A GOAL WITHOUT A PLAN…
IS JUST A WISH
Occupational health and safety (OHS)
focuses on the safety, health, and welfare of employees at work
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
FROM CONCEPT TO CULTURE
Protecting workers’ health in Canada
Text to voice by PYTHON TTS.api ChatGPT & GEMINI used to support text generation https://chat.openai.com/ https://gemini.google.com/
Content from CCOHS website as published prior to September 2025.
MIAE - GCS
WHMIS
Welcome to Occupational Health and Safety Training – C C O H S
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) constitutes a multidisciplinary field dedicated to
the protection of worker well-being. Its scope integrates principles from medicine,
industrial hygiene, engineering, ergonomics, toxicology, and regulatory law. In the
Canadian context, the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS),
established by a 1978 Act of Parliament, serves as the federal agency providing
leadership in this domain.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:
 Critically evaluate the role and mandate of the CCOHS as an authoritative source for OHS
information
 Use CCOHS classification for risks
 Interpret the key elements of WHMIS labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) to identify hazards and
required protective measures
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
 Apply knowledge of WHMIS to conduct a basic safety review for a hazardous product in an
engineering design scenario.
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
CONNECTION TO
PAST TOPICS
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
In our previous modules, we explored several models for understanding and analyzing
risk, such as the Bowtie and Swiss Cheese models, and learned about hazard
identification techniques. These are powerful conceptual tools that help us think
critically about what can go wrong and why.
But how do we move from thinking about risk to managing it in a standardized and
legally compliant way? That’s where this module comes in.
This diagram connects those foundational concepts to the practical systems we'll be
discussing. Think of the risk models as the 'why'—they help us understand the pathways
of an incident. Now, we are introducing the 'how.' Systems like WHMIS provide the
standardized hazard communication tools, like labels and data sheets, that are essential
for managing chemical risks day-to-day. And resources from organizations like the
CCOHS give us the detailed information, guidance, and best practices needed to
implement effective safety controls in the workplace.
In short, while the models help us map out the problem, WHMIS and CCOHS provide the
official language, information, and resources we need to build the practical solutions
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
WHMIS VS. CCOHS
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
In this course, we’ll cover both WHMIS and the CCOHS classification resources. That
might sound like two versions of the same thing — but here’s the difference:
WHMIS 2015
Canada’s official hazard communication system, required by law.
It’s based on the Globally Harmonized System (GHS), so it follows international rules for
labeling and classifying hazardous products.
It includes standardized pictograms, hazard classes, Safety Data Sheets (SDS), and
training.
CCOHS (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety)
 CCOHS is not a classification system itself, but a federal agency that supports the
application of WHMIS.
 CCOHS vision: "the elimination of work-related illnesses and injuries".
 established by a unanimous Act of Parliament in 1978 with a broad mandate to
promote the total well-being—physical, psychosocial, and mental health—of all
working Canadians.
 It offers educational tools, training materials, and extra guidance to help workers
and employers understand and apply WHMIS properly.
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
 CCOHS also classifies health risks and workplace hazards more broadly, even beyond
chemical exposure (e.g. ergonomics, stress, biological agents).
Now that we understand the role of CCOHS, let's take a quick, guided tour of its most
valuable online resources. The CCOHS website is your go-to hub for credible health and
safety information and knowing how to navigate it is a key skill.
Our first and most important stop is OSH Answers. Think of this as the encyclopedia for
occupational health and safety. It provides clear, confidential, and independent answers
to thousands of workplace safety questions.
To make sure you get a feel for this, we're going to do a brief interactive exercise.
(Pause)
I want you to pause the module now, open a web browser, and go to the CCOHS website.
Once you're there, find the 'OSH Answers' section. In its search bar, type in 'psychological
health in the workplace'. Take a moment to read the introduction. While you're there,
find the definition of the 'general duty clause' and think about how that legal concept
applies to an employer's responsibility for the mental well-being of their staff. Please
resume the module when you're ready.
Welcome back. As you saw, the information is practical and directly applicable.
Next, it's important to understand how CCOHS resources are funded. The Centre operates
on a model that includes both public service initiatives and cost-recovery products. A vast
amount of high-quality information—like OSH Answers, informative podcasts, safety
posters, and newsletters—is provided completely free to the public. These are part of
CCOHS's mandate to serve all Canadians.
Alongside these, CCOHS offers specialized resources on a cost-recovery basis. This
includes in-depth publications, detailed databases, and certified online courses that you
or your future employer might invest in for professional development and compliance.
So why are we learning both?
"Think of WHMIS as the law — and CCOHS as the teacher that helps you follow it.“
WHMIS gives the structure and rules.
CCOHS helps you understand, apply, and go beyond those rules in the real workplace.
WHMIS deals only with hazardous chemical products (including mixtures), not with
all possible workplace hazards. It does not classify or regulate non-chemical hazards such
as noise, radiation, ergonomics, stress, or workplace violence. These broader categories
of hazards fall under occupational health and safety legislation and guidance from
agencies like the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) or
provincial regulators.
Finally, let's look at the WHMIS.org Portal. While CCOHS covers all of occupational health
and safety, it also administers this official national portal specifically for WHMIS. This
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
website is the central, most reliable hub for all WHMIS-related questions in Canada. It's a
collaborative effort that brings together information from federal, provincial, and
territorial governments, ensuring you get accurate and jurisdiction-specific guidance. If
you ever have a question about WHMIS, WHMIS.org is the authoritative place to start.
Final analogy (for chemicals only):
"WHMIS is like the official road signs, and CCOHS is like driving school — it helps you
read the signs, understand the risks, and make smart choices on the road."
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WHMIS
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
WHMIS ensures that all hazardous products follow the
same system, so:
 Labels are easy to recognize
 Pictograms are consistent
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
 Safety Data Sheets (SDS) contain reliable information
We need WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) because it
ensures that everyone in a workplace knows how to safely handle hazardous
materials.
In practice, WHMIS embodies the principle of the worker’s “right to know,” which is a
cornerstone of Canadian occupational health and safety legislation. It is not merely a
labeling system but a complete framework for hazard communication and worker
protection.
Here are the main reasons why WHMIS is essential:
1. Protects Worker Health and Safety
WHMIS provides clear information about chemical hazards, helping workers avoid:
 Fires and explosions
 Toxic exposure
 Chemical burns or skin damage
 Long-term illnesses (e.g. cancer, respiratory problems)
2. Standardizes Hazard Communication
Before WHMIS, labeling and safety instructions varied. WHMIS ensures that all
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hazardous products follow the same system, so:
 Labels are easy to recognize
 Pictograms are consistent
 Safety Data Sheets (SDS) contain reliable information
3. Legal Requirement in Canada
 Employers are legally obligated to:
 Train employees on WHMIS
 Provide properly labeled hazardous products
 Ensure SDSs are accessible
4. Prepares Workers to Respond to Emergencies
WHMIS training helps workers:
 Recognize hazards quickly
 Take proper first aid steps
 Use PPE (personal protective equipment) correctly
 Prevent or reduce incidents
5. Supports a Culture of Safety
By giving everyone the right information, WHMIS promotes shared responsibility and
awareness in the workplace.
In brief: WHMIS helps prevent accidents, protects workers' health, and ensures that
everyone knows what they're working with — and how to handle it safely.
Legally, WHMIS 2015 is mandated under the Hazardous Products Act and the Hazardous
Products Regulations, making compliance a federal requirement in Canada. It is also fully
aligned with the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of classification and labelling of
chemicals, ensuring that Canadian workplaces follow international standards for hazard
communication.
From an academic perspective, labels illustrate the principle of hierarchical
communication: the supplier ensures consistency and compliance at the national and
international level, while the employer ensures local accessibility and practical
application in the workplace. Together, supplier and workplace labels create a continuous
flow of hazard information, reducing ambiguity and supporting safe handling practices.
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WHMIS LOGIC
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
 Physical Hazards
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
 Health Hazards
In brief,
o suppliers must classify hazardous products under the Hazardous Products Act and
Hazardous Products Regulations. If a product meets the criteria for any hazard class,
it must carry the appropriate pictograms and be supplied with an up-to-date Safety
Data Sheet (SDS). Section 2 of the SDS—Hazard Identification—provides the official
classification, pictograms, and hazard statements.
o Employers must ensure that workers have access to the most current SDS and that
hazardous products are properly labelled at all times. This responsibility extends to
training and workplace policies.
The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) is Canada's national
standard for the classification and communication of hazardous products in occupational
settings. Introduced in 1988 and harmonized with the Globally Harmonized System
(GHS) in 2015, WHMIS mandates three essential components for hazard communication:
 Standardized Pictograms: Visual symbols that provide immediate, universal
recognition of the hazard class.
 Supplier & Workplace Labels: Concise labels that identify the product and its hazards,
along with precautionary measures.
 Safety Data Sheets (SDSs): Comprehensive technical documents that provide detailed
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information on toxicology, physical properties, and preventive measures.
Academically, WHMIS represents a regulatory convergence of toxicology, chemical
engineering, and occupational law. It is the operationalization of the worker’s right to
know, a foundational principle of Canadian OHS legislation. This system ensures that
knowledge of hazards is systematically disseminated from supplier to employer to
worker, creating a chain of informed prevention.
WHMIS deals with two main groups of hazards: physical hazards and health
hazards. Understanding these categories is essential for safe handling and storage of
substances in the workplace.
Each group includes various hazard classes that have specific hazardous properties. Let’s
explore them in more detail.
 Physical hazards relate to the physical or chemical properties of a product that can
pose a danger. These hazards can cause immediate harm, such as fires, explosions, or
damage to property. These hazards are about what the product does when it’s
mishandled or comes into contact with certain conditions. Examples of Physical
Hazard Class
 Flammable gases Aerosols, Flammable liquids, Flammable solids: Products that
ignite or explode easily. The main hazards are fire or explosion. The aerosols
class also includes a category for non-flammable aerosols that may be a hazard
if exposed to heat or flame.
 Oxidizing liquids, solids, and gasses: Products that are classified as oxidizers and
can cause or intensify a fire or explosion.
 Gases under pressure: Products in this class include compressed, liquefied,
dissolved, and refrigerated gases. The main hazard is the high pressures
contained in the cylinder or container. Refrigerated liquefied gases can be cold
enough to cause severe cryogenic burns. The product container may also
explode if exposed to heat.
 Self-reactive mixtures and substances: These products can cause a fire and
react on their own. They can also cause an explosion if exposed to heat or
flames.
 Pyrophoric liquids and solids: These products catch fire spontaneously if
exposed to air.
 Self-heating substances and mixtures: These are products that may catch fire if
exposed to air. They differ from pyrophoric liquids and solids in that they ignite
after a longer exposure period or when found in large quantities. Substances
and mixtures that emit flammable gases when in contact with water: These
products react with water and release flammable gases that may ignite quickly
or spontaneously.
 Organic peroxides: Products that, if exposed to heat, may cause a fire or
explosion.
 Corrosive to metals: These products can chemically damage, corrode, or
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destroy metals.
 Combustible dust: These are products that are finely ground or divided into
solid particles. These particles may catch fire or explode if dispersed into the
air.
 Simple asphyxiants: These products are gases that can displace oxygen in the
air and can cause rapid suffocation.
 Physical hazards not otherwise classified: This class covers physical hazards not
classified under other physical hazard classes. The hazard must result from a
chemical reaction that can cause severe injury or death at the time of the
reaction to be included here. If a product is classified under this class, the
hazard statement on the label and SDS provides a detailed description of the
hazard. Chemicals under pressure: This class includes liquids or solids packaged
in a container other than an aerosol dispenser which are pressurized with a gas
at a pressure of 200 kPa or more at 20 °C and excludes any gas under pressure
 Health hazards are concerned with the potential of a product to cause health effects.
These effects can be immediate or long-term. It’s about what the product does to your
body if you are exposed. Examples of health hazard classes include:
 Acute toxicity: These are products that can be fatal, toxic, or harmful if they
contact skin, are inhaled, or are swallowed. Acute toxicity refers to effects that
occur after exposure to a single dose or several doses within 24 hours, or
inhalation exposure of four hours. Acute toxicity can result from exposure to
the product itself or from exposure to a product that releases gaseous
substances that can cause acute toxicity upon contact with water.
 Skin corrosion or irritation: These are products that cause severe skin burns,
such as corrosion, ulcers, bleeding, and scabbing, or products that cause skin
irritation.
 Serious eye damage or eye irritation: These products can cause serious damage
to the eyes, including tissue damage or vision decay, or cause eye irritation.
 Respiratory or skin sensitization: Respiratory sensitizers are products that can
cause breathing difficulties or induce asthma or allergy symptoms if inhaled.
Skin sensitizers are products that can cause an allergic response after skin
contact.
 Germ cell mutagenicity: These products may cause or are suspected of causing
hereditary gene mutations or permanent changes to cells that can be
transmissible to future generations. Carcinogenicity: Products in this hazard
class may cause cancer or may increase the possibility of cancer.
 Reproductive toxicity: These products can damage fertility and sexual function,
harm unborn children, fetuses, and embryos, or cause adverse effects through
lactation.
 Specific target organ toxicity – single exposure: Products in this class can harm
organs like the liver, kidneys, and blood after one exposure. It also includes
products that may cause respiratory irritation and those that cause drowsiness
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or dizziness.
 Specific target organ toxicity – repeated exposure: These products cause or
may cause damage to organs after prolonged or repeated exposure.
 Aspiration hazard: Aspiration hazards occur when liquids or solids are inhaled
into the trachea or lungs through the mouth or nose. Products in this class can
result in severe health problems, including chemical pneumonia, lung damage,
and even death.
 Biohazardous infectious materials: These products are microorganisms, nucleic
acids, or proteins that cause or are suspected of causing infections, with or
without toxicity.
 Health hazards not otherwise classified: This class covers hazards that are not
included in any other health hazard class. These hazards occur following acute
or repeated exposure and have adverse health effects that can be fatal. If a
product is classified in this class, the hazard statement describes the nature of
the hazard.
What are the WHMIS symbols and hazard categories?
Categories are tricky. A chemical can fall into only one class but can fall under multiple
categories within that class. The category usually consists of a number (one through
four), a letter (A, B, C, etc.) or even a word. Most often, you'll see a hazard category
indicated by one number, but on occasion, a product falls into subcategories, indicated by
the category and a letter, e.g., Category 1A or Category 2B. The beginning of the scale
always indicates a greater degree of hazard, so 1 and A have more risk than 2 and B, and
subcategory 1A has a greater risk than 2B.
To further complicate things, not all classes have the same number of categories. Some
have only one category, some have two, some have three and others have four, etc. The
explosives class actually has six categories called “divisions,” and the self-reactive
chemicals class has six categories called “types.” The system is complicated and requires
study and memorization on the part of chemical professionals (not required for this
module).
Exceptions and special cases for some WHMIS symbols While the letter/number system is
common, there are some exceptions:
 Gases Under Pressure: Instead of the typical A, B, C system, gases under pressure are
categorized based on their physical state when packaged: For example, compressed
gas or liquefied gas. These categories describe the packaging method, not the specific
level of danger the gas poses. You’ll need additional information (like the gas’s
flammability or toxicity) to understand the full hazard.
 Reproductive Toxicity: This class has a subcategory called “Effects on or via Lactation,”
This subcategory doesn’t have any specific numbered category assigned to it.
Additionally, reproductive toxicity comprises categories 1 and 2, which are related to
the effects on fertility or the unborn child. Although considered a different hazard, the
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effects on or via lactation are related to the reproductive toxicity class.
Suppliers must assess products covered by the Hazardous Products Act against specific
criteria as mandated by the Hazardous Products Regulations.
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
WHMIS
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
https://pushcvco.wordpress.com/2014/11/19/the-career-benefits-of-training-others/
The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) is an integrated
hazard communication program in which no single element functions effectively on its
own. It is deliberately structured as a three-part system that ensures a continuous and
consistent flow of safety information—from the moment a chemical is manufactured
and labelled, to the point where it is handled by a worker in the workplace.
The three components of WHMIS are:
1. Labels – The Immediate Warning System WHMIS labels serve as the “first alert” for
hazardous products. They are deliberately concise, designed to capture attention at
the point of contact with the product. A standardized label contains key elements:
hazard pictograms (e.g., skull and crossbones, flame), a signal word (“Danger” or
“Warning”), and brief hazard statements (e.g., “Causes severe skin burns and eye
damage”). The purpose of the label is not to provide exhaustive information but to
act as a rapid, visual warning that alerts the worker to the type and severity of
hazard present. Its role is to answer the essential first question: “Is this product
dangerous, and if so, in what way?”
2. Safety Data Sheets (SDS) – The Comprehensive Reference If the label is the initial
alert, the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is the full technical manual. Mandated under the
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Hazardous Products Regulations, the SDS is a structured document consisting of 16
internationally harmonized sections. It provides in-depth information, ranging from
composition and physical properties to toxicological effects, first-aid measures,
firefighting procedures, safe handling, and disposal. The SDS is harmonized globally
through the GHS, ensuring consistency across countries and industries. Its purpose is
to answer the question: “What do I need to know in order to work with this product
safely throughout its entire lifecycle?”
3. Training – The Operationalization of Information Training completes the WHMIS
system by transforming the static information from labels and SDS into applied
workplace knowledge. Without training, workers may be able to read a pictogram or
consult an SDS, but they may not know how to interpret or apply that information in
the context of their specific tasks. Training, which is legally required for all Canadian
employers, teaches workers how to recognize and interpret hazard symbols,
understand the SDS, use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), and
respond effectively in emergencies. Training therefore operationalizes the principle of
the worker’s “right to know.”
In summary, WHMIS functions as a layered system of protection:
1. The label captures attention and conveys the essential nature of the hazard.
2. The SDS provides the detailed technical foundation for safe handling and emergency
measures.
3. Training translates this information into practical, context-specific actions.
Taken together, these three elements ensure that workplace safety is not just a matter of
having documents available, but of fostering an informed, competent, and proactive
workforce capable of recognizing hazards and protecting themselves and their colleagues.
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
LABELS
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Labels are the first layer of hazard communication within the WHMIS system, providing
workers with immediate, on-the-spot information about hazardous products. WHMIS
distinguishes between two types of labels:
 Supplier Labels – These are applied by the manufacturer or distributor before the
product enters the workplace. They must include standardized elements: product
identifier, supplier information, hazard pictograms, a signal word (e.g., “Danger” or
“Warning”), hazard statements, precautionary statements, and reference to the
Safety Data Sheet (SDS). The supplier is legally responsible under the Hazardous
Products Act and Hazardous Products Regulations for ensuring that all hazardous
products are delivered with proper labelling.
 Workplace Labels – These are applied by the employer if a product is decanted into
another container, prepared in-house, or when the original supplier label becomes
damaged or illegible. Workplace labels are generally simpler than supplier labels but
must still provide the product name, safe handling instructions, and a reference to the
SDS. Employers are responsible for maintaining these labels and ensuring that
workers can readily access the associated SDS.
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The purpose of both types of labels is to provide a rapid, visual summary of key hazards,
prompting workers to consult the SDS for detailed information. For example, a supplier
label on a flammable solvent will display the flame pictogram and the signal word
“Danger,” while a workplace label on the same substance decanted into a spray bottle
might state: “Flammable solvent – keep away from heat, refer to SDS.”
From an academic perspective, labels illustrate the principle of hierarchical
communication: the supplier ensures consistency and compliance at the national and
international level, while the employer ensures local accessibility and practical
application in the workplace. Together, supplier and workplace labels create a continuous
flow of hazard information, reducing ambiguity and supporting safe handling practices.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
WHMIS 2015: THE
HAZARD COMMUNICATION
FRAMEWORK
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https://www.citationcanada.com/blog/article/what-are-whmis-symbols/
What are WHMIS symbols (now called pictograms) that can be seen on labels?
The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) updated the term
symbols to pictograms in 2015 to align with the Globally Harmonized System of
Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). They’re visual tools used to quickly
convey the hazards associated with hazardous products. WHMIS pictograms use symbols
to show health risks associated with a hazardous product: for example, if it’s toxic or
corrosive.
What are WHMIS pictograms?
Most WHMIS pictograms feature a distinctive red, diamond-shaped border around a
symbol. The symbol inside the red border represents the potential hazard. It’s important
to understand that the entire pictogram, including the red border and the symbol,
signifies the hazard. Each pictogram corresponds to specific hazard classes and
categories, ensuring consistent communication of risk.
How many WHMIS symbols pictograms are there?
While the exact number of WHMIS symbols and pictograms can sometimes vary slightly
based on specific subcategories or updates to the G H S system, which WHMIS aligns
with, there are generally considered to be ten core WHMIS pictograms.
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1. Explosive: A bomb-like symbol indicating a risk of explosion.
2. Flame: A flame symbol representing flammability hazards.
3. Oxidizing: A flame over a circle, indicating that the chemical can cause or intensify a
fire.
4. Gas Cylinder: A gas cylinder symbol for compressed gases.
5. Corrosive: A symbol showing a chemical corroding metal and a hand, representing
corrosive damage.
6. Acute Toxicity: A skull and crossbones symbol for highly toxic substances.
7. Health Hazard: An exclamation mark indicating various health hazards, such as skin
irritation or respiratory sensitization.
8. Health Hazard: A silhouette with a star or other symbol in the chest area,
representing more serious long-term health hazards like carcinogenicity or respiratory
sensitization.
9. Biohazardous Infectious Material: A symbol with three interlocking circles, indicating
biological hazards.
10. Environmental Hazard: A dead tree and a dead fish, represent hazards to the aquatic
environment.
It’s important to remember that these pictograms are standardized and easily
recognizable. Their consistent design helps ensure that hazard information is
communicated clearly and effectively across different workplaces and even
internationally.
Is WHMIS training required?
All Canadian jurisdictions require that employers develop, implement, and maintain a
worker WHMIS education and training program. WHMIS training requirements are
designed to ensure workers easily recognize hazardous products and identify what makes
them a hazard.
This helps users better protect themselves and others from potential hazards associated
with hazardous products. WHIMIS and its symbols aim to help employees work safely
with hazardous products and know where to find information about them quickly. The
ultimate goal of any WHMIS training activity should be safety. To ensure that, it is
essential to receive the appropriate WHMIS training.
Do you need help with your WHMIS training identification?
The understanding and implementation of WHMIS is vitally important for maintaining a
safe and healthy work environment in Canada. From being able to identify and recognize
hazard classifications, to accessing critical information through the use of safety data
sheets, WHMIS allows workers to protect themselves and their colleagues from potential
dangers of hazardous products.
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SDS
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
 SDS = standardized technical document
 Harmonized internationally via GHS
 Required under WHMIS 2015 in all industries
 Global (world-wide) format: 16 sections
 Standardized in all industries
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
 Supports communication across supplier, employer, worker
A Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is a standardized technical document that provides
comprehensive and detailed information about a hazardous product. Under WHMIS
2015, all hazardous products must be accompanied by an SDS, which replaced the
earlier “Material Safety Data Sheet” (MSDS) format.
