U.S. Policies on Immigration
1790: The Act Concerning Aliens allowed the
president to deport immigrants deemed
dangerous.
1875: The Page Act Amendments restricted
the entry of Chinese women.
Migration Overview and Types
Early Laws and Amendments
Migration involves both emigration (leaving
a country) and immigration (entering a
country).
Migration & Identity and Viewing
Migration as Growth
It includes various types of movement, each
with different durations and purposes.
Population Statistics (2016): EU Muslim
population estimated at 25.8 million (4.9% of
total population).
Tourist: Visits a country temporarily for
leisure or self-enrichment.
Categorizing Migrants Based on Purpose
and Duration
Migration is not just about movement; it
deeply affects identity.
Sojourner: Lives in a country for 6 months to
5 years with a specific purpose (e.g.,
education).
Expatriate: A noncitizen worker who stays
in a country for an uncertain length of time.
Impact of Migration on Identity
Migration and Intercultural
Communication
Cultural Adaptation and its Impact
Refugees and Asylum Seekers
Asylum-seeker: Seeks political reasons after
already arriving in a new country.
Understanding
Migration,
Immigration, and
Integration
Identity impact: Migration affects both
immigrants and the receiving society.
Citizenship is acquired in three ways: by
birth (jus sanguinis), by naturalization, and
by birth (jus soli).
Pathways to Citizenship
Naturalization: Requires residency, an exam,
and an oath.
Examples of Border Walls and their
Effectiveness
In 2016, 16 border fences existed worldwide.
By 2016, 55 border walls were completed or
under construction.
Demographic impact: Destination countries
may perceive immigrants as threats to
cultural identity.
Citizenship Policies and
Acquisition
Walls do not completely stop migration, but
they symbolize national policies and
political ideologies.
Border Walls and Immigration
Policies
Understanding Motivations for Migration
Push factors are stronger than push factors—
people migrate more to improve their lives
than to escape hardships.
Challenges: Public assimilation, women's
rights, and national identity.
Criteria adjust based on the economic and
demographic needs.
Immigration Selection Criteria
Law of Return (1950): Grants worldwide the
right to immigrate and gain citizenship.
Historical Context and Legal Framework
Some countries consider ethnicity and
religion for immigration policies.
Challenges of Immigration on Nation-States
Expansion (1970): Includes children,
grandchildren of Jews, and their spouses.
Dutch: Multiculturalism.
Israel & Saudi Arabia: Border fences.
Norway & Denmark: Integration struggles
with growing Muslim communities.
Other Countries' Stance
U.S.: Admitted 16,000 Syrian refugees.
Diverse Approaches to Integration
Germany & Sweden were the receiving
countries.
Sweden: Initially open, but now tightening
asylum rules due to welfare system strain.
Labor shortages: Without young workers,
could shrink to 68M-73M by 2060.
With immigration, nation-states may
pressure immigrants to assimilate to
preserve cultural identity.
Slave Trade: 4 million Africans were brought
to Brazil as slaves, a significantly higher
number than in the United States (500,000).
African Heritage in Brazil
Multiculturalism vs. Racial Hierarchy: Brazil
has alternated between fostering
multiculturalism and involving racial
divisions based on Blackness and
Whiteness.
Degree of racial integration: Brazil having
one of the highest rates of intermarriage in
the world, contributing to a fluid racial
society.
European Response to Refugees
Rio Grande do Sul region.
Confederate Emigration to Brazil
Culture: European traditions shaped Brazil's
identity.
Culture: Influenced Brazilian agriculture and
Southern Brazilian culture.
Diverse communities: Asian immigrants
(Japanese diaspora in São Paulo).
Isolation: Immigrants lived in clustered
communities, maintaining distinct cultural
identities (e.g., speaking English,
establishing Protestant churches).
Integration: Over time, descendants of
Confederate immigrants moved to urban
areas and assimilated into Brazilian culture.
Sweden: Took 163,000 refugees (2015)—
highest per capita in Europe.
São Paulo's Shift: By 1930, 32.5% foreign-born
(Italians, Portuguese, Spanish dominated).
Third Wave (1930-1954): Great Depression
reduced demand; police encouraged
assimilation.
Jus Sanguinis: Immigration; large
enforcement; bans for many workers in
agriculture.
Post-Civil War Immigration
Off: Offers automatic residency & integration
programs.
Restrictions: Portuguese language more
enforced (1933-1963); foreign media &
political activity.
France & UK: Limited refugee intake.
France: Terrorism concerns (e.g., 2015
Charlie Hebdo & Bataclan attacks).
Recent Immigration (Post-1954): 55,000
arrived annually; limited by political
influence.
UK: Anti-immigration sentiment fueled
Brexit (2016).
1960s: Military coup; restricted immigrant
entry (50,000 by 1990s).
Civil war (2011): Sectarian conflict involving
Sunni majority vs. Assad's Shiite Alawite
sect.
1970s: Economic growth; immigrant inflow.
Displacement: 5+ million fled Syria—many
of the largest exoduses in history.
