CompTIA Security+ Cheat Sheet CompTIA Security+ Cheat Sheet You've made a great choice pursuing the CompTIA Security+ certification if you aspire to work in cyber security. It makes you a catch to employers, but the huge amount of study materials can make this a challenging exam. \ This CompTIA Security+ Cheat Sheet is a brief roadmap in your preparation for this crucial exam. It gives you a bird’s-eye view of key concepts and abbreviations in Security+. Owing to Security+’s overlap with Network+, CCNA, and other networking-related certifications, this cheat sheet excludes material on networking, which we encourage you to review separately. Download this CompTIA Security+ Cheat Sheet here. When you’re ready, let’s dive in. What Is the CompTIA Security+ Certification? The CompTIA Security+ certification shows employers that you’ve mastered the fundamental skills to perform essential cyber security functions and pursue a relevant career. Hence, the CompTIA Security+ exam focuses on the day-to-day real-time application of IT security knowledge at work. You’ll need to answer at most 90 questions in this 90-minute examination and complete a survey after it ends. The passing score is 750 on a scale of 100–900. The latest CompTIA Security+ exam code is SY0-601. The associated exam is available from November 2020 to sometime in 2023–2024. New topics include supply chain management and the Internet of Things (IoT). Security+ Domains (SY0-601) The following illustration shows the assessment criteria and the weighting in this examination: \ CompTIA Security+ Domains (SY0-601) This cheat sheet arranges concepts according to the subtopics in our Total Seminars Security+ course, and some topics span several Security+ domains. Hence, we’ve provided you a key to finding items according to Security+ domain: Hashtag (Remember to type the # symbol) #ATV #AD #practical #op #risk Domain (SY0-601) Attacks, Threats, and Vulnerabilities Architecture and Design Implementation Operations and Incident Response Governance, Risk, and Compliance Type these tags into the search bar to find key points related to a specific domain. Risk Management The following topics pertain to real-life applications of cyber security. When you review the abbreviations, think: “Do I comprehend the ideas encapsulated by them?” \ Domain #ATV #ATV Concept Threat Actor TTP #ATV #ATV #ATV #ATV #ATV Hacker Hacktivist Script kiddie Insider Competitor/Rival #ATV Shadow IT #ATV #ATV #ATV Criminal syndicate (organized crime) State actor APT #ATV OSINT #ATV #ATV #ATV #ATV CVEs AIS STIX TAXII #risk #risk #risk #risk #risk #risk #risk #risk #risk #risk #risk #risk #risk #risk #risk #risk #ATV #risk GDPR PCI DSS ISO CSA AV EF SLE ARO ALE BIA MTBF MTTF MTTR RTO RPO Residual risk Supply chain attack Elaboration Vulnerability exploiter (Adversary) tactics, techniques, and procedures IT infrastructure penetrator Politically motivated agent Executor of pre-made programs Saboteur inside an organization Saboteur outside an organization but in the same industry IT systems deployed without the central IT department’s oversight Profit-driven agent with intent to blackmail Foreign government agent Advanced persistent threat: long-term intelligence-mining hacking Open-source intelligence • Government reports • Media • Academic papers Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures Automated Indicator Sharing Structured Threat Information Expression Trusted Automated Exchange of Intelligence Information General Data Protection Regulation Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard International Organization for Standardization Cloud Security Alliance Asset Value Exposure Factor Single Loss Expectancy = AV × EF Annualized Rate of Occurrence Annualized Loss Expectancy = SLE × ARO Business impact analysis Mean time between failures Mean time to failure Mean time to repair Recovery time objective Recovery point objective Remaining risk after mitigation Targets insecure elements in the supply chain What do terms like “red team” and “blue team” mean in penetration testing? \ The primary colors red, blue, and yellow refer to attackers, defenders, and builders of a system respectively. The secondary colors are combinations of these roles. For example, purple team members have dual attack/defense roles. The white team supervises the hack. Cryptography The following concepts are about obfuscating data from attackers and restoring them once they reach the intended destination. Domain #ATV #AD #AD #AD Concept Cryptographic attack/cryptanalysis Data at rest Data in use/processing Data in transit/motion #AD Symmetric cipher Elaboration Finding weaknesses in the cryptosystem On computer storage In RAM being accessed Traveling along cables or broadcasting wirelessly Streaming: • RC4 Block: • DES • Blowfish • 3DES Considerations: • key length • • \ #AD Asymmetric cipher #AD Hashing #AD Salting #AD #AD #AD Steganography Quantum Post-quantum #AD #AD Lightweight cryptography Homomorphic encryption #AD #practical #AD #practical #AD #practical #AD #practical #AD #practical CA block size number of rounds Examples: • Diffie-Hellman key exchange • RSA • Elliptic-curve cryptography One-way, deterministic process of transforming a string of characters into another Characters appended to a string (e.g., password) before hashing Hide data