The SDS describes the product’s hazards, recommended precautions for safe handling,
storage, and disposal, and procedures for emergency response. Unlike a label, which
offers a quick warning at the point of use, the SDS serves as the complete reference
manual, making it essential for supervisors, health and safety professionals, emergency
responders, and workers.
SDSs are internationally harmonized through the Globally Harmonized System (GHS).
This means that regardless of location—Canada, the United States, or Europe—the SDS
follows the same structure, with information located in the same section. This global
consistency supports cross-border trade, ensures reliable training, and provides quick
access to critical safety information.
Legally, the most current SDS must be readily available to all workers who may be
exposed to a hazardous product, either in print or electronically. Employers are
responsible for ensuring this access, while suppliers must provide the SDS at the time of
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sale and whenever new hazard information becomes available.
An SDS follows a globally standardized structure consisting of 16 mandatory sections.
Each section provides specific information, ensuring no critical safety data is overlooked
or misplaced. The sections are:
1. Identification – product name, recommended uses, supplier contact details.
This section identifies the hazardous product and the supplier. It includes the
product name, any recommended uses, restrictions on use, and the supplier’s
contact information. The purpose is to ensure that workers can confirm they are
dealing with the correct product and know how to reach the manufacturer or
distributor for further information.
2. Hazard Identification – classification, pictograms, signal words, hazard statements.
- The SDS provides the hazard class and category in Section 2 (Hazard
Identification). Each hazard class or category must use specific pictograms and
label elements to indicate the hazard present and appropriate precautions to take.
Use the information provided by the label and SDS to be informed and know how
to safely use, handle, store, and dispose of the hazardous product.
- Employers have a responsibility to ensure that the most up-to-date version of
the SDS is readily available for all hazardous products found in the workplace.
Here the product’s hazards are formally classified, including WHMIS hazard classes
and categories, pictograms, signal words, and hazard statements. This section
provides the first comprehensive overview of the risks, ensuring consistency with
the product label while offering more detailed context
3. Composition/Information on Ingredients – chemical identity, concentration, mixture
details.
This section lists the chemical ingredients of the product, along with their
concentrations. For mixtures, it identifies hazardous components and their ranges.
This information is critical for toxicological analysis, medical response, and
understanding the product’s reactivity.
4. First-Aid Measures – symptoms and emergency first-aid instructions.
Provides clear instructions for responding to exposure incidents. It outlines
symptoms of overexposure (inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, eye contact) and
immediate steps to take. This section is especially valuable for workers and first
responders who must act quickly in emergencies.
5. Fire-Fighting Measures – suitable extinguishing methods, special hazards, protective
equipment.
Details appropriate extinguishing methods, hazards from combustion products,
and protective equipment required for firefighting. The purpose is to prepare
workplaces for fire scenarios, ensuring both workers and emergency personnel
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
can respond effectively.
1. Accidental Release Measures – spill containment, cleanup, environmental
precautions.
Describes how to contain and clean up spills or leaks safely. It specifies protective
equipment, environmental precautions, and methods for preventing secondary
hazards. This section bridges occupational safety with environmental protection.
2. Handling and Storage – safe practices and storage requirements.
Provides guidelines on safe handling practices and storage conditions. It often
includes incompatibilities (e.g., substances that must not be stored together) and
precautions to avoid accidental ignition, reaction, or degradation. This section
supports preventive measures in daily operations.
3. Exposure Controls / Personal Protection – exposure limits, engineering controls, PPE.
Outlines exposure limits (e.g., occupational exposure values), engineering controls
such as ventilation, and recommended personal protective equipment (PPE). It
connects hazard recognition with concrete protective strategies.
4. Physical and Chemical Properties – key data such as appearance, boiling point, flash
point.
Lists key measurable properties such as appearance, odour, pH, boiling point,
melting point, flash point, solubility, and vapour pressure. These data points help
predict how the substance behaves under different conditions, supporting safe
handling and emergency planning.
5. Stability and Reactivity – incompatible materials, hazardous reactions, conditions to
avoid.
Explains the product’s stability under normal conditions and describes conditions
or substances that may trigger hazardous reactions. This information prevents
incidents related to chemical incompatibility, overheating, or decomposition.
6. Toxicological Information – health effects, routes of exposure, dose-response data.
Provides data on the product’s health effects, routes of exposure (inhalation,
ingestion, dermal, ocular), and dose-response relationships. It helps health
professionals assess risks, treat exposures, and design medical surveillance
programs.
7. Ecological Information – environmental impacts, aquatic toxicity, persistence.
Covers the product’s environmental effects, including aquatic toxicity, persistence,
bioaccumulation, and degradation. This section reflects the GHS commitment to
environmental as well as human health protection.
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
8. Disposal Considerations – safe disposal, recycling, neutralization.
Gives guidance on proper disposal of the product and its containers, including
recycling, neutralization, and restrictions on landfill or sewage disposal. It ensures
compliance with environmental legislation and prevents secondary hazards.
9. Transport Information – UN number, transport hazard class, packing group.
Specifies requirements for transporting the product safely, including UN number,
transport hazard class, packing group, and environmental hazards. This section
aligns occupational safety with international shipping standards.
10. Regulatory Information – safety, health, and environmental laws and requirements.
Lists applicable safety, health, and environmental regulations. In Canada, this
section may reference the Hazardous Products Act and Hazardous Products
Regulations. International equivalents may also be included for cross-border
trade.
11. Other Information – preparation or revision date, references, disclaimers.
Contains the date of preparation or latest revision of the SDS, references,
disclaimers, and other supporting notes. This section ensures that users can verify
whether they have the most current information.
Academically, the SDS represents the intersection of toxicology, environmental science,
engineering, and regulatory compliance. Practically, it supports the entire lifecycle of
hazard management: from purchase, use, and emergency planning to storage,
transportation, and final disposal.
The consistency of the 16-section format, mandated internationally, ensures that
workers, employers, and regulators can always find information in the same place, even if
some sections are “not applicable.” This standardization enhances workplace safety by
minimizing confusion and improving rapid access in emergencies.
The 16-section SDS format is globally standardized under GHS. This structure ensures
that a Canadian worker, an American regulator, and a European emergency responder can
all access the same type of information in the same place, regardless of jurisdiction. It
represents the integration of toxicology, industrial hygiene, environmental science, and
regulatory compliance into a single communication tool.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
10
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
WHMIS EXAMPLE
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Alright, let's move into the final and most critical part of this module: applying what
we've learned to a real-world problem. This is where knowledge becomes action.
Here is your scenario: You are a junior process design engineer at a manufacturing
facility. Your current project is to incorporate a new solvent, Toluene, into an existing
production line. Before you can finalize the design for the new storage and handling
area, your manager has asked you to conduct a preliminary safety review.
Your primary tool for this task is the Safety Data Sheet, or SDS.
Using the CCOHS website or any other reliable source, I want you to locate a Safety Data
Sheet for Toluene. Once you have it, your task is to answer the following four questions.
We will go over the answers on the next slide.
 First: Based on Section 2 of the SDS, what are the primary WHMIS hazard classes and
pictograms for Toluene?
 Second: Looking at Section 8, what specific engineering controls, like ventilation, are
recommended to keep exposure below safe limits?
 Third: According to Section 10, what common materials are incompatible with
Toluene and must be kept separate in your storage design?
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 And finally, fourth: Referencing Section 6, what are the required procedures for
containing and cleaning up a small spill?
Pause the module now to find an SDS for Toluene and answer these questions. Resume
when you're ready to debrief.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
WHMIS EXAMPLE
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Welcome back. Let's walk through the answers and, more importantly, discuss how this
information directly impacts your engineering design decisions.
First, the hazard identification. For Toluene, you should have found multiple WHMIS
pictograms, including
 the flame pictogram for being a flammable liquid,
 the health hazard pictogram for its risks of carcinogenicity and organ toxicity, and
 the exclamation mark for skin and eye irritation.
Engineering Impact: The flammability is a critical design constraint. This immediately
tells you that your storage and handling area will require explosion-proof electrical
equipment, specialized grounding to prevent static discharge, and strict controls on
ignition sources.
Second, for engineering controls. The SDS specifies the need for a well-ventilated area,
and likely recommends a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system to capture vapors at the
source and keep concentrations below the occupational exposure limits.
Engineering Impact: This is a direct design requirement. You must now incorporate an
LEV (lower explosion values) system into your drawings and ensure it meets the required
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
air-change-per-hour specifications to be effective.
Third, incompatibilities. Section 10 of the SDS lists strong oxidizing agents, such as nitric
acid or peroxides, as being incompatible with Toluene.
Engineering Impact: Your design for the storage area must ensure physical segregation.
This means Toluene cannot be stored in the same cabinet or drainage area as oxidizers.
You might design separate storage rooms or use specialized, non-reactive secondary
containment pallets.
Finally, spill procedures. For a small spill, the SDS recommends stopping the leak, using
non-sparking tools, and absorbing the spill with an inert material like sand or vermiculite.
Engineering Impact: Your design must include a spill response kit stocked with these
exact materials, located in an easily accessible spot within the handling area.
As you can see, the Safety Data Sheet is not just a document; it's a tool for safe and
compliant engineering design. It translates chemical properties into tangible design
requirements that protect people and property.
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
CONCLUSION ON WHMIS
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
As we conclude this module, let's solidify the key takeaways.
 We've established CCOHS as Canada's central, trusted resource for all occupational
health and safety matters.
 We've also detailed how WHMIS functions as the legal framework for hazard
communication, built on the three pillars of Labels, Safety Data Sheets, and Training.
 Ultimately, this entire system empowers you to answer four fundamental questions
for any hazardous product you encounter:
 What are the hazards?
 How do I protect myself?
 What do I do in an emergency?
 And where can I find more information?
It’s important to understand that workplace safety is not a static field. WHMIS is a living
system that evolves with new scientific understanding.
For example, the most recent updates are currently in a transition period until December
14, 2025. This highlights a critical point: staying current with OHS legislation isn't just
something you do once; it is a career-long professional obligation.
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Finally, let's bring this back to your role as a future engineer. Understanding these
frameworks is a direct and non-negotiable component of your professional responsibility,
as outlined by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board.
Diligently applying the principles of WHMIS and using the resources from CCOHS is not
just about following rules. It is the practical expression of your primary ethical duty: to
hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public, your colleagues, and the
environment.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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ROUTES OF ENTRY
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
SIDE NOTE:
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/fit-for-purpose-online-training_iso45001-healthandsafety-cpd-activity-7241309856039673856-XWjW
Side note: How Can Hazardous Substances Enter the Body?
Understanding how chemicals get into our body helps us protect ourselves at work.
Understanding these routes is essential for interpreting SDS information.
Hazardous agents can enter the human body through four principal routes, each with
distinct toxicological implications. This process is studied under the academic discipline
of toxicokinetics:
 Inhalation: The most common and often most rapid route, involving the respiratory
uptake of gases, vapours, or dusts. Inhalation bypasses many protective barriers,
allowing substances to rapidly reach the bloodstream through alveolar transfer.
 Dermal (skin) Absorption: Occurs when chemicals penetrate the skin's barrier and
enter systemic circulation. Lipophilic substances such as organic solvents readily pass
through the skin, often without immediate sensation.
 Ingestion: Typically, an accidental route, resulting from contaminated hands, food, or
surfaces. While less common occupationally, ingestion can produce severe
gastrointestinal and systemic toxicity (whole-body effects).
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
 Injection: The most direct route into systemic circulation, resulting from accidental
penetration via sharps or high-pressure equipment. This route is particularly relevant
in healthcare, laboratories, and certain industrial settings.
Recognizing these routes is crucial for designing effective preventive interventions, such
as personal protective equipment (PPE), ventilation, and hygiene protocols.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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SIDE NOTE: ACUTE, CHRONIC, AND LATENT
HEALTH EFFECTS Developing carpal tunnel
syndrome after years of poor
office ergonomics
A worker developing lung
cancer 20 years after being
exposed to asbestos.
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
Getting an acid
splash on your
hand and feeling
the burn instantly
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Side note: When Does the Harm Happen?
Up to now, we have discussed routes of entry—how hazardous substances get into the
body. But what happens after entry depends on two key factors: time and dose. This is
the principle of the dose–response relationship: the effect of a substance depends not
only on the route of entry, but also on the amount (dose) and the duration of exposure.
• A high dose over a short period may cause immediate, severe damage.
• A low dose repeated over years may cause chronic illness.
Consequences of some exposures may remain hidden for decades before disease
emerges.
This principle is fundamental in occupational hygiene and in setting Occupational
Exposure Limits (OELs) in Canadian legislation. Under WHMIS 2015, the Hazardous
Products Act, and provincial OHS regulations, suppliers and employers must disclose
these risks through labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDS).
• Acute Effects:
• Develop within minutes or hours after a high exposure.
• Examples: a splash of acid on skin causing burns; inhalation of carbon
monoxide leading to headache, dizziness, or unconsciousness.
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
• These are immediate, obvious, and often life-threatening.
• Chronic Effects:
• Result from repeated, lower-level exposure over months or years.
• Examples: silicosis from long-term inhalation of silica dust; chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) from dusts or fumes; or the cumulative damage of
smoking.
• These effects are subtle at first and often go unnoticed until significant harm
has already occurred.
• Latent Effects:
• Appear only decades after the initial exposure.
• Examples: lung cancer caused by asbestos exposure; skin cancer from UV
radiation.
• These long-delayed outcomes make it difficult to link cause and effect directly,
which poses challenges for occupational medicine and compensation systems.
Because of this time dimension, record-keeping and medical surveillance are essential.
Employers must document exposures, and in some sectors, workers undergo regular
health monitoring. This helps ensure that long-latency diseases can be recognized as
work-related and, when appropriate, covered under workers’ compensation systems
(e.g., WSIB, CNESST).
From a rights perspective, this slide ties directly into the three fundamental worker
rights in Canada:
• Right to Know – about all hazards, including those with chronic or latent effects.
• Right to Participate – in health and safety programs and joint committees that monitor
these risks.
• Right to Refuse – unsafe work, even when the danger is not immediate (for example,
refusing to handle asbestos without proper protection).
Finally, training and awareness are not one-time activities. They must be continuous and
updated whenever new substances, processes, or regulations are introduced. This
ensures that workers are not only protected against immediate dangers, but also against
the long-term, often invisible hazards that can undermine health decades later.
Key message: Time matters. Hazards can injure you in minutes, weaken you silently over
years, or strike decades later. Prevention, awareness, and protective measures are vital—
even when no immediate symptoms appear.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
TYPE OF HAZARDS
 CCOHS: CANADIAN CENTRE FOR
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
 HAZARDS CLASSIFICATION
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
Key topics:
Classification of Hazards
So far, we’ve seen the WHMIS classification. It's important to understand that there is no
universal standard for classifying hazards. Each industry and regulatory body may have
its own set of categories based on specific risks and experiences.
In the next part, we will begin by classifying hazards into the most obvious (but not
exhaustive) categories, providing a clear and accessible framework.
As we progress, we will introduce the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and
Safety (CCOHS) and dive deeper into the standards, which offer a specific structured
approach to hazard classification used in Canada. This will help us align with national
standards and ensure comprehensive safety management across various scenarios.
But let’s go back to the intuitive classification of hazards.
Each time I introduce the chapter on type of hazards in class, students naturally tend to
provide examples of hazards which are related to some type of mechanical or
gravitational energy, or examples of animals attacking (last one is less representative to
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our OHS course), or weather-related examples. Common examples include mechanical
hazards, where objects might strike, cut, or crush a person, potential energy hazards,
such as objects falling due to gravity or extreme weather conditions.
This first response is natural, as such hazards are visually evident or have tangible
consequences, and they're a constant presence in our surroundings and, interesting fact,
is also understandable from a neuropsychological perspective.
To better understand, let’s deviate for a moment from the hazard classification topic and
discuss about the genetic memory.
Humans, like other evolved species following Darwin’s theory of evolution, have
developed over hundreds of thousands of years. Without going into details, let’s mention
the “Triune Brain” hypothesis (as introduced by MacLean in 1990) which considers that
our brain has three areas, reptilian, limbic and neocortex.
The reptilian brain controls the regulatory systems in your body like hormones, body
temperature, blood pressure, and even hunger. The limbic system is the emotional
function of your brain, making you feel fear, anger, joy, or gratitude.
The third part is the neocortex, which comprises the largest part of the cerebral cortex
and makes up approximately half the volume of the human brain. It is thought to be
responsible for the neuronal computations of attention, thought, perception, episodic
memory, empathy, language skills and conscious thoughts. We’ll come back later to
neocortex.
The genetic memory refers to instinctual behaviors and responses inherited from our
ancestors, which are deeply embedded in our brains, particularly within the older regions
of the brain, such as the reptilian and limbic systems. These areas are primed to protect
us based on the survival challenges our ancestors faced by our species over millennia,
reacting to threats quickly and emotionally.
The survival of the fittest is not about being the fastest or the strongest, but it is
fundamentally about being the most adaptable, the most capable of adjusting to the
everchanging life threats surrounding us.
The essence of survival lies in the ability to response effectively to the challenges posed
by the environment. The idea is that some fears and responses are imprinted in our DNA,
past down through generations from our ancestors who faced similar threats
As an example, those who are naturally fearing of heights are less likely of dying due to
free falls as they would not easily put themselves in danger, meaning they are more likely
to survive and pass on their genes to their heirs, such forming the genetic memory and
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
creating a lineage of survivors.
The same happens with other instincts, formed over millennia, which are hard-wired into
our very being, guiding our actions and reactions in subtle and yet profound ways.
This contrasts with the neocortex, which is responsible for logical and rational thinking, so
the part of the brain that deals with the process technological advancements.
This distinction also helps explain why many people perceive safety as inherent and
natural, and sometimes it is not prioritized because 'everyone should know’. But our
genetic memory, shaped long before the advent of modern technologies like electricity,
radiation, or chemicals, is finely attuned to more basic, physical types of dangers; it takes
a very long time, maybe thousands of years, for this memory to “learn” new threats and
to adapt to the cited modern technologies.
But again, the good part is that this evolutionary background predisposes us to be
particularly alert to hazards that posed threats in our ancestral environment.
The world of neuroscience is fascinating and understanding how our brain works helps
many people better understanding themselves, living a higher quality life, better
communicating with peers and easier facing difficult moments. Should you be interested
in learning more about, be ready to discover a understanding of how we understand
ourselves. As fascinating as this exploration is, let's now return to the focus of our
Occupational Health and Safety course.
While our genetic heritage equips us to recognize and react to certain hazards
instinctively, we are now faced with a much broader array of dangers. Modern hazards
often require a more analytical approach afforded by our neocortex, not just the
instinctual responses governed by our limbic or reptilian brain.
This necessitates deliberate education and awareness to safely navigate the complex
safety landscape of today.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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Engineering and Computer Science
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Mechanical
Radiation
Environmental
Biological
Physical shapes and structure
Ergonomic
Electrical
Psychological
Other workplace
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
Chemical
related
Potential energy
MIAE - GCS
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS
Let’s start with an intuitive classification of hazards and discuss some other hazards
which also may be quite obvious, but which do not come naturally to mind as potential
sources of undesired events and damages.
Naturally, hazards can be classified based on their energy sources or physical properties.
These classifications include:
 Mechanical Hazards (already mentioned): Risks from moving parts and machinery
(kinetic), leading to injuries like cuts, crushes, or entanglements.
 Potential Energy Hazards (already mentioned): Risks from height, such as falling
objects or falls from heights. This category should include also working at heights.
 Environmental Hazards (already mentioned): Risks from the physical environment,
including natural disasters, pollution, extreme weather conditions (e.g., temperature,
humidity, icing, etc.) and other external factors affecting safety and health
 Physical Shapes and Structures: Risks from sharp corners, cutting edges, and
protruding objects, which can cause impact injuries, cuts, or abrasions.
 Electrical Hazards: Risks associated with electrical energy, such as shocks, burns, and
fires.
 Chemical Hazards: Risks from toxic, flammable, or corrosive substances, which can
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cause health issues or environmental damage.
 Radiation Hazards: Risks from exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation,
potentially causing burns, radiation sickness, or long-term health effects.
 Biological Hazards: Risks from biological sources, including bacteria, viruses, insects,
plants, and other organisms that can cause adverse health impacts.
 Ergonomic Hazards: Risks related to the design of workstations, tools, and workflows
that can cause musculoskeletal disorders.
 Psychosocial Hazards: Risks that stem from organizational culture, work environment,
and social interactions that can affect mental health and well-being.
 Technological Hazards: Risks associated with failures or malfunctions of technological
systems or processes that can lead to safety incidents.
 Other Workplace Hazards: confined spaces, ventilation, temperature (high or low),
humidity and more general indoor air quality, scents, lasers,
Other people might want to define a larger class of “ENERGY-RELATED” hazards, including
mechanical, electrical, radiation, potential energy, then a new class “CONTAMINANTS”
including biological and some chemical ones.
While reading this (or listening to the associated audio), you might think of one or several
different classes not listed here, or you might feel more comfortable combining some of
the above (e.g., technological and electrical, etc.) or by routes of entry (anything that can
be ingested, etc.).
All these to explain why there is a strong need of a common denominator, which in this
case is the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (C C O H S), governed
directly by the Canada’s government.
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CCOHS: CANADIAN CENTRE FOR
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
 Canada's trusted source for the advancement of workplace health and safety.
 promotes workplace health and safety and encourage attitudes and methods that will lead to
improved worker physical and mental health, through a wide range of products and services.
 established in 1978 by the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Act.
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
 a federal department corporation, CCOHS is governed by a tripartite Council - representing
government, employers and labour - to ensure a balanced, approach to workplace health and safety
issues.
This presentation will heavily rely on information posted at https://www.ccohs.ca/
Established in 1978, CCOHS promotes the well-being of working Canadians by providing
information, training, education, management systems and solutions that support
occupational health and safety.
CCOHS is represented by government, employers and labour - to ensure a balanced,
approach to workplace health and safety issues.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (C C O H S)
 Role: C C O H S provides a wide range of occupational health and safety information
and training, which is essential for improving the physical, mental, and social wellbeing of workers.
 Services: They offer guidance and services including health and safety programs,
online courses, webinars, and other resources aimed at improving workplace safety
standards across Canada.
 Authority: As an authoritative body, C C O H S helps set standards and regulations that
employers and workers must follow to ensure safety at work.
Among others, C C O H S provides a clear classification of the hazards’ type, to facilitate
communication among stakeholders, but also on specific hazards and their control,
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
including identification, risk assessment and inspections, to keep a workplace healthy
and safe.
It also provides:
 regulatory information from the fourteen jurisdictions in Canada (federal, provincial,
and territorial);
 discuss Canada's "right-to-know" legislation;
 the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS);
 duties and responsibilities of employers, supervisors, and workers;
 work refusals;
and
 due diligence.
The CCOHS's tripartite mandate—involving government, employers, and labour
representatives—ensures impartiality and comprehensive coverage of workplace hazards.
OHS is more than a matter of regulatory compliance; it is a social contract that
safeguards workers, enhances productivity, and strengthens societal trust. Academically,
the field is studied as an applied science that links empirical research on hazards with
proactive prevention and control strategies. The foundational principle of OHS is due
diligence, which legally obligates employers to take all reasonable precautions to prevent
harm.
