LESSON 6: LAND OWNER & JOSE RIZAL FIRST
HOMECOMING
LAND OWNERSHIP AND THE RISE OF FRIAR
LANDS
• PRE COLONIAL PERIOD- lands belonged to the
community where the inhabitants of the barangay or
village lived. Though the best lands were reserved for the
datu, any person can ask permission from the datu where
to settle.
• With the coming of the Spaniards, a regalian doctrine
on the ownership of land was adopted. This means all
lands belonged to the King. Lands were given to
encomenderos as a reward for helping in the pacification
of the islands. These are called personal encomiendas.
Technically the encomenderos do not own the land but
was only its trustee. The word encomienda comes from the
word “ENCOMENDAR” which means to commend or
entrust.
• Later the practice of titling lands was practiced. Some
lands were
given to individuals for having done
something meritorious to the government such as
being allies during a foreign invasion.
• The religious orders were given lands to support their
evangelical activities. Later they receive land from pious
donors. As their financial power grew, religious orders
were able to buy lands from their owners.
• In the case of DOMINICANS, lands were not only used
for agricultural purposes but also for businesses such as
shops. South of Manila the Dominicans manage the
HACIENDA DE NAIC in Cavite extended their borders to
San Pedro Laguna.
reason for the Dominicans in owning the haciendas is
the same as those of other religious orders:
• income from these lands through the rent paid by the
farmers support Dominican institution
such as the
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS, the COLEGIO DE SAN
JUAN DE
LETRÁN and the
HOSPITAL DE SAN
GABRIEL.
• All the religious orders had landholdings. The
Dominicans, Franciscan, Recollects and Agustinians had
holdings up to the end of Spanish Rule
• Later the practice of titling lands was practiced. Some
lands were
given to individuals for having done
something meritorious to the government such as being
allies during a foreign invasion.
• The religious orders were given lands to support their
evangelical activities. Later they receive land from pious
donors. As their financial power grew, religious orders
were able to buy lands from their owners.
• In the case of Dominicans, lands were not only used for
agricultural purposes but also for businesses such as
shops. South of Manila the Dominicans manage the
hacienda de Naic, in Cavite extended their borders to San
Pedro Laguna.
• The reason for the Dominicans in owning the haciendas
is the same as those of other religious orders: income
from these lands through the rent paid by the farmers
support Dominican institution
such as the University of Santo Tomas, the Colegio se San
Juan de Letrán and the Hospital de San Gabriel.
• All the religious orders had landholdings. The
Dominicans, Franciscan, Recollects and Agustinians had
holdings up to the end of Spanish Rule.
THE INQUILINO ROLE IN THE AGRARIAN
PROBLEM
•These INQUILINOS were mostly mestizos and they
were more managers rather than actual
farmers.
Physically it was impossible for them to farm the entire
hacienda, which is the reason they had to hire
sharecroppers or kasamas, which was term for tenant
farmers. Payment is depending on the arrangement they
entered into. It can be a 70/30 or a 50/50 arrangement.
• In many instances the “kasamas” was forced to borrow
from his inquilino and the borrowing rates were usurious.
• The inquilino on the other hand oversees getting the
products of the kasamas and they look for the best prices
of the products possible. The inquilinos paid the landlord
the dues for the use of the land plus a portion of the
harvest. As for the landlords, they would only wait for the
harvest and collect the rent when it is due.
THE HACIENDA OF CALAMBA:
THE ROLE OF RIZAL AND HIS FAMILY
• After getting married to Teodora, Francisco Engracio
Mercado decided to move to the neighboring town of
Calamba where the Dominicans
had a hacienda. In fact, the entire town was a Dominican
hacienda. Calamba was originally owned by the Jesuits
but it became government property when they were
expelled in 1768. The Government managed the hacienda
up to 1808 until it was placed on public auction. Jose G.
Azanza won in the public bidding and managed the
Hacienda de Calamba until 1831. That year Azanza
suffered from financial difficulties and he was forced to
sell the hacienda to the Dominicans. The hacienda was
over two thousand hectares from the boundary of Biñan
and Santa Rosa to the foothills of Mount Makiling.
be charged for the first five years as the farmers were
clearing up the land for cultivation. To keep the goodwill
of the Dominicans Paciano wrote to his brother Jose in
1883 to refrain from upsetting the friars because they
were very kind to his family. At that time Rizal was already
in Spain questioning his faith, the feudal system in the
Philippines and domination of the Church in the lives of
the Filipinos. He was already influenced by Freemasons in
his many encounters in Spain
HACIENDA DE CALAMBAThe area was said to be one of the villages of Tabuco,
now Cabuyao, Laguna. It was certain, however, that a
layman, Don Manuel Jauregui, owned the haciendas of
Calamba and Nagtajan which he entrusted to the Society
of Jesus (S.J.) on 29 January 1759.
• In 1872 tragedy struck the Rizal family, his mother was
accused of being an accomplice to an attempted murder.
A close relative Don Jose Alberto was accused of trying
to poison his wife Doña Teodora Formoso de Alberto. Don
Jose was a rich landowner who went on a trip to Europe.
Upon coming home in Biñan he found his house in
disarray and his wife was caught committing adultery.
She was found to be living with another man. Don Jose
sought a divorce from his wife and had her confined to
her room.
DON MANUEL JÁUREGUI ORIGINAL
HACIENDA DE CALAMABA
OWNERS:
JESUITS
GOVERNMENT UNDER SPAIN
JOSE G. AZANZA
DOMINICAN FRIARS
OWNER OF
• The Dominicans leased the land to inquilinos or primary
tenants and Francisco was one of these inquilinos. Don
Francisco developed friendly relations with the
Dominicans and was able to leased 500 hectares.
• To cultivate this vast estate Don Francisco hired
sharecroppers to do the actual cultivation. Don Francisco
manage the farm, Doña Teodora manage a store and a
ham press which produced preserved meats. Later he
was able to build a second bahay na bato in another part
of Calamba.
• The Rizal house had a library of more than a thousand
books, which was a rarity at that time. As one of the
principalia, Don Francisco accommodated visitors to
Calamba consisting of priest and government officials.
• Don Francisco saw to it that the good relations with the
Dominicans remain friendly and cordial. Every time the
Dominican administrator dropped by to collect the rent
he would be gifted with a fat turkey. Paciano managed to
get very good terms from the Dominicans. No rent was to
• When Rizal was still a young boy, he wandered about in
the hacienda followed by his dog. Rizal was known as
Moy or Pepe. He had a talent for writing and he wrote a
play, which he sold to the Mayor of Paete for 2-4 pesos.
• According to Rizal, his mother tried to reconcile the two.
But Doña Teodora de Alberto found a way to get back at
Don Jose and Doña Teodora. She alleged
that when she was served food she gave it to the dog and
the dog died. Doña Teodora de Alberto then had the
alferez or the town police Chief to have her husband and
Doña Teodora arrested. These persons, according to Rizal
were the persons his family treated with kindness when
they were guest at his
house. He called the
gobernadorcillo a fanatical puppet of the friars while the
alferez was someone who bore a grudge on his family just
because Don Francisco refused his request for free
chickens and turkeys. Also he was refuse fodder for his
horse. The gobernadorcillo made Doña Teodora walk from
Calamba to the provincial capitol in Santa Cruz- a
distance of more than 30 kilometers.
• After two years of detention, Doña Teodora was released
THE HACIENDA DE CALAMBA CONTROVERSY
• Because of the great favors given by the Dominicans to
Rizal and his family, Rizal should have been thankful for
what he and his family received from Order. However,
when he first retuned to Europe in 1887 he participated in
an angry protest against the Dominicans. As a religious
order, the Church is exempted from paying taxes for
activities connected with the propagation of the faith.
However, it was not exempted from paying taxes, which
are economic in nature even if this are used to support
activities that preach Christian Doctrines, Emilio Terrero
the Governador General then wanted to investigate the
Dominicans to see if they were paying the proper taxes.
• Rizal joined the fray and helped draft an information
regarding the agrarian situations in the Hacienda de
Calamba. He alleged that the tenants were losing money
because the Dominican administrators were taking
advantage of the tenants; that the Dominican
landholdings did not just compromise the farm areas but
the entire town of Calamba itself including the house of
the people; that the Dominicans raised the rent every
year; that the tenants were dispossessed of their lands
because of high interest rates even if the same tenants
were the ones who cleared the lands; that high penalties
were charged if the rents were not paid on time and that
the management of the
hacienda confiscated the carabaos, tools and homes of
the tenants if they cannot pay. He also reported that the
Dominicans never paid a single centavo
to the town fiesta. Lastly he demanded that the colonial
government investigate the Dominicans who may have
illegally grab lands. He also questioned the legitimacy of
their landholdings in Calamba or at least part of it.
• It was common knowledge that the Dominicans illegally
extended their landholdings to cover areas not in the
legal documents such as the Dominican hacienda of
Silang, which extended to Santa Rosa, leaving the farmers
tilling the lands between the two haciendas landless and
turned them to tenants when they could not show a
document of ownership.
• In reply to Rizal’s accusations, the Dominicans said that
while it was true that they controlled the town and
Hacienda of Calamba as well as the neighboring towns of
Biñan, San Pedro and Santa Rosa, all these lands were
properly titled in the name of the order. Many lands were
leased to settlers free of rent for some period and Rizal’s
family was one of those who benefited from the policy. As
for the yearly increases in rent, the Dominicans said that
in many of the lands that were rent –free for many years,
it was just right for them to recover their investments. The
same would apply to those who
benefited in the
construction of irrigation canals, which benefited the
farmers.
• Regarding their income derived from the haciendas, the
Dominicans said that income from these lands support
churches and institutions like the University of Santo
Tomas and the College of San Juan de Letran. They never
received any subsidy from the Spanish government and
they had to support these institutions as well as those
abroad.
• As for the farmers losing money, the Dominicans said
that the loss of income of the farmers was not due to
increase rents or poor harvest but because of the laziness
of the farmers themselves
who were addicted to
gambling.
• In reconciliatory move, the Dominicans allowed the
tenants to have grace period in paying the increased
rents. The Dominicans
tried to have an amicable
settlement with the farmers. However,
after Rizal left Calamba for Europe in February 1888, the
tenants openly refused to pay their rents. Their lawyer
Felipe Buencamino reportedly told the tenants not to pay
a single cent to the Dominicans unless they showed that
they really owned the hacienda.
• The tenants won their case at the justice of the peace in
Calamba
where according to historian Fr. Villaroel
Paciano practically dictated the decision of the court. But
the tenants lost when the cased was appealed to the
provincial court at Santa Cruz, Laguna and at the higher
court in Manila. The Dominicans was able to prove that
they were legitimate owners of the Calamba and the
other haciendas. The case went as far as the Supreme
Court in Madrid where the Dominicans ultimately won.
• The ruling of the Santa Cruz court was to have the
tenants to pay the Dominicans or be expelled. Meanwhile
without waiting for the decision of the court in Manila, the
agents of the provincial court supported by a detachment
of soldiers destroyed 50 houses. When the tenants began
to return to their former homes, the new Governor
General, Valeriano Weyler sent more troops to expel all
the defiant tenants. Among those expelled was Rizal’s own
family.
Weyler deported Paciano, his brother-in-law
Silvestre Ubaldo and twenty-five other individuals to
Mindoro. Another brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo, was
deported to Bohol.
JOSE
RIZAL
PHILIPPINES
FIRST
HOMECOMING
IN
THE
JOSE RIZAL ARRIVED IN MANILA
• On August 6, 1887, Jose Rizal arrived in Manila at 9:00 in
the evening.
• The first Filipino he encountered was a newspaperman
who was astonished when he read the name Jose Rizal in
the list of passengers.
• Immediately upon arrival, Riza! was called by Governor
General Emilio Terrero who said, "You wrote a novel that
aroused much comment, and
wish to read it." Rizal promised the Governor General that
he would look for one. In the course of their conversation
the Governor General insisted, 'Not only do I permit it, but
I demand it."
• Rizal was in Madrid, Spain when he knew of the problem
concerning the Hacienda case.
• It was well known at that time, that the Dominican friars,
who were in-charge of me curacy of Calamba, owned the
large portion of agricultural and residential lands in the
area, thus, most of the
people, were its tenants.
• The two had congenial conversation on his plans while in
the Philippines and in his hometown of Calamba. After a
few days, Rizal gave a copy to the Governor General,
afterwards he immediately
proceeded to Calamba to meet his family, friends and
townmate
• On July 1885, Paciano informed Rizal of the economic
crisis or lack of work in the country.
• He sent Rizal a letter concerning the action of the
Dominican Corporation.
• Rizal was treated with favor Spanish government in the
Philippines. Governor General Emilio Terrero y Perinat
was a staunched liberal and questioned the Friar Estate
in Philippines. The Governor of Manila Don Jose Centeno,
was a high- ranking mason, and Rizal as a Mason, would
definitely be protected, not
because of favors, but by brotherhood obligation.
• In another letter dated August 29, 1886, Rizal's
brother-in-law, Mariano Herbosa, wrote him a letter
complaining of the unbearable tax imposed by the friars
to the tenants, such as tax on irrigated, dry and
residential lands, Herbosa added:
Another feature of this system is that, on the day you
accept the conditions, the contract will be written, which
cannot be changed for four years, but the tax is increased
every year.
• General Tererro gave instructions to the Civil Guard
Lieutenant Jose Taviel de Andrade to protect Rizal from
anyone who might harm him.
JOSE RIZAL WHILE IN CALAMBA
• While in-Calamba, and happily united with his family and
friends,
Rizal became busy applying the modern
technique that he learned in Spain, France and Germany,
specifically in the field of Ophthalmology.
• When Rizal opened his clinic in Calamba, he was an
instant famed Filipino doctor, due to his medical trainings
in Europe, curing many patients and charging them
according to their means of income, Rizal
earned
considerable amount of money that he used in traveling to
Asian countries, America and back to Europe.
•
One
of
the reasons why Rizal took up
Ophthalmology-was to cure the failing eyesight of Dona
Teodora, who for many years was suffering from cataract.
• The operation was successful, thus, he gained the local
title as Ductor Ullman (German Doctor). He also found
time to have a trip with his Spanish Military escort by
climbing Mt. Makiling in Laguna, to see the grandeur of
the panorama and viewing nature from the mountaintop.