inside other data Exploit quantum mechanics Secure against cryptanalysis by quantum computer Small footprint, low computational complexity Makes performing operations on encrypted data possible Certificate authority CRL Certificate revocation list Stapling Checks regularly for certificate invalidity Pinning Associates certificate against known copy #AD #practical #AD #practical #AD #practical #practical Key escrow Direct Third-party Hierarchical Distributed Third party safeguarding private keys Certificate chaining Top-down CA trust model Digital signature #practical P12 #practical #practical #ATV #AD PKI PKCS Brute-force attack Public key sender verified to own corresponding private key √ certificate √ chain certificates ✕ private key √ certificate √ chain certificates √ private key Public Key Infrastructure Public Key Cryptography Standards Trying character combinations Dictionary attack Rainbow tables Key stretching Variant: spraying (trying the same password across different accounts) Using lists of probable passwords Using pre-calculated password hashes Method that strengthens weak passwords #ATV #AD #ATV #AD #ATV #AD Trust model P7B • • • • Identity and Account Management The following concepts deal with methods showing that you are the legitimate owner of an account. \ Domain #practical #AD Concept Multi-factor Authentication (MFA) #AD Efficacy rate #AD #practical Access control schemes #practical PAP #practical CHAP #practical Sandboxing #AD #practical Identity federation Elaboration Factors: • Something you know • Something you have • Something you are Attributes: • Something you do • Something you exhibit • Someone you know • Somewhere you are • False acceptance • False rejection • Crossover error rate • Attribute-based access control (ABAC) • Role-based access control • Rule-based access control • MAC • Discretionary access control (DAC) • Conditional access • Privileged access management • Filesystem permissions Password Authentication Protocol Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol Example: MS-CHAP-v2 Limiting access privileges of an application to minimize its impact on the rest of the system Delegate authentication to trusted third party Tools of the Trade We omit terminal commands because practice is more important than rote memorization for performance-based questions on Security+. Domain #op #op #op #op #op #ATV Concept SPAN IoC SNMP NXLog SIEM Key points to review Switch port analyzer Indicators of Compromise Simple Network Management Protocol Open-source log collection tool Security Information and Event Management Securing Individual Systems The table below lists vital security concepts. \ Domain #ATV Concept Malware #ATV #ATV #ATV #ATV #ATV Zero-day attack (ZDI) DNS Sinkholing Replay attack Pointer/object dereference attack Dynamic-link Library (DLL) injection Resource exhaustion #ATV Race conditions #ATV Driver attacks #ATV Overflow attacks #ATV #AD #practical Securing hardware #practical Securing endpoints #AD Embedded system #ATV Elaboration • Virus • Polymorphic virus • Fileless virus • Worm • Trojan • Rootkit • Keylogger • Adware • Spyware • Ransomware • Bots • Remote access Trojan (RAT) • Logic bomb • Cryptomalware • Potentially unwanted programs (PUPs) • Command and control (C2/C&C) • Keyloggers • Backdoor Previously unknown vulnerability Give certain domain names invalid addresses Intercept data and replay later Using a null-value pointer as if its value is valid to bypass security logic Force-run code in place of other code Attacks using up bandwidth Examples: DoS, DDoS Trying to perform two or more operations that should follow a proper order—clash • Driver shimming • Driver refactoring • Integer overflow • Buffer overflow • TPM • Hardware redundancy • UPS • PDU • Cloud redundancy • Antivirus/Anti-malware • EDR • HIDS • HIPS • NGFW • Allowlist/whitelist • Block/deny lists, blacklist Combination of hardware and software for a specific purpose #AD #AD #AD #AD Specialized system Internet of Things (IoT) SCADA ICS Examples: • Raspberry Pi • Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) • Arduino Combination of mechanical and digital interfaces for specific purposes Examples: • Medicine • Aviation • Smart meters Network of physical devices Supervisory control and data acquisition Industrial control system The Basic LAN, Securing Wireless LANs, Securing Public Servers We omit networking topics such as the above in this cheat sheet, and we encourage you to review them independently. Physical Security The best security measures are real-world limitations imposed on digital access. Here are a few concepts worth reviewing: \ Domain Concept #AD Air gap #AD #AD Protected cable distribution (Protected Distribution System) Screened subnet (demilitarized zone) #AD Hot and cold aisles #AD Two-person integrity/control #AD Secure data destruction #AD Monitoring sensors Elaboration Physical isolation of secure computer network from unsecured networks Wired communications system with sufficient physical protection to carry unencrypted classified information without leakage Five components: • External network • External router • Perimeter network • Internal router • Internal network Draw in cool air to equipment, and draw out hot air from equipment Continuous monitoring by at least two authorized individuals, each