But why the C C O H S classification? This classification system plays an important role in
systematically identifying and categorizing workplace hazards. It provides a consistent
framework that ensures:
 Consistency Across Companies: Standardized hazard classification promotes uniformity
among different organizations, facilitating clearer communication and collaboration on
safety measures.
 Compliance with Regulatory Requirements: Adherence to recognized hazard
classifications helps companies meet legal obligations and regulatory standards,
reducing the risk of non-compliance penalties.
 Liability and Risk Management: By categorizing hazards, companies can better assess
and manage risks, which is essential for protecting employees and minimizing liability.
 Ease of Recall and Identification: A structured classification system makes it easier for
employees to remember different types of hazards. This aids in rapid hazard
identification during routine tasks and emergency situations.
The C C O H S classification system not only enhances workplace safety practices but also
fosters a culture of awareness and proactive risk management.
By the end of this module, you will have the knowledge and tools to effectively identify
hazards in a workplace (including but not limited to University Labs).
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
ILLNESSES
HOW DOES OSHA DEFINE A RECORDABLE
INJURY OR ILLNESS?
•
•
•
•
•
FATALITY
INJURY OR ILLNESS
MEDICAL TREATMENT BEYOND
FIRST AID
CANCER, CHRONIC
IRREVERSIBLE DISEASES,
FRACTURE D OR CRACKED
BONES OR TEETH, AND
PUNCTURED EARDRUMS
SPECIAL RECORDING
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
Key topics:
In order to better understand the OHSA classification of hazards, let’s see how does
OSHA define a recordable injury or illness? What damages should we consider in OHSA?
How does OSHA define a recordable injury or illness? Well, based on consequences:
 Any work-related fatality.
 Any work-related injury or illness that results in loss of consciousness, days away from
work, restricted work, or transfer to another job.
 Any work-related injury or illness requiring medical treatment beyond first aid.
 Any work-related diagnosed case of cancer, chronic irreversible diseases, fractured or
cracked bones or teeth, and punctured eardrums.
 There are also special recording criteria for work-related cases involving: needlesticks
and sharps injuries; medical removal; hearing loss; and tuberculosis.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
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HOW DOES OSHA DEFINE FIRST AID?
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
 Using a non-prescription medication at nonprescription strength (for medications available in both
prescription and non-prescription form, a recommendation by a physician or other licensed health care
professional to use a non-prescription medication at prescription strength is considered medical
treatment for recordkeeping purposes);
 Administering tetanus immunizations (other immunizations, such as Hepatitis B vaccine or rabies vaccine,
are considered medical treatment);
 Using wound coverings such as bandages, Band-Aids , gauze pads, etc.; or using butterfly bandages or
Steri-Strips (other wound closing devices such as sutures, staples, etc., are considered medical
treatment);
 Using hot or cold therapy;
 Using any non-rigid means of support, such as elastic bandages, wraps, non-rigid back belts, etc. (devices
with rigid stays or other systems designed to immobilize parts of the body are considered medical
treatment for recordkeeping purposes);
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
 Cleaning, flushing or soaking wounds on the surface of the skin
How does OSHA define first aid?
 Using a non-prescription medication at nonprescription strength (for medications
available in both prescription and non-prescription form, a recommendation by a
physician or other licensed health care professional to use a non-prescription
medication at prescription strength is considered medical treatment for
recordkeeping purposes);
 Administering tetanus immunizations (other immunizations, such as Hepatitis B
vaccine or rabies vaccine, are considered medical treatment);
 Cleaning, flushing or soaking wounds on the surface of the skin
 Using wound coverings such as bandages, Band-Aids , gauze pads, etc.; or using
butterfly bandages or Steri-Strips (other wound closing devices such as sutures,
staples, etc., are considered medical treatment);
 Using hot or cold therapy;
 Using any non-rigid means of support, such as elastic bandages, wraps, non-rigid back
belts, etc. (devices with rigid stays or other systems designed to immobilize parts of
the body are considered medical treatment for recordkeeping purposes);
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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20

Using temporary immobilization devices while transporting an accident victim (e.g., splints, slings, neck
collars, back boards, etc.).

Drilling of a fingernail or toenail to relieve pressure, or draining fluid from a blister;

Using eye patches;

Removing foreign bodies from the eye using only irrigation or a cotton swab;

Removing splinters or foreign material from areas other than the eye by irrigation, tweezers, cotton
swabs or other simple means;

Using finger guards;

Using massages (physical therapy or chiropractic treatment are considered medical treatment for
recordkeeping purposes); or

Drinking fluids for relief of heat stress.
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
HOW DOES OSHA DEFINE FIRST AID?
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
How does OSHA define first aid?
 Using temporary immobilization devices while transporting an accident victim (e.g.,
splints, slings, neck collars, back boards, etc.).
 Drilling of a fingernail or toenail to relieve pressure, or draining fluid from a blister;
 Using eye patches;
 Removing foreign bodies from the eye using only irrigation or a cotton swab;
 Removing splinters or foreign material from areas other than the eye by irrigation,
tweezers, cotton swabs or other simple means;
 Using finger guards;
 Using massages (physical therapy or chiropractic treatment are considered medical
treatment for recordkeeping purposes); or
 Drinking fluids for relief of heat stress.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
21
HOW DOES OSHA DEFINE MEDICAL
TREATMENT?
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Medical treatment means the management and care of a patient to combat disease or disorder.
Medical treatment does not include:
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
 Visits to a physician or other licensed health care professional solely for observation or counseling;
 The conduct of diagnostic procedures, such as x-rays and blood tests, including the administration of
prescription medications used solely for diagnostic purposes (e.g., eye drops to dilate pupils); or
 "First aid".
How does OSHA define medical treatment?
Medical treatment means the management and care of a patient to combat disease or
disorder.
Medical treatment does not include:
 Visits to a physician or other licensed health care professional solely for
observation or counseling;
 The conduct of diagnostic procedures, such as x-rays and blood tests,
including the administration of prescription medications used solely for
diagnostic purposes (e.g., eye drops to dilate pupils); or
 "First aid".
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
22
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS (CCOHS)
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
The C C O H S classifies the hazards in 7 categories:
 Chemicals,
 Ergonomic,
 Health,
 Physical,
 Psychosocial,
 Safety,
 Workplace
As a side note, without even diving into each category, it is obvious that the definition of
hazard as given in the previous module is expanded by the C C O H S and encompasses
the hazard and the danger part 1, basically combining them under the same generic
term HAZARD.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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23
CHEMICALS
HTTPS://WWW.CCOHS.CA/TOPICS/HAZARDS/CHEMICAL/CHEMICALS
Every workplace has chemicals - ranging from cleaning products to full scale chemical production. If chemicals are
not used, stored and handled properly, they can cause injury, illness, disease, fire, explosions, or property damage.
Know the hazards of chemicals and appropriate precautions to take to work safely and avoid injury.
Asbestos
Metalworking Fluids
Bleach (Household chlorine) - Working Safely
Nanotechnology - General
Compressed Gases
Oxidizing Liquids and Solids
Corrosive Materials
Toxic Materials
Dangerously Reactive Liquids and Solids
Wood Dust - Health Effects
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Overlap with
WHMIS
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
Diesel Exhaust
When we talk about workplace safety, it’s important to recognize that every workplace
has chemicals.
This ranges from the familiar cleaning products you’d find in an office... to full-scale
chemical production in an industrial plant.
And regardless of the setting, if these chemicals are not used, stored, and handled
properly, the risks are significant.
They can cause injury, illness, and long-term disease... as well as fire, explosions, or
catastrophic property damage.
So, how do we manage this universal hazard? The answer is knowledge. To work safely
and avoid injury, you must know the specific hazards of the chemicals you work with
and the appropriate precautions to take. That is precisely what we are going to focus on
in this module.
Note: for this module, only relevant topics from C C O H S have been kept. For a
complete list, please visit the official website.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
We will briefly introduce the following topics:
 Asbestos
 Bleach (Household chlorine) - Working Safely
 Compressed Gases
 Corrosive Materials
 Dangerously Reactive Liquids and Solids
 Diesel Exhaust
 Flammable and Combustible Liquids
 Metalworking Fluids
 Nanotechnology - General
 Oxidizing Liquids and Solids
 Toxic Materials
 Wood Dust - Health Effects
Important Note for Course Participants:
For this module, we have carefully selected only the most essential information relevant
to each topic. For comprehensive details and additional resources, please refer to the
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (C C O H S) official website.
Should you encounter or need to address any of the hazards listed, always consult the C C
O H S website for the most up-to-date information, warnings, training materials, and
practical examples. This ensures that you are equipped with the latest knowledge and
tools to manage these hazards effectively.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
24
ASBESTOS
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
https://images.app.goo.gl/KSEa5LAjaNLJ3X2A8
https://images.app.goo.gl/LDJkgCAGFCk1ghWq6
Definition and Properties
• Asbestos is the generic name for six naturally occurring fibrous silicate minerals:
chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, actinolite, anthophyllite, and tremolite.
• To qualify as an asbestos fibre, Canadian regulations define strict dimensions: more
than 5 micrometres (µm) in length, less than 3 µm in width, and with a length-towidth ratio of at least 3:1. These proportions make the fibres particularly dangerous
because their small diameter allows them to bypass the body’s natural defenses and
reach the deepest parts of the lungs.
• To illustrate scale: 20,000 asbestos fibres placed together would fit on a U.S. coin,
highlighting how invisible yet abundant they can be in contaminated air.
Historical and Economic Context
• Canada, particularly Quebec, was once one of the world’s largest producers and
exporters of asbestos. Mines in towns such as Asbestos (renamed Val-des-Sources in
2020) supplied global markets for most of the 20th century.
• This legacy explains why asbestos remains so prevalent in Canadian workplaces and
buildings despite its ban: much of the national infrastructure built before the 1990s
contains asbestos products.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Types of Asbestos: Asbestos fibres fall into two broad mineralogical groups:
• Serpentine (Chrysotile / White Asbestos): long, curly, and flexible fibres that can be
woven. Chrysotile accounts for the majority of asbestos historically used in insulation,
construction materials, textiles, brake linings, and cement.
• Amphiboles: stiff, brittle, needle-shaped fibres. Includes crocidolite (blue asbestos),
amosite (brown asbestos), as well as actinolite, anthophyllite, and tremolite.
Amphibole fibres are more persistent in lung tissue and considered especially harmful.
Friability and Release: Asbestos is friable, meaning that when dry, it can be crumbled or
pulverized into dust. Once disturbed, fibres can easily become airborne and inhaled. Their
microscopic size makes them invisible without specialized equipment, and they remain
suspended in air for long periods, increasing the likelihood of inhalation.
Health Effects: The health effects of asbestos exposure are well documented and often
appear only after years or decades:
• Asbestosis: progressive fibrosis (scarring) of lung tissue, leading to severe breathing
impairment.
• Pleural abnormalities: thickening or calcification of the lining of the lungs.
• Lung Cancer: risk significantly compounded by smoking.
• Mesothelioma: an aggressive, almost always fatal cancer of the pleura or peritoneum;
strongly associated with asbestos exposure.
• Importantly, all six forms of asbestos are classified as carcinogenic to humans (IARC
Group 1), and there is no safe level of exposure.
Public Health vs. Occupational Health
• While asbestos is usually framed as a workplace hazard, exposure has extended
beyond workers. Families of asbestos workers were historically exposed through fibres
brought home on clothing, and communities living near mines or factories experienced
environmental contamination.
• This distinction is important: asbestos is both an occupational disease driver and a
public health crisis, widening the scope of responsibility and awareness.
When Is Asbestos “Safe”? Materials containing asbestos may pose little risk if they are:
• Tightly bound in cement or other stable products,
• Sealed behind walls or floors,
• Isolated in attics,
• Left undisturbed.
The danger arises during renovation, drilling, sanding, demolition, or repair that
disrupts fibres.
Legal and Regulatory Context Globally, asbestos has been banned in at least 39
countries including all EU member states, Australia, and Argentina.
• In the United States, new uses were banned by the EPA in 1989, but legacy uses still
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
remain.
• In Canada, the federal government enacted the Prohibition of Asbestos and Products
Containing Asbestos Regulations (SOR/2018-196) under the Canadian Environmental
Protection Act (1999). This regulation came into effect in 2018 and bans import, sale,
and use of asbestos and asbestos-containing products.
• Employers are legally obligated to go beyond simply reacting to hazards: they must
conduct hazard assessments in their facilities, especially in older buildings, to identify
asbestos-containing materials, establish exposure control plans, and maintain records
of inspections. This is part of their due diligence duty under Canadian OHS law.
• Provincial OHS frameworks (e.g., CNESST in Quebec, WSIB in Ontario) require
employers to provide worker training, PPE, and engineering controls during asbestos
removal or disturbance.
Worker Rights and Responsibilities
• Workers must be trained to recognize asbestos hazards and safe work practices.
• This ties directly to the three fundamental worker rights in Canadian OHS:
1. Right to Know if asbestos is present in the workplace,
2. Right to Participate in safety discussions and asbestos control programs,
3. Right to Refuse unsafe work if proper protections (respirators, enclosures,
ventilation) are not in place.
Key Message: Asbestos is a legacy hazard with a deadly track record. Its health effects
may only emerge decades after exposure, making proactive prevention and strict
compliance with legal duties essential. While new uses are banned in Canada, asbestos
remains widespread in older infrastructure. Protecting workers means combining
awareness, regulation, and enforcement to ensure that the mistakes of the past are not
repeated.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
25
BLEACH (HOUSEHOLD CHLORINE) - WORKING
SAFELY
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
https://images.app.goo.gl/8UaL7nt3VAueign66
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Definition and Composition
• Household bleach is a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl),
typically at 3–9% concentration.
• Industrial formulations may contain ≥30% NaOCl, with significantly higher corrosive
and toxic potential.
• Sold widely as a disinfectant, sanitizer, and cleaning agent.
Hazard Profile
• Corrosivity: Direct contact can cause chemical burns to skin and severe eye injury.
Prolonged exposure can damage mucous membranes and respiratory tissue.
• Off-gassing: Releases chlorine-containing vapours that irritate eyes, nose, and lungs.
Particularly hazardous for workers with asthma or COPD.
• Reactivity: When mixed with other common cleaners (notably ammonia or acids such
as vinegar), bleach generates toxic gases (chloramines, chlorine gas) which can cause
pulmonary edema, severe respiratory distress, or death.
• Environmental risk: Hypochlorite degrades into salts but may release chlorinated
byproducts (e.g., trihalomethanes), raising concerns in wastewater contexts.
Safe Work Practices
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
26
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
• Always follow manufacturer’s instructions and consult the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for
hazard classification and control measures.
• Dilution: Correct dilution is essential for disinfectant efficacy (e.g., 75 mL bleach in 4.5
L water, ~0.1–0.5% final concentration). Always add bleach to water, not water to
bleach.
• Application: Effective disinfection requires ≥1 minute contact time with visibly wet
surfaces. Fresh solutions should be prepared daily—stability degrades after 24 hours
once diluted.
• Engineering controls: Work in well-ventilated areas. Local exhaust or open
windows/fans recommended.
• PPE: Minimum protection includes chemical-resistant gloves (e.g., neoprene or nitrile),
goggles or face shield, long sleeves, and closed footwear. Respirators may be required
in poorly ventilated workplaces.
• Housekeeping: Store bleach in a cool, dry, dark location, tightly sealed, away from
incompatible chemicals and metals.
First Aid and Emergency Response
• Eye contact: Immediate irrigation with lukewarm water for ≥15–20 minutes; remove
contacts; seek medical care.
• Skin contact: Remove contaminated clothing, rinse thoroughly for ≥15–20 minutes.
• Inhalation: Move victim to fresh air, monitor breathing, seek medical attention if
symptoms persist.
• Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting; contact poison control or emergency services
immediately.
• Emergency facilities: Eye wash stations, emergency showers, and spill kits should be
available in occupational settings.
OHS and Legal Context
• Under WHMIS 2015 (aligned with GHS), sodium hypochlorite is classified as a
corrosive substance with acute health hazards.
• Employers have a legal duty to train workers, maintain SDS access, and implement
exposure controls.
• Workers are protected under the Right to Know and Right to Refuse Unsafe Work
provisions if safe handling conditions are not met.
Key Message.. Bleach is one of the most ubiquitous and deceptively dangerous
chemicals in both households and workplaces. Its hazards arise less from “everyday use”
and more from misuse, mixing, or lack of awareness. The combination of corrosivity,
reactivity, and off-gassing risk underscores the importance of training, ventilation, and
PPE even for chemicals perceived as “common.”
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
26
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
COMPRESSED GASES
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
What does this pictogram mean?
The symbol within the pictogram is a gas cylinder. This symbol indicates that hazardous
products with this pictogram are gases that are contained in a receptacle under
pressure, or which are liquefied or liquefied and refrigerated. The hazards presented by
these products are related to the high pressure or cold temperatures.
Hazardous products with this pictogram can be safely worked with if proper storage and
handling practices are followed.
Which hazard classes use the gas cylinder pictogram?
This pictogram is used by one hazard class in the physical hazards group - Gases under
pressure. There are four hazard categories in this hazard class:
 compressed gas,
 liquefied gas,
 refrigerated liquefied gas, and
 dissolved gas.
What are the hazards of products that have the gas cylinder pictogram?
 Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.
 Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Are there other hazards associated with products with the gas cylinder pictogram?
In addition to the specific hazards identified by the gas cylinder pictogram, it is important
to remember that the product may have other hazards, for example:
 Health hazards such as acute toxicity, skin corrosion or irritation, carcinogenicity, or
reproductive toxicity.
 Other physical hazards such as simple asphyxiant, corrosive to metals, flammable or
reactive.
How can products with the gas cylinder pictogram be handled safely?
 Always check the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) and label for information about ALL of the
hazards and the necessary precautions for the product being used. Ask questions if you
are not sure.
 If it is not possible to eliminate use of the hazardous product in your workplace,
evaluate whether it is possible to substitute it with a less hazardous product.
 Prevent the release of gas into the workplace. Use only in well-ventilated areas.
 Use the smallest amount possible for a particular job.
 Always wear eye protection (chemical safety goggles) when working with gases under
pressure. In some cases, a face shield will also be necessary.
 If personal protective equipment (PPE) is required, the employer must ensure that
workers are thoroughly trained in its selection, fit, use and maintenance. Refer to the
SDS for guidance on selection.
 For gas cylinders:
o Inspect all cylinders and valves for damage. Make sure cylinders are not
giving off an odour or making a hissing sound. Never open a damaged valve.
o Use the appropriate regulator. Make sure that equipment is compatible with
the cylinder pressure and contents. Do not use homemade adaptors or force
connections between cylinder valve and gas handling equipment. Never
tamper with safety devices in cylinders, valves or equipment.
o Secure cylinders to a wall or rack in an upright position. Leave the cylinder
cap in place until the cylinder is secured and ready for use.
o Close all valves when cylinders are not in use.
o Do not apply any lubricant, joint compound or tape to cylinder valves, fittings
or regulator threads.
o Keep dirt, rust, oil or grease away from all cylinders or fittings.
o Do not drop or bang cylinders against each other. Move cylinders using a
hand truck or cart designed for the purpose.
o Avoid direct skin contact with gas escaping from a cylinder.
 For refrigerated liquefied gases,
o wear cold insulating gloves and either face shield or eye protection.
o never wear watches, rings or bracelets because they can freeze to exposed
skin if splashed by a cold gas.
o ensure the cryogen dewar can withstand extremely low temperatures. Cool
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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Engineering and Computer Science
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
the receiving container prior to transfer.
 Maintenance personnel must be aware of the possible hazards and any special
procedures and precautions before they begin to work.
How can products with the gas cylinder pictogram be stored safely?
 Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place
 Store away from incompatible materials and ignition sources.
 Follow any special instructions specified on the SDS (e.g., maximum storage quantities,
temperature requirements, and separation distances).
 Consider the use of leak detection and alarm equipment.
 Keep away from exits. Post warning signs.
 Store gas cylinders in the upright position and securely fastened in place with cylinder
valve protection cap in place.
 Avoid storing large quantities if possible.
 Do not keep cylinders longer than the supplier recommends.
 It is good practice to label container with date received, date opened and disposal
date. Use a first-in, first-out inventory system.
 Properly and promptly dispose of “empty” or unlabelled cylinders.
 Follow by-laws and regulations such as Fire Codes and health and safety regulations
that apply to the workplace in your jurisdiction.
What should I do in case of an emergency?
 Understand and practice emergency procedures so that you know what to do if it
becomes necessary.
 Ensure that appropriate fire extinguishers are available. Be aware of at least two
different exit paths in the event of fire.
 Ensure that eyewash and emergency shower are readily available in the immediate
work area. These devices must be tested regularly.
 Immediately report leaks to your supervisor, warn people in the area, and move to a
safe location, if necessary.
 Know the appropriate first-aid measures before an incident occurs:
For contact with refrigerated liquefied gases, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do
not rub affected area. Get immediate medical advice or attention.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
27
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
MIAE - GCS
SIMPLE ASPHYXIANTS
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
https://images.app.goo.gl/jmeX97rWHPMC1iDU8
What are the hazards of simple asphyxiants?
The W H M I S 2015 signal word and hazard statement for simple asphyxiants are:
 May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation
Simple asphyxiants are gases which can become so concentrated that they displace
oxygen (or, push out the oxygen) in the air. Oxygen is normally about 21 percent of the air
we breath. Low oxygen levels (19.5 percent or less) can cause symptoms such as rapid
breathing, rapid heart rate, clumsiness, emotional upset, and fatigue. As less oxygen
becomes available, nausea and vomiting, collapse, convulsions, coma and death can
occur. Unconsciousness or death could result within minutes following exposure to a
simple asphyxiant.
Simple asphyxiants are a concern for those who work in confined spaces. These gases are
colourless and odourless and offer no warning properties.
Many simple asphyxiants are also classified under WHMIS 2015 as Gases under pressure.
Refer to How to Work Safely with - Hazardous Products using "Gas Cylinder" Pictogram for
more information on how to work safely with Gases under pressure.
Why is there no pictogram assigned to this hazard class?
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
This hazard class is not included in the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and
Labelling of Chemicals (G H S) and was not included in W H M I S 1988. Therefore, there
was no pictogram/symbol that could be adopted from either G H S or W H M I S 1988.
Simple asphyxiants are included in the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(O S H A) Hazard Communication Standard (H C S 2012).
O S H A did not assign a pictogram to simple asphyxiants. W H M I S 2015 has aligned with
the hazard communication elements of H C S 2012 for simple asphyxiants.
How can simple asphyxiant products be handled safely?
 ALWAYS Check the Safety Data Sheet (S D S) for information about ALL of the hazards
and the necessary precautions for the product being used. Ask questions if you are not
sure.
 If it is not possible to eliminate use of the hazardous product in your workplace,
evaluate whether it is possible to substitute it with a less hazardous product.
