Año 17 / Núm. 42 / - julio – diciembre 2024
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ANALYSIS OF THE GENERAL OVERVIEW OF CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION IN
AHOME, SINALOA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY FROM 2016 TO 2022
ANÁLISIS DEL PANORAMA GENERAL DEL CONSUMO DEL CIGARRO EN
AHOME, SINALOA: COMPARTIVO 2016-2022
Dr. Gustavo Fabián Pérez-Alvarez¹, Dr. Jorge Eugenio de Jesús Mora-Tordecillas² y
Dra. Miriam Aracely Pérez Barraza³
1. Unidad Académica de Negocios / Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa / Profesor e
Investigador Tiempo Completo/ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9590-7518 autor de
correspondencia. fabian.perez@uas.edu.mx.
2. Unidad Académica de Negocios / Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa / Profesor e
Investigador
Tiempo
Completo/
ORCID:
0000-0002-6948-829X
/
cpjorgemt@hotmail.com
3. Unidad Académica de Negocios / Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa / Coordinadora de la
carrera de Mercadotecnia / ORCID: 0009-0002-0318-2244 / miriam.perez@uas.edu.mx
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46589/riasf.v1i42.676
Recibido: 29 de septiembre de 2024.
Aceptado: 2 de diciembre de 2024.
Publicado: 18 de diciembre 2024.
Cómo citar
Pérez Álvarez, G. F., Mora Tordecillas, J. E. de J., & Pérez Barraza, M. A. (2024). ANALYSIS OF THE GENERAL
OVERVIEW OF CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION IN AHOME, SINALOA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY FROM
2016 TO 2022. Revista De Investigación Académica Sin Frontera: Facultad Interdisciplinaria De Ciencias
Económicas Administrativas - Departamento De Ciencias Económico Administrativas-Campus Navojoa, 1(42).
https://doi.org/10.46589/riasf.v1i42.676
Abstract
The objective of the research is to analyze the general overview of cigarette consumption in Los
Mochis and its implications, in order to identify the characteristics shared by cigarette consumers
and to determine if the measures implemented by the government to reduce consumption have been
effective. This is a descriptive study with a quantitative approach, based on data from official
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Departamento de Ciencias Económico Administrativas-Campus Navojoa.
Año 17 / Núm. 42 / - julio – diciembre 2024
Revista de Investigación Académica sin Frontera
ISSN 2007-8870
publications (ENIGH 2016-2020) and data collected from a survey applied to the population of
Los Mochis, using STATA for the analysis. The most significant results indicate that price does
have an effect on cigarette consumption, while internal advertising in businesses has no effect on
users of this product.
Key words: Consumption, Cigarettes, Ahome.
Resumen
El objetivo de la investigación es analizar el panorama general del consumo del cigarro en Los
Mochis y sus implicaciones, para así identificar las características que comparten los consumidores
de cigarro y determinar si las medidas implementadas por el gobierno para reducir su consumo han
funcionado especialmente el precio y la publicidad. Es un estudio de carácter descriptivo, con un
enfoque cuantitativo, basado en datos de publicaciones oficiales (ENIGH 2016-2020) además de
la recolección de datos generados de un instrumento (encuesta) aplicada a la población de Los
Mochis, Sinaloa utilizando el STATA 13 para su análisis. Los resultados más significativos es que
el precio si tienen un efecto significativo en el consumo de cigarro, así como que la publicidad
interna en los negocios no tiene ningún efecto en los usuarios de este producto.
Palabras clave: Consumo, cigarros, Ahome.
Introduction
Cigarette smoking is a global public health problem and clearly has its implications, since the
addiction to this substance wreaks havoc on the health of the individual who consumes it as well
as for those who are exposed to second-hand smoke. According to the World Health Organization
(2023), in the year 2020, 22.3% of the world's population consumed tobacco and every year, more
than 8 million people die from tobacco. More than 7 million of these deaths are due to direct
tobacco use and about 1.2 million are due to exposure of non-smokers to second-hand smoke.
