
weaxB
=
-R(aIn na + 2((n2B)
=
a
ofmix-T8smix
Gmix <
0
,
U
=
ePF/RT
0