 Inspect all containers for damage or leaks before handling.
 Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
 Make sure that other controls such as ventilation are in place and functioning properly.
 Do not carry or transfer this product in an enclosed space (e.g., in an elevator or inside
a vehicle).
 Prevent uncontrolled release.
 Avoid breathing a simple asphyxiant. Do NOT work alone with a simple asphyxiant.
 Before entry, especially into confined areas, check atmosphere for sufficient oxygen
levels with an appropriate monitor before worker entry and during work.
 Wear respiratory protection, as required.
 If personal protective equipment (P P E) is required, the employer must ensure that
workers are thoroughly trained in its selection, fit, use and maintenance. Refer to the S
D S for guidance on selection.
How can simple asphyxiant products be stored safely?
 Inspect containers and storage area regularly for signs of leakage or damage.
 Store in the original, labelled container. Keep container tightly closed.
 Store in a well-ventilated place.
 Engineering controls are usually required in the storage area.
 Store away from incompatible materials. Check the S D S for specific information
pertaining to incompatible materials and conditions to avoid.
 Avoid bulk storage indoors.
What should I do in case of an emergency?
 Understand and practice emergency procedures so that you know what to do if it
becomes necessary.
 Immediately report leaks, spills or failures of the safety equipment (e.g., ventilation
system).
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
 Immediately put on escape-type respirator and exit the area.
 Increase ventilation to area or move leaking container to a well-ventilated and secure
area.
 In case of oxygen deficiency: take precautions to ensure your own safety before
attempting rescue (e.g., wear appropriate protective equipment). Remove source of
exposure or move to fresh air. Keep victim at rest in a position comfortable for
breathing. Immediately call a Poison Centre or doctor. Specific treatment may be
required.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
28
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
MIAE - GCS
OXIDIZING
https://images.app.goo.gl/7Spzw83YtgcGw9RK8
What does this pictogram mean?
The symbol within the pictogram shows an “o” with flames on top of it and a line
underneath it. The “o” is for oxygen and the flames indicate that hazardous
products with this pictogram present a fire or explosion hazard if they are not
stored and handled properly.
What are the hazards of products that have the flame over circle pictogram?
The flame over circle pictogram is only used for hazardous products that are
oxidizing solids, liquids or gases.
The basic components for a fire are a so urce of fuel (such as combustible
materials), a source of oxygen, and a spark or other source of ignition. With most
fires, the source of oxygen is air (air has about 21% oxygen). Oxidizing solids,
liquids or gases readily release oxygen or another oxidizing substance (such as
bromine, chlorine, or fluorine). Therefore, these products pose a severe fire
hazard. Oxidizers do not burn themselves, but oxidizers can:
 greatly increase the rate that a fire develops and make the fire more intense
(that is, the fire burns hotter and faster than it normally would),
 cause substances that do not normally burn in air to burn rapidly,
 cause some combustible materials to burn spontaneously without the presence
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of obvious ignition sources such as a spark or flame.
Are there other hazards associated with products that have the flame over circle
pictogram?
In addition to the specific hazards identified by the flame over circle pictogram, it is
important to remember that the product may have other hazards, for example:
•health hazards such as acute toxicity, skin corrosion or irritation, carcinogenicity or
specific target organ toxicity – repeated or single exposure.
•other physical hazards such as corrosive to metals
•react with many other materials – check Section 10 (Stability and Reactivity) of the
Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for incompatible materials. Keep the oxidizing product away from
these materials.
ALWAYS check the SDS and label for the product that you are working with to ensure that
you know what is being used and all of the hazards and precautions associated with the
product. Ask questions if you are not sure.
How can products with the flame over circle pictogram be handled safely?
•ALWAYS Check the SDS for information about ALL of the hazards and the necessary
precautions for the product being used. Ask questions if you are not sure.
•If it is not possible to eliminate use of the hazardous product in your workplace, evaluate
whether it is possible to substitute it with a less hazardous product.
•For liquids and solids, keep away from heat, hot surfaces, open flames and other ignition
sources. No smoking. Keep away from clothing and other combustible materials.
•For gases, keep valves and fittings free from oil and grease.
•Use only in well-ventilated areas.
•Avoid contact with your skin or clothing.
•Wear protective gloves, protective clothing, eye protection and/or face protection, if
required.
•Wear fire resistant or flame retardant clothing, if required.
•If personal protective equipment is required, workers must be thoroughly trained in its
selection, fit, use and maintenance.
•Promptly remove combustible wastes, including wood, paper and rags from work areas.
•Keep away from incompatible materials - particularly greases, lubricants, cleaning
solvents, paints, or thinners.
•Be very cautious about mixing oxidizers with water. Follow the supplier’s directions.
Some oxidizers will generate large amounts of heat when they are mixed with water.
•Never return unused product to the original container, even if it does not appear to be
contaminated.
•Keep containers tightly closed when not in use, unless the supplier instructs otherwise.
•If applicable, check vent caps regularly to ensure they are working properly. Keep vented
containers in the upright position. Never stack vented containers on top of each other.
•Avoid spilling product. Immediately report leaks, spills or failures of the safety
equipment (e.g., ventilation system). In the event of a spill or leak, exit the area
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immediately.
•Keep work areas clean and tidy. Wipe up spills and keep surfaces clean to prevent
contact with skin or incompatibles. Prevent accumulation of dust or other residues on
ledges or other surfaces.
•Do not smoke, eat or drink in work areas. Wash hands thoroughly after handling. Wash
hands before eating, drinking, smoking, or going to the toilet.
•Inform maintenance personnel of the product hazards, and any special procedures and
precautions needed before work begins.
How can products with the flame over circle pictogram be stored safely?
•Follow any special instructions for storage provided on the SDS (e.g., maximum
quantities and recommended temperature conditions).
•Store product in containers that the supplier recommends. Normally these are the same
containers in which the product was shipped.
•Store away from incompatible materials listed on the SDS.
•Store gases in a well-ventilated place.
•Store oxidizing liquids or solids separately.
•Store in a cool, dry area away from direct sunlight and exit paths. Post warning signs.
•Store away from ignition sources such as heat, sparks or open flames. Prohibit smoking
in or near the storage area.
•Avoid storing large quantities, if possible.
•Inspect storage area and containers for signs of leakage or damage regularly. Contain
spills or leaks by storing product containers in trays made from compatible materials.
•Empty containers may contain hazardous residue. Store separately. Keep closed.
•Do not use wooden pallets or other combustible pallets for storing containers of
oxidizing products. Walls, floors, shelving, and fittings in storage areas should be
constructed of non-combustible materials.
•Ensure that appropriate fire-fighting and spill clean-up equipment is readily available.
•Follow all applicable health and safety regulations, fire and building codes.
What should I do in case of an emergency?
•Understand and practice emergency procedures so that you know what to do if it
becomes necessary.
•Ensure that appropriate fire extinguishers are available for use in case of a fire involving
liquids or solids. In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire
remotely due to the risk of explosion
•For gases, in case of fire, stop leak if safe to do so.
•Be aware of at least two different exit paths in the event of fire.
•Ensure that eyewash and emergency shower are readily available in the immediate work
area. These devices must be tested regularly.
•Have spill control procedures and equipment ready (e.g., absorbent spill control
materials, personal protective equipment, non-sparking tools, etc.). Avoid using
combustible or reactive materials (such as paper towels or sawdust) to clean up or
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absorb spills.
•Immediately report leaks to your supervisor, warn people in the area, and move to a safe
location, if necessary.
•In case of contact, follow the first aid instructions listed on the SDS or label.
•Remove contaminated clothing, shoes or boots. If the product is not water-reactive,
immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated items in water before re-wearing or
discarding.
•IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water
before removing clothes.
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Engineering and Computer Science
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
MIAE - GCS
CORROSION
https://images.app.goo.gl/7Spzw83YtgcGw9RK8
What does this pictogram mean?
The symbol within the pictogram shows a container dripping liquid onto a piece of
metal and another container dripping liquid onto a hand. This symbol indicates
that hazardous products with this pictogram can
•damage or destroy metal,
•cause irreversible damage to the skin (e.g., burns, blisters, scarring), and/or
•produce tissue damage in the eye or vision loss that is irreversible or not fully
reversible within 21 days.
Hazardous products with this pictogram can be safely worked with if proper
storage and handling practices are followed.
How can products with the corrosion pictogram be handled safely?
•Always check the SDS for information about ALL of the hazards and the necessary
precautions for the product being used. Ask questions if you are not sure.
•If it is not possible to eliminate use of the hazardous product in your workplace,
evaluate whether it is possible to substitute it with a less hazardous product.
•Keep only in original packaging.
•Inspect containers for damage or leaks before handling.
•Prevent the release of dust, gas, mist, vapour, or spray into the workplace.
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•Do not breathe dusts or mists if inhalable particles may occur during use.
•Use only in well-ventilated areas. Use the smallest amount necessary.
•Prevent skin contact. Do not get in eyes.
•Wash hands and skin thoroughly after handling.
•Wear respiratory protection, protective gloves, protective clothing, eye protection
and/or face protection appropriate for the job as specified by your employer.
•If personal protective equipment is required, the employer must ensure that workers are
thoroughly trained in its selection, fit, use and maintenance. Refer to the SDS for
guidance on selection.
•Dispense carefully and keep containers closed when not in use. Use corrosion-resistant
equipment such as pumps, scoops or shovels.
•Do not add water to the corrosive product. If it is necessary to mix a corrosive product
with water, do so slowly adding the corrosive to cold water, in small amounts, and stir
frequently.
•Cautiously move containers. Move large drums using drum cradles. Carboy caddies and
safety bottle carriers are available for smaller, common container sizes.
•Follow supplier recommendations for venting drums, if applicable.
•Immediately report leaks, spills or failures of the safety equipment (e.g., ventilation
system). In the event of a spill or leak, exit the area immediately.
•Absorb spillage to prevent material damage. Clean up any spills promptly and safely.
•Do not reuse empty containers - hazardous corrosive residue could remain inside.
How can products with the corrosion pictogram be stored safely?
•Inspect containers and storage area regularly for signs of leakage or damage.
•Store in a corrosion-resistant container with a resistant inner liner. Use compatible
materials specified by the manufacturer or supplier.
•Store containers at a convenient height for handling, below eye level if possible. High
shelving increases the risk of dropping containers and the severity of damage, injury
and/or exposure if a fall occurs.
•Keep the amount of product in storage as small as possible.
•Follow supplier recommendations for minimum and maximum storage temperatures, if
applicable.
•It is good practice to use a “first in/first out” policy and to mark the date that the
container was received and the date it was first opened.
•Contain leaks or spills by storing in trays made from compatible materials.
•Keep away from incompatible materials. Check the SDS for specific information. Post
warning signs.
•Use proper corrosive storage cabinets for large quantities of corrosive products. These
units have corrosion-resistant interiors and hardware (e.g., door hinges and shelf
brackets). Flammable storage cabinets are NOT corrosion-resistant.
•Ensure that appropriate firefighting and spill cleanup equipment is readily available.
•Empty containers may contain hazardous residue. Store separately. Keep closed.
•Comply with all applicable health and safety regulations, fire and building codes.
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What should I do in case of an emergency?
•Understand and practice emergency procedures so that you know what to do if it
becomes necessary.
•Ensure that eyewash and emergency shower are readily available in the immediate work
area and know how to use them. These devices must be tested regularly.
•Have spill control procedures and equipment ready (e.g., absorbent spill control
materials, personal protective equipment, etc.).
•If it is not possible to eliminate use of the hazardous product in your workplace, evaluate
whether it is possible to substitute it with a less hazardous product.
•Know the appropriate first-aid procedures BEFORE an emergency happens:
•
Immediately call a Poison Centre or doctor. Specific treatment may be
necessary.
•
IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing.
•
IF ON SKIN (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse
skin with water [or shower]. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
•
IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact
lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
•
IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
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Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
FLAMMABLE
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
What does this pictogram mean?
The symbol within the pictogram is a flame with a line underneath it. This symbol
indicates that hazardous products with this pictogram can ignite easily and burn
rapidly if they are not stored and handled properly.
What are the hazards of products that have a flame pictogram?
Hazardous products with the flame pictogram can be a fire or explosion hazard in
the workplace.
For a fire to occur, three elements must be together at the same time and in the
right proportions:
•a source of fuel (e.g., the flammable product),
•oxygen, and
•heat (e.g., an ignition source such as a spark).
It is very important when working with flammable products that these three
elements are not present together in the right amounts at any time.
The following hazards are also associated with flammable liquids:
•Accumulation of static charge – static electricity is the electric charge
generated when there is friction between two things made of different materials or
substances. This charge can occur and accumulate when flammable liquids are
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poured, pumped, filtered, agitated, stirred or flow through pipes, and these
actions can act as an ignition source. Release of the static charge from the liquid
can ignite flammable products.
•Flashback – the vapour of most flammable liquids is heavier than air. In this
case, the vapour can spread a long distance along the ground or floor and
eventually be ignited by a distant spark, flame or other source of heat. Once the
vapour ignites, the flames or fire can “flash-back”, meaning that the flames travel
back to the container or source of the flammable liquid and an explosion can
occur.
You also need to consider the potential for hazardous thermal decomposition
and combustion products. When flammable products burn, hazardous gases
and vapours can be produced (e.g., carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and
nitrogen oxides).
How can products with the flame pictogram be handled safely?
•ALWAYS Check the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for information about ALL of the hazards and
the necessary precautions for the product being used. Ask questions if you are not sure.
•If it is not possible to eliminate use of the hazardous product in your workplace, evaluate
whether it is possible to substitute it with a less hazardous product.
•Prevent the release of flammable products into the air.
•Use only in well-ventilated areas. Keep container tightly closed.
•Use the smallest amount necessary for the job.
•Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other sources of ignition.
No smoking.
•Make sure that there is no hot work done in the area, or hidden sources of ignition (e.g.,
pilot lights in a furnace or hot water tank).
•For aerosols, do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source. Do not pierce or
burn, even after use.
•Remove combustible materials (e.g., oily rags, cardboard boxes) from the area where
these products are used. Dispose of combustible material appropriately (e.g., oily rags are
in approved containers).
•For volatile flammable liquids:
•
Use non-sparking tools
•
Use explosion-proof electrical, ventilating and lighting equipment.
•
Take action to prevent static discharges.
•Sometimes it is necessary to ground and bond container and receiving equipment. Be
sure that you understand when and how to do this properly.
•Wear protective gloves, protective clothing, eye protection and/or face protection, as
required.
•If personal protective equipment (PPE) is required, the employer must make sure that
workers are thoroughly trained in its selection, fit, use and maintenance. Refer to the SDS
for guidance on selection.
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•For self-reactives and organic peroxides, keep only in original packaging, and keep cool.
•Handle and store pyrophoric products and products that react with water to release a
flammable gas under inert gas or a liquid/gas specified by the supplier. Protect from
moisture.
•Keep self-heating products cool.
•Avoid contact with incompatible products.
•Be aware of specific conditions to avoid, e.g., air, water, moisture, temperature,
pressure, friction, sunlight. Check the SDS for specific information and recommendations.
•Avoid spilling the product and contaminating your skin or clothing.
•Do not weld, cut or perform hot work on empty container until all traces of product have
been removed.
•Immediately report leaks, spills or failures of safety equipment (e.g., the ventilation
system) to your supervisor.
•Keep work areas clean and tidy. Wipe up spills and keep surfaces clean to prevent
contact with skin or incompatibles. Prevent accumulation of dust or other residues on
ledges or other surfaces.
How can products that use the flame pictogram be stored safely?
•Use equipment designed for flammable storage such as flammable storage fridge,
flammable cabinets, or flammable safety cans.
•Avoid storing large quantities if possible.
•Post warning signs.
•Inspect containers and storage area regularly for signs of leakage or damage. Contain
spills or leaks by storing in trays made from compatible materials.
•Store in a well-ventilated place
•Keep cool.
•Protect aerosols and organic peroxides from sunlight.
•Do not expose aerosols to temperatures exceeding 50 deg C (122 deg F).
•Store organic peroxides, self-reactive products and self-heating products within the
temperature range recommended by the supplier. Store separately.
•Maintain air gap between stacks or pallets of self-heating products.
•Store products that react with water in a dry place and in closed containers.
•Keep away from incompatible materials. Check SDS for incompatibles.
•Ensure that appropriate fire-fighting and spill clean-up equipment is readily available.
•Avoid storing flammable products in basements. Ground floor storage is preferred
because it provides easier access for emergency situations.
•Follow all applicable health and safety regulations, fire and building codes.
What should I do in case of an emergency?
 Understand and practice emergency procedures so that you know what to do if it
becomes necessary to act:
 Make sure that appropriate fire extinguishers are available.
 Be aware of at least two different exit paths in the event of fire.
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 Make sure that eyewash and emergency shower are readily available in the immediate
work area. These devices must be tested regularly.
 Have spill control procedures and equipment ready (e.g., absorbent spill control
materials, PPE, non- sparking tools, etc.). Avoid using combustible materials (such as
paper towels or sawdust) to clean up or absorb spills.
 Remove contaminated clothing and leather shoes or boots since they can be a severe
fire hazard. Wash contaminated items, immediately and thoroughly in water before rewearing or discarding.
 Immediately report leaks to your supervisor, warn people in the area, and move to a
safe location, if necessary.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
31
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
BIOHAZARDOUS INFECTIOUS MATERIALS
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
What are biohazardous infectious materials?
These materials are microorganisms, nucleic acids or proteins that cause, or are
a probable cause, of infection, with or without toxicity, in humans or animals.
Included in this hazard class are bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
The pictogram for this hazardous class looks like three "c"s joined together with a
little circle in the middle. The border is a black circle.
Where are Biohazardous infectious materials found in the workplace?
Biohazardous infectious materials are usually found in a hospital, health care
facility, laboratory, veterinary practices, and research facilities. Workers in these
places do not usually know which tissues or fluids contain dangerous organisms.
For this reason, the workers should assume that every sample is hazardous and
use appropriate protection at all times. Workers in agriculture, fishery and other
industries that process raw plant or animal based materials may also be at risk.
How can products with the biohazardous infectious materials pictogram be handled
and stored safely?
Materials in this hazard class should only be used or handled by workers who are
appropriately trained, aware of the hazards, and how to control them.
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Guidelines on safe handling and storage of human and animal pathogens, toxins and
plant pests in laboratories and containment zones are available from the Canadian
Biosafety Standards and Guidelines page from the Government of Canada.
Some workplaces may follow routine practices, which are a set of infection control
strategies and standards designed to protect workers from exposure to potential sources
of infectious diseases. Routine practices are based on the premise that all blood, body
fluids, secretions, excretions, mucous membranes, non-intact skin or soiled items are
potentially infectious. These practices, while mainly adopted by healthcare providers,
apply to all professions in which workers may become exposed to infectious
microorganisms through contact with blood and body fluids. Examples of these
professions include police officers, trauma/crime scene clean-up crew, zookeepers,
laboratory technicians, and embalmers.
In non-healthcare or laboratory settings, workers should be aware of general good
practices for sanitation and infection control, including how to work safely with
household (chlorine) bleach.
Control measures may include:
•Ventilation (e.g., negative pressure, separate ventilation system)
•Biosafety hoods or cabinets
•Ultra-violet lights for disinfection
•Disposal containers for needles and other sharps
•Self-sheathing needles and lancets
•Sterilization – using high heat, high pressure, or using biocides to kill bacteria
•Worker education and training
•Procedures for disinfection and clean up
•Vaccination, where possible
•Personal protective equipment (PPE) – respirators, gloves, protective clothing,
glasses/goggles, face shields, shoe covers
•Personal hygiene, including hand washing and other good practices to reduce the spread
of infections and viruses.
What should I do in case of an emergency?
General precautions include the following tips. If you work in a laboratory or healthcare
setting, follow your biosafety or infection control guidelines.
•Assume that any body tissue, blood, or fluid – or any item that has been in contact with
tissue, blood or fluids – is infectious.
•Exercise caution when handling these materials or items that may contain biohazardous
materials.
•Be extra cautious when handling sharp objects to avoid punctures.
•Cover existing cuts with bandages and wear protective gloves (cuts are very vulnerable
to infections).
•Wash hands frequently and thoroughly any time you work with these materials or
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potentially infected items. Keep your hands away from your eyes, nose or mouth.
•Sanitize contaminated areas.
•Report any incidents or exposure to the infection control specialist or other designated
person at your workplace.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
MIAE - GCS
HAZARDOUS PRODUCTS
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
https://images.app.goo.gl/jmeX97rWHPMC1iDU8
What does this pictogram mean?
The symbol within the pictogram is an exclamation mark. This symbol indicates
that hazardous products with this pictogram can cause certain health effects for
example,
•skin irritation,
•eye irritation, and/or
•skin sensitization.
Hazardous products with this pictogram can be safely worked with if proper
storage and handling practices are followed.
What are the hazards of products that have the exclamation mark pictogram?
As examples:
•Acute toxicity - Oral, Dermal, Inhalation (Category 4) - Products that are known
to be harmful if swallowed, if inhaled, or when they come in contact with the skin.
•Skin corrosion/irritation - Skin irritation (Category 2) - This category includes
products which can cause reversible damage such as redness or inflammation
after exposure.
•Serious eye damage/eye irritation - Eye irritation (Category 2 and 2A) - This
category includes irritant products causing reversible effects within 21 days of
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exposure, or products that are severe skin irritants.
•Skin sensitizer (Category 1, 1A and 1B) - Skin sensitization is an allergic-type
skin response involving symptoms such as itching, swelling, blisters, redness.
Often an individual does not show any symptoms after the first exposure but with
subsequent exposures, the skin reacts. Products such as latex (e.g., in gloves)
and nickel are common skin sensitizers.
•Specific target organ toxicity - Single exposure (Category 3) - This category
includes products that can cause irritating effects on the respiratory tract (such as
coughing, throat irritation).
Are there any other hazards associated with products with the exclamation mark
pictogram?
In addition to the specific hazards identified by the exclamation mark pictogram, it is
important to remember that a product may have other hazards, for example:
•other health hazards such as respiratory sensitization, germ cell mutagenicity,
carcinogenicity and specific target organ toxicity (repeated)
•physical hazards such as flammability, reactivity or corrosive to metals.
How can products with the exclamation mark pictogram be handled safely?
•ALWAYS Check the SDS for information about ALL of the hazards and the necessary
precautions for the product being used. Ask questions if you are not sure.
•If it is not possible to eliminate use of the hazardous product in your workplace, evaluate
whether it is possible to substitute it with a less hazardous product.
•Inspect all containers for damage or leaks before handling.
•Use only outdoors or in well-ventilated areas.
•Avoid breathing dust, fumes, gas, mist, vapours, or spray.
•Prevent contamination of surfaces that unprotected personnel may use.
•Keep work surfaces clean. Wipe up spills. Prevent accumulation of dust or other forms of
residue.
•Wash hands and skin thoroughly after handling.
•Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
•Wear eye protection, face protection, protective gloves or protective clothing, as
required.
•For skin sensitizers, contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the
workplace.
•Avoid repeated or prolonged skin contact with product or with contaminated equipment
or surfaces.