THE HACIENDA DE CALAMBA
• In the interest of Governor General Terrero to introduce
reforms in the agrarian taxation in the country, he gave
an official communication dated December 30, 1887,
giving instruction to the Department of Finance of the
Central Government to ask information and figures from
the tenants of the Dominican Estate on their agricultural
land and production for the past three years.
• Upon the receipt of the communication, the tenants and
the principales of Calamba entrusted themselves to Rizal
to aid them in preparing the report for the government. •
This was also Rizal's chance to manifest his love for the
poor Filipinos and question the oppressive friars in a
formal report.
• After a series of interviews with the principales, farmers
and tenants, Rizal arrived with a report, which contained
the following summarized statements
Jose Rizal “Reports”
1. That the hacienda owned by the friar corporation,
covered the entire town of Calamba, and that the profits
gained from the Hacienda increased due to arbitrary
increase in the land rentals every year, whether with
contract or not.
2. Tenants who cleared productive lands are strictly
obliged to pay rents, the same policy was also applied on
unproductive lands.
3. High interests were being levied for the tenants who,
for valid reasons, delayed in paying the rents. Failure to
pay would mean confiscation of working animals and
residences by the Dominican Corporation,
4. The tenants who paid the high rents were subsequently
the town folk themselves who were never given support or
incentive such as assistance to agriculture and education
of their children.
Effects of Jose Rizal- Reports
• The report resulted in placing the Dominican friars of
Calamba in shame.
• The government records showed that the Catholic friars
were guilty of corruption, fraud and non-payment of tax in
a massive scale, not only for the past three years but from
the first year the Dominican congregation took hold of the
land.
•​
From a small portion of- land owned by the Jesuits
which was bought by the Dominican corporation, now it
owned the entire Calamba town. However the tax paid by
the Dominicans was the same when the land was acquired
from the Jesuits.
• The report also revealed that the Dominican Corporation
was collecting taxes of all sorts from the land they never
owned.
• As a result, the tenants of Calamba together with the
family of Rizal ceased paying their rents and taxes to the
Dominican Corporation. This action of the native tenants
forced the Dominicans to file eviction charges against the
family of Rizal and Calamba tenants.
Jose Rizal Left the Philippines; Reasons;
• While Rizal was in Calamba, his parents and friends were
worried of his personal safety.
• His religious enemies requested Governor General
Terrero to deport Rizal, but due to lack of case, the
Governor refused. However, he called Rizal in Manila and
asked him to leave the country. Rizal was accused by his
enemies from the church of being a German spy's agent of
Bismarck, Protestant, witch, mason and whose soul
condemned to hell.
• His father Don Francisco refused to allow Rizal to go
alone or eat in the house of other families due to the
anonymous letters who's content of which endangered
Rizal's life.
• To ease the growing pressure form the threats of the
church, taking it against his family and the government,
Rizal decided to leave the Philippines for his second
sojourn to Europe. Thus, at 5:00 p.m. February 3, 1888, he
departed and said, "On leaving Manila, I felt that
sweetness and melancholy of six years ago, upon seeing
the turrets of the cathedrals and the big convents." Before
leaving the country, Rizal left another artistic contribution.
• His friends from Lipa, Batangas, requested him to
compose for them a hymn to be sung on the feast day of
Lipa, which was entitled Himno al Trabajo (Hymn to
Labor).
LESSON 7: THE CHURCH DURING THE SPANISH
PERIOD
The Parish Priest
-On the local level, is a friar endorsed the candidates
running for office.
-Approves who should be admitted to higher educational
institutions in the Philippines.
-He was the guardian of morals in the community
-Chief censor
-Keeps record of the people living in his community
-As a leading member, he is invited to important
gatherings and social events and he always occupies the
places of honor.
The Archbishop of Manila
-The highest church official in the Philippines.
-Most powerful religious official in the colony
-He has a strong influence in the government, like his local
counterpart in the parishes, and the nation as a whole.
-He can influence the decision of the governor general
-He can cause the removal of a governor general if he
opposes the will of the church
Famous Confrontations between the Church Officials
and the Government
ARCHBIS
HOP OF
MANILA
GOVERNOR
GENERAL
ISSUE/S
RESULT
Arch.
Hernando
Guerrero
Arch.
Fernando
dela
Cuesta
Sebastian
Hurtado de
Corcuera
Fernando
Bustamante
Right of
Sanctuary
for fugitives
who
sought
asylum in
churches.
Corcuera
was punished
and imprisoned
at the end of
his term
Immunity
from
crimes and
sanctuary
Bustamante
was eventually
murdered
by a mob led
by churchmen
on October 11,
1719.
Famous “Bad” Governor Generals According the
Church
-Many governor generals were labeled bad by the Church
either because they clashed with the Archbishop of Manila
or were slow to comply with their wishes.
a. Gov. Gen. Simon de Anda. He replaced the friar
curates with secular as soon as they resigned or died
earning the condemnation from the Regulars and was not
forgiven by them.
b. Gov. Gen. Jose dela Gandara. He was accused by the
Church of favoring the liberals.
c. Gov. Gen. Carlos Ma. Dela Torre. Also accused of
consorting with the liberals and the emerging Filipino
middle class during his time.
d. Gov. Gen. Emilio Terrero. He was disliked by the
Church for not acting on Rizal's Noli Me Tangere and for
ordering the investigation of the Dominicans regarding
their hacienda income.
e. Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco. He dismissed the friars as
alarmists and for not acting on the issue of suspected
existence of Katipuneros in 1896 as well as for not
executing Rizal.
Famous “Good” Governor Generals According the
Church
-They are the governor generals that are repressive to the
Filipinos
a. Gov. Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo. He was the governor
general who ordered the execution of the three leaders of
secularization movement (the GOMBURZA) in 1872.
b. Gov. Gen. Eulogio Despujol. The governor general who
ensured that Rizal will not be able to leave the Philippines
after his arrival in 1892 and subsequently ordered Rizal to
be exiled in Dapitan.
c. Gov. Gen. Camilo de Polavieja. Known for his
repressive measures against the masons and Katipunan
suspects; he also signed the death warrant of Jose Rizal.
Archbishops of Manila as Acting Governor General of
the Philippines
On average, governor generals assigned in the Philippines
served for 2 years as opposed to the position of the
archbishop who can stay in his post indefinitely. Of the 96
recorded governor generals assigned in the Philippine
Islands, four of them are Archbishops of Manila. The
position of the Church in the Philippines was further
strengthened when Queen Isabella II issued a decree
making the Rector of the University of Santo Tomas the
supervisor of all higher education in the Philippines this
means that all higher academic certificates and titles will
be issued by UST.
Archbishops of Manila as Acting Governor General of
the Philippines
Old Coat-of-Arms of the Archdiocese of Manila used until
1949
Coats-of-Arms of the Captaincy General of
the Philippines
➡️
a. Arch. Francisco dela Cuesta (October 11, 1719 - August
6, 1721)
b. Arch. Juan Arrechederra (September 21, 1745 - July
20, 1750)
c. Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta (June 1759 May 31,
1761)
d. Arch. Manuel Rojo del Rio y Vieyra (June 1761 October
6, 1762)
Division within the Church
The clergy during the Spanish colonial rule is divided into
two seculars. the regulars and the
a. Regular Clergy. A clergy who belongs to the religious
orders.
b. Secular Clergy. A clergy who does not belong to any
religious orders.
Religious Orders in the Philippines
a. Dominicans - friars
b. Augustinians - friars
c. Recollects - friars
d. Franciscans - friars
e. Jesuits - non-friars
Vows of the Religious Clergy
-They had three vows: chastity, poverty, and obedience.
-As religious clergy, they are supposed to lead a life in
seclusion dedicated to prayer and meditation.
-When not living in seclusion, they must preach the
gospels and become missionaries.
-They are supervised by their own superiors.
Silang, Indang, Naic, and other towns slowly replaced by
Vows of the Secular Clergy
-They only had two vows: obedience and chastity
-Their duties were to minister the spiritual needs of the
people and live ministering the people.
-They do not live a secluded life.
-They are under the jurisdiction of the bishop or
archbishop whose diocese he belongs.
parishes in and around Manila were given to them
Expelling the Jesuits in Spain and in the Entire Spanish
Empire
• The Jesuits had grown in power and influence who
have produced noted educators and scientists.
• They were seen as threats and were accused of
causing intrigues and teaching radical ideas which tend
to subvert the people's loyalty to the monarchy.
• In 1767, King Charles issued a decree expelling them not
just from Spain but also from the entirety of Spanish
Empire.
• In 1768, the Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines,
their colleges were closed, and properties confiscated by
the government.
• The leaders of the Secularization Movement are the
Expulsion of the Jesuits in the Philippines and the
Secularization of Parishes
• Expulsion of the Jesuits provided an opportunity for
Arch. Santa Justa to replace Jesuit parishes in Pampanga,
Bataan, and Iloilo with secular priests. By the same year,
Dominican parishes in Binondo and the Parian were also
secularized.
• When Gov. Gen. Raon died in 1770, he was replaced by
Governor General Simon de Anda. He replaces the friar
curates with seculars as soon as they resigned or died
prompting the condemnations from the Regulars. He was
not forgiven by the friars and considered him as one of
the 'bad' governor generals.
19th Century Brilliant Filipino Priests
a. Fr. Pedro Pablo Pelaez. The most erudite or
well-educated among the brilliant Filipino priests.
b. Fr. Mariano Gomes. He became the parish priest of
Bacoor and protected the ordinary natives from the
abuses of the Dominicans in Cavite and because of his
crusade, he was hated by the Regulars.
c. Fr. Jose Burgos. The youngest and the most brilliant
with eight degrees from UST.
d. Fr. Jacinto Zamora. He was an examiner of priests at
the Manila Cathedral.
LESSON 7.1: The Church in the 19th Century: The
Secularization Issue Awakens Filipino Nationalism
Background
• Dismal result of secularization in the Philippines
prompted the King of Spain to suspend the secularization
of parishes on December 11, 1776. The suspension gave
way for reverting parishes held by seculars to the
Regulars
and
by
the
dawn
of
the
19th
century,
secularization declined resulting to the secular parishes in
the Regulars.
• The return of the Jesuits in 1859 and a royal decree in
1861 mandating the return of the Jesuit missions in
Mindanao held by Recollects. To compensate the latter,
parishes that are formerly held by native secular priests.
The Secularization Movement
• The Royal Decree of 1861 led to the rise of a new
movement for secularization in the Philippines.
Filipino priests- Fr. Pedro Pablo Pelaez, Fr. Jose Burgos,
and Fr. Jacinto Zamora.
• Struggle for secularization became racial because on
the opposing side were the Spaniards- this become the
rallying point of Filipino nationalism.
• Secularization issue had a racial aspect of limpieza
de sangre or racial superiority in the assignment of
parishes - it is said that Spanish clergy are better than the
native clergy. Because many of them cannot be parish
priests, they were relegated to being just coadjutors - an
assistant.
Brief Liberal Administration of the Philippines by Gov.
Gen. Carlos Maria de la Torre
• Encouraged both the laymen and native priests came
out into the open to express their desire for reforms.
• Pardoned Eduardo Camerino, the leader of agrarian
unrest in Cavite and made him chief of its police force.
• Abolished flogging as punishment for deserters.
• Dismissed his bodyguards and mingled with ordinary
people.
• Listened to ordinary people's views and complaints just
like a popular politician. This populist approach was
resented by the conservative Spaniards who disliked the
beasts clothed in gold and waited for an opportunity to
Philippines from Spain - the main leaders of which are
the leaders of the Secularization Movement.
get back at them.
• Spanish authorities immediately arrested Frs. Mariano
• De la Torre's approach of portraying as a liberal,
Gomes, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora; they were
however, is a dubious and calculating move contrary to
charged of advocating a revolution that would bring
what the liberal Filipinos and natives are made to believe.
about the independence of the Philippines from Spain
On the open, he is supportive to the Filipinos but in reality,
• Gambling betrayed the Filipino priests who are leaders
he was just identifying their leaders, put them in
of Secularization Movement. It happened that recently, Fr.
surveillance, and their communications intercepted and
Zamora wrote in a piece of paper to his colleagues to
opened.
bring 'powder and shot for a meeting tonight', a term for
gambling money that they were to bring for a session of a
Restoration of Monarchy in Spain and the Cavite
Mutiny
card game called pangingue. That piece of paper fell into
• Prince Amadeo of Savoy became the King of Spain in
• It was alleged that Fr. Jose Burgos was the leader of
1870 after the defeat of the liberals and the monarchy was
the separatist movement while the two priests Fr. Gomes
restored leading to the replacement of liberal governor
and Fr. Zamora, are his co-conspirators. Fr. Pelaez
general with a new one in 1871.
however escaped from being implicated because he died
• Gov. Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo arrived in the Philippines,
when Manila Cathedral was demolished by an earthquake
repealed all the reforms initiated by his predecessor and
in 1863 -
vowed to rule with a cross in one hand and a sword in the
God's way of showing his disapproval for challenging
other. While he had an ear with the complaints of the
Spain.
people, he would not listen to them. Instead, he increased
• A kangaroo trial was held by the Spaniards finding
taxes of state workers to fund the colony.
the three accused guilty of treason and attempted
• Shocked to learn that their wages were cut half due to
tax deductions and that they are no longer exempted
from forced labor, workers in Cavite Arsenal found
sympathy among the soldiers of the fort led by Sergeant
Lamadrid. The supposed protest about wages turned into
mutiny.
rebellion. Fr. Burgos' counsel even said that his client
• The mutiny failed because the reinforcement of Sergeant
on February 17, 1872. The first to be executed before the
Lamadrid from Manila which was expected to arrive on
three priest was a false witness, Francisco Zaldua, who
January 17, 1872 never came. The supposed signal for
believes that the governor general will pardon him but his
uprising is the lighting of fireworks in Manila but that
smile upon his arrival in Bagumbayan diminished when
night, a noisy celebration in Sampaloc district took place
the letter of pardon never came.
that includes fireworks display that the mutineers in
• The first to be executed was Fr. Gomes. As he
Cavite mistook as the warning signal and started the
approached the chair of the garrote, he said, 'I AM
killing only to find out the next day that they are alone
GOING TO WHERE THE LEAVES OF THE TREES WILL NOT
fighting and soon troops from Manila crushed the mutiny,
MOVE WITHOUT THE WILL OF GOD' which a Dominical
Lamadrid killed fighting in the mutiny.
friar nearby heard and said unto him, 'I hope that God will
• The mutiny was used as pretext to go after the people
forgive you for what you have done.' He retorted saying,
who exposed themselves as enemies of the conservatives
'it is you who should be forgiven for the more grievous
during the term of Gov. Gen. de la Torre.
thing that you have committed. His eyeglass fell in the
THE MARTYRDOM OF GOMBURZA
• It was alleged that Cavite Mutiny was part of a larger
conspiracy to bring about the separation of the
the hands of the Spanish authorities.
an incident that the friars considered as the
confessed his guilt and he was begging for the mercy of
the court, prompting him to stand up and denounce his
lawyer.