Tobacco is one of the main preventable causes of disease and death in the world, besides being an
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Año 17 / Núm. 42 / - julio – diciembre 2024
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addictive substance, socially accepted and of legal consumption, currently the consumption has
become more socially accepted being practically part of the culture of several regions of the
country, incorporating these substances in the daily life, despite the fact that the damage caused by
cigarette consumption is known, smoking continues to rise more in underdeveloped countries.
According to Zinzer (2014), during the last hundred years smoking has caused more deaths
than all wars during the same period, it is the epidemic with the highest mortality, and this will
increase in the coming years, mainly in developing countries.
Cigarette consumption in Mexico.
The problem of cigarette smoking in Mexico and its health and economic implications have
been a matter of concern for decades. Despite efforts to reduce smoking, the country still faces
significant challenges in this area.
Cigarette smoking remains a major public health challenge, according to the latest 2016
National Survey on Drug, Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption (ENCODAT). According to this
study, it reported that 17.6% (14.9 million) were current smokers, with 6.4% (about 5.5 million)
smokers who smoke daily, and 11.1% (about 9.4 million) who smoke occasionally. In addition,
15.4% (about 13.0 million) of the population had quit smoking for at least one month, with these
prevalences being higher among men than among women, where adult daily smokers smoke an
average of 7.4 cigarettes, while adolescent daily smokers smoke an average of 5.6 cigarettes.
(These data reveal the persistence of smoking and the need to address its implications for the health
and well-being of the population.
Cigarette consumption in Mexico has experienced a change in trend in recent years, as
confirmed by the results of the 2018 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT).
According to these data, the smoking population increased from 16.4 million in 2002 to 17.3
million in 2011 and decreased to 16.1 million people in 2018. Smoking prevalence in 2018 was at
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17.9% among the 14.8 million adults and 5.7% among the 1.3 million adolescents, totaling 16.1
million smokers (ENDOCAT, 2017).
According to Mendoza González & Villagra Piña (2021), these results show a slight
decrease in the number of people smoking compared to previous years. In addition, it is estimated
that the smoking population would be 15.9 million people in 2020, which represents a reduction of
approximately 250,000 people compared to the figures observed in the 2018 ENSANUT. Although
prevalence decreased, monthly pack consumption per person smoker increased from 7.5 in 2011
to 14.2 in 2018, implying an 89% increase in just seven years. Specifically, this accelerated growth
in cigarette consumption is observed from 2015 onwards.
These data highlight that, although tobacco use persists, there has been a reduction in
average household spending on tobacco products over the past few years. This decline could be
indicative of increased awareness of the health risks associated with smoking, as well as efforts by
authorities and organizations to implement tobacco control policies. Increasing tobacco prices
through taxation is the most effective measure for controlling the epidemic linked to smoking
(Prabhat & Chaloupka, 2000). To reduce cigarette consumption, it is mentioned that the best
economic mechanism is taxation, which consists of increasing the price of cigarettes by applying
taxes (Mendoza Gonzalez & Villagra Piña, 2021). Based on Guerrero López, Muños Hernández,
Saenz De Miera Juárez, & Reinales Shigematsu (2013), currently, the average cigar consumption
per adult in Mexico is around 16 packs per year. In recent years, a sustained reduction in
consumption has been observed, which coincides with the increase in cigarette prices. These price
increases are directly related to the increase in the excise tax applied to these products, known as
the Special Tax on Production and Services (STPS). Evidence suggests that cigarette price
increases have been effective in reducing consumption, as an increase in price deters some smokers
and prevents others from taking up the habit. The STPS has been used as a strategy to discourage
tobacco consumption and combat the negative effects of smoking on public health.
