COMPARING THE
ARTICLES – 20 MIN
• Go to Week 4 in CANVAS
• Quickly scan through the following 2
a icles
1. Nature pushed to the brink
2. Fingerprints of climate change on
wild animals and plants
• Identify at least 5 di erences between
the 2 a icles.
• What are the
di erent types of
scholarly a icles you
have seen / used?
TYPES OF
SCHOLARLY
1ARTICLES
. Original research:
• Detailed studies repo ing original
research
and
are
classi
ed
as
prima
literature.
•study,
ey include
hypothesis,
background
methods,
results,
interpretation
of
ndings,
and
a
discussion
of
possible
implications.
•3000
Long,towith
the
word
limit
ranging
from
6000,
and
can
even
go
up
to
12,000 words for some journals.
•time.ese require a signi cant investment of
2,3
TYPES OF
SCHOLARLY
ARTICLES
2. Review a icle:
• Provide a critical and constructive analysis of existing published
literature in a eld, through summa , analysis, and comparison, often
identifying speci c gaps or problems and providing
recommendations for future research.
• Seconda literature since they generally do not present new data
from the author's experimental work.
• Review a icles can be of three types, broadly speaking: literature
reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.
• Review a icles can be of va ing lengths depending upon the journal
and subject area.
• For narrative reviews or literature reviews,
the length could range
6
anywhere between 8000 to 40,000 words
while systematic reviews
6
are usually less than 10,000 words long. However, some journals also
publish sho er reviews, around 3000-5000 words long.
TYPES OF
SCHOLARLY
ARTICLES
3. Clinical case study:
•present
practice.the details of real patient cases from medical or clinical
•ande study
is expected
to discuss the signs, symptoms, diagnosis,
treatment
of a disease.
•Prima
literature
an original
a icle. and usually have a word count similar to that of
•Require
a
lot
of
practical
experience
and
may
not
be
a
suitable
publication format for early career researchers.
4. Clinical trial:
•Speci
c to theimplementation,
eld of medicine,and
clinical
trialsof describe
thestudies,
methodology,
results
controlled
usually unde aken with large patient groups.
•Clinical
trial
a
icles
are
also
long,
usually
of
about
the
same
length as an original research a icle.
•Clinical
trials
also
require
practical
work
experience,
as
well
as,
high standards of ethics and reliability.
•More useful for experienced researchers.
5
TYPES OF
SCHOLARLY
ARTICLES
5. Perspective, Opinion, and Commenta :
Perspective pieces
•Scholarly
reviews
of
fundamental
concepts
or
prevalent
ideas
in
a
eld.
•Essays
that
present
a
personal
point
of
view
critiquing
widespread notions pe aining to a eld.
• Can be a review of a single concept or a few related concepts.
•Considered
as
seconda
literature
and
are
usually
sho
a
icles,
around 2000 words.
Opinion a icles
•Present
the
author
s
viewpoint
on
the
interpretation,
analysis,
or
methods used in a pa icular study.
•Allows
the
author
to
comment
on
the
strength
and
weakness
of
a theo or hypothesis.
•Usually
based
on
constructive
criticism
and
should
be
backed
by
evidence.
•Promote discussion on current issues concerning science. ese
2
TYPES OF
SCHOLARLY
ARTICLES
Commentaries
• Sho a icles usually around 1000-1,500 words long that draw
attention
to
or
present
a
criticism
of
a
previously
published
a icle, book, or repo
•for
Explain
why
it
interested
them
and
how
it
might
be
illuminating
readers.
6. Book review:
• Quite common in most academic journals.
•scholarly
e aim isbooks.
to provide insight and opinion on recently published
• Relatively sho a icles and less time-consuming.
•researchers
Considered asa good
publication
option
for
early-career
it
allows
the
researcher
to
stay
abreast
of
new
literature
in
the
eld,
while
at
the
same
time,
adding
to
his
publication list
Original
Research
Here are the di erent pa s of the
scholarly a icle.
First page (Details)
Abstract (Summa )
Introduction (Why)
Introduction - Literature
Review (Who else)
Methodology / Materials and
Methods (How)
Results (What happened)
Discussion / Analysis (What it
means)
Conclusion (What was
learned)
Component
s of a
Scholarly
A icle
What is it?
What does it mean?
Cover page
Details of the a icle
Abstract
Summa of the a icle
Introduction
What question is being asked?
Introduction
Who else have researched the
Literature Review issue?
Methodology / How was the problem studied?
Materials and
Methods
Results
What were the ndings?
Discussion /
What do these ndings mean?
Analysis
Conclusion
What can be fu her researched?