• The three priests were garroted in Bagumbayan Field
ground, he knelt to pick them up. His executioner knelt
before him and said, 'Father, forgive me, because I am
going to kill you.' Fr. Gomes replied to him, 'That is alright,
my son, do your duty.'
• The second priest to be executed was Fr. Zamora who
did not say anything because his silence was due to the
fact that he became insane; his innocent note caused his
life and the lives of his colleagues.
• In the latter part of the 19th century nationalist and
movements, the memory of the three priests was a
rallying point.
• The last to be executed was Fr. Burgos who was crying.
• Katipunan Sur, a Katipunan chapter in Bulacan, made a
When he was made to sit in the garrote chair, he stood up
new recruit swear over a piece of cloth which is part of the
and cried, 'BUT I AM INNOCENT!' The priests beside him
soutane of the executed priests and made them swear to
retorted and said, 'So was Christ!' He was told to accept
avenge their unjust deaths. Also present is a skull of a
his fate. He was praying while the executioner tightened
victim of Spanish injustice.
the bolt of the garrote. 'God Almighty, please receive the
• The Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898 also
soul of this inno...' and his prayer was cut short by death.
invoked the memory of the three priests as the reason
• Aside from the three priests, there are other members of
for seeking separation from Spain.
the native clergy who were also implicated in the plot
• Rizal dedicated his second novel, El Filibusterismo, in
such as Fr. Pedro Dandan and Fr. Toribio del Pilar, the elder
their memory and offering its pages as a tardy tribute to
brother of Marcelo H. del Pilar. The incident as well as the
their unknown graves.
entrenched frailocracy in the country drove the younger
del Pilar to become one of the most potent enemies of the
friars.
• There were rich businessmen who were also implicated
in the plot such as Crisanto delos Reyes, Jose Ma. Basa,
Balvino Diego; Antonio Ma. Regidor, a lawyer; Joaquin
Pardo de Tavera, and many others.
• Before the execution of the three priests, Gov. Gen.
Izquierdo
asked
the
Archbishop
of Manila Meliton
Martinez to defrock them but he refused because he
doubted their guilt of the crimes they are accused. After
the execution, the Archbishop had the bells of the Manila
Cathedral tolled a requiem for the three priests. The
natives who where present began to kneel down a
spontaneous act that the Spaniards thought as a signal
for the natives to fall upon them. There were no rejoicing
after the execution and the Spaniards hurriedly fled for
the safety in of Intramuros and stayed there for a week
without leaving.
EFFECTS OF THE EXECUTION OF THE THREE PRIESTS
• It was considered as a milestone in Philippine history
as the birth of nationalism.
• The natives started to think as a people of a nation no
longer Tagalogs, Pampangos, or Visayans.
• It had a cathartic effect that made the natives as well
as the mestizos and Spaniards born in the Philippines that
they are separate from the colonizers and they belong
to a country.
AFTERMATH
• The Church remained a divided social institution
during the rest of the Spanish period.
• Jesuits are blamed by the Dominicans for training
and inspiring future enemies like Rizal and the
propagandists according to Fr. Fidel Villaroel, a
Dominican historian during the Philippine Revolution.
• The Regulars blamed the Seculars for siding the
Revolutionists. Among the Dominicans, a professor
named Fr. Evaristo Rodriguez Arias sent an advice to Gen.
Emilio Aguinaldo not to follow the doctrines of
organizations opposed to the Church - a reference to the
Masonic organizations where he is a member. He also said
that it is a sin to rebel against the established authority.
Arch. Meliton Martinez, who did not totally side with the
reactionary Spaniards, cautioned the Filipino clergymen
to moderate their demands and not to provoke the
conservatives, even before the Cavite Mutiny.
• On the other hand, there were clergymen who are
anti-Filipino like Fr. Francisco Gainza, O.P. who opposed
the teaching of Spanish language to Filipinos; and Arch.
Barnardino Nozaleda, O.P. who clamored for the arrest of
Jose Rizal.
LESSON 8: THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF JOSE RIZAL
EDUCATION
RIZAL’S EARLY EDUCATION
●​ Education is part of the historical context that
molded Rizal’s nationalism as well as that of other
Filipinos.
●​ Like any Filipino family education started at home
and the mother was usually the first teacher.
●​ When Jose Rizal reach Nine (9) he was sent to the
school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Biñan,
Laguna. At that time anybody with a Bachiller en
Artes with the approval of the town curate may
teach the equivalent of elementary as long as he
passed the examinations given by the Spanish
Authorities. It would be better if the teacher had
completed the course of professor and the course
of Segunda Enseñanza.
THE ROLE OF THE DOMINICANS IN PHILIPPINE
EDUCATION
●​ In 1865, Queen Isabella II appointed the rector of
the University of Santo Tomas as the supervisor of
all secondary and higher education in the
Philippines.
✓ The university holds the entrance and final
examinations of all those who wish to enter
secondary and higher education and those who
have completed their courses.
✓ The university issued the diplomas of the
graduates regardless where they have taken the
courses.
●​ On May 14, 1872, Don Antonio Estrada, the
Secretary General of the University of Santo
Tomas issued an announcement for the holding of
entrance examination for those who would like to
take the Bachiller in Artes course.
●​ Rizal was given a choice of enrolling at either the
Jesuit-run Ateneo Municipal de Manila or the
Dominican San Juan de Letran College.
EDUCATION UNDER THE JESUITS
●​ Rizal studied at the Ateneo for the next five years
(1872-1877).
●​ Rizal classmates in Ateneo were a mixture of
Spaniards, mestizos and natives.
●​ Rizal wrote down his experiences in the Ateneo in
an autobiography entitled “Memorias de Un
Estudiante de Manila” under the pseudonym P.
Jacinto.
●​ As Educators, the Jesuits professors practice
emphasis on strict discipline, character building
and religious instruction.
●​ At that time, Rizal was a budding poet and
playwright.
●​ The Ateneo also encouraged competition for
academic excellence and they drew from ancient
Roman history by dividing the class into Romans
and Carthaginians.
●​ Rizal ended his studies in Ateneo as an excellent
student but he was not alone because most of his
classmates were given the same excellent grade or
sobresaliente.
UNDER THE DOMINICANS
●​ Educational Institutions under the Church in Spain
were secularized but not the ones in the
Philippines.
●​ The new Spanish government shrewdly recognized
the role of the Spanish religious especially the
friars in keeping the status qou (i.e. Spanish
Domination) in the Philippines and allowed the
religious institutions to continue administering the
educational institutions.
●​ When Cavite Mutiny broke out on January 17, 1872
it was portrayed by Governor General Izquierdo
and the Spanish community as part of larger
conspiracy to overthrow colonial rule in the
Islands.
●​ Despite the failure of secularization, some
attempts at getting the Philippines into the
modern world were successful. In 1871, the new
college of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine
was established in the University of Santo Tomas.
Jose Rizal would later enroll under this faculty.
●​ Rizal was still unsure on what to take up in college
so the safest course to take was Philosophy and
Letters course which were preparatory courses to
the priesthood and the study of law. When he
made up his mind, he shifted to medicine upon the
advice of his former professors at the Ateneo.
●​ Why did Rizal choose medicine over law?
✓ At that time, the Philippines was receiving
officials from Madrid and some positions were still
reserved for Spaniards.
✓ A Filipino with a law degree can aspire and set
up a law office.
✓ A Filipino can practice Law, but he may come
into conflict whenever a high Spaniards official or
a friar gets involved.
RIZAL’S RARE PRIVILEGE
●​ Rizal was an above average student in the
University.
●​ His classmates were a mixture of Spaniards who
were either peninsular Spaniards or Insular
Spaniards (Filipinos), and the rest were natives
including the mestizos.
●​ The culture of the University was different from
Ateneo. Classes were held in the morning, and it
was free time in the afternoon.
●​ Rizal’s years in UST was a tie when he was seeing
three women at the same time. These were Leonor
Valenzuela, Leonor Rivera and Vicenta Ybardaloza
whose courtships with Rizal overlapped each other
between 1879 and 1882.
●​ The student culture at the University was very
different from that of Ateneo. Unlike Ateneo where
the day starts with a holy mass in the morning, a
student in UST is not required to attend mass.
●​ In UST, Jose Rizal was able to write his
prize-winning and nationalist poem “A La Juventud
Filipina” in which he said that the youth is the
beautiful hope of the motherland. Rizal also wrote
an allegorical drama entitled “Consejo de los
Dioses” in honor of Cervantes, he wrote that the
Spanish poet was as good as the giants of the
classics like Homer and Horace.
RIZAL AT UST
●​ Even as it was the only university in the Philippines
at that time and under control of the Dominicans
who were portrayed as conservative, the university
was actually a haven of diversity. It had Spaniards,
Insulars and Peninsulars and some mestizos as
professors.
●​ There were both laymen and clergymen as
educators.
●​ In 19th century was a period of change, major
changes took place in the educational system.
Schools offering Bachiller En Artes were
established in the provinces such as the School of
Fr. Valeriano Malabanan in Batangas. These
schools however were still subject to the
supervision of the University of Santo Tomas.
●​ Life as a UST student had its great privileges. To
be a student of the University means he was the
cream of society.
●​ A student was exempt from polos y servicios and
from taxes like the samboanganor the tax used to
pay for the maintenance of the forts and military
installations.
●​ Students walked around wearing coats and
walking sticks.
●​ Yet Rizal, like many of his contemporaries decided
to continue and complete their education abroad.
Even at that time foreign education is very much
esteemed. Juan Luna managed to study abroad
through scholarship.
●​ Rizal was supported by the income from his
family’s farms.
●​ Going therefore to Europe to finish their studies
was more of the choice of these Filipino elites as
they were able to afford the expenses.
LESSON 8.1: EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND OF JOSE
RIZAL
JOSE RIZAL
LAGUNA
SHOME
SCHOOLING
IN
CALAMBA,
FIRST TEACHER OF JOSE RIZAL
●​ Doña Teodora, Jose Rizal’s mother was his first
teacher.
Her
patience
consciousness
and
understanding made Jose Rizal to learn the
alphabet and recite prayers at the age of three.
●​ She discovered Jose Rizal’s talent in poetry and
further develop.
●​ She encouraged him to write verses. Later on,
Rizal’s mother realized that Rizal already needed a
private tutor who shall teach him at home.
PRIVATE TUTOR OF JOSE RIZAL
●​ Rizal first private tutor was Maestro Celestino.
●​ The second private Tutor of Rizal was Maestro
Lucas Padua.
●​ The third private tutor of Rizal was Leon Monroy, a
former classmates of his father. He taught Rizal
reading, writing, Latin and Spanish. Unfortunately
he died after five (5) months. After the death of
Monroy; Rizal’s Parents decided to send Jose Rizal
to a private school in BiÑan.
IMPROVEMENT OF PHILIPPINE EDUCATION UNDER
SPAIN
●​ Function Reforms of 1863.
✓ This educational reform benefited Rizal in his
formal schooling in Biñan, Laguna and Ateneo de
Manila.
✓ This was considered in Rizal’s time as the
modern system of state regulated educational
reform, established in the Philippines.
●​ The following provisions of Educational system of
1863;
1.​ Primary instruction was made compulsory
for all children between ages seven (7) and
twelve (12).
✓ Rizal on his part availed of the law when
he was nine (9) years old.
2.​ Parents and guardians where to send their
children or wards to the public schools,
unless they showed that the latter were
receiving adequate instruction at home or
in private schools.
3.​ Non- fulfilment of this legal duty was
punishable with fine.
JOSE RIZAL EDUCATION IN BIÑAN LAGUNA
●​ Paciano brought him to the school house of his
teacher Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz. He was
also a teacher of Paciano before.
●​ Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz is described as
tall, thin, long-necked with sharp nose and body
slightly bend forward.
●​ A strict teacher and his teaching is accomplished
by a stick.
●​ There is no single day, Jose Rizal received a blow
from his teacher he is the brightest in the class.
●​ Rizal hated the method of his teaching but he
considered his teacher as an expert in Latin and
Spanish grammar.
●​ Jose Rizal also took up lessons in painting and
drawing under old Juancho, the Maestro’s
Father-in law.
DAILY LIFE OF RIZAL IN BIÑAN LAGUNA
●​ Rizal led a systematic life in BiÑan which is made
of house, church and school activities. 4:00 AM –
Time to attend the mass
5:00 AM – Study his lessons. Eat Breakfast and
prepare for School.
7:00 AM – 10:00 AM – School
11:00 AM – 2:00 PM – Going home for lunch and
rest before coming back to School.
2:00 PM – 5:00 PM – Afternoon Schooling
5:00 PM – Pray with his cousins and study his
lessons after dinner, when the moon is bright, he
played with his niece in the street.
JOSE RIZAL AT THE ATENEO DE MANILA (BACHILLER
EN ARTES)
RIZAL ENTERS ATENEO
●​ Don Francisco first send him to study at San Juan
de Letran were he had passed the entrance
examination but later changed his mind and send
him to Ateneo instead.
●​ Paciano accompanied Jose Rizal to Ateneo
Municipal.
●​ The Registrar, Ferrando Father Magin , refused to
admit him for two reasons:
1.​ Rizal was late for registration; and
2.​ Rizal was sickly and under size in his age.
NEPHEW OF JOSE BURGOS “MANUEL XERES BURGOS”
●​ Through the help of Manuel Xeres Burgos, Jose
Rizal was able to enter at the Ateneo de Manila.
●​ Manuel Xeres Burgos was the Nephew of Father
Jose Burgos.
●​ Jose Rizal was advised to use the second surname
“Rizal” because the surname “Mercado” came
under suspicion of the Spanish Authorities.
JESUIT SYSTEM OF EDUCATION
●​ The system of education given by the Jesuits in
the Ateneo was more advanced than that of other
colleges in that period.
●​ Students were divided into two groups, namely:
✓ The “Roman Empire” consisting of the internos
(borders);
and the “Carthaginian Empire”
composed of the externos (non-borders).