•Any signs of illness should be reported immediately to the supervisor.
•If personal protective equipment (PPE) is required, the employer must ensure that
workers are thoroughly trained in its selection, fit, use and maintenance. Refer to the SDS
for guidance on selection.
How can products with the exclamation mark pictogram be stored safely?
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•Inspect containers and storage area regularly for signs of leakage or damage.
•Store in the original, labelled container.
•Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
•Keep in a cool and dry area away from direct sunlight.
•Store away from incompatible materials. Check the SDS for specific information
pertaining to incompatible materials and conditions to avoid.
What should I do in case of an emergency?
•Understand and practice emergency procedures so that you know what to do if it
becomes necessary.
•Ensure that eyewash and emergency shower are readily available in the immediate work
area. These devices must be tested regularly.
•Have spill control procedures and equipment ready (e.g., absorbent spill control
materials, PPE etc.).
•Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse.
•Be aware of the typical symptoms of exposure and appropriate first aid procedures.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
MIAE - GCS
EXPLOSIVES HAZARDS
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
https://images.app.goo.gl/jmeX97rWHPMC1iDU8
What does this pictogram mean?
The symbol within the pictogram shows an exploding bomb. Products with this
pictogram present severe fire and explosion hazards. Significant injury and
property damage could result from incidents involving these products.
Products with this pictogram are not commonly used because of their severe
hazards. When used, they must be handled and stored in stringently controlled
conditions. Specialized training and supervision are required.
NOTE: The Explosives hazard class has not been implemented in WHMIS 2015.
In Canada, explosives are regulated under the Explosives Act. Provision of
information about the hazards, and the safe handling and storage and emergency
procedures for explosives is beyond the scope of this document.
What are the hazards of products that have the exploding bomb pictogram?
Self-reactive substances and mixtures are sensitive to temperature and
temperature changes. Heating (even slight heating), such as heating that may
occur through improper handling or storage conditions, could result in a very
hazardous situation.
Organic peroxides are highly reactive, and tend to ignite easily and burn rapidly.
Organic peroxides are very unstable and are generally sensitive to light (e.g.,
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
have to be stored in darkness). Some are sensitive to temperature changes or
friction (e.g., shaking or bumping of the container). Organic peroxides tend to
react explosively with metals.
Are there other hazards associated with products that have the exploding bomb?
In addition to the specific hazards identified by the exploding bomb pictogram, it is
important to remember that the product may have other hazards, for example:
•health hazards such as acute toxicity, skin corrosion or irritation, carcinogenicity or
specific target organ toxicity – repeated or single exposure.
•other physical hazards such as corrosive to metals
These products may also be highly reactive with many other materials – check Section 10
(Stability and Reactivity) of the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for incompatible materials.
How can products with the exploding bomb pictogram be handled safely?
•ALWAYS Check the SDS for information about ALL of the hazards and the necessary
precautions for the product being used. Ask questions if you are not sure.
•If it is not possible to eliminate use of the hazardous product in your workplace, evaluate
whether it is possible to substitute it with a less hazardous product.
•Get special instructions before use and strictly follow all instructions specified by the
supplier.
•Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking.
Keep away from clothing and other combustible materials.
•Keep only in original packaging.
•Keep cool.
•Ground and bond container and receiving equipment.
•Wear protective gloves, protective clothing, eye protection and/or face protection, if
required.
•If personal protective equipment is required, workers must be thoroughly trained in its
selection, fit, use and maintenance.
•Never return unused product to the original container, even if it does not appear to be
contaminated.
•Keep containers tightly closed when not in use, unless the supplier instructs otherwise.
•Do not reuse empty containers as they may contain hazardous residue.
•Do not use product if physical characteristics and appearance do not match the SDS or if
the product is of unknown age.
•Avoid spilling product. Immediately report leaks, spills or failures of the safety
equipment (e.g., ventilation system). In the event of a spill or leak, exit the area
immediately.
•Keep work areas clean and tidy. Wipe up spills and keep surfaces clean to prevent
contact with skin or incompatibles. Prevent accumulation of dust or other residues on
ledges or other surfaces.
•Do not smoke, eat or drink in work areas. Wash hands thoroughly after handling. Wash
hands before eating, drinking, smoking, or going to the toilet.
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•Inform maintenance personnel of the product hazards, and any special procedures and
precautions needed before work begins.
How can products with the exploding bomb pictogram be stored safely?
•Follow all special instructions for storage provided on the SDS (e.g., maximum quantities
and recommended temperature conditions) or specified by the supplier.
•Store product in containers that the supplier recommends. Normally these are the same
containers in which the product was shipped.
•Store away from incompatible materials as listed on the SDS.
•Consider the use of alarms that warn of temperatures higher or lower than
recommended.
•Consider the use of leak detection systems.
•Store in a well-ventilated place.
•Store separately.
•Store in a cool, dry area away from direct sunlight and exit paths. Post warning signs.
•Avoid storing large quantities, if possible.
•Avoid prolonged storage. Label containers with date opened and disposal date.
•Inspect storage area and containers for signs of leakage or damage regularly.
•Empty containers may contain hazardous residue. Store separately. Keep closed.
•Ensure that appropriate fire-fighting and spill clean-up equipment is readily available.
•Follow all applicable health and safety regulations, fire and building codes.
What should I do in case of an emergency?
•Understand and practice emergency procedures so that you know what to do if it
becomes necessary.
•Ensure that appropriate fire extinguishers are available for use.
•Be aware of at least two different exit paths in the event of fire.
•Have spill control procedures and equipment ready (e.g., absorbent spill control
materials, personal protective equipment, non-sparking tools, etc.).
•Immediately report leaks to your supervisor, warn people in the area, and move to a safe
location.
•For Type A products, there is an explosion risk in case of fire. Evacuate area. DO NOT
fight fire when fire reaches explosives.
•For Type B products, evacuate area in case of fire. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of
explosion. Use fire extinguishing media specified by the supplier to extinguish the fire.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
HEALTH HAZARD
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
What does this pictogram mean?
The symbol within the pictogram is a black silhouette of a person’s head and
chest with a white star shape spreading out from the center of the chest. This
symbol indicates that hazardous products with this pictogram can cause certain
health effects for example:
 carcinogenicity,
 specific target organ effects following single or repeated exposure, or
 reproductive toxicity.
Hazardous products with this pictogram can be safely worked with if proper
storage and handling practices are followed.
What are the hazards of products that have the health hazard pictogram?
This pictogram is used for a number of very different health hazards, which can
result in serious health issues. The health effects may not be obvious right away.
Long term health effects such as carcinogenicity (cancer-causing) or respiratory
sensitization are included.
It may cause:
 allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled
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 genetic defects
 Cancer
 damage fertility or the unborn child
 damage to organs
 May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways
How can products with the health hazards pictogram be handled safely?
 ALWAYS Check the SDS for information about ALL of the hazards and the necessary
precautions for the product being used. Ask questions if you are not sure.
 If it is not possible to eliminate use of the hazardous product in your workplace,
evaluate whether it is possible to substitute it with a less hazardous product.
 Prevent uncontrolled release of these products into the air (e.g., dust, mist,
vapour). In some cases, closed systems may be required.
 Use only in well-ventilated areas.
 Work with the smallest amount possible.
 Inspect all containers for damage or leaks before handling. Keep containers tightly
closed when not in use or empty.
 For respiratory sensitizers:
o Avoid breathing dust, fumes, gas, mist, vapours or spray.
o In case of inadequate ventilation, wear respiratory protection.
 For germ cell mutagens, carcinogens and reproductive toxins:
o Obtain special instructions before use.
o Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.
o Wear protective gloves, protective clothing, eye protection and/or face
protection, as required.
 For STOT-single and/or STOT-repeated hazards:
o Do not breathe dust, fumes, gas, mist, vapours or spray.
o Wash hands and skin after handling.
o Do not eat, drink or smoke when using these products.
 Keep work surfaces clean. Wipe up spills. Prevent accumulation of dust or other forms
of residue. Prevent contamination of surfaces that unprotected personnel may use.
 Avoid repeated or long-term skin contact with product.
 Do not reuse empty containers – hazardous residue could remain inside.
 Immediately report leaks, spills or failures of the safety equipment (e.g., ventilation
system). In the event of a spill or leak, exit the area immediately.
 Maintenance personnel need to know the possible hazards of the products they might
be exposed to.
 If personal protective equipment (PPE) is required, the employer must ensure that
workers are thoroughly trained in its selection, fit, use and maintenance. Refer to the
SDS for guidance on selection.
How can products with the health hazard pictogram be stored safely?
 Inspect containers and storage area regularly for signs of leakage or damage.
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 Store in the original, labelled, shipping container.
 Keep amount in storage to an absolute minimum.
 Keep products cool and dry, in a well-ventilated area and away from direct sunlight.
Post warning signs.
 Restrict access to authorized personnel only. Consider locked storage.
 Keep away from incompatible materials. Check the SDS for specific information.
 Store the product on shelves closest to floor level (avoid storage above eye level). Do
not store on high cabinets or shelves.
 Keep containers closed. Keep in closed containers with tight-fitting lids.
 Empty containers may contain hazardous residue. Store separately. Keep closed.
What should I do in case of an emergency?
 Understand and practice emergency procedures so that you know what to do if it
becomes necessary.
 Ensure that eyewash and emergency shower are readily available in the immediate
work area. These devices must be tested regularly.
 Have spill control procedures and equipment ready (e.g., absorbent spill control
materials, PPE etc.).
 Immediately report leaks to your supervisor, warn people in the area, and move to a
safe location, if necessary.
 Be aware of the typical symptoms of exposure and appropriate first aid procedures.
Any signs of illness should be reported immediately to your supervisor.
 For when a respiratory sensitizer is inhaled, remove person to fresh air and keep
comfortable for breathing. If experiencing respiratory symptoms, call a poison centre
or doctor.
 For germ cell mutagens, carcinogens, reproductive hazards and STOT-repeated
hazards, get medical advice or attention if exposed or concerned.
 For STOT-single hazards, call a poison centre or doctor if exposed or
concerned. Specific treatment may be required.
 For aspiration hazards, immediately call a poison centre or doctor if swallowed. Do
not induce vomiting.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
ACUTE TOXICITY
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
What does this pictogram mean?
The symbol within the pictogram is a human skull with two crossed bones behind
it. The symbol indicates that hazardous products with this pictogram can cause
death or poisoning.
Hazardous products with this pictogram can be safely worked with if proper
storage and handling practices are followed.
What are the hazards of products that have the skull and crossbones pictogram?
Acute toxicity refers to effects occurring:
 following skin contact or ingestion of a single dose of a substance, or multiple
doses given within 24 hours, or
 an inhalation exposure of 4 hours.
Acute toxicity can result from exposure to the product itself, or to a product that,
upon contact with water, releases a gaseous substance that is able to cause
acute toxicity.
What signal words and hazard statements are used?
 Fatal or toxic if swallowed.
 Fatal or toxic in contact with skin
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 Fatal or toxic if inhaled.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
What does this pictogram mean?
The pictogram shows a tree with no leaves and a dead fish to represent harm to the
environment.
NOTE: Classification and labelling of the environmental hazard group is not required for
WHMIS 2015. However, suppliers may voluntarily choose to disclose these hazards on
labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDSs).
What are hazards to the environment?
If the product only has this pictogram, the main concern is its toxicity for aquatic life.
Aquatic hazards may include short-term (acute) hazards which looks at short-term
impacts on various aquatic life forms (such as fish, crustaceans, algae, and aquatic
plants).
It also includes long-term (chronic) hazards which looks at long-term (chronic) impacts
on aquatic life forms such as bioaccumulation (buildup of a product in an organism) and
degradation (persistence, or how long it will remain in the environment).
 Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of a product in aquatic organisms. The
bioaccumulation may or may not have a toxic effect on some organisms but it is a
concern because when other organisms eat smaller organisms (e.g., accumulates in
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algae; little fish eat algae; big fish eats little fish), they accumulate more of the
product. Eventually, the levels can have a negative impact.
 Degradation of the product refers to whether the product breaks down quickly or
whether it is persistent and remains in the environment. Examples of the impacts
include reduced spawning, genetic problems in offspring, and behavioural changes.
What classes use the environment pictogram?
The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) has
assigned this pictogram to be used for Hazardous to the aquatic environment - shortterm (acute) - category 1, and Hazardous to the aquatic environment - long-term
(chronic) - categories 1 and 2. Note that Hazardous to the aquatic environment - shortterm (acute) - categories 2 and 3, and Hazardous to the aquatic environment - long-term
(chronic) - categories 3 and 4 have no pictogram assigned.
What are the hazards of products that have the environment pictogram?
 toxic to aquatic life
 May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life
How can products with the environment pictogram be handled safely?
 Check the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) and label for information about the hazards and
precautions.
 Use the smallest amount necessary.
 Avoid release to the environment.
 Immediately report leaks, spills or failures of the safety equipment (e.g. ventilation
system).
 Recycle and reuse product, if possible.
 Properly dispose of the product and its container as hazardous waste – do not dump it
down the drain, on the ground, or into any body of water.
 Prevent the product from contaminating ground water, surface waters, and the sewer
system. Protect floor drains, and cover the opening to the sewer if able to do so and
appropriate.
 Follow label warnings even if container appears to be empty. Dispose of (or recycle)
empty containers through an approved waste management facility.
 Regularly inspect and maintain the equipment used for handling the product.
 Inform maintenance personnel of any special procedures and precautions before they
begin to work on equipment.
How can products with the environment pictogram be stored safely?
 Store the product in a secure, dry, well-ventilated location. Storage area should have
sills to prevent leaks from escaping into sewers.
 Use secondary containment for containers such as drip trays to contain leaks or spills.
Empty trays regularly to avoid overflow.
 Monitor use of product. Unexpected increased use may indicate a leak.
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 Isolate loading and unloading areas from surface water drainage systems. If not
possible, protect drains using covers, sandbags, etc.
What should I do in case of an emergency?
 Report leaks, spills to the people responsible for handling emergencies where you
work.
 Have spill control procedures and equipment ready (e.g., absorbent spill control
materials, personal protective equipment (PPE), etc.).
 Contain spill quickly by damming/diking with spill socks or suitable absorbent material
(such as kitty litter, vermiculite, etc.). Do not leave spill site unattended.
 Be aware of applicable legislation in your jurisdiction concerning materials that are
hazardous to the environment (e.g., permits).
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https://images.app.goo.gl/CaXHuJEvgx3xSxcq7
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
METALWORKING FLUIDS
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
What are metalworking fluids?
Metalworking fluid (MWF) is the name given to a range of oils and other liquids that are
used to cool and/or lubricate metal workpieces when they are being machined, ground,
milled, etc. MWFs reduce the heat and friction between the cutting tool and the
workpiece, and help prevent burning and smoking. Applying MWFs also helps improve
the quality of the workpiece by continuously removing the fines, chips, and swarfs from
the tool being used and the surface of the workpiece. (Swarfs are the small pieces of
metal removed from a workpiece by a cutting tool.)
Are there different types of MWFs?
Yes. While there are many different components and additives in MWFs, there are four
basic classes.
1.Straight Oils: Also called "cutting" or "neat" oils. This type is made up of mineral
(petroleum), animal, marine, vegetable or synthetic oils. Today, the mineral oils are
"severely solvent refined" or "severely hydrotreated". These terms refer to refining
processes that help reduce the amount of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Straight oils are not diluted with water but other additives may be present.
2.Soluble Oils (emulsifiable oils): This category contains 30 to 85 percent severely
refined petroleum oils, as well as emulsifiers to disperse the oil in water.
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3. Semi-synthetic fluids: This category contains 5 to 30 percent severely refined
petroleum oils, 30 to 50 percent water and a number of additives.
4.Synthetic fluids: This category does not contain petroleum oils. Instead, they use
detergent-like components and other additives to help "wet" the workpiece.
Although each class will vary greatly in composition, each may contain additives such as
 Sulphurized or chlorinated compounds.
 Corrosion inhibitors (e.g., calcium sulfonate, sodium sulfonates, fatty acid soaps,
amines, boric acid).
 Extreme pressure additives (e.g., sulfurized fatty materials, chlorinated paraffins,
phosphorus derivatives).
 Anti-mist agents (e.g., polyisobutylene polymer).
 Anti-weld agents.
 Emulsifiers (e.g., triethanolamine, sodium petroleum sulphonates, salts of fatty acids
and non-ionic surfactants).
 Alkanolamines.
 Biocides (e.g., triazine compounds, oxazolidine compounds).
 Preservatives.
 Stabilizers.
 Dispersants.
 Defoamer.
 Colourants.
 Dyes.
 Odourants.
 Fragrances.
Does the composition of MWFs change with storage or use?
Yes.
When stored, nitrosamines can form while the fluid is stored for long periods of time.
Nitrosamines form slowly in the water-based MWFs and may be the result of interaction
of nitrites in the fluid, lining of the cans used for storage, or from nitrogen oxides in air.
Recycling MWFs can increase the problem if more reactants are added. The formation of
nitrosamines in the metalworking fluids is a concern since many nitrosamines are
classified as carcinogens.
When MWFs are used, a primary concern is the presence of contaminants that encourage
the growth of bacteria and fungi in water-based MWFs. The bacteria can degrade the
emulsions and change the properties of the MWFs. While biocides are added to reduce
the amount of microbial growth, the biocide products themselves have hazardous
properties.
Other sources of contamination include "tramp" oil - oil used for lubrication of the
machines, such as hydraulic oil, gear box oil, and other lubricants. Tramp oils that leak
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into the metalworking fluids can contribute to microbial growth in many ways, including
by being a source of nutrients for bacteria, and by creating various conditions for
anaerobic microbial growth.
MWFs are also contaminated by small particles of the metal or alloy objects (e.g., fines,
chips, swarfs) that come off the parts while they are being machined. Common metals
used include steel or alloys containing nickel, cobalt and chromium.
In addition, while the extent of the problem is not clear, there is the potential for straight
oils to be heated during use (usually at the site where the cutting tool works on the metal
workpiece), and the temperature may increase high enough to cause the formation of
polynuclear hydrocarbons (or polyaromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs).
MWFs may also be contaminated by water, cleaning products used for routine
housekeeping, or other products at the work site. Improper recycling of materials or the
addition of unspecified fluids (such as old lubricating oils) to the MWF will also change
the composition of fluid.
How do MWFs enter the body?
MWFs can enter the body when:
 The mist, aerosols, or vapour is inhaled. Exposure will depend on:
o What kind of machining being done.
o How the fluid is applied (e.g., manually with an oil can; flooded through a
hose or pipe, or atomized (aerosolized) and the mist directed where the tool
contacts the workpiece).
o How, or if, the machine is enclosed and ventilated. Higher exposures happen
when:
 The operator works close to the metalworking machine.
 The operations involve high-speed tools or deep cuts.
 The machines do not have an enclosed process.
 The ventilation is poor.
 It comes into contact with the skin. The risk of absorption through the skin is high
especially if there are cuts, rashes, cracks, or other breaks in the skin. Hands and arms
are most at risk if adequate precautions are not taken. Fluids can splash onto the skin
during machining, and can also occur when they are prepared or drained, when work
pieces are handled, when tools are being changed and set, and during maintenance or
cleaning operations. Rags or clothes soaked with MWF that are in constant contact
with the skin are also a concern (including when rags are placed in the pockets of
clothing).
 Ingested if you eat, drink or smoke at the workstation or without washing your hands
first.
What are health concerns about working with MWFs?
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MWFs have been associated with several health concerns. Contact dermatitis is the most
common skin condition reported. Symptoms include burning, itching, and blistery skin.
Inhalation of the mists may cause asthma and lung irritation (hypersensitivity
pneumonitis), chronic bronchitis, and impaired lung function.
There is also evidence that some MWFs are associated with an increased risk of certain
cancers such as larynx, rectum, pancreas, skin, scrotum, and bladder. Since the time
between exposure and the development of the disease is often more than 20 years, most
of the cancer cases associated with the use of MWFs are due to the exposure to MWFs
used in the mid 1970s or earlier. In the past few decades, substantial changes to the
composition of MWFs and reductions in the contaminants have occurred. As a result, the
risk of cancer from more recent exposures is not as clear.
Overall, the type and severity of the health problem depend on:
 What MWF is used.
 Degree and type of contamination to the MWF.
 The level (how much), duration (how long), and frequency (how often) of exposure.
The three major areas of concern (skin, respiratory and cancer) are described in more
detail below.
Skin
All types of MWFs can cause skin irritation. If you had severe eczema as a child, there is a
high risk that you will suffer dermatitis when exposed to MWFs.
Exposure occurs when hands are dipped into the fluid, or when a person handles the
parts, tools and equipment covered in fluid. Splashing is a concern if guarding is absent or
inadequate. Clothing contaminated with MWF, poor housekeeping, and poor personal
hygiene also contributes to skin exposure.
Irritant or allergic contact dermatitis is reported to occur from exposure to soluble,
semisynthetic, and synthetic MWFs. Dermatitis can be caused by:
 Bacteria and their by-products.
 Chemicals added to control bacteria (biocides).
 Chemicals added to control rust and corrosion.
 Contact with metal contaminants such as nickel, cobalt and chromium, which are
known sensitising agents.
Skin conditions associated with straight oils include:
•Folliculitis (inflammation of hair roots or follicles). Caused by prolonged and regular
contact with straight oils.
•Oil acne (red bumps with yellow pustules/ blisters filled with pus). Caused by skin
contact with oil soaked clothing. Can develop on various body parts: face, forearms,
thighs, legs, etc.
•Irritation. The small metal particles (fines and swarfs), generated while parts are
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machined, can damage the skin and make existing irritations worse.
In addition, the small metal particles (fines and swarfs) generated while parts are
machined can damage the skin and make existing irritations worse.
Skin conditions can become disabling if not treated or if the worker continues to work
with condition.
Respiratory
An increase in the number of work-related asthma, bronchitis, irritation of the respiratory
tract and breathing difficulties has been reported among those exposed to MWFs.
Exposure to mist, aerosol, and vapour can lead to the development of respiratory
conditions or can aggravate the existing ones.
It is not clear whether respiratory problems are caused by specific fluid components,
contaminants, products of microbial growth or degradation, or a combination of these
factors. For example, metalworking fluid-induced asthma is reported more consistently
with synthetic MWFs, but MWF-induced asthma can also occur with soluble and straight
fluids.
Again, the severity of exposure depends on proximity to the machine, and if the
operations involve high tool speeds and deep cuts, if the machine is enclosed, or if
ventilation equipment is working properly. High pressure or excessive fluid application,
contamination of fluid (with tramp oil), improper fluid selection, and poor maintenance
will also result in higher exposures.
Bacteria contamination can cause irritation of respiratory tracts or flu-like symptoms,
aggravate asthma, and irritate the eyes, nose and throat (causing a sore throat, red
watery itchy eyes, runny nose, nose bleeds, coughing wheezing, or shortness of breath).
For example, hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an allergic type reaction in the lungs
that may be caused by exposure to microbial products. HP is marked by chills, fever,
shortness of breath and a deep cough - similar to a cold that will not go away. If left
untreated, it can lead to irreversible lung damage.