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In order to reduce cigarette consumption throughout history, legal, moral and even religious
measures have been used to prevent or curb tobacco consumption. According to (Reynales ,
Thrasher, Lazcano, & Hernández (2013), the general law, aims to protect the health of the
population from the harmful effects of tobacco. It regulates the orientation, education, prevention,
production, distribution, commercialization, importation, consumption, advertising, promotion,
sponsorship, sampling, verification and, where appropriate, the application of safety measures and
sanctions related to tobacco products. In the recent year 2023, new measures were taken to prevent
cigarette consumption, which new regulations contemplate the prohibition of all forms of tobacco
advertising, promotion and sponsorship, through any means of communication and dissemination,
including the direct and indirect display of tobacco products at points of sale (Salud S. d., 2022).
The objective is to implement measures to restrict tobacco consumption in the population, in order
to protect health and promote smoke-free environments.
Cigarette consumption in Sinaloa.
A study on tobacco use among young male university students in Los Mochis, Sinaloa,
showed that 29.4% of the participants in this study reported being current users of tobacco, a figure
that is below the national average in the population aged 18 to 65 years, where a prevalence of
34.6% was obtained in men. A prevalence of consumption is shown where the age of onset of
tobacco consumption coincided with the period when they were entering university, and they
referred that their onset was due to the influence of friends, immersion to a different environment
where they felt embarrassed to refuse the invitation to smoke, other students reported that they
smoked to demonstrate their masculinity and to stay awake (Ochoa Chavez, Valdez Montero,
Ahumada Cortez, & Gámez Medina, 2017).
The objective of the research is to analyze the general panorama of cigarette consumption
in Los Mochis and its implications, seeking to contribute to the reasoning and understanding of the
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seriousness of effects that consuming it can have in terms of health parameters but above all in the
economy of those who buy them.
The hypothesis of the present document is to analyze the general panorama and the
implications of cigarette consumption, with a descriptive research that will be carried out through
quantitative methods, which includes surveys to collect information.
Methodology
In this research, we employed a quantitative approach, which according to Hernández Sampieri,
Fernández & Baptista (2014), quantitative research considers that knowledge should be objective,
through numerical medication and previously formulated hypotheses are tested. This quantitative
approach allows us to obtain a more complete and deeper understanding of the phenomenon under
study, which is an analysis of consumption in the localities of Ahome, specifically in Los Mochis,
Sinaloa.
The present research was carried out on the general panorama of cigarette consumption in
Los Mochis and its implications. To meet the objective, the consumption dimension was
established mainly to measure different aspects that allowed us to collect the necessary information
and describe the most relevant aspects.
A quantitative approach was used, that is, we designed a survey to collect quantifiable data
and based on that perform statistical analysis to derive the conclusions of the research, taking as
reference that, in 2020 the population in Ahome was 459,310 inhabitants (49.1% men and 50.9%
women) (Data Mexico , 2020). The sample size was calculated to obtain the number of surveys to
be applied in order to subsequently apply simple random sampling in the population.
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Figure 1. Sample calculation of the population of Ahome.
Source: Own elaboration.
FORMS is a google forms tool in which we can create surveys or questionnaires directly in
the web browser or mobile without having to use any specialized software, it allows us to see the
results at the time they are sent and organized into graphs for easy reference, through this tool we
design the survey where after structuring it we share the link via WhatsApp to the type of
consumers we are targeting.
We also calculated the cigarette consumption of the Sinaloense households based on the
National Household Income and Expenditure Surveys (ENIGH) for the period 2016 to 2020
through the STATA 13 program to make the comparison.
Results and discussions
After the application of the instrument (survey), the results are presented:
Generally within the respondents 50% are represented by young people (16-25 years),
mostly male (56.9%) and who like to consume cigarettes (66.7%) either by habit, taste/smell or
craving (21.4%).
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More results are shown in the following figures:
Figure 2. Frequency of consumption.
Source: Own elaboration.
Of the persons surveyed, at least one part claimed to smoke cigarettes daily (8.7%), while
the majority smoked 3 to 4 days a week, only 17.4% smoked 1 to 2 days a week, and 30.4% smoked
almost all week (5 to 6 days a week).