✓ Each of these empires had its ranks.
●​ The best student in each empire was the;
●​ First Rank – Emperor;
●​ Second Rank – Tribune;
●​ Third Rank – Decurion;
●​ Fourth Rank – Centurion;
●​ Fifth Rank – Standard-Bearer.
✓ The two groups, “Roman Empire and
Carthaginian
Empire”
were
in
constant
competition for supremacy in the class. Red for the
Roman empire and Blue for Carthaginian empire.
JOSE RIZAL FIRST DAY IN ATENEO DE MANILA
●​ During his first days in Ateneo de Manila, Jose
Rizal was dressed like the other boys, wearing coat
and tie.
●​ He frequently visited the chapel of the Jesuit
Fathers to hear Mass and say his prayers.
●​ For the first time he saw a great number of boys
dominated by Spaniards, Mestizos and Filipinos.
He also met his Jesuit Professor Father Jose Bech.
JOSE RIZAL BECAME THE EMPEROR
●​ The Jesuit educational system during that time
used a unique motivation and stimulation to attain
learning from students.
●​ The class was divided into two groups;
✓ The Roman Emperor and the Carthaginians was
the supremacy of the class.
●​ The student who manifested exceptional talent
became the Emperor of the Class.
●​ Rizal first professor in Ateneo de Manila was
Father Jose Bech.
●​ In Just one month studying in Ateneo de Manila
Jose Rizal became the Emperor of the Class.
JOSE RIZAL SECOND YEAR IN ATENEO DE MANILA
●​ On his second year in Ateneo, while his mother was
still in Jail, he envisioned in his dream that he
would be released in three months, which on
coincidence happened.
●​ Despite the emotional hurt, which Rizal was able to
take home at the end of the year, a medal and
maintained his excellence in class.
used this material extensively while studying in
Ateneo.
JOSE RIZAL THIRD YEAR IN ATENEO DE MANILA
●​ Rizal’s mother was finally released from jail by the
Supreme Court Order and was happily reunited
with her family and favorite son Jose Rizal.
●​ At the end of the School year, Rizal received again
a medal in Latin and maintained his excellence in
Class.
TRAVELS IN THE PHILIPPINES
●​ This was authored by a German scientist named
Dr. Feodor Jagor who travelled in the Philippines
from 1859 to 1860.
●​ Rizal read the observations of Dr. Feodor Jagor on
the weakness of the Spanish Colonization of the
country and prophesied the revolution and
liberation of the Philippines.
JOSE RIZAL FOURTH YEAR IN ATENEO DE MANILA
●​ Rizal’s most fruitful year was his fourth year of
Schooling. He became Interno of Ateneo, meaning
he stay inside the School campus which enable him
to concentrate more on his studies. He met also a
professor who inspired him to study harder and
write poetry, his name was Father Francisco Paula
Sanchez, a great educator and scholar.
●​ Father Francisco Paula Sanchez he was the
favorite professor of Rizal. At the end of the year
he brought home five medals and excellent ratings.
POEMS OF RIZAL WRITTEN IN 1875
●​ A poem composed by Rizal entitled Felicitation or
in Spanish “Felicitacion” when he was 14 years old.
●​ He dedicated the literary piece to his
brother-in-law Antonio Lopez.
●​ The Moros of Jolo Who with pride they raise A
thousand waving flags And when the soldiers
strong Had alighted on the shores And pointed all
their guns Against the enemy’s wall. With manly
accent spoke The general: “Soldiers of mine” Upon
your valor depends The Rich glory of victory.
JOSE RIZAL LAST YEAR IN ATENEO DE MANILA
●​ The last year of Jose Rizal in Ateneo was a mixture
of happiness and sadness. Happiness because he
received the highest honor in their graduation and
sadness because he will be leaving a school which
he dearly loved.
POEMS OF RIZAL WRITTEN IN 1876
●​ Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (Memories of my town).
●​ In this poem, Rizal expressed his appreciation and
love for Calamba, his hometown and birthplace.
●​ He wrote this piece at the age of 15 in the year
1876.
●​ Rizal mentioned the lagoons, flowers, forest, rivers
and freshness of the wind in Calamba.
JOSE RIZAL’S INTEREST IN READING WHILE IN
ATENEO
●​ Rizal’s interest in reading never stopped, he was
very much influenced by Don Francisco who stored
volumes of books in their Calamba Residence. He
read different novels, romantic, emotional notes,
articles and books.
THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO
●​ Written by Alexander Dumas, the novel was about
the hardship of an imprisoned hero who later
escaped and obtained his revenge against those
who inflicted him pain and suffering.
●​ This novel left a mark in Rizal’s views in Life, due to
the suffering of Edmond Dantes the hero of the
novel.
UNIVERSAL HISTORY
●​ This book was bought by Rizal’s father and was
authored by Cesar Cantus. Th Book was a rich
source of historical facts about world history. Rizal
POR LA EDUCACION RECIBE LUSTRE LA PATRIA
(THROUGH EDUCATION OUR MOTHERLAND RECEIVES
LIGHT)
●​ Rizal composed this poem in 1876, when he was 16.
He was already advocating that education was
important in the country.
●​ Rizal compared education in the goodness of light,
wisdom, hope, peace and truth.
ENTRADA TRIUMFAL DE LOS REYES CATOLICES EN
GRANADA (TRIUMPHAL ENTRY OF THE CATHOLIC
KINGS IN GRANADA)
●​ This was another poem of young Rizal’s
manifestation of his love for history and he wrote
this poem on December 3, 1876.
ALIANZA INTIMA ENTRE LA RELIGION Y LA BUENA
EDUCACION
(INTIMATE
ALLIANCE
BETWEEN
RELIGION AND EDUCATION)
●​ Rizal wrote this poem in April of 1876 in this piece
he expressed his belief that in attaining excellent
education, a student must give importance to
religion by following Goods teachings, in order to
attain the totality of man.
●​ Rizal once said in this poem: “Without religion
man’s Education Is like a ship struck by the wind”.
A LA VIRGEN DE ANTIPOLO (TO THE VIRGIN OF
ANTIPOLO)
●​ Also known as A La Virgen Maria (To the Virgin
Mary);
●​ This is was composed by in Rizal in April 19, 1876,
which he dedicated to the revered mother of Jesus
Christ.
●​ Another religious poem.
RIZAL’S VERSIFICATION
●​ San Eustacio, Martir– Saint Eustache the Martyr.
●​ While a student at Ateneo, Jose Rizal was a
favorite of his rhetoric professor Father Francisco
de Paula Sanchez, S.J., in the summer of April to
May of 1876.
●​ Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez, requested
Rizal to versify this work Rizal finished the
composed versification on the first day of the
academic year
CHARACTER OF JOSE RIZAL’S VERSIFICATION
●​ Hadrian - emperor of rome from 117 to a38 a.d
●​ Eustache - roman general
●​ Titus - younger son of eastache
●​ Flavius - older son of the emperor and rival og
Eustache
●​ Claudius - friend of flavius
●​ Cornelius - favorite of the emperor and rival of
eustache
●​ Metellus - friend eustache
Poems of Rizal Written in 1877
●​ El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of Columbus).
●​ This poem praises Columbus.
●​ Colon y Juan II (Columbus and John II) - relates
how King John II of Spain missed fame and riches
by his failure to finance the projected expedition of
Columbus to the New World.
●​ In this poem of Rizal written in Ateneo de Manila,
he steered the conquest of death.
Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great Solace in
the Greatest Misfortune)
●​ This poem shows the troubles and sadness of
Columbus as he travelled the sea and lost his
precious ship.
●​ A legend relates to the tragic life of Columbus.
Rizal as a Distinguished Organization Member
●​ His academic excellence, while studying in Ateneo,
gave him membership in Marian Congregation and
Apostleship of Prayer.
●​ The religious organization that accepted members
who received excellence in both academic
performance and religion subjects.
●​ Rizal was also a member of the Academy of
Spanish Literature and Academy of Natural
Science. In these organizations, only Ateneans who
had excellent academic performance in subjects
covering literature and science, were accepted and
became full pledged members.
Rizal devoted his spare time to study fine Arts
1.​ Painting under Agustin Saez
2.​ Sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus
3.​ Rizal developed his weak body by engaging in
fencing and gymnastics.
4.​ Rizal wrote a dramatic play based on the prose
story of St. Eustace the Martyr as requested by his
favorite teacher, Father Sanchez.
Rizal’s Academic Performance
●​ On March 23, 1877, Jose Rizal was only 16 when he
graduated in Ateneo de Manila with highest honors
in class, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts.
●​ Today, Rizal is recognized as the youngest
Alumnus of Ateneo de Manila University.
●​
Rizal’s Grades in the Ateneo de Manila Bachelor of Arts
1872 - 1873
●​ Latin 1 - excellent
●​ Spanish 1 - excellent
●​ Greek 1 - excellent
1873 - 1874
●​ Spanish 2 - excellent
●​ Greek 2 - excellent
●​ Universal Geography - excellent
1874 - 1875
●​ Latin 3 - Excellent
●​ Spanish 3 - Excellent
●​ Universal History - Excellent
●​ History of Spain and the Philippines - Excellent
●​ Arithmetic & Algebra - excellent
1875 - 1876
●​ Rhetoric and Poetry - Excellent
●​ French - Excellent
●​ Geometry & Trigonometry - Excellent
1876 - 1877
●​ Philosophy 1 - Excellent
●​ Philosophy 2 - Excellent
●​ Mineralogy & Chemistry - Excellent
●​ Physics - Excellent
●​ Botany and Zoology - Excellent
Jose Rizal First Romance
●​ Rizal met his first love when he visited his maternal
grand mother in Trozo, Manila.
●​ She was Segunda Katigbak, who was studying La
Concordia College.
●​ She was a class friend of his sister Olimpia.
●​ His first love was a failure because Segunda is
already engaged to be married.
Jose Rizal at the University of Santo Tomas
Rizal Entered UST
●​ After Rizal’s graduation from the Ateneo de
Manila.
●​ His father Don Francisco, know fully well that his
son Jose Rizal was gifted with the exceptional
intelligence. He decided to send Rizal to UST for a
Higher Education in Manila.
●​ DoÑa Teodora was hesitant because she had
viewed the fate of Jose Rizal as an intelligent
young Filipinos who questioned the Spanish
authorities in the Philippines.
●​ DoÑa Teodora was vocal in her opposition to the
decision of Don Francisco. However, the father of
Rizal was convinced of the great future that
awaited his son whose intelligence was among the
best at the time.
April 1877
●​ Jose Rizal returned to Manila and enrolled at the
University of Santo Tomas, taking the course of
Philosophy and Letters, though that time , Rizal
was still confused of what course to study.
●​ His
freshmen
subjects
were
Cosmology,
Metaphysics, Theodicy and History of Philosophy.
●​ In the year 1878, Rizal consulted Reverend Father
Pablo Ramon, the Director of Ateneo de Manila, as
to what course to take.
●​ Father Ramon Pablo advised Rizal to take up
Medicine, therefore he enrolled in the Medical
Course, with the Hope that he could relieve DoÑa
Teodora’s failing eye- sight after he finished the
course in Ophthalmology.
Rizal the Surveyor and Assessor
●​ While enrolled in Medicine, Jose Rizal spared some
time to study Surveying. He was so interested in
the course, that he finished it in one year at the
Ateneo de Manila.
●​ Jose Rizal excelled in Surveying and won medals in
subjects covering Topography and Agriculture.
●​ In the year, 1878, Jose Rizal passed the final
examination of the course at the age of 17.
Unfortunately, he was deprived of the title due to
his minor age.
●​ On October 28, 1881 with the help of Don
Eustaquio Villablanca de Mendoza, after Jose Rizal
presented his credentials in Ateneo, he was
awarded the title of Surveyor and Expert Assessor
on September 30, 1881.
Jose Rizal experience of Spanish Brutality
●​ Rizal was accustomed to going home during
vacation in Calamba to join his family and
spending time with them after a long arduous
study as a Medical Student at UST.
●​ One night in 1878, while he was walking alone
along a dark street, Jose Rizal failed to recognized
the Spanish Civil Guard who was passing by his
side, thus he did not bow, salute or greet the
soldier.
●​ At a striking distance, the Civil Guard (Guardia
Civil) whipped Rizal mercilessly at the back with a
dry stingray tail (buntot ng pagi).
●​ Jose Rizal suffered from the wounds inflicted on
his back that lasted for two weeks before it
completely healed.
●​ Jose Rizal could not accept such brutal treatment
inflicted by the Civil Guard.
●​ Jose Rizal went to Captain General Primo de
Rivera and file a complaint, the Captain General
even reprimanded him, said that Jose Rizal should
be even thankful for being alive, and spared by the
Guardia Civil.
Jose Rizal Artistic Works
●​ Jose Rizal manifested his literary genius while at
UST.
●​ In the year 1879, the Artistic and Literary Lyceum,
a society whose members were composed of
artists in literature, sponsored a contest in poetry
writing and composition.
●​ Jose Rizal joined the contest and wrote a poem
entitled: Filipina (To the Filipino Youth). A La
Juventud
●​ As his entry to this competition. After the expert
reading and scrutiny of the Board of Judges, the
entries coming from Spanish, Mestizo and Filipino
students, who submitted their respective pieces to
the competition, Rizal’s poem was judged as
Superior and won him the first prize and
recognition in University of Santo Tomas, and from
his hometown in Calamba.
In the year 1880
●​ The Artistic- Literary Lyceum society sponsored
another artistic competition in honor of the 264th
death anniversary of “Spain’s most glorified manof- letter” Don Miguel de Cervantes, the author of
the book, “Don Quixote” a celebrate work
produced by a Spanish write.
●​ In this competition, many writers participated and
submitted their pieces with respective assumed
names such as journals, priest, scholars and
professor.
●​ Jose Rizal, on his part submitted an allegorical
drama entitled “El Consejo de los Dioses” (The
Council of the Gods).
●​ After a critical scrutiny and appraisal by an
entirely Spanish Board of Judges, they awarded
the first prize to Jose Rizal’s literary work, due to
its superiority and quality.
●​ Unfortunately, Rizal was temporarily stripped of
the award due to his identity as an Indio (Native
Filipino).
●​ Despite all objections from the Spaniards in
Manila, the board of judges insisted that the work
of Jose Rizal deserved the first place.
●​ Thus, Jose Rizal was awarded a Gold Ring, where
the bust Cervantes was engraved.
