SHS-ICCBI
English for Academic
and Professional
Purposes
Proper Referencing &
Citations
SHS-ICCBI
Proper
Referencing
& Citations
PLAGIARISM
PARAPHRASING
Paraphrasing is a restating of
someone else’s thoughts or
ideas in your own words
(Pears & Shields, 2019 p. 245).
Principles of Paraphrasing
01
02
THE MEANING
CONVEYED IN THE
PARAPHRASED
MATERIAL SHOULD BE
THE SAME AS THAT OF
THE ORIGINAL SOURCE
THE LENGTH
SHOULD BE THE
SAME OR ALMOST
THE SAME
Principles of Paraphrasing
03
04
THE STRUCTURE
IS DIFFERENT
FROM THAT OF
THE SOURCE
TECHNICAL TERMS
OR GENERALLY
ACCEPTED TERMS
MAY BE RETAINED
Principles of Paraphrasing
05
THE SOURCE IS
INDICATED IN
THE
PARAPHRASE
Forms of Paraphrasing
LITERAL
PARAPHRASING
STRUCTURAL
PARAPHRASING
ALTERNATIVE
PARAPHRASING
Literal
Paraphrasing
Replacing
vocabulary terms
from the original
text
Structural
Paraphrasing
Changing the
sentence structure
as well as the word
class of key words of
the text
Alternative
Paraphrasing
Posing questions about the
text, then answering these
questions using own
words after reading the
text making sure that all
ideas are connected
CITATIONS
The way you tell your readers that
certain material in your work
came from another source and
where to find that information
again.
What do citations
include?
01
Information
about the
author
02
03
The title
of work
The name
and location
of the
publisher
CITATION
STYLES
Citation Styles
01
AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION
(APA)
Used in
Education,
Psychology,
and Sciences
Citation Styles
02
MODERN
LANGUAGE
ASSOCIATION
(MLA)
Used in
Humanities
Citation Styles
03
CHICAGO
OR
TURABIAN
Used in
Humanities
Types of
Citations
AuthorOriented
Citations
Text Oriented
Citations
Author-Oriented Citations
Starts with the surname of
the author, followed by the
year of publication in
parentheses
Text - Oriented Citations
A paragraph or sentence from a
source is followed by the surname
of the author of the work and the
year of publication, both enclosed
in parentheses
Start the sentence or
paragraph by using the phrase
“according to...” Followed by
the surname of the author and
the year of publication
enclosed in parentheses