In the category of smoker in the last year we found that at the national level men cover
31.4%, while for the state of Sinaloa 23.8%; women at the national level are 10.9% while at the
state level they are 5.4%, obtaining a total of 20.8% at the national level and 14.5% at the state
level (ENDOCAT, 2017).
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Figure 3. Price and its consideration in users' cigarette consumption.
Source: Own elaboration.
Only 28.6% of the population is not affected by the price at the time of purchase, while the
rest, which represents the majority of the surveyed population that responded to this question, is
affected.
This is in line with studies conducted by the World Bank that have estimated that a 10%
increase in prices reduces tobacco consumption by 4% in high-income countries and by 8% in
middle- and low-income countries (Salud O. P., 2022).
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Figure 4. Importance of "price increase" on respondents' cigarette consumption.
Source: Own elaboration.
This item reinforces the hypothesis that with the increase in cigarette prices, 63% of the
respondents' consumption has decreased, and for the remaining percentage (37%) no decrease has
been considered.
In the scientific community, it is commonly accepted that, in developed countries, a 10%
increase in the price of tobacco leads to a 4% decrease in the demand for the product. This means
that if in a country each smoker consumes 100 packs of cigarettes per year and the average price is
5 euros, an increase of 50 euro cents will cause each smoker to consume 4 fewer packs per year
(Martín Álvarez, 2022).
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Figure 5. Impact of reduced consumption with the no cigarette display regulation.
Source: Own elaboration.
56.8% of the population surveyed was not influenced by the regulations established for not
displaying cigarettes, while 43.2% was influenced by the regulations.
For the first semester of this year (2023), the Treasury expected a collection of 27,397
million pesos for this STPS, however, what was reported amounts to 25,429 million; that is, almost
2,000 million less than what was programmed. Last year, in the same period, collection was higher
than expected by 220 million pesos, and in 2021 it was 803 million pesos, according to figures
from the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (SHCP) (Patiño, 2023).
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Figure 6. Types of cigarettes consumed.
Source: Own elaboration.
The highest percentage of people surveyed (represented by 62.3%) stated that they consume
pack cigarettes, while 11.6% only consume vapes and the remaining 26.1% consume both.
There has been an increase in the use of vapes, the issue is particularly serious since 975
thousand people between 12 and 65 years of age in Mexico use vapes or electronic cigarettes and
five million have used them at some time, according to a survey by the National Commission
against Addictions (2022) (Romero Mireles, 2022).
To complement the analysis, a data sweep of smokers in Sinaloa by household was
conducted using the 2016-2022 ENIGH to this effect and to have more information regarding the
phenomenon studied.
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Table 1. Household consumption of cigarettes per month by Quintiles.
Quintiles
2016
2018
2020
2022
Total
1
279.79
239.38
338.26
312.06
290.31
2
270.57
321.67
299.64
276.28
295.58
3
184.50
265.98
546.99
221.26
283.99
4
463.93
321.89
254.39
230.24
322.77
5
248.96
333.80
416.13
315.34
326.32
294.69
301.61
354.52
268.82
306.70
Total
Source: Own elaboration based on ENIGH's for the period 2016 to 2022.
The year 2020 shows a considerable increase in the consumption of cigarettes per month
per household with a total of 354.52 on average by quintiles, unlike the year 2022 where the lowest
consumption is shown with the total amount of 268.82, while the years 2016 and 2018 hovered
around the same amounts, 294.69 and 301.61 respectively. In the article "El consumo de tabaco en
los hogares en México: resultados de la Encuesta de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares,1984-2000"
a relevant fact is that, on average, for all years, the lowest income households spent between 9 and
22% of their income on tobacco. At the opposite extreme, in the highest income households, the
average expenditure on tobacco represented 1% of their income. This means that the average
percentage of spending on tobacco decreases as the household income level increases (Vázquez
Segovia, Sesma Vázquez, & Hernández Avila, 2002).
