Cell Structure
Cells take raw material and process to
make a new molecule and these are
either used or transported. building
block of life.
Light microscope gives colored image +
magnified 100x.
Electron microscope gives black and
Robert hooker English scientist is
1667 discovered cells of cork from the
bark of the tree.300 years ago
biologist he and Antonia van
Leeuwenhoek created light
microscope.
white + 2000x
They contain
protoplasm
In it chemical reaction takes place.
complex jelly +colorless
70% to 90% of it is water + organic substance(protein, lipids, carbohydrates)
two stats solo and gel state.
Scientist can’t make the same texture because they don’t know the exact nature of it
+ proper environment.
Cell membrane(plasma membrane)
Thin flexible outer covering.
Made of lipid bilayer (two fatty layers) and protein.
partially permeable membrane (semi permeable).
Cytoplasm
Jelly like substance found inside cell membrane.
Holds organelles
Made of
Function -
support organelles
site of chemical reaction,
transportation,
store substance
help in shape and movement.
amount
Plant cell
Animal cell
more structures
More flexible
movement Limited by cell wall
Freely move
Parts of cytoplasm
Nucleus
It controls the center of the cell.
stores the DNA and control cell activity
(growth etc. some cells have more than one
nucleus)
Protein synthesis happens
Nuclear envelope - a double membrane around
Nucleus - that has pores for material to pass,
keeps nucleus safe.
Nuclear pores - they are tiny holes that allows RNA, protein etc. to go in and out.
Nucleus plasma (karyoplasm) - jelly like rich in enzyme, salt, nucleotide and
protein. It has denser protoplasm.
Chromatins - are long strands of DNA. They control the genetic information and
become chromosome during cell division.
Nucleolus - is the dense dark spot inside the nucleus. Not surrounded by a
membrane.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
It’s a network of membrane (like
folded tubule or sac.)
Its rough cause it have ribosomes
around it and they are temporary.
Often attached with the nucleus
envelope.
Cells that need a lot of protein like
pancreatic cells have large rough
ER.
Cisternae -are flatted spaces, sac like
structure
Ribosomes -are tiny structure that makes protein attached to the surface.
Lumen/cistereal -spaces are the hollow spaces inside which protein are produced
and stored.
Membrane -is same as nucleus with no gaps.
Types of protein
Secretary protein(insulin, enzymes)
Membrane protein(for plasma membrane)
Lysosmal enzyme(for digestion of lysosmal)
function
Protein synthesis
Reads mRNA
Makes peptide bonds (longer chain of protein
Smooth endoplasmic reticulam
It’s a network of tube like membrane found inside cell
No ribosomes
Often connected to rough ER.
Function
Lipid synthesis- makes fats, phosphate and steroids or cell membrane and
hormones,
Detoxification - breaks down the drugs, alcohol, poisen (in liver).
Carbohydrate metabolism- in liver cell helps release glucose into the blood.
Storage – stores calcium ions (especially in muscle cell or contraction)
Transportation –helps to move lipds ect to move where needed.
Abundantly found in
Liver cell(detox unction)
Muscle cell(storage of calcium)
Gland cell (producing hormones)
Golgi body (Golgi apparatus)
Parts
Cisternae – a sack of flatted, membrane –bound
sac.
Vesicles – small bubble like sack that carry
material to and from Golgi body
Lumen –the inner space of each is where
modification happens.
Polarity –it has a front and a back.
Function
Modification –when protein and the fats come from endoplasmic reticulam they
are modified by adding special tages like the sugar or phosphate. So protein would
be ready for its job.
Packaging –golgi pack the lipids into a vesicle which is a tiny ballon or the
bubble made of membrane
Transportation –it transpot the protein where it is needed .
Makes lysosomes –only in the animal cell small sace full of digestive enzymes.
Secretion – hormones, enzymes, mucus etc. or the cells.
Stores material –can temporarily store the
lipid, enzymes etc.
Mitochondria
Bean shaped structure.
Power house o the cell.
It has adenosine triphosphates ATP that work
like battery and can break down to release
energy
Parts
Outer membrane –smooth covering controls
that what comes and leave.
Inner membrane –folds into the cristae.
Mitochondria DNA –their own circular DNA.
Matrix –fluid inside inner membrane contain enzymes, DNA and ribosomes.
Ribosomes –small structure that makes protein.
Function
Energy production –breaks down sugar and oxygen to ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) that is the energy.
Stores calcium –helps with muscle contraction
Cell signaling –control when cell grow, die or divide.
Apoptosis –helps tripper programmed cell death if the cell is damaged.
Makes protein –has it’s own DNA and ribosome to make mitochondria protein.
Abundantly in
Muscle cell
Brain cell
Liver cell
Sperm cell
Vacuole
Sac like organelle filled with fluid.
In plant cell it is very large.
In animal cell they are several and smaller aren’t really important as much in
plant cell.
Parts
Tonoplast –membrane around the vacuole
Cell sap –fluid inside the vacuole.
Function
Stores water
Stores nutrients
Stores waste
Support cells
Holds pigment
Animal cell
Animal cell is surrounded with cell membrane. It
is full of. It also has mitochondria that are
involved in energy releasing.. Animal cell may
have temporary vacuole. Then it also has a nucleus
that is surrounded with nucleus envelop. It has
dense protoplasm called nucleus plasma. The long
thread is called chromatin that contain heredity.
The spherical structure is called nucleolus that help to make protein.
Plant cell
Plant cell is surrounded with cell wall that
is very strong and help contain the shape of cell
and then there is an other layer of cell
membrane. Then there is cytoplasm in which
mitochondria and nucleus. It has a large vacuole
in which cell sap the sugary material is present.
It also has
Chloroplast
Organelle found in plants and algae
They have green pigment celled chlorophyll that
is important for the photosynthesis.
Parts
Outer membrane –smooth outer covering protect
chloroplast.
Inner membrane –just under outer membrane
regulate enter and exit and material.
Stroma –jellylike fluid inside that is the site of chemical reaction.
Granum –stack of the thylakoids increase surface area of the capture of the light.
Chlorophyll –green pigment in the thylakoids capture sunlight.
DNA –circular DNA in the stroma helps make protein.
Ribosome –small structure that makes protein for chloroplast function.
Function
Light dependent reaction –in the thylakoids where
sunlight + water = ATP+ oxygen
Light independent reaction –in stroma where
CO2+ATP = glucose
Red blood cell
The red blood cells are found in blood. They are surrounded with cell
membrane. And full of cytoplasm that contain red pigment called haemoglobin. They
are used to transport oxygen to all parts of body.
Root hair cell
The root hair cell is same as plant cell but they have a long shape to absorb
water and mineral ions.
Xylem vessel
Xylem vessel is used to transport water and minerals. There walls are made of
lignin the hard wood material.
Tissue, organ and system
When same type of cells are grouped together make a tissue. The simple tissue
example is epithelial tissue that covers internal and external part of body. The same
covering is epidermis in plant. The tissue grouped together to make an organ. A lot of
organ make organ system.
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