DNA Unit 6: Replication, Gene Expression, Regulation & Biotech Notes

Unit G DNA studies 27 Griffith's living 5 smooth Killed 5 live living R rough Killed 5 5 cells A injection injection death survival death AND living living R first time they figured out the bacteria can transform ffh t griffith's was actually DNA still thought to be protein Hershey and Chase S2 virus that targets bacteria just DNA protein figured out that it was nucleic acid bacteriophage missed dat Replication S IF TAKE leading strand É f FLY offercase fi Pmi ftp.iseDNA READS MAKES 3 S S 3 lagging end m t i polymerase lana I DNA polymerase II Okazaki fragments at end DNA polymerase 1 removes RNA DNA ligase fixes backbone sections DNA polymerase proofreads Fuse f ff r Summart Helicase unwinds DNA and creates replication forks singlestrand binding proteins hold DNA open topoisomerase relieves tension primase add primer DNA polymerase adds nucleotides in DNA polymerase I removes primers DNA ligase fixes backbone 5 73 direction DNA polymerase II fixes mistakes nucleases cut up DNA fixed by ligase polymerase impossible to 5 ends complete on 1111111111 Strands get shorter ends of DNA have filler at telomerase forms telomeres telomeres end gamete formation Gene expression DNA protein gene IRNA 1 polypeptide adf.iiii.io RNA translation protein RNA 15Pa an.net Iiia One DNA strand is 64 codon combinations redundancy template It codons for same protein 2 aging Transcription transcription unit IF section to be transcribe to RNA polymerase 1 initiation TATA box Heguizes 2 elongation n S 3 Iff ion sequence AAA result premRNA eun or mRNA prok ÉfffE 4 11 use pre mRNA MRNA 5 cap and poly A tail protect introns in cytoplasm sliced oct spliceosome sometimes called ribozymes snRNPs proteins ribozyme surnatpi.at alternative splicing immune syst gene 5 It polypep Translation MRNA tRNA ribosome tRNA made in nucleus specific to each AA anticodon pairs with codon less strict rules wobble 3rd nucleotide less important redundant tRNA synthesase binds ERNA to AA ribosomes rRNA protein made in nucleolus 2 Subunits ii anti site reads 5 3 IND 1 initiation AUG start seq tRNA w met binds subunit attaches large 2 elongation make it 5 longer Ep A 3 termination Stop codon reached release factor binds to stop up ribosome chaperoning Modifications help polypep fold can be added to codon and breakes properly proteins for specific functions types of ribosomes free make proteins that stay in cytoplasm bound to ER make parts of endomembrane to bind to ER uses signal peptide poliribosomes It ribosomes on syst same mRNA prokaryotes transcribed translate same time at a 6m sihapeptide wee Mutations Chromosomal largescale always bad point mutations Substitution silent still adds same AA substitution missense adds different AA substitution nonsense Stopcodon added too early frameshift insertion deletion one letter added removed that frame ABC ABC ACA disrupts codon 3 nucleotide deletion insertion NOT frameshift The operon in model negative bacteria IT open i in B c niff cnn.gg why iiE a ote tr lactase I lactase bitans shape Repressible tap normally CATABOLIC off until substance present zTÉator trip TriPR t anabolic I on until I TAPE presses a these are BOTH negative both swithed in prokaryotes adequate com off when gene regulation repressor is active down lactose AP positive te e e a Pane I P.EEENnIYIp Yctase still made in small amounts LAP priority spot In eukaryotes specialized cells regulation differential gene expression It genes All cells genetically expressed by same genome identical abnormality cancer nothing can be made w wrapped chromosome Histones proteins in wrapping to Canbe acttelated e loosen methylation condenses Histone code hypothesis transsitigati of tfs fifftingenamesT t binding control elements noncoding DNA tf binding specific tfs proximal control close to promoter enhancers distal is If I In In If activators P control enhancers far from gene a I promoter sites AMMANI available Changing binds activators changes where transcription Post transcription regulation Splicosomes mRNA can remove exons degrades over length of alt RNA splicing time proteins poly A tail proteosomes tag unfold and recycle proteins factor Embryonic Zygote development Division differentiation morphogenesis organism that Zygote duplicates until determination events interior mass cells lead to differentiation Organs Cytoplasmic determinants in p rid of zygote editt distributed activators qq.nu cells triggered to differentiate cellcell signals signal transduction growth factors once determined proteins TF purpose pattern formation body planning nurse cells develop that morphogens substances determine morphogenetics cells undergo apoptosis Cell cycle proto reg Onconge makes cells divide to develop shape f Tumor Surpressor vs inhibits division normal 6985gene tumor surpressor 119 causing repairs DNA Apoptosis broken in 150 Cancer Ras Chemo drugs block receptors Triple breast cancer no traditional 5 7 DNA mutations receptors cancer ftp Biotechnology for good recombinant DNA modified DNA from modifying DNA different sources restriction enzymes isolate and delete specifi segment sticky 1strand end DNA ligase rebuilds vector Cloning organism Techniques of gene transformation bacteria takes up plasmid Poll in with180Cno cells ff heated to denature tag polymerase can withstand L primers bind T lowered t LT raised i p molecules separate neat PCR flaathffff.fijfne.tes sogou.ee qtattrdttrdcte by size microarray assat isolate mRNA reverse transcriptase processes mRNA DNA NOINTRONS DNA nuclear transplantation cloning of egg is replaced by nucleus of body cell still epigenetic changes nucleus stem cells self reproduce baby pluripotent mast cell types adult multipotent a few types RFLPS Dded cuts at fragments seq electrophoresis

DNA Unit 6: Replication, Gene Expression, Regulation & Biotech Notes

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