Cancer
Cancers often associated with exposure to metalworking fluids include rectum, pancreas,
larynx, skin, scrotum, esophagus, and bladder. The National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the USA reports that studies were not highly consistent
regarding the specific types of cancer associated with MWFs. This uncertainty is likely due
to the wide variation in the types of MWFs and contaminants and the lack of detailed
exposure information.
Also, because the latency period (the time between first exposure and the discovery of
disease) for cancer is often 20 years or more, it is likely that the diseases studied recently
are associated with older formulations of MWFs (from the mid 1970s and earlier). For
example, fluids used before 1985 may have contained nitrites, mildly refined petroleum
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oils and other chemicals which were removed because of health concerns. Cancer risks
have likely been reduced, but there is not enough data yet to prove this theory.
Areas of concern for risk of cancer currently include:
 Unrefined mineral oils and contact with exposed skin (including oil-soaked clothing
and especially oily rags kept in pockets, which caused cancer of scrotum).
 Nitrites or nitrates and amines that cause the formation of nitrosamines when MWFs
are heated or under pressure. Certain nitrosamines, such as N-nitrosodiethanolamines
(NDELA), are known to be cancer causing agents.
 Some biocides release formaldehyde, a suspected carcinogen. Formaldehyde can also
speed up the formation of nitrosamines.
 Chlorinated paraffins are carcinogens (often used when extreme pressure is required).
They also form dioxin, another carcinogen.
How do you find out about the composition of a MWF?
The supplier/manufacturers of the fluid can provide you with the Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
which will provide information about the ingredients and health and safety hazards.
It is important to monitor the MWF for contamination, and to have good work practices
that help keep the fluids as free from contamination as possible.
How can you work safely with MWFs?
MWFs, in general, may contain any number and concentration of hazardous components.
The risk of exposure to these chemicals varies with the manufacturing process, as well as
changes such as refining, recycling, degradation, or using reclaimed chemicals, and
potential reactions between components.
Since there are so many varieties of MWFs, it is best to work with them safely and keep
exposures as low as possible, no matter which type is being used. Steps include:
 Obtain Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) from the supplier so you know exactly what type of
MWF you are working with and what precautions to take.
 Obtain technical bulletins that may provide additional health and safety information.
 Apply exposure control measures.
What are some exposure control measures?
Substitution
 Choose MWFs with the least toxic materials, whenever possible.
Engineering controls
Design and operation
Fine mists are created when the MWF stream breaks up during use and becomes
airborne, especially when the fluid is moved at a high speed or velocity. The small mist
droplets are easily suspended in air and are hard to contain or collect. To minimize the
amount of mist produced it is important to choose fluid delivery systems which release
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minimum amount of mist.
Ways to reduce the amount of mist include the following:
 Low pressure delivery of MWF.
 Addition of mist suppressants.
 Lower MWF flow rate.
 Covered fluid reservoirs and return system to prevent contamination.
 Proper machine maintenance (e.g., no leaks causing contamination).
 Interrupt (stop) the flow of MWF when a part is not being machined instead of the
fluid running continuously (e.g., feeding the machine with MWF only when parts are
being machined).
 Do not use compressed air to blow clean parts covered in MWF as the air pressure will
cause the fluid to become airborne.
 Effective ventilation
 Exhaust ventilation prevents accumulation and recirculation of contaminants
 Local exhaust (near the source) is the most effective
 Enclosed operations are easier to ventilate
 Isolation
 Install complete enclosures or splash guards, depending on the operation, to keep the
metalworking fluids contained and away from the operator.
 Proper use of biocides
 Use biocides according to supplier or manufacturer's directions. Overuse of biocides
can cause biocide-resistant strains to develop or another strain to overtake other
strains.
 Biocides themselves can cause either allergic or contact dermatitis.
Administrative controls
Good work practices include the following:
Proper maintenance of equipment
 Reduce the amount of contaminants into the MWFs, such as hydraulic oils and other
"tramp" oils, by keeping equipment in good working order.
 Make sure that all systems (ventilation, guarding, etc.) are maintained properly.
 Appropriate level of personal hygiene
 Stress the importance of personal hygiene. To maintain clean skin, be sure to wash
with gentle soaps, use clean water and towels and wear clean work clothes (those that
are not soaked in fluids).
 To prevent unintentional ingestion, do not eat, drink or smoke in the work area, and
always wash your hands before eating, drinking or smoking. Observe good hygiene wash your hands before and after you go to the bathroom.
 Barrier creams developed for specific hazards may offer a level of protection, but they
should not be substituted for good personal hygiene and chemical protective gloves.
The effectiveness of barrier creams has not been well documented. Some barrier
creams can actually make some skin conditions worse so they should only be applied
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to normal, healthy skin (that is, no cuts, rashes, scratches, etc.).
 Good housekeeping
 Maintain good housekeeping. Keep floors, equipment and the general work
environment clean. Use appropriate cleaning agents, work practices, and protective
clothing. All workers should be trained in how to clean MWFs properly.
 Spills should be cleaned immediately. Wastes, including floor wash water, should not
be dumped or swept into the MWF sumps or coolant return trenches. Solvent soaked
rags should be deposited in airtight metal containers.
 All machines should be cleaned and MWF changed periodically. When changing the
MWF, thoroughly clean the entire system to remove bacterial deposits.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Engineering controls are preferred before using PPE, but in certain situations, PPE may be
required. Employees should be trained to know when PPE are necessary, what PPE to
wear, how to wear and remove it properly, the limitations of the PPE, and its proper care
and maintenance.
PPE that may be required when working with metalworking machines and metalworking
fluids include those that provide protection from:
 Chemicals in the MWFs, cleaning fluids, etc.
 Flying metal particles (fines and swarfs).
 Sharp edged parts.
 High temperatures / hot parts that could produce burns.
 Falling objects.
 Machine noise.
For example, gloves, protective sleeves, aprons, eye protection (goggles and/or face
shields with safety goggles), chemical-resistant clothing, and caps may be
needed. However, in some situations, gloves may not be appropriate as they can get
tangled in moving parts or workpieces. A thorough hazard assessment of the task must
be done.
Respiratory protection that is classified as "resistant to oil" (class R) or oil proof (class P)
should be selected where appropriate. Depending on the level of airborne contaminants,
an air-purifying, half mask respirator (with HEPA filter) including disposable (P- or Rseries) (for oil mists less than 50 mg/m3), or any powered, air-purifying respirator
equipped with hood or helmet and HEPA filter (for oil mists less than 125 mg/m3).
Remember that there may be other hazards associated with the MWF. For example,
straight oil systems may also require fire protection. Read your SDS and technical
bulletins so that you know and understand the hazards of the products that you are
using, how to work safely with them, and what to do in case of spills or any emergency
situations.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
MIAE - GCS
NANOTECHNOLOGY
https://images.app.goo.gl/LZXU6JaGgCLjyUfX7
What is nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is a broad name given to a wide range of technologies and materials
that create, manipulate, or use particles that have one thing in common - their size.
Nanotechnology (or nanoscience) involves materials that are extremely small and have
dimensions roughly between 1 and 100 nanometres (nm). A nanometre is 1 billionth of a
metre.
To give you an idea of the scale of nanomaterials:
 A piece of paper is about 100,000 nm thick.
 A human hair is about 70,000 to 80,000 nm.
 A red blood cell is about 7,000 nm.
 A virus is about 10 to 100 nm.
While the exact definition of nanotechnology may vary, most research and studies have
concentrated on particles with at least one dimension of less than 100 nm.
NOTE: There are many types of nanomaterials - they can be particles, tubes, shells,
quantum dots, etc. Other terms are nanoparticles or ultra fine particles. For simplicity,
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we'll use the term nanomaterials to mean any or all of these types.
What does this document cover?
This OSH Answers document provides a brief summary about research into
nanotechnology. It focuses on the health and safety concerns when workers are exposed
during the manufacture and use of nanomaterials. It does not summarize concerns for
general exposure to consumers (e.g., when an individual uses a product for their personal
use).
Nanotechnology is a field that is quickly changing both in terms of how we use it, and in
our understanding of it. If you have concerns, you are encouraged to do further research
in scientific journals for the latest findings.
How is nanotechnology used?
Common uses currently include:
 Computer hard drives which use the magnetic properties of nanomaterials to store
more data on much smaller devices.
 Automotive applications such as rechargeable battery systems, sensors, or catalytic
converters on cars.
 Lightweight ballistic energy deflection for personal body armour.
 Medical applications such as "smart fabrics“ that can be equipped with nanoscale
sensors for health monitoring, and treatments such as burn and wound dressings, or
dental bonding agents.
 Transportation, aviation and space travel, especially the ability to create lighter weight
materials.
 Agriculture and nutrition systems.
 Water filtration systems.
 Coatings for easier cleaning, anti-glare, anti-reflective, antifog, antimicrobial, scratchresistance for eyeglasses, computer screens, camera displays, windows/ glass, etc.
 Sunscreens and cosmetics.
 Sports equipment such as longer-lasting tennis balls or lightweight, stronger baseball
bats.
 Treatments to create resistance to stains, wrinkling, and bacteria growth in clothing
and mattresses.
Research is also investigating using nanomaterials in medicines or treatments that will
target specific organs or be able to deliver medicine to exact locations within the body
(such as delivering drugs directly to cancer cells).
What are nanomaterials and how are they made?
Nanomaterials can be both naturally occurring and man-made.
Nanomaterials can be manufactured intentionally and specifically controlled to be a
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particular shape and size. Man-made nanomaterials are created by specific processes
that create purposely-built materials with certain properties. These processes can be
"top-down" where particles are milled to be smaller or "bottom-up" where the atoms
and molecules are arranged to create the nanomaterials. In some cases, the
nanomaterials can "self-assemble" such as carbon fragments that assemble into
nanotubes.
Ultrafine particle is a term sometimes used to describe nanomaterials that were not
intentionally produced - these are by-products of processes or they occur naturally.
Sources of ultrafine particles include:
 Combustion by-products (such as from welding, cooking, burning, diesel exhaust, etc).
 Viruses.
 Volcanic ash.
 Produced by plants and algae.
What makes nanomaterials unique?
Nanomaterials can have characteristics that are very different from when they are in their
larger (or "normal") form. Often, nanomaterials will be stronger, lighter, more reactive, or
conduct electricity in a different way.
It is important to note that a nanomaterial can have different properties than the same
material at a macro level. Nanomaterials have a higher surface area in proportion to their
mass. An increased surface area typically means the particle will be more reactive (such
as having an increased biologic activity by mass when compared to larger particles). This
effect can be either a positive or negative quality. It is a positive quality when the particle
displays antioxidant activity, or has the ability to carry drugs to specific organs or cells.
But, it can be a negative quality when the effect can increase toxicity, increase the
oxidative stress of a cell, or destroy the cell.
What are the health and safety concerns about nanotechnology?
It is a difficult question to answer as each nanomaterial (like each chemical) can have its
own unique effects. The effects of the nanomaterials are not only based on the chemical
characteristics - the shape, size, crystal structures, surface coatings, surface texture,
surface charge, surface reactivity, and other factors can all impact how the nanomaterials
might affect our health. In addition, the nano-sized material may not have the same
characteristics as its “normal” material (including when the nanomaterial created from
the same chemical or material). Nanomaterials are also being studied for their ability to
cause fires or explosions, or if they can play a role as a catalyst (a substance that causes
or accelerates a chemical reaction).
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in the United Kingdom cautions "In general, we do
not recommend that you rely on hazard information for 'similar' nanomaterials in your
risk assessment unless you have good data to confirm this approach is appropriate.“
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In 2010, the Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST)
reported the following:
"... the information available about the hazards specific to these substances is still very
fragmentary. The literature gives us very little information specific to NP [nanomaterials]
relating to their physical hazards like fires or explosions. As for health hazards, many
toxicological studies on different substances have demonstrated toxic effects on various
organs. It is found that in general, an NP will normally be more toxic than the same
chemical substance of larger dimensions, but it is currently impossible to determine
which measuring parameter for exposure is best correlated with the measured effects.
The evaluation of occupational exposure must therefore address a series of different
parameters, and the exposure data available are relatively rare. It should also be noted
that at the present time, attention is particularly focused on carbon nanotubes (CNT),
which seem to show, in different animal studies, toxicity similar to that of asbestos and
consequently causing great concern in the international scientific community, mainly
relating to prevention."
(From: Engineered Nanoparticles: Current Knowledge about OHS Risks and Prevention
Measures, Second Edition, IRSST.
This concern regarding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and other biopersistent high aspect ratio
nanomaterials (HARNs) is also noted by the HSE.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) reports concerns in the
following areas:
•changes in lung cells (in vitro) and tissue when exposed to carbon nanotubes
•pulmonary inflammation and neuro-immune responses when exposed to nano or
ultrafine titanium dioxide
•inflammatory response in rats when exposed to ultrafine carbon black nanomaterials
•adverse cardiovascular effects in mice when exposured to single-walled carbon
nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)
NIOSH also cautions that current occupational exposure limits for "normal" chemicals or
materials
may
not
equally
apply
to
related
nanomaterials.
(From: Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology, NIOSH
How do nanomaterials enter the body?
Nanomaterials appear to enter the body the same way other particles - through
inhalation, absorption through the skin, or ingestion.
In all cases, more studies are needed to determine the health concerns for humans. How
a nanomaterial enters the body and the effect it may have depends on many factors
including:
 Surface area
 Mass
 Solubility
 Composition / chemistry
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 Charge
 Shape
 Aggregation/agglomeration
Current research indicates the following:
Inhalation (respiratory)
Nanomaterials can be deposited in all areas of the respiratory tract depending on the size
and composition of that particular nanomaterial. They can also enter the blood and
lymph circulation systems and be distributed throughout the entire body. When in the
blood system, they can be taken up by the liver, spleen, bone marrow, heart and other
organs.
Skin
Nanomaterials can also cross the skin and possibly reach other organs. There are
indicators that particles can accumulate around hair follicles and when the follicle opens,
the particles can reach deeper levels.
There is also some animal study evidence that the nanomaterials may be able to enter
the body though nerves, usually the olfactory nerves and bulbs in the nose (the "nerves
of smell"), and move along the axons and neurons of the central nervous system.
Ingestion (digestive system)
While this area is not as well researched, early studies have shown nanomaterials tend to
pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are eliminated quickly. Again, this effect is
dependent on the properties of the specific nanomaterial.
How can exposure to nanomaterials be controlled?
As with any process, workers can be exposed through the manufacturing process, use and
handling, as well as the maintenance and clean up of the equipment.
The exposure potential depends on the following:
 Characteristics of the material
 Amount of the material
 Whether the particles are dry, in a solution, or encapsulated
 Degree of containment
 Duration of use
Control measures can be implemented using the hierarchy of control principles. First, try
to eliminate the exposure. If you are unable to eliminate the exposure, then engineering
solutions should be investigated including ventilation and source enclosures. NIOSH
states that "current knowledge indicates that a well-designed exhaust ventilation system
with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter should effectively remove
nanomaterials".
Education and training in safe handling is essential. Separate eating rooms and change
facilities are good options. While personal protective equipment (PPE) is being studied to
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determine if current models offer adequate protection from nanomaterials, use of such
equipment can be considered as part of a complete health and safety risk management
program. When any PPE is used, it should be done so as part of a complete PPE program.
Health monitoring may also be considered.
NIOSH indicates the following examples as areas or activities where exposure could
occur:
 Working with nanomaterials in liquid media without adequate protection (e.g., gloves).
 Working with nanomaterials in liquid during pouring or mixing operations, or where a
high degree of agitation is involved.
 Generating nanomaterials in non-enclosed systems.
 Handling (e.g., weighing, blending, spraying) powders of nanomaterials.
 Maintenance on equipment and processes used to produce or fabricate nanomaterials
and the cleaning-up of spills and waste material containing nanomaterials.
 Cleaning of dust collection systems used to capture nanomaterials.
 Machining, sanding, drilling, or other mechanical disruptions of materials containing
nanomaterials.
If nanomaterials are used in your facility, make the effort to find and understand the most
current research in this area. NIOSH encourages workplaces where employees may be
exposed to engineered nanomaterials to:
 Take prudent measure to control workers' exposures to nanomaterials.
 Conduct hazard surveillance as the basis for implementing controls.
 Continue use of established medical surveillance approaches.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
WOOD DUST - HEALTH EFFECTS
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
https://images.app.goo.gl/68JiJuLb5Co1fJsg9
Why is wood dust a health concern?
Exposure to wood dust has been associated with health issues due to the natural
chemicals in wood or substances in the wood, such as bacteria, moulds, or fungi.
Wood dust is considered carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) according to the
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC states that wood dust causes
cancer of the nasal cavity (nose area) and paranasal sinuses (spaces in and around the
nasal cavity) and of the nasopharynx (upper part of the throat, behind the nose).
Wood dust is also associated with toxic effects, irritation of the eyes, nose and throat,
dermatitis, and respiratory system effects which include decreased lung capacity and
allergic reactions.
NOTE: This document focuses on the health concerns associated with wood dust from
untreated wood. Wood dust is also a safety concern because it can cause a fire or
explosion. Please see the OSH Answers on Combustible Dusts for more information.
What activities are likely to produce wood dust?
Wood dust is created during all stages of wood processing such as sawing, routing,
sanding and other operations. Workers can also be exposed when the dust becomes
airborne such as when removing dust from furniture, maintenance activities, or when
cleaning equipment (e.g., emptying the bag from a dust extraction system or vacuum).
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What occupations are at increased risk for exposure to wood dust?
Some of the occupations at increased risk for exposure to wood dust include the
following:
 Workers employed in logging, sawmills, furniture, and cabinet making
 Carpenters
 Cleaning or maintenance staff – activities where wood dust is generated or
reintroduced
 Construction workers
 Shipbuilding workers
Fine dust that results from the processes such as shaping, routing and sanding are
associated with higher exposure levels. Hardwoods generally produce more dust than
softwoods when worked in similar conditions. Dry wood tends to produce more dust.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) notes that the chemicals
associated with allergic reactions are usually found in the inner parts of a tree, e.g., the
heartwood. The workers most often showing reactions are those who do secondary
wood processing (e.g., carpenters, joiners, and finishers).
How can exposure to wood dust be controlled?
 Know which type of wood is being used and all hazards associated with that wood.
 Substitute with another type of wood with no or fewer known health effects, where
possible.
 Reduce dust generation. For example, reduce the need to cut or shape the wood.
 Use an appropriately designed industrial ventilation system, including local ventilation
exhaust and the use of high-efficiency particulate (HEPA) filters. The design of the
ventilation system will depend on the equipment being used (sanders, shapers,
routers, saws, etc.).
 Use on-tool extraction systems.
 Keep tools and blades sharp. As tools dull, they may release more dust into the air.
 Be aware that significant exposure can happen when cleaning (e.g., emptying dust
bags) or maintaining equipment.
 Practice good housekeeping. Keep surfaces and floors clear.
 Use cleaning methods that reduce re-introducing the dust into the air. Use wet cleanup methods (e.g., wipe surfaces with a wet rag or mop) or use a vacuum with a HEPA
filter.
 Read, understand, and follow health and safety information on the safety data sheet
(where available and applicable).
 Provide appropriate education and training that informs employees about the hazards
of wood dust exposure, safe work procedures, how to identify when a ventilation
system is working appropriately, and the importance of control measures.
 Wear respiratory protection when appropriate.
 Use protective clothing and gloves to reduce skin exposure.
 Practice good personal hygiene (e.g., wash or shower to remove dust from the skin).
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Wash hands and face when finished a task, and before eating, drinking or smoking.
Clean clothes by washing or using a vacuum when washing facilities are not available.
 Bag and seal dust waste to prevent dust from re-entering the air.
 DO NOT use compressed air to blow the dust off of furniture, equipment or clothing.
 To prevent a combustible dust explosion, DO NOT allow wood dust to accumulate,
including on ledges, ceiling beams, light fixtures, hidden areas, etc.
If required, what respirators are recommended?
Use respirators as part of a personal protective equipment program. The National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends the following:
(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece
and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is
operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination
with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus.
Escape:
(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with an N100, R100, or P100
filter. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
APF = Assigned Protection Factor
Recommendations apply only to National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) approved respirators. Refer to the NIOSH Pocket Guide to
Chemical Hazards for more information.
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•Anti-fatigue Mats
•Back Belts
•Back Injury Prevention
•Conveyors - Ergonomics
•Driving and Ergonomics
•Exercises for a Healthy Back
•Exercises for a Healthy Back - Advanced
•Extended Workday: Health and Safety Issues
•Hand Tool Ergonomics (5)
•Lighting Ergonomics (4)
•Manual Materials Handling (MMH) (19)
•NIOSH Lifting Equation (revised) (5)
•Office Ergonomics (16)
•Pushing and Pulling - General
•Pushing and Pulling - Handcarts
•Rotational Shiftwork
•Shovelling
•Shovelling - Snow
•Working in a Sitting Position (7)
•Working in a Standing Position (2)
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS (CCOHS)
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Ergonomics is the science of matching the job to the worker and the product to
the user. This section covers situations such as lifting, lighting, office/desk set up,
etc. that may contribute to injury.
This section also includes information on health and safety concerns when
working shiftwork and extended workdays.
C C O H S considers the following fact sheets as part of the ergonomic hazards.
For more details on each of the elements listed below, please refer to the
website.
 Anti-fatigue Mats
 Back Belts
 Back Injury Prevention
 Conveyors - Ergonomics
 Driving and Ergonomics
 Exercises for a Healthy Back
 Exercises for a Healthy Back - Advanced
 Extended Workday: Health and Safety Issues
 Hand Tool Ergonomics (5)
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
 Lighting Ergonomics (4)
 Manual Materials Handling (MMH) (19)
 NIOSH Lifting Equation (revised) (5)
 Office Ergonomics (16)
 Pushing and Pulling - General
 Pushing and Pulling - Handcarts
 Rotational Shiftwork
 Shovelling
 Shovelling - Snow
 Working in a Sitting Position (7)
 Working in a Standing Position (2)
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Manual materials handling (MMH) means moving or handling things by lifting, lowering, pushing,
pulling, carrying, holding, or restraining. MMH is also the most common cause of occupational fatigue,
low back pain and lower back injuries.
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
LIFTING, PUSHING, PULLING
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Who uses pushing and pulling motions at work?
Workers use various pushing and pulling techniques in a wide range of activities,
such as:
 using manual carts and trucks
 sliding objects such as cartons on flat surfaces (tables, floors, etc.)
 operating tools and controls
 opening and closing doors
 wrapping or enclosing objects in packaging materials
Are there any "limits" for the amount of force one should exert?
Because of the complex nature of body motion during pushing and pulling, no
numerical standard has yet been developed that can be directly applied in
industry.
Many factors affect the amount of force that a worker can develop in a horizontal
push and pull:
 body weight and strength
 height of force application
 direction of force application
 distance of force application from the body
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 different positions (standing, kneeling, overhead, and seated)
 posture (bending forward or leaning backward)
 friction coefficient (amount of friction or grip between floors and shoes, as well
as between the loand and the ground)
 duration and distance of push or pull
Numerical values for various limits are listed on the website.
