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Non-Fiction: Writing - Transactional Writing
The focus of the paper will be on transactional writing such as persuasive and
discursive writing. Essentially this non-fiction with a real-world focus. It is writing
‘’with a job to do’’
Here are the sorts of writing tasks you might be asked to do:
-​ Write a speech persuading readers that more green space should be
created.
-​ Write a report for your governors on how electricity can be save
-​ Write a contribution advising old people on how to stay fit.
I.​
Purpose
●​ To explain
●​ To instruct / advise
●​ To discuss/ argue
●​ To persuade
1.​ Write to explain
a.​ Start with a paragraph introducing your topic
b.​ Give detailed reasons and explanation
c.​ Try to include facts to support your poins
d.​ Sum up your key points at the end.
e.​ Use a less passionate tone than if you are arguing
2.​ Write to instruct or explain
a.​ Suggest things to the reader/
b.​ Give some choices to the reader
c.​ Share your opinion
d.​ Use a tone that reassure the reader.
e.​ Address the reader directly.
f.​ Sum up your key points at the end.
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3.​ Writing to discuss/ argue [presenting a viewpoints with reasons]
a.​ Present your tone confidently
b.​ Keep your tone calm and polite
c.​ Use rhetorical devices to win your reader over [for example
rhetorical questions or repetition]
d.​ Use connecties to link your ideas [however, similarly, althoug, as a
result, in addition]
e.​ Use facts and statistics to support your points.
4.​ Writing to persuade
a.​ Present your opinion
b.​ Use rehtorical devices
c.​ Criticise the viewpoints that contradict your own
d.​ Use imperative verbs
e.​ Present opinons as facts
f.​ Use emotive language
II.​
Form
You will be clearly what form to write. The form could be
-​ A formal letter
-​ An article [for magazine, newspaper and website]
-​ The text for a leaflet
-​ A report
-​ A speech
-​ An essay
Form
Formal
Letter
Article
Typical
Features
Dear………. Engaing
title
Leaftlet
Speech
Title
Direct
Address to
Essay
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An
Opening
paragraph
to
introduce
the topic
Forms
Subtitle
listeners
Sections
Summing
up
Features
Formal Letter
●​ Dear……
●​ Paragraphs in an effective order
●​ Date
●​ Yours Sincerely or faithfully as appropriate
Article
●​ An engaging title
●​ A strapline - a very short, snappy summary of the
article under the title
●​ An Opening Paragraph that provides an overview of
the subject
●​ Subheading [ if it is for giving information]
●​ An Introductory Paragraph
●​ Paragraphs in an effective order
Texts for guide/
leaflet/ contribution
●​ A title that is clear, engaging, and appropriate
●​ Subheadings
●​ Paragraphs in an effective order
●​ Bullet Points
Speech
●​ A Clear address to the audience [e.g. Welcome,
Ladies and gentlemen, it is an honor to stand in
front of you all today………]
●​ A clear signing off [e.g. thank you for sitting
throught these important ideas and i hope they will
fill your thoughts on your way home]
●​ Rhetorical devices to engage the listener
throughout
●​ Sections/ Paragraphs in an effective order
●​ A final address to the audience/ summing up
Report
●​ An Introduction [ your introduction would normally
cous on the topic you have researched]
●​ Linked paragraphs in an effective order
●​ An conclusion [e.g. Finally, In conclusion, to
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conclude, In summary]
III.​
Context
You can simply the mark scheme for Reading content [ AO1 -Edexcel] into
a few key elements that are easy to build in your mind:
A.​ Communication
●​ Clear and effective style
●​ Using appropriate language choices
●​ Effective vocabulary
●​ A range of linguistic devices used well
B.​ Communication
●​ Detailed and well-connected ideas
●​ Well-organized paragraphs
●​ Effective use of varied structural features
The three elements of the context fo the writing task are audience, purpose and
form.
It is important to state, organize and develop an effective viewpoint.
IV.​
Audience
The transactional writing task will suggest an audience for the writing. The
audience will almost certainly change from one writing to another.
E.g 1. Write the text of a speech for a debate at your school or college in which
you persuade young people to become more involved in their local communities.
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Text Analysis Frame
The feature text [name of text ] is about [explain what the text is about in your opinion].
The writer presents [keyword in question] through language, structure and imagery in
the text.