Syrian Civil Crisis
Notable Groups:
1980s: Refugees (Economic instability from
Africa, Haiti, Bolivia, Senegal).
85 million to Turkey, Lebanon (continued to
Greece).
Syrian Crisis (2015-Present): 100,000 fled to
migration.
Lebanon absorbed more than half (37%) of
its population.
Venezuelan Crisis (2019-Present): Plan for
100,000 to migrate.
1 million sought asylum in Europe (2015).
Deadly crossings: 500,000+ refugees crossed
the Mediterranean (2016).
1,000+ drowned.
68.5 million forcibly displaced worldwide
due to war, violence, persecution, and
human rights violations.
Global Refugee Crisis Data (2017)
Major source countries: Syria, Afghanistan,
South Sudan, Myanmar, Somalia, and
Venezuela.
Bullet Points: Refugees in Europe
Culture shock manifests both physically
and psychologically, and its intensity can
vary from person to person.
Physical and Psychological Manifestations
Shifting Demographics of Immigration
Honeymoon Stage (Initial Euphoria):
Everything seems new and interesting, and
the excitement is still very much rooted in
the home culture.
Only 14% of immigrants came from Europe.
Result: The ethnic portrait of the U.S. began
to change significantly. By 2014:
Waves of Immigration to Brazil
Predictors of Acculturation
Factors Influencing Adaptation
Readjustment to the Home Culture
Disintegration of Familiar Culture (Honesty):
The initial excitement fades as frustration
sets in.
50% came from Latin America.
Over 25% came from Asia.
Phases of Adaptation to a New Culture
Immigration and Nationality Act
of 1965
Reintegration of New Culture (Agency and
Renewal): Individuals begin to learn more
about the new culture.
Adjustment (Challenging and Comfort): The
different culture can feel old, as the person
tries to cope with their dissatisfaction.
Reciprocal Interdependence (Biculturalism):
The final stage is the achievement of
biculturalism, where the individual can
comfortably function in both cultures.
Stages of Culture Shock
Importance of Integration
Categories of Acculturation
Physical Symptoms: Extreme stress about
cleanliness of food, bedding, and dishes.
Psychological Symptoms: Feelings of
anxiety, disorientation, and homesickness.
Drivers: 2.3M immigrants (Italy, Poland,
Russia, Romania, post-WWI, agricultural).
Distinct Periods of Immigration
2016: Terrorist attacks; far-right opposition
led to restrictions.
Preserves cultural heritage alongside new
traditions.
Second Wave (1904-1930): Arrived by 1930;
settled in São Paulo & Paraná; built labor
demand.
Integration Over Time: Many Confederate
descendants still celebrate their heritage
today with picnics, Civil War uniforms, and
the Confederate flag.
2015: Merkel backs down on full-face veil in
public.
Symptoms of Culture Shock
This law liberalized immigration policies,
allowing new citizens to sponsor relatives
from their home countries.
Immigration: 1.9M Europeans (largest: Italy,
Spain, Portugal, Ukraine, Russia, etc.).
Ituiutaba, New Texas (villa immigrants
brought baseball, peaches, pecans), and rice
to Brazil.
Angela Merkel (2015) initially welcomed
refugees; no entry cap.
Immigration, Nation-State
Identity, and Immigration
Selection Systems
Policies: Religious freedom (1891) to attract
European Protestants.
The U.S. allows dual nationality, despite
requiring new citizens to renounce foreign
allegiances, enabling cultural continuity
while integrating into society.
Encourages loyalty to both cultures,
enhancing national unity.
Temporary Visas: Half of these immigrants
entered the country with temporary visas
(mostly through airports).
Undocumented Crossings: The other half
entered without documentation, typically
across the U.S.-Mexico border. The majority
of these undocumented immigrants
originated from Mexico.
First Wave (1880-1903): Post-slavery
economy; shift to wage labor; goal to "deAfricanize" workforce.
Santa Catarina region.
Immigration Sites: Confederates settled in
areas such as:
The Scale of Undocumented Immigration
1960: The U.S. population was 85% White,
and 75% of immigrants came from Europe.
Confederate Emigrants: After the U.S. Civil
War, many Southerners emigrated to Brazil
(10,000 to 40,000 people).
Navigating Multiculturalism and Racial
Hierarchy
Illegal immigrants: By 1987, there were an
estimated 5 million illegal immigrants in
the U.S., half of whom were in California.
1920s: During the Prohibition era, the quotas
favored immigrants from northern and
western Europe.
Cultural Influence: Much of Brazil's culture,
including music, food, and religion, has
strong African roots.
Integration Policies and
Immigration Policies
Aging population: Needs skilled
immigration to sustain the economy.
Illegal Immigration
Quota Systems and Racial Policies
Largest African Heritage Population: Brazil
has the largest population of African
descent outside Africa.
End of Slave Trade: Brazil was the last
country in the Western Hemisphere to
abolish slavery in 1888.
Contradictions in Brazilian
Immigration
Maintaining Ties to Multiple Countries
Restrictive laws: Over the years, additional
laws disqualified those with physical,
mental, and moral defects; subversive
doctrines; or economic exclusions (such as
illiteracy).