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Tabla 2. Consumo de Hogares de cigarrillos al mes por sexo del Jefe de Familia en
Sinaloa.
Sexo
2016
2018
2020
2022
Total
Hombre
299.82
299.90
295.60
225.71
285.45
Mujer
282.05
307.46
557.49
406.36
371.97
Total
294.69
301.61
354.52
268.82
306.70
Source: Own elaboration based on ENIGH's for the period 2016 to 2022.
The table shows that in most of the exposed years when the woman in Sinaloa is the head
of household she consumes a greater amount of cigarettes, with the exception of the year 2016
where it can be seen that consumption by men is higher. It differs from the article "El consumo de
tabaco en los hogares en México: resultados de la encuesta de ingresos y gastos de los hogares,
1984-2000", it is observed that when the position of head of household was occupied by a man, the
percentage of tobacco consumption per household was higher than when a woman occupied it
(Vázquez Segovia, Sesma Vázquez, & Hernández Avila, 2002).
As for the educational level of the head of household, this had a significant relationship in
the first period, in households in which the head of household had a high school level of education
(Vázquez Segovia, Sesma Vázquez, & Hernández Avila, 2002).
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Table 3. Household Consumption of Cigarettes per Month by Age Group in Sinaloa.
Edad
2016
2018
2020
2022
Total
626.31
589.51
15 a 20 años
568.27
21 a 40 años
178.07
266.24
284.56
230.92
241.47
41 a 65 años
323.63
290.90
380.52
283.46
319.82
66 y mas años
311.21
381.07
360.92
215.43
331.29
Total
294.69
301.61
354.52
268.82
306.70
Source: Own elaboration based on ENIGH's for the period 2016 to 2022.
Of the surveyed population within the age range of 15 to 20 years are those who smoke the
most and also from 2016 to 2022 an increase of 9.26% in cigarette consumption per month was
obtained.
Evidence shows that in Mexico more than 60% of smokers started smoking before the age
of 16, and more than 90% of smokers started before the age of 20, which leads to the assumption
that the most important preventive window is located at early ages, since the onset of this addiction
is rarely reported at adult ages (Hernández Avila, Hernández, & Urquieta, 2006).
Table 4. Household Consumption of Cigarettes per Month by Educational Level in Sinaloa.
Educación
2016
2018
2020
2022
Total
Sin instrucción
Primaria completa
Preparatoria completa
Profesional y
postgrado
330.98
319.83
266.80
417.25
342.49
266.22
237.51
341.24
377.36
180.26
251.75
321.38
310.28
319.15
308.22
262.59
248.57
358.68
212.49
269.56
Total
294.69
301.61
354.52
268.82
306.70
Source: Own elaboration based on ENIGH's for the period 2016 to 2022.
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Table 4 shows that there is a greater tendency to consume cigarettes among people who
have no education, while it decreases among people who have completed high school and again
there is an increase in the level of education.
In the adolescent population, current (14.5%) and previous tobacco use (8.6%) was higher
in those with no schooling compared to adolescents with an educational level corresponding to
their age (1.3 and 1.7%, respectively). In adolescents, the prevalence of tobacco use in urban areas
was higher than in those residing in rural areas: 6.5 and 2.3%, respectively. (Barrera Nuñez, Lopez
Olmedo, Zavala Arciniega, Barrientos Gutiérrez, & Reynales Shigematsu, 2022).
Table 5. Household Consumption of Cigarettes per Month Urban Rural Populations in
Sinaloa.
rural
2016
2018
2020
2022
Total
Urbana
Rural
315.50
238.91
279.94
354.67
396.60
261.03
306.97
176.54
322.54
267.94
Total
294.69
301.61
354.52
268.82
306.70
Source: Own elaboration based on ENIGH's for the period 2016 to 2022.