The title of the text “_______’’ suggests___ . The beginning of the text ‘______’’
foreshadows _________________________ . Moreover the perspective of author [
____ ] is clearly seen and this makes text __
Firstly, the writer presents [first main idea concerned with keyword in question] through
the use of a [language feature e.g. simile/ metaphor/ adjective/ personification etc.] For
example, [‘_______________________________’.] This suggests [explain the quote in
terms of the question]. Furthermore, The word [‘____’] suggests [what does the word
mean in detail- link to the question]. [Another evidence ] Therefore, the writer presents
[keyword in question] through [explain how they have done this]. This makes the reader
imagine__
Secondly, the writer presents [2nd main idea concerned with keyword in question]
through the use of a [language feature e.g. simile/ metaphor/ adjective/ personification
etc.] For example, [‘_______________________________’.] This suggests [explain the
quote in terms of the question]. The word [‘____’] further suggests [what does the word
mean in detail- link to the question]. [Another Evidence] This is effective because____
[keyword in question] through [explain how they have done this]. Cumulatively, the use
of this [Literary/ Rhetoric / struatural devices ] makes the reader think___
Next, the writer presents [3rd main idea concerned keyword in question] through the
use of a [structural feature e.g. sentence, paragraph and text etc.] For example,
[‘_______________________________’.] This suggests [explain the quote in terms of
the question]. The word [‘____’] further suggests [what does the word mean in detail-
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link to the question]. This implies_______ [keyword in question] through [explain how
they have done this]. This makes the reader feel___
In conclusion, the writer presents [keyword] through [summarize what you have talk
about in your essay]. In my opinion, I think that the writer has presented [keyword of
question] successfully because [explain opinion].
Comparative Essay Structure
Introduction: In given different texts, writers portray the theme of______________.
This essay will be comparing and analysing the similarities/ differences in [ name of
featured text _______ and ________,] and how the context [______________] may
have been interpreted by readers.
The first text is told from the perspective of __________________ . [Author name from
text 1] writes how [Key content related with question ] ‘_______________, [the
reason of writing the text] . This word ‘__________ ’ has connotations of [Keywords
related with question]. On the other hand, The second text is told from the perspective
of __________________ . [Author name from text 1] writes how [Key content related
with question ] ‘_______________, [the reason of writing the text] . This word
‘__________ ’ has connotations of [Keywords related with question].
Both writers offer their readers [ content related to the keywords in question]. In the
first text, [ author name or authors from text-1] presents his readers with [ evidence
from text 1 ‘_____’, ‘_____.’ The words ‘______ ’ are especially emotive, alerting the
reader to the fact that ____________. In contrast, in In the second text, [ author name
or authors from text-2] _____________________. [author name or authors from
text-2] presents his readers with [ evidence from text 2 ‘_____’, ‘_____.’ The words
‘______ ’ are especially emotive, alerting the reader to the fact that ____________.
The structure of the texts is another way the writers deal with [keywords from
question]. ‘[the name of text-1] is a [type of writing style] – the structure of text
typically associated with [THEME / Keywords in the questions] . Thus, it can be
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analysed that the writer uses this structure to [your opinions about author’s
purpose]. Likewise, [the name of author from text 2] uses the structure of his texts
‘name of the text ’ to [the purpose of author from texts]. The sentences in the given
texts are mostly of ‘_________.’ By writing sentneces in this way, he reinforces [Key
words in question/ his main purpose ]
Both wirters use language and punctuation to express the sense of [the theme of text]
. The title of ‘_______ ’ captures to [main purpose of author]. Thus, it can be analysed
that the writer uses this structure to [your opinions about author’s purpose]..
Moreover, the [technical device name] ‘__________ ’ ‘__________ ’ ‘__________ ’ is
used to make reader realise that [purpose of the author]. Meanwhile , text 2, The title
of ‘_______ ’ captures to [main purpose of author]. Thus, it can be analysed that the
writer uses this structure to [your opinions about author’s purpose].. Moreover, the
[technical device name] ‘__________ ’ ‘__________ ’ ‘__________ ’ is used to make
reader realise that [purpose of the author].
Conclusion
To conclude, this essay has compared the ways that [the authors of text 1 and 2] deal
with the issue of [theme of each text]. Through the skillful use of structure, language,
imagery and punctuation, the two textss, though they discuss different [content], have
many commonalities, both sharing the view that [similarity in their written work]