●​ A Spanish writer took the second place.
●​ The board of Spanish judges was clear in their
description of the winning piece of Rizal and they
declared: “The idea and the plot of the work are
of great originality to which Should be added
the circumstances that throughout the same
shine To the outmost a correct style, an
admirable richness of details, delicacy of
thought and figures, and lastly a taste of
Hellenic that the reader imagines himself
relishing some delicious passage of Homer
which with such frequency the Olympic sessions
described to us in their works”.
Characters of the Council of the Gods
●​ Jupiter – the most powerful god in the play, who
was seated on the throne of god and precious
stones; he uses thunderbolts as his most terrible
weapon.
●​ Juno – the jealous wife of Jupiter who was always
irritated and displayed haughty and arrogant
behavior in the play. She presented the play of
Homer entitled Odyssey.
●​ Mercury – son of Jupiter, who was responsible for
ordering the thunderbolts of his father.
●​ Venus – sister of Juno who often argues with her.
She insisted the importance of the play of Virgil
(Aeneid) and of Trojans and Achilles.
●​ Momus – she argues with Juno, and in the meeting
with the gods, in return Juno calls her ugly.
●​ Minerva – she was called wise Pellas and
introduced the play of the Spanish writer
Cervantes entitled Don Quixote.
●​ Apollo – he stopped Minerva in her introduction of
Don Quixote and declared that the book is the
favorite of the Muses.
●​ Mars – with outmost madness he opposed the
recognition the work of Cervantes at the same
time stating his complaint to Jupiter.
●​ Justice – using impartial balance in the play, she
declared Don Quixote and Aeneid as equal works.
Jose Rizal as a Thomasian and Active Atenean
●​ While, Jose Rizal was considered a Thomasian, he
also considered an active connection in Ateneo.
●​ Jose Rizal was the President of the Academy of
Spanish Literature, Secretary of Academy of
Natural Sciences and member of the Marian
Congregation.
●​ Rizal also composed literary works while an active
alumnus of Ateneo de Manila and a medical
student at UST. He wrote the following artistic
pieces.
●​ These are:
-​ Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig) – This is a
drama staged at the Ateneo by members
of the academy of Spanish Literature.
●​ It is one of Jose Rizal play that
came in Zarzuela from which was
staged in Ateneo de Manila on the
8th
of
December
1880,
in
-​
-​
-​
celebration of the yearly feast day
of the Immaculate Conception.
A Filipinas (To the Philippines) – A sonnet
that Jose Rizal dedicated to the Society of
Sculptures in 1880.
Abd-el Azis y Mohamad (ABD-EL-AZIS a
Mohammed) – This poem was claimed by
Manuel Fernandez, an Ateneo student
whose piece recalls the struggle between
the Spanish people and the Moors in Spain.
Al M.R.P.: Pablo Ramon, Rector del Ateneo
en sus Dias, (Birthday Greetings to the Very
Reverend Father Pablo Ramona, S.J.).
●​ Jose Rizal gave honor to the kind
priest who raised his spirit and
intelligence.
●​ Rizal wrote this poem on January
25, 1881.
❖​ Surgical Pathology - Very Good
❖​ Obstetrics - Very Good
Rizal became a Filipino Student Leader
●​ Rizal was the leader of the Filipino Students UST
against the arrogant Spanish Students.
●​ They were called “Indio Chongo” in return the
Filipino students called them “Kastila, Bangus”
Hostility between the two groups often exploded in
angry street rumbles.
●​ Jose Rizal often participated in these student
brawls. One of his fights he was wounded on the
head. His wound was tenderly washed and dressed
by Leonor Rivera his cousin and true love.
Decision to Leave UST
●​ Rizal was unhappy in UST so he decided to
continue his studies abroad.
●​ The Dominican Professors were hostile to him.
●​ This is racial discrimination of the Filipino
Students.
●​ Jose Rizal dislike the old and repressive method of
teaching in UST
Leonor Rivera
●​ Leonor Rivera became his sweetheart or girlfriend
for 11 years and stopped him from falling for other
women even when traveling.
●​ However, Leonor’s mother disagreed with the
relation of her daughter with Rizal, who was known
as a filibuster.
●​ All letters sent by Rizal to Leonor Rivera were
hidden by her mother, making Leonor believe that
Rizal has forgotten her, sadly consented her to
marry the Englishman Henry Kipping, her mother’s
choice.
Rizal Academic Performance in UST
Jose Rizal Scholastic Records at the University of Santo
Tomas
●​ 1877 - 1878
❖​ (Philosophy and Letters) - Excellent
❖​ Theodicy - Excellent
❖​ History and Philosophy - Excellent
●​ 1878 – 1879 (First Year- Medicine)
❖​ Physics - Fair
❖​ Chemistry - Excellent
❖​ Natural History - Fair
❖​ Anatomy 1 - Good
❖​ Dissection 1 - Good
●​ 1879 – 1880 (Second Year Medicine)
❖​ Autonomy 2 - Good
❖​ Dissection 2 - Good
❖​ Physiology - Good
❖​ Private Hygiene - Good
❖​ Public Hygiene - Good
●​ 1880 – 1881 (Third Year Medicine)
❖​ General Pathology - Fair
❖​ Therapeutics - Excellent
❖​ Surgery - Good
●​ 1881 – 1882 (Third Year Medicine)
❖​ Medical Pathology - Very Good
LESSON 9: Jose Rizal First Sojourn ​
Going to Europe​
​
The Decision to Study in Europe
●​ Jose Rizal’s dissatisfaction in his studies at the
University of Santo Tomas and bad experience
under a repressive Spanish regime in the
Philippines.
●​ This made him decide to leave the country and
proceed to Europe, where he continued his course
in the field of Ophthalmology.
●​ Jose Rizal’s Tio Antonio and brother in-law Manuel
T. Hidalgo, gave the information to Paciano,
regarding the ship Salvadora that Rizal would
board.
●​ On May 1, 1882 Paciano gave Jose Rizal 356 pesos,
afterwards the servant called a carromata, a local
transportation that would take Rizal to BiÑan.
●​ Rizal narrated his parting ways with his parents:
I dressed and while I was waiting for breakfast,
the carromata (Kalesa) arrived. My parents had
already
Awakened but not yet my sisters.
I took a cup of coffee. My brother looked
At me with sorrow; my parents knew nothing.
Finally, I kissed their hands. I was on the verge of
crying!
I went down hurriedly, bidding a mute goodbye to
everything dear to me.
xxxxxxxXXXxxxxxxxx………
Jose Rizal Final Activities Before Leaving for Europe
●​ On May 2, 1882. Rizal’s friend, Mateo Evangelista
helped Rizal to acquire his passport going to
Europe and introduced him to the ship Captain
named Donato Lecha who would look after him
while at sea.
●​ Pedro
Paterno
gave
him
a
letter
of
recommendation to his friend in Europe.
●​ In the afternoon, Jose Rizal went to Ateneo de
Manila and visited his Jesuit mentors who gave
him strong letters of recommendation to the Jesuit
Fathers in Barcelona.
●​ May 3, 1882, Rizal Departed for Europe;
●​ At 5:00 a.m, Rizal heard mass at the Sto. Domingo
Church. It was his last Mass before leaving the
country, this was the first time in his life to go
abroad. The same morning, the steam ship
Salvadora left the Philippines with the student
Rizal who embarked on a mission for his
motherland in Europe.
●​ Jose Rizal letter to his parents was delivered to
them while he was at sea.
​
Rizal in Singapore
●​ The British Colony of Singapore was the first stop
of Salvadora on May 9, 1882.
●​ This was also the first Asian country that Rizal
reached in his life. He stayed there for two days
where he visited a Botanical Garden, historic
places, and shopping areas.
●​ Later on May 11, 1882, the passenger of Salvadora
including Rizal transferred and boarded the large
French steamer ship named Djemnah.
​
Rizal in Sri Lanka
●​ On May 17, 1882, the Djemnah arrived at Point
Galle, an English Colony which Rizal described “A
tropical vegetation formed by elegant palm”.
●​ Jose Rizal visited the Oriental Hotel, Temple of
Buddha, and for the first time, he saw how Indians
prayed.
●​ From point Galle, the ship headed north and on
May 18, 1882 at 1:00 pm, the Djemnah docked at
Colombo the Capital of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka).
●​ Rizal described the place: “Colombo, is more
beautiful, smart, and elegant than Singapore”.
​
Rizal in Africa
●​ On May 26, 1882, Jose Rizal saw for the first time,
the African continent, while entering the Cape of
Guardafui; Rizal described the place “The Cape
Guardafui is an arid, dry rock, without a single
leaf-its base of varied colors is beautiful”.
●​ The next stop in Africa was in Aden; this was the
first time Rizal stepped in the African soil.
●​ Rizal notes, “Upon stepping on African soil for the
first time”, I felt a shuddering whose cause I
ignore. The soil is hard and sandy, heated by that
very brilliant and ardent sun, emits burning
steam”.
​
Rizal in Europe; (ITALY);
●​ On June 11, 1882, Sunday morning half past six,
the ship Djemnah arrived at Napoli (now, Naples,
Italy).
●​ The ship captain allowed the passengers to move
around the place for one hour and a half.
●​ With this opportunity, Rizal never wasted time to
explore the first European territory in his sight.
●​ He was amazed of what he saw that he noted in
his diary:
An extensive territory totally covered with
buildings.
Now the Castle of St. Telmo on the top,
now the prison on the water,
the tower of Massaniello, the Royal place.
​
Rizal in France
●​ After the brief stop at Napoli, the ship proceeded
to the French Harbor of Marseille and arrived in
the place on June 12, 1882.
●​ In Rizal’s sight for the first time, the land of
another powerful empire in Europe, whose
constant ally was Spain.
●​ Rizal disembarked and parted with the ship
Djemnah and bade goodbye to his friends whom
he met, while sailing for Europe.
●​ He visited Chateau d’If where Dantes, the hero of
“The Count of Monte Cristo” was imprisoned.
●​ The novel was one of the favorite readings of Rizal
while in Ateneo. He stayed in Marseille, France for
two and a half days. In the afternoon of June 15,
1882, Rizal left Marseille by train bound for
Barcelona Spain.
​
Rizal in Barcelona Spain
●​ Rizal arrived in Barcelona on June 16, 1882, his first
days in Barcelona were unfavorable.
●​ His money amounted to only 12 Duros, and by the
time he boarded the Christian house, he had only
seven Duros.
●​ He lived in a damp, dark and poorly ventilated
room, which had only straw chairs, dirty bed,
broken washbasin and no mirror. This place in
Barcelona was situated in an old dirty street called
San Severino.
●​ Jose Rizal met his fellow citizens named Cuesta
and other Filipino friends. With the strong letter of
recommendation of Jesuits from Ateneo de
Manila, which Rizal presented to the Jesuit Fathers
of Barcelona, they decided to support Rizal
financially by lending him money, that he paid
upon arrival of his allowance from the Philippines.
●​ This financial assistance allowed him to tour the
city of Barcelona and developed an appreciation
for its architecture of Arabic and Greco-Roman
designs.
●​ The arrival of Jose Rizal’s allowance from the
Philippines enabled him to transfer to a better
boarding house located at Calle de Sitjes where he
was relieved with better amenities than his first
house.
●​ Jose Rizal was also treated well by his landlady
Seǹorita Silvestre who called him “Don Pepe” as a
sign of respect to a young talented Filipino
student.
●​ When Jose Rizal had adjusted in Barcelona, he met
his former classmates in Ateneo, they shared
experience about Spain.
●​ With such exchanges and actual experience of
living in Barcelona, Jose Rizal began to realize the
different social and political atmosphere of Spain
compared to the Philippines.
●​ In Barcelona, there was freedom of the press,
assembly and he could travel to places without
restrictions and suspicion, unlike in the Philippines.
●​ With this newfound freedom. Rizal wrote the
following articles for his country.
​
Amor Patrio (Love of Country)
●​ Rizal explain in this essay, that the Philippines is
the country for the Filipinos not for Spain.
●​ Under the pen name, Laong-Laan (Ever prepared),
the essay was sent to the Philippines and
translated in Tagalog by Marcelo H. Del Pilar, which
was published in the Diaryong Tagalog a local
newspaper in Manila on August 30, 1882.
●​ Jose Rizal encouraged his compatriot in Spain and
the Filipino people to love the Philippines as the
country of their own.
​
Las Viajes (On Travel)
●​ The essay explained the gains of a man who is well
travelled to many places in the world. This peace
was published in Diaryong Tagalog in 1882.
●​ The following lines are excerpts from the essay:
Just as it is said that man is multiplied by the
number of languages
he possesses and speaks, so also is his life
prolonged and renewed as he
as he goes traveling in different countries. He lives
more because
he sees, feel enjoys and studies more than one who
has seen only the same fields and the same sky to
whom yesterday is the same as today
and tomorrow, that is his whole life, all his past, his
present and perhaps
his future, can be reduced into the first down and
the first sunset. xxxXXxx..
​
Rizal in Madrid, Spain
●​ Rizal found Barcelona a pleasant place and he
intended to stay in the city to continue his study in
the field of Medicine.
●​ Jose Rizal followed the advice of his elder brother
Paciano; he enrolled at the Central University of
Madrid in November 3, 1882, both in Medicine
(Opthalmology) and in Philosophy and Letters.
●​ When Jose Rizal felt at ease in Madrid, he also
studied Painting and Sculpture in the Academia of
San Fernando.
●​ While studying, Jose Rizal engaged in physical
fitness practicing shooting and fencing at the Hall
of Arms Sanz y Carbone, and in his personal
financial capacity, he took up lessons in French,
German and English languages.
●​ While in Madrid, Rizal’s political ideas were
widened.
●​ Jose Rizal became a witness to Spain political
turmoil of the Liberals and the Conservatives; he
witnessed greater paradox in terms of politics and
social life in the Philippines compared to its
Spanish Colonizers.
●​ With this paradox in mind, Jose Rizal became
active Filipino and Spanish organizations focused
in improving the Philippines social and political
situation.
●​ Jose Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano Filipino- an
association of Filipino Scholars, students and
Spaniards interested in Philippine concerns and
issues. Unfortunately, the organization failed to
last, due to disunity among members.
●​ Rizal wrote about his membership in the circulo
dated October 10, 1882.
●​ Rizal as a Mason; While in Madrid, Jose Rizal was
exposed to the idealism carried by Masonry
through well known Spaniards such as Miguel
Morayta and Francisco Pi y Margal.