1921: Congress passed laws to restrict the
ethnic and immigration from certain
nations based on the 1910 census.
The Enduring Influence of African Culture
UK: Allowed immigrants to keep cultural
identities, but concerns about radicalization.
Germany: 3,000,000+ refugees attempting
the journey.
Israel's Immigration Policies &
Law of Return
France: Policies encourage adoption of
French values, but faced unrest with
immigrant groups.
Many immigrants retain ties to their home
country even after gaining citizenship in
their new country.
1910: U.S. census data introduced racial
quotas.
Brazil had the largest destination for
African slaves in the Western Hemisphere.
Social and Economic Divisions: Differences
between European descendants (upper and
middle classes) and African, Indigenous,
and multiracial descendants (lower classes).
Growing Tensions: U.S. vs. abandonment of
multiculturalism; emphasis on Dutch values
and language.
Canada: Accepted 40,000.
Portuguese Colonization and its Legacy
Economic Power: Largest economy in South
America; a major emerging market.
Hungary: Built border; took zero refugees.
Over 3.2 million immigrants since Israel's
founding, especially from "countries of
distress."
Finland, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan: Give
preference to individuals of ethnic origin.
Without immigration, developed countries'
populations would decline, leading to
economic and demographic challenges.
Challenges and Public Response
Schengen Agreement (1985): Allows
passport-free movement across most EU
nations.
Israel established (1948) as a Jewish state,
prioritizing Jewish immigration (Aliyah).
Area: Slightly smaller than the United States.
Brazil's Demographic and Economic
Landscape
Early Restrictions on Immigration
Slave-Based Economy: Sugar plantations
relied heavily on enslaved African labor.
Largest and most populous country in South
America. Population of 209 million.
Nether Poelands: 2.2 million (7.1%).
Unlike traditional immigrants (e.g., U.S.,
Canada, Australia), Europe consists of
distinct national identities.
Most countries accept based on a point
system based on: education, occupation, age,
language skills, and other factors.
Examples of border walls: U.S.-Mexico wall,
Turkey-Syria border wall, Hungary-Serbia
wall, Morocco-Western Sahara wall, and
India-Bangladesh fence.
Overview of Brazil
France: 9.5 million (13.1% of population).
Europe's Unique Immigration Landscape
The Berlin Wall (1961 to 1989) is one of the
most famous examples.
Portuguese Colonization: Brazil was founded
by Portuguese colonists in the early 16th
century.
Key Countries:
Bullet Points: Migration in Europe
Push-Pull Factors of Migration
Economic impact: Migrants send
remittances (money back home).
Some countries build barriers to control
migration.
Jus sanguinis: Citizenship through parents,
regardless of birthplace.
Jus soli: Born within a country's borders.
Reframing Migration as Opportunity
Colonial History and Slave Trade
Germany: 6.1%.
Dual Nationality & Citizenship
1875: The first federal immigration laws,
barring convicts and prostitutes from
entering the country.
United Kingdom: 8.8% of population.
Instead of seeing migration as an obstacle, it
can be an opportunity.
Cultural adaptation: How a migrant learns a
new culture.
It impacts both immigrants and the
receiving society.
Key Projections for 2050: Muslim population
could reach 7-14% of Europe's population.
Population Statistics and Projections
Most communities also change aspects of
their identity.
Host communities undergo change, whether
they welcome it or not.
Immigrant: Relocates permanently to a new
culture and faces significant challenges.
Refugee: Seeks safety due to war or natural
disaster before entering the destination
country.
1888: The Supreme Court ruled that children
born in California to noncitizen Chinese
parents were not U.S. citizens.
Muslim Immigration in Western
Europe
Defining Migration and its Components
1882: The Chinese Exclusion Act barred
Chinese laborers from entering the U.S.
Reverse Culture Shock
Acculturation refers to the process of
adapting to a new environment. However,
the degree to which an individual becomes
acculturated varies, influenced by several
factors.
Reverse culture shock occurs when an
individual who has adjusted well to a host
culture returns to their home country. This
type of culture shock can often cause
greater distress and confusion than the
original culture shock.
Dimensions of Cultural Adaptation
Impact of Modern Communication on
Acculturation
Supports a multicultural society where
cultural diversity strengthens the social
fabric.
While assimilation often results in the
disappearance of cultural distinctions,
integration allows individuals to participate
fully in society without losing their heritage.
Acculturation is the process by which
immigrants adapt to a new culture while
balancing their original identity.
The process of immigration and
acculturation has significantly changed
over time, particularly with advances in
media and transportation.
Assimilation: Full adoption of the host
culture, often over generations, sometimes
retaining symbolic cultural elements like
food or holidays (e.g., German or Irish
Americans).
Contrasting Approaches to Cultural
Adaptation
Integration: Embracing both cultural
identities, fostering biculturalism and
pluralism, where multiple cultures coexist
without losing distinctiveness.
Effect of Media and
Transportation Advances
Assimilation vs. Integration