The table shows that there is higher consumption in the urban area of Sinaloa. This contrast
between areas suggests a possible influence of socioeconomic and cultural factors on tobacco
consumption habits. These findings are consistent with previous research by Martinez Visto &
López Durán (2018), who highlighted the importance of considering not only individual factors,
such as education and access to health care, but also social and community contexts when analyzing
tobacco consumption habits.
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Table 6. Household consumption of cigarettes per month by household size in Sinaloa.
Integrantes
2016
2018
2020
2022
Total
De 1 persona
De 2 a 4 personas
De 5 en adelante
396.79
229.12
369.14
352.85
279.03
325.23
422.68
327.68
334.16
322.98
291.26
187.38
382.11
277.39
315.28
Total
294.69
301.61
354.52
268.82
306.70
Source: Own elaboration based on ENIGH's for the period 2016 to 2022.
Table 6 shows that in households where the number of people per household is lower, that
is, 1 person, the amount of cigarette consumption is quite higher in the average per year evaluated
(382.11) as opposed to households with a higher number of members. The ENIGH does not include
information on the number of people who consume tobacco within each surveyed household, nor
does it capture the possibility of "addictions" among households, but rather the level of spending
and consumption made by families on a satisfactory item that is included in their consumption
basket, so it is not possible to distinguish that not all spending on tobacco implies cigarette
consumption, and conversely, all consumption of cigarettes does not necessarily imply spending
(Sesma Vázquez, et al., 2001).
Conclusions
The study made it possible to analyze the different implications of cigarette consumption in its
different modalities (traditional and electronic), for which the following observations can be made.
First of all, it shows that in developing countries and particularly in Los Mochis, the price increase
does imply a decrease in cigarette consumption, since, as could be observed through 63% of the
population, the price increase has had an impact.
It can also be pointed out that the consumption of electronic cigarettes has increased
considerably, especially in the youth sector, due to trends and new consumption habits. According
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ISSN 2007-8870
to the above information, it was observed that despite the implementation of tobacco control
measures, such as the decree that prohibits the import and export of new and emerging nicotine
and tobacco products, as well as the health warnings on the packaging and labeling of tobacco
products that inform about the associated risk of smoking and serious illnesses, this is not an
impediment or has not influenced tobacco consumers as much.
The product is so well known over time that they no longer need advertising as such, since
it causes an addiction and advertising as such is no longer necessary, according to some responses
advertising does not influence because they continue to consume it whether or not advertising is
involved.
On a second level and to contrast the results of Los Mochis, an assessment was made by
family in Sinaloa using data from the ENIGH 2016-2020 where it could be observed that there is
a decrease in cigarette consumption, however, it is relevant to establish that the head of household
when it is a woman is more inclined to smoke than the man, The results of this study are relevant
for the design of public health policies aimed at reducing the prevalence of cigarette smoking in
the rural areas of Sinaloa.
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Facultad Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias Económicas Administrativas
Departamento de Ciencias Económico Administrativas-Campus Navojoa.
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Facultad Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias Económicas Administrativas
Departamento de Ciencias Económico Administrativas-Campus Navojoa.
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Departamento de Ciencias Económico Administrativas-Campus Navojoa.
Año 17 / Núm. 42 / - julio – diciembre 2024
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ISSN 2007-8870
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Acknowledgments
I wish to express my deepest gratitude to all those who have participated in the realization
of this research work. First of all, to the support group Deyra, Alondra Frida and Anayansi for their
dedication and great commitment to the construction of this work, and to the cigar consumers for
taking the time to answer the questions and providing us with the opportunity to learn about the
phenomenon.
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Departamento de Ciencias Económico Administrativas-Campus Navojoa.
Año 17 / Núm. 42 / - julio – diciembre 2024
Revista de Investigación Académica sin Frontera
ISSN 2007-8870
Neliti - Indonesia's Research Repository
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Departamento de Ciencias Económico Administrativas-Campus Navojoa.