●​ In March of 1883, Jose Rizal officially joined the
Masonic lodge Acacia in Madrid Spain, where he
was further exposed to liberalism and views that
criticized the Catholic Church and friars in the
Philippines.
​
Rizal’s Literary Works while in Madrid:
1. Dudas (Doubts)
●​ Using pen name Laong-Laan, Jose Rizal wrote this
essay in Madrid, Spain, on November 7, 1882.
●​ In this Philosophical work of Rizal, he discussed
the epidemical malady that is invading society
that resulted in doubts about love and spirits.
●​ The following lines are excerpts from the essay:
Well, now: If doubt has already invaded our mind
and our heart;
If we cannot love because we no longer believe in
pure and disinterested love; xxxxxXXXxxx..
2. Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid)
●​ Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid) Jose Rizal
wrote this poem on November 29, 1882. The piece
was supposedly published in Diyaryong Tagalog,
but the paper closed shop.
●​ The following lines are excerpts of the literary
work:
The trees are shedding their popous dresses and
converted
Into dry skeletons, complete the sadness of foggy
days.
A fine rain, an even finer wind horrible, freezing
that comes from Guadarrama, as if this wants to
remind Madrid. Rizal continues,
here are stones and lines of the penultimate month
of the year, the simple notes of its funeral song
intoned to the death of nature. xxXXxx..
3. Mi Piden Versos (They Ask Me for Verses)
●​ Composed by Rizal at the request of the Filipinos
who were members of the Circulo hispano- filipino
in Madrid in December 31, 1882.
●​ In this poem, Jose Rizal expressed his longing for
the Philippines with the following excerpts:
They ask me to play the lyre
Mute and broken long ago;
Sound a note I no longer do
No ‘ore my Muse doth me inspire
She lisps, raves, devoid of fire…. xxxXXxxx..
4. A La Señorita C. O. y R. (To Miss C.O. y R)
●​ Jose Rizal wrote this poem in August 22, 1883,
which Jose Rizal dedicated to Miss Consuelo
Ortiga y Rey whom he had intimate relationship.
●​ The following line are excerpts from the peace:
The thick shadows I feel anew
Cover the soul with their dense tulle;
If not beautiful flower, at least a bud;
For it wants of Air and light. xxxXXxxx…
​
5. El Filibusterismo en Filipinas (Rebellion in the
Philippines)
●​ This article was believed to have been written by
Rizal in the year 1884, for a Madrid newspaper
named El Progresso.
6. Pensamientos de un Filipino (Reflection of a Filipino)
●​ The essay was believed to be written by Rizal
between 1883 to 1885 in Madrid Spain, Rizal spoke
of being a liberal minded and anti-friar Filipino
that bears penalties such as exile.
7. Brindis (Toast)
●​ This was a notable speech delivered by Rizal on
June 25, 1884 in the banquet honoring the
triumphs of Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion
Hidalgo in the field of painting in Spain.
●​ The following lines are excerpts from the speech:
Luna and Hidalgo belong as much to you as to us;
you love
them and we see in them generous hopes, precious
examples.
The Filipino youth in Europe whose hearts always
remain young for the
disinterestedness and enthusiasm that
characterize
their actions, offer to Luna as a crown, a modest
gift but the most spontaneous and the most
voluntary
of all the gifts presented to him. xxxXXxxx…….
​
Scholastic Record of Rizal in Madrid
●​ Rizal’s scholastic records in the Degree of
Licentiate in Medicine at the Central University of
Madrid in June 21, 1884, which was declared by
Jose Rizal to his family through a letter “At last I
am a Physician”. “Two or three friends have
embraced me with effusion with sincere brotherly
joy”.
●​ Fifth year (1882-83) Medicine
Medical Clinic 1 ……………………………………………. Good
Surgical Clinic 1 ………………………………………….. Good
Obstetrical Clinic ………………………………………… Fair
Legal Medicine …………………………………………… Excellent
●​ Sixth Year (1883-84) Medicine
Medical Clinic 2 …………………………………………………. Good
Surgical Clinic 2 ………………………………………………….. Very
Good
Licentiate in Medicine ……………………………………….. Fair
●​ Doctorate Course (1884- 1885) Medicine
History of Medical Science ……………………………. Fair
Surgical Analysis ………………………………………………. Good
●​ Normal History ………………………………………... Excellent
●​ Doctor of Medicine ……………………..... Not awarded
​
Title of Medicine
●​ The title Doctor of Medicine was not awarded for
the official reason that Rizal failed to settle the
needed money for the University Fee to present his
thesis for graduation.
●​ However, Jose Rizal was still a Doctor after
graduation, except that the law at that time, state
that he was not allowed to practice his medical
profession in the city, Jose Rizal was only allowed
to practice his medical profession in the province.
●​ On June 19, 1885, the Universidad Central de
Madrid awarded him the degree of licentiate in
Philosophy and Letters with a rating of Excellent.
●​ (1882- 1883) Philosophy and Letters
Universal History …………………………………. Very Good
General Literature ……………………………….. Excellent
●​ (1883-1884) Philosophy and Letters
Universal History 2 ………………………………….. Excellent
Greek and Latin Literature …………………. Excellent with
prize
Greek 1 …………………………………… Excellent with prize
●​ (1884- 1885) Philosophy and Letters
Spanish Literature …………………………………. Excellent with
Scholarship
Greek 2 …………………………………………………. Excellent
History of Spain …………………………………….. Excellent
Hebrew …………………………………………………. Excellent
Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters……….. Good
LESSON 10: JOSE RIZAL IN FRANCE AND GERMANY
Jose Rizal in Paris, France
●​ While in Madrid, Jose Rizal wanted to go home in the
Philippines as early as 1884, which Rizal stated in his
letter to his family dated November 26, 1884;
○​ Jose Rizal wrote, “I expressed to you my desire to
return there (Philippines) as soon as possible”.
○​ However, on January 1, 1885, Paciano Rizal, his
elder brother, in a letter replied to Jose Rizal, “I
think that you should continue your studies there
and end them when our resources are exhausted”.
With this answer, Jose Rizal felt that Paciano, was
against his decision to go home.
●​ Following the advice of Paciano, Jose Rizal
proceeded to Paris, France, in the first week of
October in 1885.
○​ In this city he learned more about
Ophthalmology.
○​ Jose Rizal registered in the clinic of Dr.
Louis Wecker, who was recognized as a
leading French Ophthalmologist of that
time in Paris.
○​ Jose Rizal learned from Wecker by treating
50-100 patient’s everyday. After clinic
hours, Rizal devoted his time to learn and
to master French, German, Italian, English,
Polish, and Greek Languages.
●​ In Paris, Jose Rizal compatriots were Juan Luna,
Felix Hidalgo and the Tavera brothers who were
both physicians.
○​ There Jose Rizal suffered financial
difficulties, as stated in a letter from
Paciano, “you are very correct in saying
that you are not being sent your allowance,
not due to lack of will but indeed economic
crisis or lack of work”.
○​ Jose Rizal only survived through the help of
his filipino compatriots such as Juan Luna
who wholeheartedly lent or gave him
money for his daily needs.
○​ Knowing that he could not rely entirely to
his friends for financial support, Jose Rizal
made an outright decision to move in
Germany where the cost of living was less
expensive.
Jose Rizal contribution to the Paintings of Juan Luna
●​ The Monkey and the Turtle; Sketched by Jose Rizal
for Paz Pardo de Tavera, the love then of Juan Luna.
●​ The Death of Cleopatra; Jose Rizal posed portrayed
as an Egyptian priest.
●​ Blood Compact; Jose Rizal posed and portrayed as a
Chief Sikatuna of Bohol.
Jose Rizal French Literary Works
●​ While in Paris in 1885, Jose Rizal composed and
wrote several prose in French language that he
mastered just like Spanish and German languages.
●​ Marie Colombier: The Pistol of the Little Baromess
This is a book review done by Jose Rizal, he gave
comments on the plot of the novel where he was
amazed of the author who was a woman writing in
a manly way.
●​ The Kite and the Hen; In this prose Jose Rizal
presented the happy start and sad end of Mrs.
Hen’s story when she lost the ring she borrowed
from Mr. Kite (A cruel and Sanguinary bird).
●​ The Fisherwoman and the Fish- (The story was
patterned from his readings in French and
German). Jose Rizal presented in the story, a
conversation of fisherwoman and a very small fish.
The fisherwoman invited the fish in her home, after
a lengthy discussion, the fish agreed on the
condition that it would touch the pink lips and little
white teeth of the fisherwoman
●​ •Alphose Daudet: Tartarin Sur Les Alphes- This is
a book review of Rizal, were he expressed his
comments on the characters of the play Tartarin
and Bompard.
Jose Rizal at Heidelberg
●​ In the summer of April to June 1886, to relieve his
sadness and homesickness, Rizal spent the
summer at Odenwald and Wilhemsfeld, a mountain
resort about 30 kilometers northeast of
Heidelberg.
●​ Jose Rizal lived in the house of a new friend who
was a Pastor Karl Ullmer.
●​ The two concluded in their discussion on religion,
One should not make enemies of men but instead
should be a means of bringing men closer together
in the true spirit of brother-hood”
●​ By that time, Jose Rizal had finished his first
masterpiece, that would strike the Catholic Church
in the Philippines, the Noli Me Tangere.
●​ Subsequently, he also decided to leave Heidelberg.
●​ Jose Rizal in Leipzig and Dresden (Germany);
●​ Rizal had frequent correspondence with Professor
Ferdinand Blumentritt, his bosom friend.
●​ Rizal described Blumentritt through their exchange
of letters, as “a historian of the Philippine Islands,
is one of the rare souls”.
●​ Before leaving Leipzig in late October, Rizal
translated two German works to the Tagalog
language and sent to Calamba, this were
“Schiller’s William Tell” which is about the Swiss
Independence and “Hans Christian Anderson’s
Fairy Tales” for his young nephews and nieces.
●​ October 29, 1886 Jose Rizal left Leipzig and
travelled to Dresden where he met Dr. Hanz Mayer,
director of the Ethnographic Museum of Dresden,
who had written the largest encyclopedic
dictionaries of Germany and had already visited
and toured the Philippines at the same time
authored a book on his account of the Igorots.
●​ In an informal meeting, Dr. Mayer gave Rizal a
copy of the book. He also visited the Grand
Astronomical clock, ordered built by Elector Fredric
the Wise, he was truly impressed were he said,
“Truly the crown of Saxony has many jewels and
precious things”.
●​ It was this this time when Jose Rizal decided to
move to Berlin and published there his novel Noli
Me Tangere, in November 1, 1886, Rizal boarded a
train to Berlin.
Jose Rizal Berlin
●​ In Berlin Rizal mastered the German language and
improved his English grammar and by that time,
Rizal also mastered major languages in Europe.
●​ This gave Rizal the capability to read books in
different languages and have access to different
libraries like the Imperial Library in a Germany
and later the British Museum Library in England.
●​ According to the Memoir of Maximo Viola, while
Rizal was in Berlin, he had acquaintances with well
respected German doctors and scientist.
●​ Jose Rizal met Dr. Feodor Jagor – a German
scientist, who had visited the Philippines and who
was an author of the book “Travels in the
Philippines”. This book was read by Jose Rizal
while he was a student in Ateneo Municipal.
●​ Through Dr. Jagor, Jose Rizal had conference with
one of the famous German Anthropologists, Dr.
Rudolf Virchow, who was then the President of the
Anthropological Society of Berlin, and his son who
was a professor of Descriptive Anatomy Dr. Hans
Virchow.
●​ In the field of Ophthalmology, Jose Rizal also
mastered and learned the German Medical
Technique.
●​ Jose Rizal assisted in the clinic of Dr. Karl Ernest
Schweiger,
one
of
the
famous German
Ophthalmologists during that time.
●​ In Berlin, Jose Rizal became an active Filipino
involved in German Scientific life, with various
activities.
Jose Rizal Writings in Berlin
●​ In January 26, 1887, Rizal became an official
member of the Ethnographic Society, and on
February 7, 1887, Jose Rizal joined the
Anthropological Society of Berlin.
●​ Later, Rizal was qualified as a member of the
Geographical Society of Berlin after submitting a
study entitled (Tagalische Verskunst).
Tagalische Verskunt (Tagalog Metrical Art);
This was the title of the project submitted by Jose Rizal to
the Geographic Society of Berlin, which was in Tagalog
metrical verse written in German language. He delivered
this study through a lecture, before the members and
officers of the German association. The Geographical
Society was proud of their Filipino member, that they
published the work of Rizal in April 1887.
Etnografia y Antropologia de Los Pueblos Primitivos
(Ethnography and Anthropology of Primitive Towns);
This was a rare book on Ethnography and Anthropology
which Rizal translated and sent to the Philippines in
Calamba.
Ethnographe der Insel Mindanao (Ethnography of the
Islands of Mindanao)
This was the work of Blumentritt about Mindanao which
was written in German language, that Rizal translated to
the Tagalog language for his friend.
Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere
●​ The novel was considered as the masterpiece
written by Jose Rizal, that began in his first sojourn
in Europe. While moving from one county and city
in Europe, Rizal wrote the novel that was
considered his greatest contribution to the
Philippines and the world.
●​ In this work, Rizal was firm in his conviction that
there was a distinction between the Spanish
government and Spanish religious order in the
Philippines, which led to the suffering of the
Filipino to become an oppressed people.
●​ Rizal completed the work in February 21, 1887, and
through the aid of Maximo Viola, who shouldered
the expenses for the printing of 2,000 copies of the
novel worth 300 pesos, the book came out of press
and published the middle of March 1887.
●​ The term Noli me tangere came from a Latin word,
which means “Touch Me Not”, as inspired from the
gospel of St. John, Chapter 20 and verses 13-17.
This was when the Lord said: “Touch me not for I
am not yet ascended to my father, and to my God
and your God”.
●​ It contains 64 chapters.
Noli Me Tangere Synopsis
●​ The first two canonical 19th century novels, Noli Me
Tangere revolves around Crisostomo Ibarra who,
after a seven(7)- year stay in Europe to study,
comes home to his town of San Diego, brimming
with the desire to contribute to the development of
the people.
●​ More specifically, his reformist tendencies would
manifest themselves in his objective to make
education accessible to more people. His idealism,
however, could not bear fruit due to the presence
of insidious forces bent on destroying him.