capable of detecting incorrect or unauthorized security procedures • Burning • Shredding • Pulping • Pulverizing • Degaussing • Third-party solutions • Motion detection • Noise detection • • • • Proximity reader Moisture detection Cards Temperature Secure Protocols and Applications This table excludes material overlapping with the Network+ exam objectives. Domain #practical Concept S/MIME #ATV Cross-site request forgery (CSRF/XSRF) Server-side request forgery (SSRF) Cross-site scripting (XSS) attack Injection attack #ATV #ATV #ATV #AD #practical #ATV #AD #practical Secure coding practices #ATV #AD #practical Software development life cycle (SDLC) \ Elaboration Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions Hijack authenticated sessions Cause servers to make outbound HTTP requests Inject malicious scripts into otherwise benign and trusted websites Affects: • SQL • LDAP • XML • Input validation, sanitation • Secure Web browser cookies • HTTP headers • Code signing • Trusted components and APIs • Planning • Defining • Designing • Building • Testing • Deployment Testing Infrastructure This section is about social engineering and penetration testing. Manipulating perception leads to much damage because humans are the weakest link in cyber security. Domain #ATV Concept Social engineering #ATV Influence campaign Elaboration Principles (reasons for effectiveness): • Authority • Intimidation • Consensus • Scarcity • Familiarity • Trust • Urgency Propaganda: • • #ATV #ATV Watering hole attack Spam #ATV #ATV #ATV #ATV #ATV Phishing Smishing Vishing Spear phishing Whaling #ATV Invoice scam #ATV #ATV Dumpster diving Shoulder surfing #ATV Tailgating #ATV #ATV #ATV Piggybacking Credential harvesting (farming) Pharming #ATV #ATV Prepending Pretexting #ATV #ATV Impersonation, identity fraud/theft Eliciting information #ATV #ATV #ATV #ATV Reconnaissance Hoax Typosquatting Vulnerability scanning #ATV Penetration testing (pentesting) Intrusive scan Black box White box Gray box Fuzzing \ #ATV #ATV #ATV #ATV #ATV #practical #ATV #ATV Pivot Privilege escalation Hybrid warfare Social media Infect a trusted website Mass mailing of unsolicited messages Variation: Spam over instant messaging (SPIM) Attack by email; single target Attack by SMS text message Attack by telephone or voicemail Attack by email; multiple targets Phishing that targets high-ranking people, such as C-suite executives Solicit payment from fraudulent invoice, often paired with whaling Recover information from trash Look over someone’s shoulder, often with a recording device Unauthorized entity follows authorized party into secured premises Tailgating with the authorized party’s consent Attacks to obtain credentials or personal information Phishing + farming; making and redirecting users to a fake website Adding username mentions to social media posts Digital gunpoint with the ransom being one’s private information Attacks using stolen credentials or personal information Strategic casual conversation without coercion to extract information from targets Covert information-gathering False alarm Attacks using mistyped web addresses Test for weaknesses • Passive (monitoring) • Active o Credentialed o Non‐credentialed Actively exploit vulnerabilities Damage-causing pentesting Zero-knowledge pentesting Extensive-knowledge pentesting Partial-knowledge pentesting Input random characters and expect spurious results Access network through vulnerable host—then attack Get administrator access Dealing With Incidents The following is a list of paradigms for handling, preventing, and mitigating cyber security breaches. Domain #op #op #op #risk #op #op #op #op #op Concept BCP COOP DRP Elaboration Business continuity plan Continuity of operations Disaster Recovery Plan IRP IoC Cyber Kill Chain Analysis MITRE ATT&CK Framework Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis Incident Response Plan Indicators of Compromise Trace steps of a successful hack Identify attacker techniques Show how threat actors (adversaries) exploit capabilities in infrastructure against victims #op Security Orchestration, Automation, #ATV and Response (SOAR) #AD #op Legal hold Automate incident responses, thus reducing response time Process to preserve all forms of potentially relevant information for potential litigation Paper trail of physical and electronic evidence • Hot • Warm • Cold Redundant array of inexpensive disks Uninterruptible power supply Power distribution units Network-attached storage Having multiple physical paths between devices Physical network adapters grouped together Distributes traffic across servers Ease of growing and managing increased demand on infrastructure • Full • Copy • Differential • Incremental • Snapshot #AD #op Chain of custody (CoC) \ #AD #op Disaster Recovery Sites #AD #AD RAID UPS #AD #AD #AD PDUs NAS Multipath #AD Network interface card (NIC) teaming #AD #AD Load balancer Scalability #AD Backup types Conclusion This CompTIA Security+ Cheat Sheet is a checklist covering the examination syllabus, and we hope it gives you a bird’s-eye view of non-networking key topics to remember. Remember that we offer a complete course to passing the Security+ exam and practice exams to test your abilities. No matter how you prepare for it, we wish you success. \
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