References
List of sources used
Component
s of a
Scholarly
A icle
FIRST PAGE OF THE ARTICLE
ABSTRACT
THE ABSTRACT
• May contain a statement of the research, hypothesis, problem and
methodology
• Clearly presents the main ndings and conclusions
• Contains impo ant information about the a icle
• Does not include citations
• Summarizes the whole a icle
• Just one paragraph
• At the end includes the key-words
THE INTRODUCTION
• Presents the research problem and objectives
• Introduces the research by presenting background information
related to the problem
• States clearly why the research is impo ant
• Speci es the research subject
• Relates the problem to previous research via a brief and concise
review of literature
LITERATURE REVIEW
• A literature review discusses published
information in a pa icular subject area
LITERATURE REVIEW
HYPOTHESIS / RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
RESEARCH METHODS /
METHODOLOGY
THE MATERIALS AND
METHODS
of the materials and procedures used to
•Includes a clear statement
collect the study data
•A clear step-by-step set of statements of the data collection
processes
•States clearly and concisely all assumptions
•Avoids including unnecessa details related to the research
procedures
•States the independent, dependent, and classi cato variables of
the data set
•Explains the materials and methods as simply as possible
•Strikes a balance between providing too much information and too
little
RESULTS
SECTION
–
WHAT
HAPPENED
ANALYSIS OF DATA
• Presents clear and concise statements of how the
data were analysed
• e analysis of data is an objective, instead of
subjective or speculative presentation
• States all procedures and appropriate statistical
methods used to analyze and/or summarize the
study data
THE RESULTS
• Presents the statistics of the analyzed data and relegates
interpretation to the discussion section
• States whether di erences exist between the treatments and to
what degree
• Presents the research results in a logical sequence that
suppo s or refutes the hypothesis
• May answer the question stated in the introduction
DISCUSSION SECTION – WHAT IT
MEANS
THE DISCUSSION
• Tries to interpret why the di erences stated in the results section do
or do not occur
• Interprets two to four salient points in detail along with related
literature citations
• Presents the data that were actually collected and the resulting
analysis of those data
CONCLUSIONS – WHAT WAS LEARNED AND
THE WAY FORWARD
THE CONCLUSIONS OR SUMMARY
• Presents a precise and accurate statement of the ndings without
introduction of new or irrelevant information
• e conclusions drawn should be justi ed by the statistics and data
presented
• e author should use caution and make the necessa quali cations
when drawing conclusions
• is section poses new questions for possible investigation and,
when appropriate, provides recommendation and implementation
statements of the research ndings
REFERENCE SECTION
REFERENCES
• Scholarly a icles always cite their sources in the form of footnotes or
bibliographies / references / works cited
• is section leads the reader to related work and to the work the
author used to help formulate the a icle
• In groups, summarize the a icle Circling the drain
– the extinction crisis and the future of humanity in
about 200 words and submit to your group Google
slides.
SUMMARIZING A SCHOLARLY
ARTICLE
• How will you get the main ideas?
• What will you focus on?
SUMMARIZING A SCHOLARLY
ARTICLE
• How will you get the main ideas?
By understanding what kind of scholarly
a icle it is.
• What will you focus on?
e components of the scholarly a icle.
WRITING ASSIGNMENT 1 – 10%
SUMMARIZING & EVALUATING A JOURNAL ARTICLE
1. Choose ONE of the a icles.
2. Read it until you understand the information given in the a icle.
3. Summarize AND evaluate the a icle in about 800 words. Since you will be
including all the basic information about the a icle in the introduction, you DO NOT need to
cite the source.
• Your writing should be a continuous prose and not bulleted or numbered points.
• Your summa should include all the main points - background information of the a icle,
hypothesis, methodology, results, authors' conclusion and the recommendations.
• Your evaluation must be a holistic evaluation about the reliability of the a icle (use
CRAAPO only as a guideline) as well as the signi cance of the research to the current
situation.
4. Submit your assignment to CANVAS and also to TURNITIN . You have 1 attempt only
5. Refer to the marking rubrics for information on how your writing will be evaluated.
• First of all, for any type of journal a icle your critique
should include some basic information:
• 1. Name(s) of the author(s)
• 2. Title of a icle
• 3. Title of journal, volume number, date, month and
page numbers
• 4. Statement of the problem or issue discussed
• 5. e author s purpose, approach or methods,
hypothesis, and major conclusions.
e bulk of your critique / evaluation,
however, should consist of your quali ed
opinion of the a icle.
THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME
QUESTIONS YOU MAY WANT TO
ADDRESS
(Use your discretion. ese questions don t have to be discussed in this order, and
some may not be pe inent to your pa icular a icle.)
1. Is the title of the a icle appropriate and clear?
2. Is the abstract speci c, representative of the a icle, and in the correct form?
3. Is the purpose of the a icle made clear in the introduction?
4. Do you nd errors of fact and interpretation? ( is is a good one! You won t believe
how often authors misinterpret or misrepresent the work of others. You can check on
this by looking up for yourself the references the author cites.)
5. Is all of the discussion relevant?
SHOULD I DO CRAAPO?
• Yes, just brie y.
• Look only at the salient features
SHOULD I SUMMARIZE THE
ENTIRE ARTICLE?
• Yes, You should cover all the aspects of the a icle.
HOW DO I ORGANIZE MY ESSAY?
• https://www.slideshare.net/Skarrila/how-to-review-a-journal-paper-and-prepareoral-presentation
• Organize in any logical order that suits you
HOW WILL MY ESSAY BE
GRADED?
• Refer to the Rubrics to
understand how your
assignment will be graded.