●​ Crisostomo Ibarra learns that his father, Don
Rafael, had been embroiled in a conflict with Padre
Salvi who almost caused Ibarra’s death during the
ground breaking ceremonies for the school. Things
come to a head when Ibarra is implicated in failed
uprising instigated by Padre Salvi. The young man
is imprisoned but is eventually rescued by Elias
whose life Ibarra has saved in the past. As the
novel ends, the thoroughly disillusioned Ibarra
sees a bleak future.
●​ This novel has been a rich source of insights into
the history and culture not only of 19th century
Philippines but as importantly, of the 20th century.
●​ Its generally realistic perspective offers the reader
a panoramic view of a conflicted and deeply
divided colonial society. The characters in the
novel stand out as recognizable types of
individuals, both from the ruling class and the
oppressed, and the struggles they undergo are
induces to the turbulent conflicts in the 19th
century.
Characters of the Noli Me Tangere
●​ Juan Crisostomo Ibarra – the most important
character in the novel, manifesting in him the
Filipino who acquired European ideas through his
education in Europe. In the novel, Ibarra’s
personality will result in the disagreements of
liberal idealism in education and conservatism
represented by the Catholic Church.
●​ Elias – the character that Rizal placed to represent
the Filipino masses who suffered from Spanish
brutalities and abuse due to their powerlessness in
the novel and in real Philippines social situation of
that time.
●​ Maria Clara – In her, Ibarra has fallen in-love as
she also mirrored the Filipina woman of religious
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upbringing and orientation. Through her love to
Ibarra, she represented true fidelity and religiosity
of the woman in real Filipino society.
Don Rafael Ibarra – known in the plot as a
concerned citizen and property owner who was the
father of Crisostomo Ibarra, Padre Damaso who
plays an antagonist role calls him a heretic and
rebel, due to his views on liberalism in society
DoÑa Victorina – the wife of Don Tiburcio de
EspanadaÑa, known in the novel as a trying hard
rich Filipina woman who abhors anything that is
Filipino and clings to Spanish way of life. This kind
of character was manifested in some Filipino of
that time.
Capitan Tiago or Don Anastaciao delos Santos –
an illegal opium trader who subsequently was a
landlord. He represents a different view in religion
and thus, more of a businessman who uses his
money to work for him even in religious life and
obligations.
Sisa – she represented in the novel a sad plight of
the Filipina mothers losing her two sons, Basilio
and Crispin. In the novel, Sisa looses her sanity.
Pilosopong Tasyo – he portrayed the role of a
philosopher who was completely misunderstood in
many aspects, he argues with the belief of the
Catholic Church, social changes and concerns in
the novel.
The School Master – a teacher at San Diego, his
views in the novel represented the weak, obsolete
and useless education in the Philippines. He
attributes the problem from facilitates and
methods of learning that the friars implemented in
the country
Padre Damaso – An Antagonist in character and
represented the unChristian works of the Catholic
friars who are in the church.
Through his novel, Rizal unveiled the real situation of the
Philippines as explained in the following lines patterned
after Rizal’s original explanation in his letter. He described
in the novel, the condition of the Philippine society, the
Filipino life, beliefs, hopes and desires. He stated the
laments and grievances of the filipino people and
revealed the hypocrisy of the friars, using religion to
impoverish and brutalize the filipino people.
Reactions to Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere
●​ This was the first work of a Malay Filipino, through
a novel; it depicted the condition of his country.
●​ Upon the release of the novel, critiques from
intellectuals started to pour. It was the best seller
of that time, everybody wants to get a copy,
especially in the Philippines. The following were the
reactions to Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere.
Jose Rizal’s Friends
●​ Antonio Regidor – from Europe “ Today I have
finished reading your most interesting book and I
must tell you candidly that I have not read a more
truthful or more graphic description of our much
slandered and chastised society.
●​ Evaristo Aguirre – from Europe “ I have read it
and I am enchanted by it. I congratulate you then
and I am one of those who think that it is the first
work of its kind.
●​ Jose M. Cecillio – from Manila “We hope you will
send thousands of copies through the way I
mentioned to you in my previous letter”.
●​ Ferdinand Blumentritt – from Leitmeritz, “Your
work as we Germans say, has been written with
the blood of the heart and for this reason it speaks
also to the heart”. A thousand thanks for your
magnificent book.
Attacks and Defense for the Noli Me Tangere
●​ When Rizal published the Noli, it created an uproar
of debate, condemnation, affirmation and
accusations in both the Spaniards and Filipinos in
Spain and in the Philippines. When the Dominican
Congregation in the Philippines got a copy of the
copy of the novel, they immediately formed a
committee composed of members from the
University of Santo Tomas, to give verdict on the
Noli.
●​ The committee after reading the novel stated that,
it was an attack against the Catholic religion and
state; they declared that the book attacked the
integrity of Spain in the Philippines.
●​ An Augustinian friar named Jose Rodriguez of
Guadalupe, he wrote the Caiingat Cayo and stated
that those who would read the novel will commit
mortal sin, due to its heretic content.
●​ In the Spanish Cortes, Senator Fernando Vida,
denounced the novel as anti- Spanish and antiCatholic propaganda in the Philippines.
●​ Even, Blumentritt, the bosom German friend of
Rizal, was not spared from the attacks of Vicente
Barrantes, who for a long time had an
administrator position in the Philippines. Vicente
Barrantes published an article in La EspaÑia
Moderna in Spain, accusing the friend of Rizal,
Professor Blumentritt of venturing into Philippine
affairs through a foreigner.
●​ Filipinos and concerned foreign intellectuals gave
a strong defense and actions for the first Filipino
radical novel. Mariano Ponce, through a letter,
informed Rizal of the attacks on the Noli in the
Philippines. While the friars in the Philippines and
Spanish politicians in Spain were attacking the
Noli, Jose Maria Basa, sworn enemy of the friars,
who became aoÑa wealthy businessman in Hong
Kong, and Mariano Ponce were busy shipping and
selling the Noli Me Tangere in Manila. Marcelo H.
Del Pilar, a brilliant lawyer and writer stood in
defense of Rizal’s Noli. He wrote the Caingat Cayo
using the pen name Dolores Manapat. He adopted
the exact physical format of Father Rodriguez’s
pamphlet, but different in content, highlighting
Rizal’s Noli.
●​ A Filipino priest who was a Catholic Theologian
named Vicente Garcia, under the pen name
Desiderio Magalang, in July 1888, published in
Singapore an article countering the claims of Fr.
Rodriguez. Vicente Garcia accused him of “grossly
misinformed” and he explained in his paper that
Rizal was not attacking Spain and the Catholic
Church, but the corrupt government officials and
evils deeds of the friars in the Philippines. It was
also clear, that Spanish Liberals and Masons in the
Philippines were silent and in favor of the Noli Me
Tangere at that time. This claim was proven, with
the way Governor- General Emilio Terrero y Perinat
acted. After reading Rizal’s novel he pushed
through with his plan of investigating friar lands in
the country. He did not arrest Rizal, but rather
gave him security when he went home to the
Philippines in 1887.
Jose Rizal Decides to Go Home to the Philippines
●​ Before the Noli Me Tangere was published, Rizal
wrote a letter to his elder brother Paciano
expressing his intention to go home in the
Philippines. In another letter addressed to
Blumentritt in April 1887;
●​ Jose Rizal wrote to his friend; “Within a few days,
I’ll leave Berlin with my country en route to the
Philippines”, I’ll return to my country because my
father has already forgiven me and I have
permission to return home. This day (April 24, 1887
the letter arrived), is for me a day of glory!
●​ After Jose Rizal, grand tour with Maximo Viola
visiting Dresden. Tachen (Now Czechoslovakia);
Lemerits and Bohemla, and had his first meeting
with Prefessor Blumentritt, then they travelled to
Praque, Vienna, Danube River, Switzerland,
Geneva and lastly in Italy.
●​ On July 3, 1887, Jose Rizal boarded the steamer
Djemnah, which was the same steamer he boarded
in Singapore five years ago, Jose Rizal was the
only Filipino passenger in the ship. He was
determined to go home in the Philippines.
LESSON 11 - Jose Rizal Second Sojourn Going to
Europe
RIZAL IN ASIA AND AMERICAN TOUR
JOSE RIZAL IN HONG KONG:
• From the Philippines, Rizal went to Hong Kong where he
stayed for three days.
• Rizal saw its shipping and commercial centers.
• Rizal met Manuel Iriarte and Jose Maria Basa who
were exiled due to their alleged involvement in the Cavite
Mutiny in 1872.
• Rizal, through his tour in the place, found out that the
Dominican congregation was also engaged in business,
since they owned 750 or more business houses, earning
millions of money in Hong Kong commercial places.
• On the 19th of February 1888, Rizal boarded the boat
“Kiu-Lieng” that took him to Macao.
RIZAL IN MACAO:
• Rizal had a short stay in Macao, with his friends Jose
Sainz de Veranda and Jose Maria Basa.
• Jose Rizal description of Macao of that time was: "The
city of Macao is small, low and marshy”.
• Rizal visited the Grotto of Camoens and the botanical
garden.
• On February 22, 1888, he boarded the Steam Ship
“Oceanic” bound for Japan.
RIZAL IN JAPAN:
• On February 28, 1888, Rizal arrived in Yokohama,
Japan; Rizal lived in the Charge d'affaires of Spain in the
country, from February up to April 1888.
• While in Japan, Rizal had a friend named Tetcho
Suehiro a newspaperman and chief editor of some
Japanese newspapers. It was there when Rizal studied in
his best capability the Japanese language, visited
Japanese theaters and made drawings of flowers and
panoramic views.
• Rizal also adopted the Japanese technique in drawing.
Rizal was also amazed of the good values of the Japanese
people.
• In his stay in the country, Rizal had a close and intimate
relationship with a Japanese woman named O Sei- San
(Seiko Usui).
• The following lines manifest the love of Rizal to the
Japanese woman;
To you I dedicated the final chapter of these memoirs of
my youth.
No woman, like you, has ever loved me.
No woman like you has ever sacrificed for me,
Like a flower of the chodji that falls
from the stem fresh and whole without
falling leaves or without withering-with,
poetry despite it's fall-thus you fell.
• Rizal left Japan in April 13, 1888, and boarded the ship
S.S Belgic, bound for the United States of America.
RIZAL IN AMERICA:
• Rizal arrived in the United States of America on April 27,
1888 and after a few days of quarantine, on May 4, 1888
all passengers of the S.S. Belgic were allowed to
disembark.
• Rizal registered in the Palace Hotel, and in his two (2)
days stay in San Francisco, Rizal viewed the Golden Gate
and the San Francisco market
place.
• On May 6, 1888, Rizal boarded a regular ferryboat going
to Oakland. Then he transferred to a train heading
towards Sacramento, and then
to Nevada on May 7, 1888, where he saw the Indian attire
and semiIndian suit.
• On May 8, 1888, the train passed through Ogden where
Rizal viewed Salt Lake City.
• On May 9, 1888, the train arrived at Colorado where he
saw thick pines and tunnels.
• On May 10, the train arrived in Nebraska where he saw
the Missouri River.
• On May 11 in Chicago, Rizal saw the Niagara Falls.
• On May 13, the train arrived in Albany City and there
Rizal viewed the Hudson River. The last city Rizal visited
was New York where he stayed for three (3) days.
• Rizal toured the memorial of George Washington and
viewed the Statue of Liberty.
• Rizal toured America for twenty (20) days before he
left and boarded the ship City of Rome bound for Europe
in May 16, 1888.
• Rizal's impression of America during that time “is the
land par excellence of freedom but only for the whites”.
JOSE RIZAL IN EUROPE:
• JOSE RIZAL IN ENGLAND;
• The ship city of Rome, where 'Jose Rizal was one or its
passenger, arrived in Liverpool on May 25, 1888.
• Rizal slept at the Adelphi Hotel, and the following day,
he boarded a train bound for London where upon his
arrival, he boarded and paid his rents for 45 pesos in
Philippine value in the house of the Beckett family.
• In this city, he meet the friend of Professor Ferdinand
Blumentritt, Dr. Reinhold Rost, a biographer, librarian of
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Through Dr. Rost, Rizal
gained access to British Museum Library.
• He was able to study the history of the Philippines from
its roots. One of the books he read, painstakingly copied
by hand and annotated, was the Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas (Historical Events of the Philippine Islands). It
was written in 1609 by Antonio de Morga, a former judge
in the Philippines.
• Rizal believed the book to be appropriate and without
prejudice in describing the country and its early
inhabitants during the time of the Spanish conquest.
• In Rizal's history readings at the British Museum Library,
Rizal compared Morga's work with other books that he
read interestingly, that of Caspar de San Agustin entitled
Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (Conquest of the
Philippine Island) which was an account of the Philippine
conquest from 1565-1615 which was published in Madrid in
the year 1696.
• Rizal gave his comment: “I am reading Gasper de San
Agustin. He is very detailed. Only he is very pessimistic to
the Indio (Filipino). I find him too patriotic (to Spain).
• Rizal also read the work of Martin de Rada who wrote a
letter to the King of Spain about the condition of the
Indio’s: Rizal commented: “It seems to me that Martin
Rada must read with a grain of salt, because I believe he
exaggerates.
• In another book: entitled Relasyon de las Islas
Filipinas (The Philippines in the 1600) written by Fr.
Pedro Chirino, Rizal notes "I find Chirino too pro-friar and
at times too childish. He tells fairy stories, believing that
religion would be beter and stronger with these, which are
entirely out of place over there (Philippines)”.
• Other books that Rizal had read: Les Chinois peints par
euxmemes (The Chinese Portrayed by Themselves) by
Tseng-Kie-Tong, is what Rizal described the book “I find
it very witty”.
• Memoria sobre el ramo de Montes a book featuring
the memoir of Vidal y Soler. Rizal notes, "Soler becomes
furious when the Indio’s defend their wretched lands
against the Spaniards.
• It is clear, that Rizal was interested and overwhelmed in
reading many books about the Philippines and its history
written by the first Spaniards who came to the country. A
manifestation of this interest was when a new Filipino
newspaper was launched in Barcelona, the "Espana En
Filipinas" in 1838.
• Rizal was offered as the paper’s editor. He declined
through a letter to Mariano Ponce;
Rizal explained:
With regard to the newspaper, I appreciate very much
your invitation, but I am more or less engaged to manage
one. Now I am devoting myself day and night to certain
studies for I should not want to manage any periodical
without possessing some knowledge about the country
(Philippines), its history, and its government.