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LIGHTING
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
Whether in industrial or office settings, proper lighting makes all work tasks easier. Appropriate lighting
can reduce eye fatigue and headaches, increase the visibility of safety hazards, and decrease the
chance of accidents and injuries from momentary low field vision.
Why is lighting important?
Whether in industrial or office settings, proper lighting makes all work tasks
easier. People receive about 85 percent of their information through their sense of
sight. Appropriate lighting, without glare or shadows, can reduce eye fatigue and
headaches; it can prevent workplace incidents by increasing the visibility of
moving machinery and other safety hazards. Good quality lighting also reduces
the chance of incidents and injuries from "momentary blindness" (momentary low
field vision due to eyes adjusting from brighter to darker, or vice-versa,
surroundings).
The ability to "see" at work depends not only on lighting but also on:
 The time to focus on an object. Fast moving objects are hard to see.
 The size of an object. Very small objects are hard to see.
 Brightness. Too much or too little reflected light makes objects hard to see.
 Contrast between an object and its immediate background. Too little contrast
makes it hard to distinguish an object from the background.
Can electric lighting affect what we "see" as the colours of an object?
Yes.
The "colour" of an object actually depends upon the colour composition of the
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light itself as well as the colours of the light that the object reflects and absorbs.
Natural sunlight is made up of all the colours of the rainbow (spectrum): red,
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Most electric lights do not "make" of
all these colours even though the lights appear to be emitting "white" or "normal"
light. In fact, different lights give different colour rendering characteristics. As a
result, the true colour of an object can only be determined when viewed under
sunlight or under lighting, such as full spectrum lighting, that has the same
spectral composition as sunlight.
For most work situations, colour rendering is not an issue. However, full spectrum
lighting may be needed when colour judgement is important; for example, in a
fabric manufacturing or sewing environment.
How do you check and correct for poor contrast?
 Look for areas with great differences in light levels.
 Look for objects that are hard to distinguish from the background.
 Look for reading materials and monitors where it is hard to make out the print or
characters from the background.
 To correct for poor contrast:
 Increase the contrast between objects and the background. Use ink pens rather
than pencils, and white paper rather than grey. Adjust the monitor, brightness
and contrast controls.
 Decrease reflected glare. Use matte finishes on surfaces and move shiny
objects out of view.
 Use contrasting colours for objects and the background. Paint stationary and
moving machine parts in contrasting colours to improve visibility and decrease
the risk of an incident
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SITTING, STANDING, …
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Continuous standing or sitting while working is a common source of discomfort and fatigue. Frequent
changes of body positions, a well-designed workstation, taking rest breaks, and stretching all help to
avoid health problems.
Anti-fatigue Mats
Conveyors - Ergonomics
Office Ergonomics - Sit/Stand Desk
Working in a Sitting Position
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
Health and Safety Fact Sheets (OSH Answers)
Working in a Standing Position
Ergonomic interventions—ranging from anti-fatigue mats and conveyor design to
posture variation and workstation setup—play a critical role in preventing
musculoskeletal injuries. By promoting neutral postures, reducing repetitive strain, and
integrating job design with worker comfort, ergonomics enhances safety, productivity,
and long-term health in the workplace.
Ergonomic Strategies: Key Workplace Interventions
1. Anti-Fatigue Mats
• Purpose: Designed to reduce fatigue for workers who stand for long periods on hard
surfaces. Materials include rubber, vinyl, carpeting, and wood
• Benefits: Help decrease lower limb discomfort, though standing itself remains
strenuous
• Optimal Use: Combine with changes in posture, supportive footwear, and resilient
flooring such as wood or cork
• Caution: Poor installation may increase trip risks
2. Conveyor Ergonomics
• Height Matters: Optimal conveyor height ranges from 65 to 120 cm; adjust based on
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task type and the worker’s body dimensions.
• Body Positioning: Ensure reach zones (within 45 cm) are ergonomic, avoid twisting or
leaning—consider diverters to minimize strain.
• Workspace Design: Allow leg clearance, manage aisle widths, and reduce grip strain
via tool balancers or accessible shelving.
3. Office Ergonomics – Sit/Stand Desk
• Set-up Guidance: Desk surface should align at elbow height; keyboards/mice align
flexibly as when seated. Monitor should be eye level or slightly below.
• Discomfort Mitigation: Use anti-fatigue mats and supportive footwear when standing;
alternate postures with footrests to shift weight.
• Alternate Positions: No ideal duration—rotate between sitting and standing (e.g. every
20–60 minutes) and take frequent breaks.
4. Working in a Sitting Position
• Neutral Posture is Key: Maintain hips, knees, ankles at ~90° angles, with lumbar
support and upright posture.
• Avoid Poor Habits: Don’t slouch, cross legs excessively, or lift shoulders. Allow for
movement and adjust furniture to support ergonomics.
5. Working in a Standing Position
• Flooring & Footwear: Use cushioned, resilient floors like cork or rubber. Avoid thick
foam mats that increase fatigue and trip hazards.
• Select Supportive Shoes: CSA-rated, arch-supported footwear with modest heel can
improve comfort and reduce strain.
Health and Safety Fact Sheets (OSH Answers)
 Anti-fatigue Mats
 Conveyors – Ergonomics
 Office Ergonomics - Sit/Stand Desk
 Working in a Sitting Position
 Working in a Standing Position
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
44
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS (MSDS)
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are a group of painful disorders of muscles, tendons, and nerves.
Injuries can result from overuse and develop over time. Work activities which are frequent and
repetitive, or activities with awkward postures cause these disorders which may be painful during work
or at rest.
What are work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs)?
• Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a group of painful
disorders of muscles, tendons, and nerves. Examples include carpal tunnel
syndrome, tendinitis, thoracic outlet syndrome, and tension neck syndrome.
• For the purpose of developing injury prevention strategies, many health and
safety agencies include only disorders that develop gradually and are caused
by the overuse of the above constituents of the musculoskeletal system. The
traumatic injuries of the muscles, tendons, and nerves due to accidents are
generally not considered to be WMSDs. However, some organizations, such
as the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work and the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), include acute traumas
and fractures within the WMSD group.
• This document will discuss injuries resulting from overuse and those that
develop over time. Frequent and repetitive work activities or activities with
awkward postures cause these disorders, which may be painful during work or
at rest.
• Almost all work requires the use of the arms and hands. Therefore, most
WMSDs affect the hands, wrists, elbows, neck, and shoulders. Work using the
legs can lead to WMSD of the legs, hips, ankles, and feet. Some back
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
problems also result from repetitive activities.
What are the risk factors for WMSDs?
WMSDs arise from movements such as bending, straightening, gripping, holding,
twisting, clenching, and reaching. These common movements are not particularly
harmful in the ordinary activities of daily life. What makes them hazardous in work
situations is the continual repetition, often in a forceful manner, the speed of the
movements, and the lack of time for recovery. WMSDs are associated with work
patterns that include:
 Fixed or constrained body positions.
 Continual repetition of movements.
 Force concentrated on specific parts of the body, such as the hand or wrist.
 A pace of work that does not allow sufficient recovery between movements.
WMSDs commonly occur as a result of a combination and interaction among
these factors.
Heat, cold, and vibration also contribute to the development of WMSDs.
To read more about the WMSD risk factors, visit our OSH Answers
document Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) - Risk Factors.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
45
OFFICE
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
Working in an office may seem harmless but musculoskeletal injuries can develop over time, especially
for workers who spent the majority of their time sitting and typing in front of a computer.
How should a sit/stand desk be set up?
Maintain a neutral body position when both sitting and standing:
 Hands, wrists, and forearms are straight, in-line and roughly parallel to the
floor.
 Head is level, forward facing, and balanced. Generally speaking, the head is
in-line with the torso.
 Erect or upright spine.
 Shoulders are relaxed and upper arms hang normally at the side of the body.
 Elbows stay close to the body and are bent at about 90 degrees.
 No twisting of the upper torso.
 The in-line sight is between the horizontal and 30 degrees below the horizontal
(i.e., when viewing the monitor, the monitor is at eye level or slightly below eye
level).
 For information about ergonomics for sitting positions, please see the OSH
Answers documents on Working in a Sitting Position and Office Ergonomics.
 When the desk is in the standing position, be sure that:
 The platform height is approximately at your standing elbow position (e.g., your
arms are in the same position as they would be if you were sitting).
 The keyboard and mouse are aligned as you would when you are sitting.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
 The height of the monitor should still be between horizontal and 35 degrees
below.
 Wear supportive footwear.
 Consider the use of an anti-fatigue mat, where appropriate.
 Use a footrest when standing to help shift your weight as needed, or shift your
weight from leg to leg occasionally.
 Make sure that any cables, electrical access, storage of materials, and general
layout do not make adjusting the desk difficult.
How long should a person sit or stand?
Recommendations vary from sitting for 1 hour and standing for 5 minutes, to
switching between sitting and standing for 20, 30, 45, or 60 minutes. Your health
professional may also make recommendations. The key factor is to alternate your
position as needed. Allow time for your body to adjust to your new routine. Early
studies have indicated that some users tend to return to sitting for the majority of
the time after the initial trial period of time. To achieve the benefits of being able to
alternate body positions, be sure to continue to do so.
Remember, it is also important to still take breaks away from the computer
to help alleviate eye strain and to vary the position of the head, upper body,
arms, and hands.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
46
SHIFTWORK
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
A reality for about 25 percent of North American workers, shiftwork can disrupt workers' family and
personal lives and lead to health problems including chronic fatigue and gastrointestinal disorders.
Many experts have also blamed rotating shifts for the "human error" connected with some accidents.
In general, what are some advantages and disadvantages of extended workdays?
Work schedules are important for both the organization and the worker. They
affect the worker's health, safety, and family and social life.
Many hospital, industrial, transportation, mining and office organizations use the
extended workday. The decision to set up longer work shifts (up to 12 hours or
more) should not be made lightly.
The following are examples of the pros and cons of this issue:
Advantages
 More days off and more consecutive days off
 More family and leisure time
 More rest days to recover from fatigue
 Fewer consecutive workdays
 Improved morale
 Increased job satisfaction
 Reduced absenteeism
 Reduced time of commuting
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Disadvantages
 More days off and more consecutive days off
 Workers lose touch with their co-workers or team operations
 Long travelling time after a longer work day may add to fatigue
 Fatigue can lead to a decline in safety and alertness
 Workers need more breaks
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
47
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS (CCOHS)
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Many workplace hazards have the potential to harm workers' short- and longterm health, resulting in diseases, disorders and injuries.
C C O H S considers the following:
 Pandemics
 Biological
 Diseases, Disorders, Injuries
 Mould
 Zoonotic Diseases
We will be looking into:
 Biological
 Mould
 Zoonotic Diseases
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
48
BIOLOGICAL
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
Sources of biological hazards may include bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals, and
humans. These sources can cause a variety of health effects ranging from skin irritation and allergies
to infections (e.g., tuberculosis, AIDS), and cancer.
Sources of biological hazards may include bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds,
animals, and humans. These sources can cause a variety of health effects
ranging from skin irritation and allergies to infections (e.g., tuberculosis, AIDS),
and cancer.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
49
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
INDOOR AIR QUALITY - MOLDS AND FUNGI
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Why does mould grow in homes or buildings?
Moulds and fungi are found in nature and are necessary for the breakdown of
leaves, wood and other plant debris. These micro-organisms can enter a building
directly or by their spores being carried in by the air. In a home or building,
moulds and fungi are usually found growing on wood, drywall
(plaster/gypsum/Sheetrock®), upholstery, fabric, wallpaper, drapery, ceiling tiles,
and carpeting.
The key factor is moisture because moulds and fungi need it to grow. As a result,
moulds and fungi are most often found in basements, kitchens and bathrooms.
In modern buildings, moisture may be present as the result of:
 Flooding.
 Leaks in the roof/basement or plumbing
 Sealed buildings that do not allow excess moisture to escape.
 Sources such as cooking facilities, showers, bathtubs, etc.
 Excess humidity.
* In this document, the term mould will be used to mean any types of mould
(mold), mildew, yeasts, and fungi.
How do moulds contribute to health problems?
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
The presence of mould does not always mean that health problems will occur.
However, for some people the inhalation of the mould, fragments of the moulds, or
spores can lead to health problems or make certain health conditions worse.
In addition, many of these moulds make "mycotoxins". Mycotoxins are metabolites
or by-products from the moulds that have been identified as being toxic to
humans. These toxins can lead to allergic or respiratory problems.
In general, the most commonly reported symptoms include:
 Eye, nose, and throat irritation.
 Cough or congestion.
 Aggravation of asthma.
 Fatigue.
 Headaches.
 Difficulty concentrating.
Moulds can also exacerbate (make worse) the symptoms of allergies including
wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath as well as nasal congestion and
eye irritation. People who are immuno-suppressed, or recovering from surgery are
usually more susceptible to health problems from moulds.
What can I do to prevent mould contamination?
Moulds can grow almost everywhere and on any substance when moisture is
present. Thus, the best method of prevention is to reduce the amount of moisture.
First, determine the source of the moisture, and eliminate the problem.
Keep the relative humidity between 30% and 50%. To accomplish this goal,
prevention measures include:
 Vent showers and other moisture generating sources directly to the outside.
 Control humidity with air conditioners and/or dehumidifiers*.
 Use exhaust fans when cooking, dishwashing, or laundering (especially in the
food service or laundry areas) or when cleaning large areas.
 Insulate cold surfaces to prevent condensation on piping, windows, exterior
walls, roofs and floors where possible.
 Keep the building and the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
systems in good repair.
 Clean up any floods or spills immediately (within 24-48 hours). See below for
more information on cleaning, etc.
 For floors and carpets, remove spots or stains immediately. Reduce the amount
of water used when cleaning carpets as much as possible.
 Do not install carpet around fountains, sinks, bathtubs, showers or directly on
top of concrete floors that are prone to leaks or frequent condensation.
• It is important to remember that when using air conditioners and dehumidifiers
to keep them in good condition. Empty any water collectors regularly so this
water does not contribute to the moisture problem! If you use humidifiers, make
sure that they are cleaned regularly.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
What should I look for during an inspection?
A visual inspection is the most reliable method of identifying mould problems. The
most common signs of water damage will be discolouration and staining. Moulds
will most often appear as dark spots, stains or patches.
While conducting the inspection, be sure to look at, in, or under the following
places:
 Ceiling tiles.
 Walls including plaster, wallpaper, and condition of drywall (Sheetrock®,
gypsum wall board).
 Cardboard or paper.
 Floors.
 Window sills.
 Insulation.
 Carpet.
 Furniture (condition of fabric, upholstery, etc.).
 If possible, look behind duct work and walls (a mirror will help).
Also look for standing water - puddles of water around and under sinks, tubs, drip
pans for dehumidifiers, air conditioners, and refrigerators that can be contributing
to the moisture in the building and provide conditions where mould can grow.
Note that Health Canada, “in accord with other public health organizations, does
not recommend testing the air for mould. An air test does not provide information
on health and does not address the cause of mould damage in the house. You
also do not need to know the type of mould present in order to remove it.“
Monitoring devices are available which can measure the moisture level of drywall,
wood, etc. These devices will help indicate whether or not moisture levels exist
that would promote the growth of mould.
How should I clean up the mould?
Always find out why moisture was present and fix the underlying problem. In
general, once mould has been discovered, it is recommended that porous
materials such as dry wall, ceiling tiles, fabric, books, paper, cardboard, etc. be
thrown out and replaced rather than cleaned whenever possible. It may be
necessary to throw away carpets, cushions, furnishings, mattresses, pillows,
stuffed toys or bedding that cannot be properly cleaned. Non-porous materials
such as metal, glass, hard plastic and semi-porous materials such as wood and
concrete can be cleaned and reused (if structurally sound).
Cleaning should be done using soap or detergent. Do not generate dust while
cleaning. Use a High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter when vacuuming.
How to clean the mould depends of the size or extent of the damage. Before
beginning any clean up, ensure that people doing the work have received
appropriate training, including how to use respiratory protection.
The following are general steps to help deal with mould issues. You may need to
call a professional or contractor with experience dealing with moisture issues and
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
50
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
mould. When dealing with mould in homes, most people can generally clean a
small or moderate area themselves with soap and water. If the area is large or if
the mould reappears after you have cleaned it, consider hiring professional help.
Small Isolated Areas (1-3 patches of mould, each less than 1 square
metre/10 square feet) (e.g., ceiling tiles, small areas on walls):
 Use respiratory protection (e.g., N-95 disposable respirator) as well as rubber
gloves and eye protection.
 Remove any materials, where possible, that will be difficult to clean afterwards
or seal/cover with plastic sheeting and tape to prevent the spread of dust and
mould particles.
 Clean or mist surfaces with dilute soap or detergent solution. A damp cloth with
baking soda may also work. Do not let the drywall get too wet.
 Avoid creating dusts.
While the clean-up is being done, the area should only be used by those involved
in the clean-up.
For medium sized areas (more than 3 patches of mould or if patches are
between 1-3 square metres/ 10-32 square feet):
 Use, at minimum, a disposable N-95 respirator as well as glove and eye
protection. A half-face or full-face air purifying respirator (APRs) equipped with
P100 filter cartridges, or high-efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA) respirator
will provide a higher level of protection.
 The work area should be unoccupied (except for those directly involved in the
clean-up).
 Seal floors, pathways, ventilation and other openings with plastic sheeting. It
may be necessary to shut down the HVAC to properly seal vents.
 Dust suppression methods such as misting the surface lightly before cleaning is
recommended.
 Clean the area with water and soap or detergent.
 Area should be dry and free of any visible contamination when the work is
completed.
For larger areas or areas of high contamination (greater than 3 square
metres/32 square feet):
While large remediation projects should be done by trained professionals, some
good work practices include:
 Persons working in this situation have appropriate training in disposal and
removal the biological contamination.
 Use a full face high-efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA) respirator, full-face air
purifying respirator (APRs) equipped with P100 filter cartridges, or a full-face,
powered air purifying respirator (PAPR), as appropriate, plus appropriate glove
and eye protection.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
50
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
 Wear disposable protective clothes such as coveralls, head cover and shoes.
 Isolate the area from the rest of the working space with plastic sheeting and by
sealing ventilation ducts and other openings. Shut down the HVAC to properly
seal vents.
 Use an exhaust fan with a HEPA filter to create a negative pressure in the
space.
 The work area should be unoccupied (except for those directly involved in the
clean-up).
 Use procedures that include dust suppression methods.
 Discarded materials should be sealed in plastic bags for disposal. HEPA
vacuum or wipe the sides of the bags before carrying outside of the sealed
area.
 The contained area, as well as the entrance to it, should be HEPA vacuumed
and cleaned with a detergent solution. Workers should remove disposable
clothing to prevent tracking of mould-containing dusts outside of the work area.
If the contamination is in the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
(HVAC) system:
 Small amounts of contamination can be cleaned as above for small surface
areas. Large scale contaminations should be handled by trained professionals.
 The HVAC system should be turned off during cleaning.
 All areas should be dried before the system is turned on again.
 Biocide products are available for various HVAC components such as
condensation pans and cooling coils. Check with the manufacture for
specifications and for handling instructions.
 The work area should be HEPA vacuumed and cleaned with a detergent
solution.
Precautions:
 The use of chemical disinfectants such as chlorine (bleach) for remedial
purposes is not recommended.
 The use of chemical disinfectants can pose health concerns for people in
occupied spaces of the building.
 Vacuuming may increase exposure to mould and spores by making them
airborne. Central vacuums that exhaust to the outside, or those equipped with
high-efficiency particulate air filters (HEPA) will minimize this exposure.
 No special requirements are necessary for the disposal of mouldy materials
although it is recommended that the materials be sealed in plastic bags if
possible.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
Aerospace Engineering - Gina Cody School of
Engineering and Computer Science
50
ZOONOTIC DISEASES
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
Zoonotic diseases, such as West Nile virus infection, rabies, avian flu, and Lyme disease, are spread
to humans through contact with infected animals, the environment, or contaminated food or water.
Workers who may be at risk include those in outdoor occupations or who have contact with animals,
including veterinarians, groundskeepers and workers involved in landscaping, construction, forestry,
farming, and wildlife management.
Zoonotic diseases, such as West Nile virus infection, rabies, avian flu, and Lyme
disease, are spread to humans through contact with infected animals, the
environment, or contaminated food or water. Workers who may be at risk include
those in outdoor occupations or who have contact with animals, including
veterinarians, groundskeepers and workers involved in landscaping, construction,
forestry, farming, and wildlife management.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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51
DISEASES, DISORDERS, INJURIES
A wide range of conditions may result from exposure in the workplace. Examples include asthma,
cancer, carpal tunnel syndrome, farmer's lung, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and many others. There are also
conditions that may impact a workplace such as colds and flu.
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Diabetes in the Workplace
Alzheimer's Disease and Aluminum
Exposure
Dupuytren's Contracture
Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis
(MDR-TB)
Farmer's Lung
Occupational Cancer
Anthrax
Ganglion Cyst
Rabies
Asthma, Work-related
Hepatitis A
Raynaud's Phenomenon
Bursitis
Hepatitis B
Sarcoidosis
Cancer Sites Associated with
Occupational Exposures
Hepatitis C
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
(Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis)
Skin Cancer and Sunlight
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Diseases
HIV/AIDS
Tendon Disorders
Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome
Tennis Elbow
Common Cold
Latex Allergy
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
De Quervain's Disease
Legionnaires' Disease
West Nile Virus
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
Lyme Disease
Acne
Key Message
Workplace exposures can cause or aggravate a wide variety of diseases, ranging
from respiratory illnesses and cancers to musculoskeletal disorders and
infectious diseases. Recognizing these conditions is critical for both prevention
and early intervention.
Extended Summary
Occupational diseases are illnesses directly linked to workplace exposures, job
tasks, or occupational environments. Unlike acute injuries, these conditions often
develop slowly over time or manifest after long-term exposure. They represent a
significant part of occupational health because they illustrate how hazards can
affect not just immediate safety but long-term well-being.
Examples of occupational diseases and conditions include:
• Respiratory diseases: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), farmer’s lung, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, tuberculosis (including
MDR-TB), SARS.
• Cancers: occupational cancers tied to asbestos, silica, diesel exhaust, UV
exposure, and specific occupational carcinogens (skin cancer, lung cancer,
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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Engineering and Computer Science
52
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
•
•
•
•
•
other organ sites).
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs): carpal tunnel syndrome, tendon
disorders, bursitis, tennis elbow, De Quervain’s disease, Dupuytren’s
contracture, thoracic outlet syndrome, hypothenar hammer syndrome.
Infectious diseases: HIV/AIDS, hepatitis A, B, C, rabies, Legionnaires’
disease, Lyme disease, West Nile virus.
Skin and allergy conditions: latex allergy, acne, dermatitis, and
photosensitivity-related skin cancers.
Neurological and systemic conditions: Alzheimer’s disease potentially linked
to aluminum exposure, diabetes in the workplace, Raynaud’s phenomenon,
sarcoidosis, ganglion cysts.
