Finance English Reference Pack – Quiz 1
Table of Contents
1. Key Finance Vocabulary
2. Grammar Toolkit
2.1 Present Perfect vs. Past Simple
2.2 Modals for Planning (will / would)
2.3 Phrasal Verb: bring down
2.4 Adjective Order
2.5 Prepositions with Financial Verbs
2.6 Adverb Position
2.7 Passive Voice
3. Quick Reference Charts
1. Key Finance Vocabulary
Term (EN)
Spanish
Example
projected EBITDA
EBITDA proyectado
Our projected EBITDA for FY25 is $8.2■M.
operating cash flow
flujo de caja operativo
Strong operating cash flow supports expansion.
cost overrun
sobrepaso de costos
The project had a 5■% cost overrun.
capital expenditure (CapEx)
gasto de capital (CapEx) CapEx will peak next quarter.
gross margin expansion
expansión del margen bruto
We expect gross margin expansion of 200■bps.
year■over■year growth
crecimiento interanual
quarter■on■quarter variance
variación trimestre a trimestre
QoQ variance was neutral.
break■even point
punto de equilibrio
YoY growth reached 12■%.
The venture hit break■even in month six.
return on invested capital (ROIC) retorno sobre el capital invertido
ROIC improved to 14■%.
free cash flow (FCF)
flujo de caja libre
Positive FCF allows dividend increases.
working capital requirement
requerimiento de capital de
We
trabajo
cut the working■capital requirement by 10■%.
earnings per share (EPS)
ganancias por acción
EPS rose to $2.05.
top■line revenue
ingresos totales
Top■line revenue beat consensus.
bottom■line result
resultado neto
Bottom■line results were solid.
cash burn rate
tasa de consumo de efectivo
The startup cut its burn rate.
debt■to■equity ratio
ratio deuda/capital
D/E ratio stands at 0.8.
interest coverage ratio
cobertura de intereses
Interest coverage is a healthy 6x.
operating leverage
apalancamiento operativoHigher volumes increased operating leverage.
budget variance analysis
análisis de variación presupuestaria
Finance completed the variance analysis.
net present value (NPV)
valor presente neto
NPV of the project is positive.
internal rate of return (IRR)
tasa interna de retorno
IRR exceeds the hurdle rate.
sensitivity analysis
análisis de sensibilidad
We ran a sensitivity analysis on price.
scenario planning
planificación de escenariosScenario planning covers optimistic and pessimistic cases.
risk■adjusted return
retorno ajustado al riesgo Investors focus on risk■adjusted return.
cash flow forecast
pronóstico de flujo de cajaThe cash■flow forecast shows no gaps.
2. Grammar Toolkit
2.1 Present Perfect vs. Past Simple
Use Past Simple for finished actions at a specific time: "We reduced costs by 8 % in Q2."
Use Present Perfect for experiences or results up to now: "We have reduced costs significantly."
2.2 Modals for Planning (will / would)
will expresses future decisions or predictions: "We will review the budget next month."
would have expresses hypothetical past outcomes: "If we had hedged, we would have avoided
losses."
2.3 Phrasal Verb: bring down
bring down = reduce. Example: "We need to bring down expenses before year■end."
2.4 Adjective Order
Typical order: Opinion → Size → Age → Shape → Color → Origin → Material → Purpose/Noun.
Example: "significant long■term debt" (opinion + time + noun).
2.5 Prepositions with Financial Verbs
Verb
Correct PrepositionExample
invest
in
We invested in new equipment.
spend
on
They spent $1■M on R&D.
focus
on
Management focuses on cash flow.
pay
for
We paid for the licenses up front.
2.6 Adverb Position
Place adverbs of frequency (already, yet, still) after auxiliary verbs: "We have already reviewed the
report."
2.7 Passive Voice
Form: was/were + past participle. Example: "The budget was approved yesterday."
3. Quick Reference Charts
Break■Even Point Illustration
Revenue and cost lines meet at break■even (units vs. dollars).
$
Revenue
Break■Even
Cost
Units
Use this pack to review before attempting the quiz. Good luck!