Regarding the management of Espana en Filipinas, am
greatly honored by what you tell me.
I shall always be at the service of my country
and what my fellow countrymen
think I can do, I shall do.
• On, September 1888, Rizal visited Paris to witness the
city’s exhibit entitled Bibliotheque Nacionale. Later, he
spent his time with the family of Juan Luna in December
11, 1888.
• Rizal also visited Madrid and Barcelona for 12 days.
• In this occasion, Rizal had meetings and acquaintance
with compatriots such as Marcelo H. Del Pilar and
Mariano Ponce, where he discussed Philippine concerns
and problems; aftewards, he rushed back to London to
join the Beckett family for their Christmas celebration.
✓ Through the request of Marcelo H. del Pilar, Rizal
wrote his personal message and praised the young
women of Malolos for their persistence and initiatives to
receive lessons in Spanish language, despite the
opposition of the friars, who owned the educational
institutions in Bulacan.
✓ Rizal wrote the essay dated February 22, 1889.
✓ In this work, Rizal shared his views of the role of
women in building Philippine society.
• Rizal hailed the Filipino women for their strength and
love of honor on which he stated that such virtues should
be embodied co their children for hope in the future that
would open them to enlightenment.
• He taught the Filipina mother the values that she should
inculcate to her child.
• He explained that these values would strengthen the
child when difficult times come in his future, thus, giving
honor to the country.
MA-YI
• This historical writing of Rizal covers his definitive
interpretation of his readings on Ma-Yi, the first Chinese
name for the Philippines.
• Historians today point to Mindoro as Ma-Yi, Rizal stated
this already in an intelligent study, Rizal notes; "Perhaps
be Lingayen; Mindoro," The article was published in
December 6, 1888.
THE ACTIVE PROPAGANDIST
• When Rizal returned to London, his compatriots in
Barcelona founded a new society called La Solidaridad,
The society was formally inaugurated on December 31,
1888, after its first election where Rizal was voted as
Honorary President. The following year the society
announced its newspaper called the La Solidaridad or
SOL in Barcelona, Spain, As an active contributed the
following works in the
SOL while in London;
• LA VISION DEL FRAY RODRIQUEZ (THE VISION OF
FR. RODRIGUEZ);
✓ Published in the SOL under the pen name Dimasalang.
This work was written in a satire
form, presenting the exchanged or discussion between St,
Agustin and Fr. Rodriguez. In
this satire, St. Agustin called him stupid and informs God
about it.
• SULAT SA MGA KABABAIHAN NG MALOLOS (A
LETTER TO THE WOMEN OF MALOLOS);
RIZAL RECEIVES SAD NEWS FROM THE PHILIPPINES
• On, September 1888, Rizal received a cable from his
compatriots in Hong Kong that Noli Me Tangere was
banned in the Philippines, and that a student who was
caught having a copy was deliberately jailed in Bilibid
prisons.
• Added to this ruthless treatment of the Noli in the
Philippines, stores, houses of Filipino priests and officials
were searched to rid Manila and Cavite of the radical
novel.
• When Rizal left for Europe in February of 1888, the case
of Rizal’s family and the people of Calamba were left
to Paciano Rizal and his brother-in law Manuel T.
Hidalgo.
• The family took Ambrocio Rianzarez to defend them,
but he backed out because of fear of the Dominican friars.
• Felipe Bueneamino Sr. who had connections in the
Royal Audencia of Manila accepted the case, and he was
able to get a settlement with the Dominican Corporation.
On the conditions that the tenants and family of Rizal in
Calamba would pay the amount asked by the friars.
• According to the memoirs of Buencamino when the
Calamba tenants and family of Rizal in the Philippines
consulted Jose Rizal through a cable in Europe about the
proposed settlement, Rizal disapproved the friar
proposal.
• Buencamino stated in his memoirs the principled
position of Rizal.
✓ Buencamino wrote: I told therefore Dr. Rizal’s family
that I could not, under in any manner, continue their
defense because it would be useless for the object what
Dr. Rizal proposed.
• Added to this, was the arrival of Governor General
Wayler Valiriano, a well known staunch supporter of
friars in the Philippines. Governor Wayler used military
will to enforce the Dominican Corporation’s terms to the
Rizal’s family and the tenants of Calamba.
• The Spanish Government and the Catholic Church in the
Philippines punished Rizal’s family in Calamba.
• It imposed the following sad incidents:
1. Rizal received a letter from his family informing him of
the death of Mariano Herbosa, his brother-in-law, who
was denied of Christian burial for failure to attend
confession and he being related to Rizal.
2. On October 6, 1888, the brother-in-law of Rizal,
Manuel T. Hidalgo; was banished without trial by the
Spanish government in Tagbilaran, Bohol, together with
some townmates in Calamba.
RIZAL IN PARIS:
• In the middle of March 1889. Jose Rizal left the Beckett
family in London and proceeded to Paris, France.
• Rizal’s arrival in Paris was the birth of the organization
he conceived through his correspondence with
Blumentritt.
• Jose Rizal called it Kidlat, because it was formed fast
like a lightning.
• The name of the Organization was International
Association of Filipinologist, with the primary objective
was to study the Philippines
from the scientific and historical point of view.
Secretary - Dr. Jose Rizal (Filipino)
• The project of the organization conceived by Rizal was
the exposition of the Philippine Islands in August 1889,
converting the following topics:
✓ Pre- Spanish Philippines;
✓ Conquest of Spain;
✓ Incorporation of the Philippines;
✓ Cavite Mutiny; and
✓ Languages in the Philippines.
• After the success of the Kidlat.
• Rizal formed another organization named Indios
Bravos “I.B”. It’s members were tasked to manifest
physical prowess to gain the inspiration of foreigners and
highlight the Filipino race.
• Its members were Rafael Ventura, brothers Juan and
Antonio Luna, Trinidad de Tavera and the Boustead
family.
• After organizing the “I.B”,
• Rizal formed another group that aimed for the
redemption of the Malay race, through the help of Filipins
abroad. He named it with thefollowing initials “RDLM” or
“Redemption of the Malay Race”.
• It was the stand of the society that education is an
important factor towards enlightenment, thus, attain
reform in the country.
• The following are the observations of Dr. Leoncio Rizal,
the nephew of Jose Rizal on his studies about RDLM.
✓ Observations of Dr. Leoncio Rizal about “RDLM”;
To settle and find a colony of Filipinos in Borneo,
not merely to have a place where could live and
work with liberty as well as free themselves
from the oppressive conditions in the Philippines.
RIZAL’S PROLIFIC WORKS WHILE IN PARIS
• The following were its directing committee:
• A LA DEFENSA (TO THE DEFENSE);
• This article dated April 30, 1889, Rizal defended Mr.
Patricio de la Escorsura, former Royal Commissary to
the Philippines, His memoir contained the following facts:
authorities
overlooked
friar
contaminations
of
government officials to commit abuses-against-the Indio
and he hopes to neutralize the opinion of the religious
orders.
President - Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian)
Vice-President - Mr. Edmund Plauchut (Anglo-German)
Councilor - Dr. Reinhold Rost (Anglo-German)
Councilor - Dr. Antonio Regidor (Filipino- Spanish)
• LA VERDAD PARA TODOS (THE TRUTH FOR ALL)
• This article was published in the La Solidaridad,
dated May 31, 1889. Jose Rizal criticized the weak
Spanish government in the Philippines and the friars
whom he considered bad teachers for the Filipino who
stands for the Catholic Church.
• VICENTE BARRANTES' TEATRO TAGALO
• The article was published in the La Solidaridad dated
June 15, 1889, when Rizal criticized the article of Vicente
Barrantes that downgraded the Filipino dignity.
• SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS (HISTORICAL
EVENTS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS)
• In this book, Rizal highlighted the Philippines and hailed
the impartial view of its author, Antonio Morga. The book
came out of press and
published in 1889.
• FILIPINO GRAJERO (FILIPINO FARMER)
• In this article, Rizal discusses the case of the Filipino
farmer who has to struggle with problems such as locust,
floods, fires and bad harvest.
• The worst of Rizal's story was the Filipino Farmer
continues to struggle with Spanish tyrants in the
government and Catholic Church Corporations who owned
the land where he pays rents.
• The article was published in March 25, 1889.
• UNA PROFANACION (A PROFANATION)
• In this article which was dated July 31, 1889, Rizal
presented examples of the sins of the Catholic Church
through its Catholic Corporation in Calamba.
• Rizal stated his argument that, even if one follows the
teachings of the Catholic Church of that time, you will be
punished if you failed to pay the rent of the land
owned by the Church of God.
• INCONSEQUECIAS (INCONSEQUENCES)
• This article was written by Rizal for the La
Solidaridad dated November 30, 1889.
• Rizal defended Juan Luna and his brother Antonio
Luna. He gave this important message of that time "that
our mothers without the writer
of the article weep and weep a thousand times for not
being able to give us any other thing except the
unfortunate country where we were born."
• SPECIMEN OF TAGAL FOLKLORE
• This work was published by the Trubner's Record on
who's editor was Dr. Rost, a journal devoted for Asian
literature in July 1889.
• In this work Jose Rizal stated proverbial sayings in
Tagalog.
• The following lines are excerpts from the saying:
(Proverbial Sayings)
• Malakas ang bulong sa sigaw, (low words are stronger
than loud words)
• Ang laki sa layaw karaniwa'y hubad, (a petted child is
generally naked) (i.e. poor)
• Hampa’s ng Magulang ay nakatataba (parents'
punishment makes one fat).
• Ibang hari, ibang ugali, (new king, new fashion)
• Ang naglalakad ng marahan, matinik ay mababaw, (he
who walks slowly, though he may put his foot on a thorn,
will not be hurt very much) (Tagals mostly go barefooted)
Puzzles
• Isang butil ng palay sikip sa buong bahay (One
rice-corn fills up all house. — The light. The rice-corn with
the husk is yellowish).
• Matapang ako sa dalawa, duag ako sa isar (l am brave
against two, coward against one.- The bamboo bridge.
When the bridge is made of one bamboo only, it is difficult
to pass over, but when it is made of two or more. it is very
easy).
Verses
Kahoy na tiko at buktot
Hutukin hanggang malambot
Kapag tumaas at tumayog
Mahirap na ang paghutok
(Put straight the curved and crooked tree while it is
tender; afterwards when it is grown and high you can no
longer bend it).
POR TELEFONO (THE TELEPHONE)
• This satire dedicated by Rizal to Fr. Salvador Font, an
Augustinian friar; who was the parish priest of Tondo,
Manila and was noted for his
notorious
disobedience
to
the
rules
of
his
congregation. Just like Father Rodriguez, he was also a
detractor of Rizal's Noli. This work was published in
booklets in August 1889.
CRUELDAD (CRUELTY)
• In this article which was published in the SOL on
August 15,1889, Rizal explained the ungrateful task to
intervene in a dispute and defend persons who were
neither armless nor defenseless.
DIFFERENCIUS (DIFFERENCES)
• This article which was published in La Solidaridad in
September 15, 1889, Rizal differentiated the term status
quo and estatu quo and later asked the government for
order; that it should have the power to control the friars
and comply with statutes of government orders.
FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN AÑOS (PHILIPPINES A
CENTURY HENCE)
• Rizal presented the issue of the colonial problem in
the Philippines, and its impact to the political and cultural
aspect of the Filipinos.
• Rizal presented the view based on his analysis of the
past and looked at the Philippines within a century.
• The article was published in September 30, 1889 to
February 1, 1890.
• Below are the short description of topics in the essay:
✓ In the discussion of the essay, Rizal explained the
plight and misery of Filipino people under the Spanish
yoke. Rizal stated that the past actions of the Spaniards in
sending Filipinos to work and battles had caused
considerable gripping and retrogression in aspects of the
Filipino life.
✓ He pointed in the essay, the loss of the Filipino past
culture, religion and adhere to the culture of the
Spaniards. This resulted to the Filipino to became
submissive and passive to their own self worth. Rizal
stated the impact of Spanish conquest to the Filipino
dignity and culture, which is still very strong up to this era
of Filipinos.
✓ Rizal also blamed the Spaniards why such sporadic
but dangerous revolts such as Malong, Palaris, Diego
Silang and others happened in the country. Though
unsuccessful, the revolts represented the following
problems and future
prediction according to Rizal: Duties, taxes and
contributions increase without corresponding increase in
rights, privileges and liberties, or an assurance of the
continuation of the new existing ones.
✓ An important part of the essay was Rizal's discussion
on the willingness Of Filipinos to be awakened forcing
the new century and manifest new vigor and high hopes
in education directly provided by Spain.
✓ Rizal presented to the Spanish authorities in Spain
and the Philippines a stern warning of what would happen
to the country if the call for reforms in the Philippines
would fail into deaf ears.
✓ Important lines of the essay: Today, there is a factor,
which did not exist before. The national spirit has
awakened, and a common misfortune and a common
abasement have united all inhabitants of the Islands.
✓ It counts on a large enlightened class with and
without the archipelago, a class crested and augmented
more and more by stupidities of certain rulers who compel
the inhabitants to expatriate themselves, to seek
education
abroad- a class that perseveres and struggles, thanks to
the official provocations and the system of persecution.
✓ This class whose number is increasing progressively is
in constant communication with the rest of the Islands,
and as of today constitutes its entire nervous system and
demonstrates its existence in all its acts.
✓ Enlightenment is spreading and its prosecution
encourages it. No, the divine flame of though is
inextinguishable among the Filipino people, and in some
way or another it has to shine and make itself known. It is
not possible to brutalize the inhabitants of the Philippines.
TO LA PATRIA
• This article was published in the La Solidaridad dated
November 15, 1889. Jose Rizal stated his insults to the
newspaper that was funded by the friars in the Philippines
named La Patria.
• He corrects their grammars and challenges the writer to
reveal his identity.
LLANTO Y RISAS (TEARS AND LAUGHTER)
• In this article which was published in the La
Solidaridad dated November 30, 1889.
• Jose Rizal stated his views on the miseries of the
Philippines, wherein he discussed this in a prayer format.
INGRATITUDE (INGRATITUDE’S)
• The article was published in the La Solidaridad dated
January 15, 1890, wherein Rizal replied using his case in
the
Calamba
Hacienda
to
the
statement
of
Governor-General Valeriano Weyler.
• “That the towns of Laguna should not allow themselves
to be deluded by the vain promises of ungrateful sons”.