General illnesses impacting workplaces: colds, flu, which—while not always
occupational—affect productivity and workplace health planning.
Occupational health significance:
• These diseases illustrate the range of hazards workers face: chemical,
biological, ergonomic, and physical.
• Prevention requires hazard identification, exposure control, surveillance
programs, and worker education.
• Early recognition can reduce progression and severity. For example, workplace
asthma may be reversible if caught early and exposure eliminated.
• Occupational diseases also highlight the importance of WHMIS, SDS use, and
workplace hygiene measures.
Academic
perspective:
This category connects toxicology, epidemiology, ergonomics, and infection
control under the broader framework of occupational health. It shows that
occupational hazards are not isolated but integrated into long-term health
outcomes.
The O H S current module will only list the associated topics:
 Acne
 Alzheimer's Disease and Aluminum Exposure
 Anthrax
 Asthma, Work-related
 Bursitis
 Cancer Sites Associated with Occupational Exposures
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
 Common Cold
 De Quervain's Disease
 Diabetes in the Workplace
 Dupuytren's Contracture
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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52
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS






















Farmer's Lung
Ganglion Cyst
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
HIV/AIDS
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis)
Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome
Latex Allergy
Legionnaires' Disease
Lyme Disease
Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
Occupational Cancer
Rabies
Raynaud's Phenomenon
Sarcoidosis
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Skin Cancer and Sunlight
Tendon Disorders
Tennis Elbow
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
West Nile Virus
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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Engineering and Computer Science
52
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS (CCOHS)
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
This paragraph talks about stress, violence, bullying, and other behaviors in the
context of a workplace environment.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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53
STRESS
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Workplace stress is the harmful physical and emotional responses that can happen when there is a
conflict between job demands on the employee and the amount of control an employee has over
meeting these demands.
Employee Assistance Programs (EAP)
Work-Life Balance
Workplace Stress - General
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
Resources available to those in need:
Key Message
Workplace stress arises when the demands of a job exceed the worker’s ability or
control to meet them. Chronic stress is not only a mental health issue but also a
significant occupational hazard, linked to absenteeism, burnout, and physical
illness.
Extended Summary
Workplace stress occurs when there is a mismatch between job demands and
the resources or autonomy available to employees. While short-term stress can
sometimes enhance performance, prolonged or unmanaged stress leads to
harmful physical, psychological, and organizational consequences.
Causes of workplace stress include:
• Heavy workloads or unrealistic deadlines.
• Low control over work tasks or decision-making.
• Lack of support from supervisors or colleagues.
• Job insecurity, unclear expectations, or organizational change.
• Poor work-life balance and extended working hours.
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Consequences of workplace stress:
• Physical health: headaches, sleep disorders, cardiovascular disease.
• Psychological health: anxiety, depression, irritability, burnout.
• Workplace impacts: absenteeism, presenteeism (being at work
unproductive), high turnover, decreased morale.
but
Resources and supports available:
• Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs): Confidential counseling and support
services for employees and families.
• Work-Life Balance strategies: Flexible scheduling, adequate breaks, and
organizational culture that respects personal time.
• Stress management education: Training in coping strategies, time
management, and resilience.
Organizational responsibility: Employers must recognize workplace stress as a
legitimate occupational health concern. Through job design, workload
management, clear communication, and access to support programs,
organizations can help mitigate stress. Academically, workplace stress is analyzed
within models of occupational health psychology, linking psychosocial hazards to
measurable health and safety outcomes.
Resources available to those in need:
 Employee Assistance Programs (EAP)
 Work-Life Balance
 Workplace Stress - General
Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
MIAE - GCS
VIOLENCE / BULLYING
Most people think of workplace violence and bullying as acts of physical assault. However, it is a much
broader problem, consisting of any act in which a person is abused, threatened, intimidated, assaulted,
degraded, or humiliated in his or her employment.
Violence and Harassment in the Workplace -
Bullying in the Workplace
Internet Harassment or Cyberbullying
Violence and Harassment in the Workplace
Violence and Harassment in the Workplace Dealing with Negative Interactions
Family (Domestic) Violence
Violence and Harassment in the Workplace Legislation
Violence and Harassment in the Workplace Parking Lot Safety
Violence and Harassment in the Workplace Warning Signs
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
Resources available to those in need:
Violence and Harassment in the Workplace Working Late
Key Message
Workplace violence and bullying go beyond physical assault. They encompass
any act of abuse, threat, intimidation, or humiliation that compromises an
employee’s dignity and safety. Addressing these hazards requires awareness of
warning signs, supportive resources, and strong organizational policies.
Extended Summary
While physical violence is often the first association, workplace violence is much
broader, including psychological harassment, bullying, cyberbullying, intimidation,
and even domestic violence that extends into the workplace. Such behaviours
can result in serious health consequences—stress, anxiety, depression, reduced
productivity, and long-term psychological harm.
Forms of workplace violence and harassment include:
• Bullying and humiliation: Repeated hostile behaviours, verbal abuse, or
exclusion.
• Cyberbullying / internet harassment: Using technology to threaten, degrade,
or intimidate.
• Domestic (family) violence: Situations where personal abuse spills over into
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the workplace.
• Environmental risks: Unsafe conditions such as poorly lit parking lots or
isolated work during late shifts, which increase vulnerability.
• Negative interactions: Daily conflicts or toxic behaviours that, if unaddressed,
escalate into violence.
Warning signs may include sudden behavioural changes, increased aggression,
withdrawal, or visible fear among employees. Proactive recognition can prevent
escalation.
Employer responsibilities under Canadian occupational health and safety
legislation include:
• Developing clear policies against workplace violence and harassment.
• Conducting risk assessments and implementing controls (e.g., parking lot
lighting, secure entrances, safe late-work protocols).
• Providing training for employees and supervisors on recognizing, reporting, and
managing incidents.
• Offering support resources such as Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs),
counseling, and confidential reporting channels.
In summary, workplace violence is not just a personal issue but an organizational
hazard requiring systemic prevention, open communication, and legal compliance.
Resources available to those in need:
 Bullying in the Workplace
 Internet Harassment or Cyberbullying
 Violence and Harassment in the Workplace
 Violence and Harassment in the Workplace Dealing with Negative Interactions
 Violence and Harassment in the Workplace - Family
(Domestic) Violence
 Violence and Harassment in the Workplace Legislation
 Violence and Harassment in the Workplace Parking Lot Safety
 Violence and Harassment in the Workplace Department of Mechanical, Industrial &
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Warning Signs
 Violence and Harassment in the Workplace Working Late
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS (CCOHS)
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Safety hazards include tools, machinery, materials, handling, tractors, welding,
etc. Also covered are prevention of slips, trips and falls, as well as driving tips and
working safely with compressed air.
 Driving
 Electrical
 Forklifts
 Garages
 Ladders
 Machinery
 Material Handling
 Platforms
 Slips, trips and falls
 Tools
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Drivers - Distance (General)
Driving - Using Cellular Telephones and Other
Devices
Driving and Ergonomics
Road Work - Traffic Control Person
Road Work - Backing Up Safely
Road Work - Traffic Control Zone
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
A lot can happen when you're behind the wheel of a car
or truck. Learn about common driving hazards and
distractions,
seasonal
factors,
ergonomic
considerations, and more.
MIAE - GCS
DRIVING
Key Message
Driving at work involves various hazards—including distractions, ergonomics,
seasonal road conditions, and vehicle maintenance—that increase the risk of
injury and accidents. Proactive planning, proper training, and ergonomic
adjustments are essential to reducing these risks.
Extended Summary
Many workplace injuries and accidents occur while operating vehicles, whether
cars, trucks, or specialized industrial transport. Key hazard areas include:
• Distractions such as mobile phone use, eating, grooming, or adjusting
devices, which significantly impair driver focus and reaction time.
• Ergonomic strain, including lower back pain, neck stiffness, foot cramps, and
shoulder discomfort, is common among professionals who drive extensively
due to poor posture, vibration, and prolonged static positions.
• Seasonal and environmental factors—rain, snow, ice, slippery leaves, early
darkness—pose added risk. Measures like winter tires, chains, and vehicle
preparation help mitigate these hazards.
• Vehicle and route planning: efficient route selection, appropriate shift
scheduling, safe driving policies, and regular vehicle inspections help prevent
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
incidents.
By combining safe work procedures, vibration-mitigating ergonomic setups,
appropriate protective equipment (like high-visibility clothing), and rest protocols,
employers and workers can significantly reduce driving-related risks.
Learn about common driving hazards and distractions, seasonal factors,
ergonomic considerations, and more at:






Drivers - Distance (General)
Driving - Using Cellular Telephones and Other Devices
Driving and Ergonomics
Road Work - Traffic Control Person
Road Work - Backing Up Safely
Road Work - Traffic Control Zone
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ELECTRICAL
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
An extensive presentation will be given in one of the future modules.
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
All electrical systems have the potential to cause harm. The voltage of the electricity and the available
electrical current in regular businesses and homes has enough power to cause death by electrocution.
Even changing a light bulb without unplugging the lamp can be hazardous.
All electrical systems have the potential to cause harm. The voltage of the
electricity and the available electrical current in regular businesses and homes
has enough power to cause death by electrocution. Even changing a light bulb
without unplugging the lamp can be hazardous.
An extensive presentation will be offered in one of the future modules.
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FORKLIFTS
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
The use, handling and charging of batteries in the workplace can be hazardous.
Key Message
Charging and handling industrial lead-acid batteries poses serious hazards,
including explosions from hydrogen gas, chemical burns from sulfuric acid,
toxic gas release, and electrical shock. Safe procedures, proper ventilation,
and compliance with legislation and manufacturer instructions are essential.
Forklift trucks should be operated only by experienced workers who are trained,
certified or licensed to perform this task.
An operator should inspect the forklift truck every day before using or before each
shift, consisting of a visual check ("circle" check) followed by an operational preuse check.
Extended Summary
Batteries are essential for powering forklifts and other industrial trucks, but their
use and charging carry significant risks if safety protocols are not followed.
Hazards include:
• Hydrogen gas explosions: Charging releases hydrogen, which is explosive
between 4.1% and 72% in air. Proper ventilation is required to keep
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
•
•
•
•
concentrations below 1% by volume. Charging areas must be well ventilated,
away from sparks, flames, or heat sources, and comply with national fire codes.
Sulfuric acid burns: Electrolyte is highly corrosive to skin, eyes, and
respiratory tract. Workers must wear chemical-resistant PPE and have access
to eyewash stations, showers, and spill response kits. Immediate flushing for at
least 30 minutes is required after exposure.
Toxic by-products: Improper charging can generate arsine, stibine, or
hydrogen sulfide gases. While usually below exposure limits, these risks
underscore the need for ventilation and adherence to manufacturer charging
instructions.
Electrical hazards: Batteries can cause shocks or electrocution if terminals are
bridged. Workers must prevent contact with both terminals and avoid using
unapproved chargers.
Mechanical hazards: Industrial batteries may weigh up to 900 kg. Only trained
workers should move them, using equipment such as battery carts, conveyors,
or hoists. Batteries must be properly secured during handling.
Procedural requirements:
• Charging areas must have CSA or equivalent certification for equipment and
meet occupational health and fire code requirements.
• Workers must be trained in safe charging, spill response, first aid, and watering
of lead-acid batteries.
• Flooded lead-acid batteries must be watered only after charging and cooling,
using distilled water.
• Sealed (AGM) batteries do not require watering, but compatibility with
equipment must always be confirmed.
In occupational health and safety systems, battery safety exemplifies the
integration of engineering controls (ventilation, certified charging stations),
administrative controls (procedures, training), and PPE (goggles, gloves,
aprons, boots). Effective risk management ensures compliance with
WHMIS/CCOHS guidance, the Hazardous Products Act, electrical codes, and fire
codes.
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Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
MIAE - GCS
MACHINERY
Machines help get the job done but can also be dangerous if not used properly. Read the owner's
manuals carefully. Make sure you receive complete instructions and are properly trained before using
any tool or machine.
Landscaping
Metalworking Machines
Tractors
Welding
Woodworking Machines
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
if needed, access the resources
Key Message
Machinery powers workplace productivity—but inherently creates serious risks.
To work safely, users must be trained, familiar with the manual, and operate
within a structured risk management framework.
Expanded Summary
CCOHS underscores that machinery—ranging from woodworking and
metalworking equipment to landscaping and farming tools—can pose hazards
such as entanglement, abrasion, crushing, cutting, energy release (mechanical,
electrical, hydraulic), vibration, noise, radiation, and even psychosocial stress
To use machinery safely, one must:
• Understand the design and intended operation of the machine.
• Be trained in safe use, including awareness of moving parts and guard
mechanisms.
• Conduct a thorough risk assessment: identify hazards, evaluate how severe
and probable the risks are, and assess who might be affected.
• Apply the hierarchy of controls—eliminate hazards where possible or introduce
engineering, administrative, and personal protective measures.
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Because machinery varies widely in types and complexity—and may produce
multiple hazard types—each machine should be assessed individually, prior to use
and whenever conditions change.
if needed, access the resources





Landscaping
Metalworking Machines
Tractors
Welding
Woodworking Machines
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WELDING
Metal Coatings - A Source of Hazardous Fumes
radiation over a broad range of wavelengths
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
•Welding - Electrical Safety
•Welding - Ergonomics
•Welding - Fumes And Gases
•Welding - Hot Work
•Welding - Overview of Types and Hazards
•Welding - Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing
•Welding - Radiation and the Effects On Eyes and Skin
•Welding - Storage and Handling of Compressed Gas
Cylinders
•Welding - Types of Compressed Gases
•Welding - Ventilation
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
For a complete list of topics, please use the links below:
Key Message
Welding generates fumes, gases, and radiation that can cause acute and chronic health
effects, including metal fume fever, cancer, lung disease, arc eye, and skin burns.
Controlling exposures through ventilation, protective equipment, and safe work
practices is essential for worker safety.
Welding Fumes
• Definition: Complex mixture of very fine particulates formed when metals are heated
above their boiling point.
• Composition varies depending on electrode, base metal, fluxes, and coatings.
Mild steel: mainly iron, small amounts of Mn, Cr, Ni.
Stainless steel: higher levels of Cr (including hexavalent chromium) and Ni.
Nickel alloys: high Ni, low Fe.
• Coatings (zinc, cadmium, lead paint, plastics, solvents) produce highly toxic vapors.
• Prevention: Strip coatings safely before welding, avoid grinding, use proper PPE
during removal.
Welding Gases
• Sources: Shielding gases (CO₂, argon, helium), fuel gases (acetylene, propane),
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oxygen.
• By-products: CO, CO₂, ozone, nitrogen oxides, phosgene, hydrogen chloride, HCN.
• Hazards:
Asphyxiation (oxygen displacement).
Fire and explosion.
Toxicity (systemic poisoning, respiratory irritation).
• Prevention: Adequate ventilation, avoid chlorinated solvents, cover degreasing baths,
substitute less toxic materials, use respiratory protection where necessary.
Radiation Hazards
• Types emitted:
UV radiation (100–400 nm): causes “arc eye” (conjunctivitis), cataracts, skin
burns, and long-term skin cancer.
Visible light (400–700 nm): extreme brightness, temporary blindness, eye fatigue.
Infrared (IR) (700–1400 nm): heating of the lens → cataracts over time.
• Arc Eye Symptoms: eye pain, tearing, redness, sensation of sand in the eye, light
sensitivity, photophobia. May occur hours after exposure.
• Skin Effects: UV burns similar to sunburn, reflective hazards from surfaces, long-term
cancer risk.
Safe Practices
• Always follow SDS and manufacturer instructions.
• Strip coatings before welding (using safe chemical or vacuum methods, not grinding).
• Ensure local exhaust ventilation and general airflow in confined spaces.
• Position yourself upwind in outdoor work.
• Use respiratory protection as per workplace program, but never as a substitute for
ventilation.
• Wear full PPE: welding helmet with proper filter lens, fire-resistant clothing, gloves,
boots.
• Protect bystanders with shields/screens.
• Follow lockout/tagout and safe handling for gas cylinders.
• Perform risk assessments and air monitoring to check exposures.
Unsafe Practices to Avoid
• Welding on coated/painted metals without removal.
• Using chlorinated solvents near welding operations.
• Welding without ventilation in confined spaces.
• Working without eye/skin protection.
• Ignoring symptoms of fume exposure or arc eye.
Academically, welding hazards bring together toxicology (metal fumes), occupational
hygiene (ventilation, monitoring), radiation physics, and ergonomics. They are a prime
example of why the hierarchy of controls must combine engineering (ventilation),
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administrative (training, work practices), and PPE.
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WOODWORKING MACHINES
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
https://images.app.goo.gl/Y9m4mawiPhyKviZa6
•Woodworking Machines - Band Saws
•Woodworking Machines - General Safety Tips
•Woodworking Machines - Jointers and Planers
•Woodworking Machines - Mitre Saws
•Woodworking Machines - Push Sticks
•Woodworking Machines - Radial Arm Saws
•Woodworking Machines - Sanders
•Woodworking Machines - Shapers
•Woodworking Machines - Table Saws
•Woodworking Machines - Wood Turning Lathes
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
For a complete list of topics, please use the links below:
Key Message
Woodworking machines present severe injury risks if misused. Safety depends on proper
training, careful preparation, use of protective equipment, and strict adherence to safe
practices. Guards, ventilation, and good housekeeping are essential, while unsafe
behaviors such as distraction, poor positioning, or removing safeguards must be avoided.
Extended Summary
Woodworking machines are among the most hazardous equipment in workshops
because they combine high-speed rotating blades, dust generation, and heavy material
handling. Before use, operators must ensure they are trained, have read and understood
the manufacturer’s instructions, and confirmed that the equipment is in safe working
condition.
Safe operation requires the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as safety
glasses, hearing protection, and respiratory protection when necessary. Machine guards,
local exhaust ventilation, and proper grounding of electrical systems must always be in
place. Operators must remove adjusting tools before starting machines, inspect stock for
nails or defects, and use push sticks and clamps to keep hands away from cutting zones.
Good housekeeping—clear floors, dry conditions, proper lighting—is a critical factor in
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preventing slips, trips, and secondary accidents.
Unsafe practices, such as wearing loose clothing, bypassing guards, standing in line with
potential kickback, or attempting to remove sawdust by hand, are leading causes of
serious injuries. Operators should never distract others at machines, leave equipment
running unattended, or engage in horseplay.
In academic and regulatory contexts, woodworking machine safety integrates
engineering controls (guards, ventilation), administrative controls (training,
supervision), and
PPE within a hierarchy of controls framework.
Safe Practices
• Receive training and read manuals before use.
• Always wear appropriate PPE: safety glasses, face shields, hearing protection, dust
masks.
• Use guards and safety devices; ensure they are in place and functioning.
• Inspect tools and blades; keep them sharp and in good condition.
• Keep footwear, floor, and work area clean, dry, and uncluttered.
• Secure stock with clamps; use push sticks and jigs instead of hands.
• Provide adequate lighting and space around machines.
• Use local exhaust ventilation to remove dust and chips.
• Disconnect power before changing, cleaning, or adjusting tools.
• Maintain attention on the task—turn off machines before talking.
Unsafe Practices to Avoid
• Do not wear loose clothing, ties, jewelry, or gloves near rotating parts.
• Avoid awkward hand positions or standing directly behind cutting stock.
• Never remove sawdust or cuttings by hand while blades are moving.
• Do not use compressed air for cleaning machines or clothing.
• Do not leave machines running unattended or attempt to free a stalled blade under
power.
• Do not distract operators; horseplay is strictly prohibited.
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
LADDERS
MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
Ladder safety requires planning, correct setup, safe climbing techniques, and strict
adherence to do’s and don’ts. Training and fall protection programs (for work ≥3 m) are
legally required in many jurisdictions.
Ladder use is a common workplace activity but presents significant risks if not assessed
and managed correctly. Before using a ladder, workers must determine if it is the
appropriate equipment, considering the ground, height, type of work, and hazards
present. Selecting the correct type of ladder and inspecting it before use are essential
steps.
Safe Practices When Climbing
• Always face the ladder, stay centered, and maintain three-point contact.
• Keep footwear clean and in good condition.
• Secure ladders before use; have another person stabilize long ladders.
• Only one person should use a ladder at a time.
• Tools and materials should be raised/lowered with hoists or hand-lines, not carried in
hands.
• Safety devices (harness, fall restraint) may be required when working ≥3 m.
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Unsafe Practices to Avoid
• Do not rush, jump, or slide down ladders.
• Do not carry tools in your hands.
• Avoid overreaching or standing on the top steps/rungs.
• Do not shift or “walk” ladders while on them.
• Never use aluminum ladders near electricity.
Extension Ladders
• Non-self-supporting; require a stable structure.
• Must be placed at the correct angle (1/4 rule = 75°).
• Extend at least 1 m above landing platforms and tie off at support points.
• Maintain minimum overlap of sections.
• Secure base and use barricades if in passageways.
• Avoid use on slippery surfaces, near power lines, or if not inspected.
• Never overextend, climb too high, or bounce ladders into place.
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Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
MIAE - GCS
SLIPS, TRIPS AND FALLS
https://safestart.com/news/3-big-causes-slips-trips-and-falls/
Falls on the same level are mostly preventable through consistent housekeeping,
proper flooring and footwear, and safe walking habits.
Types of Falls:
• 67% occur on the same level (slips and trips).
• 30% involve falls from a height (handled separately in fall prevention programs).
Slips:
• Caused by insufficient friction/traction between footwear and surface.
• Common causes: wet/oily surfaces, spills, weather hazards, loose rugs, uneven
traction flooring.
Trips:
• Caused when the foot strikes an object, leading to loss of balance.
• Common causes: clutter, poor lighting, wrinkled carpets, cables, open drawers,
uneven surfaces.
Prevention Measures:
• Housekeeping – fundamental step: clean spills promptly, keep walkways clear, secure
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carpets, cover cables, maintain good lighting.
• Flooring – improve traction with mats, coatings, or slip-resistant surfaces (but
housekeeping remains essential).
• Footwear – choose proper, well-fitting shoes for specific conditions (wet, oily,
outdoor).
Worker Practices:
• Walk at an appropriate pace, adjust stride to surface, keep feet slightly outward, make
wide turns.
• Keep walkways clear, maintain flooring, ensure good lighting, and avoid carrying loads
that block vision.
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MIAE - GCS
Safety - from Concept to Culture - Module 09 CCOHS
For authoritative and up-to-date guidance, please consult the official resources provided by the Government of
Canada:
•WHMIS Official Website: https://www.whmis.org
•Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS): https://www.ccohs.ca
Dr. Sorin Voiculescu
The content of these slides is intended for educational purposes only and provides a simplified overview of WHMIS
and related occupational health and safety concepts. It is by far not exhaustive and should not be relied upon as a
complete or definitive source of information.
Employers, supervisors, and workers are responsible for ensuring compliance with all applicable federal, provincial,
and territorial legislation.
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