Ethnicity & Race
Part Two:
Racism, Prejudice, and the
Social Construction of Race
Ethnicity & Race – Part Two
Problems with Racial Classification (cont.)
4) Has often leads to racial-ethnic hierarchies
because one group is considered better than
another (those considered mixed are often
assigned to the lower group or they try to pass
as a member of the higher group [see the One Drop
Rule]- see: I Passed for White (1960)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiXJwoimOf0 [9:00, 17:10, 118:00, 122:00]
5) Race is often associated with aptitude,
personality, and behavior
Jimmy The Greek Gets Cancelled (1988)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZWr49UmjAA [0:40]
Al Campanis Cancels Himself on National TV (1987)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFb5kEnWnKk [6:00, 9:00]
The Redemption of Ham by Modesto Brocos – 1895
https://www.npr.org/2013/09/19/224152635/skin-color-still-plays-big-role-in-ethnically-diverse-brazil
https://www.socialmatter.net/2017/11/30/new-redemption-ham/
https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Genesis-9-25/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton#Application_of_r/K_selection_theory_to_race
Ethnicity & Race
Problems with Racial Classification
(cont.)
• white (hwīt) adj. [[OE hwit]] 1 having
the color of pure snow or milk,
opposite of black, 2 of a light or pale
color, 3 pale; wan, 4 lacking color, 5
pure; innocent, 6 [sometimes W-]
having a light-colored skin; Caucasoid
(Webster’s New World Dictionary
2003).
What Policing Is Like in a Sanctuary City | The Daily Show
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LeSWnsPmzg
Ethnicity & Race
Problems with Racial Classification (cont.)
• black (blak) adj. [[OE blæk]]- 1 opposite
of white; of the color of coal, 2
[sometimes B-] of or for the dark-skinned
peoples of Africa, etc. or their
descendants elsewhere, specif. African
Americans in the U.S. [black studies], 3
without light; dark, 4 dirty, 5 evil; wicked,
6 sad; dismal, 7 sullen (Webster’s New
World Dictionary 2003).
How Racist Is Boston? | The Daily Show
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QtUgq2Q1ivA
Ethnicity & Race
Problems with Racial Classification (cont.)
• stereotype- assumptions about a particular
group
• prejudice- devaluing a group based on their
assumed behavior, values, abilities, and
attributes
• discrimination- policies and practices that
harm a particular group of people
• racism- thinking one group is better than
another (structural and institutional racisma combination of racism and discrimination]
China Targets India with Racist Social Media Video | Vantage with Palki Sharma
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/T-Xp7pqPFfA
Chinese racist ad on india
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3d7L1qGaB5w
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/americas-racism-problem-far-complicated-think
Racist Business Owner Goes OFF On Black Man In Car
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0fU0gJ0Gys
Christiaen van Couwenbergh - Rape of the Negro Girl 1632
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rape_of_the_negr
o_girl_mg_0026.jpg
[When I initially found this, the painting was called “Three
Young White Men and a Black Woman”
The Death Of Jane McCrea by John Vanderlyn 1804
https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/this-date-in-historyscalping-of-jane-mccrea-used-to-portray-natives-as-evil-kAcoAsVAUKKMWcM2T2JxQ/
$400 in 1850 would be approximately $12,000 in 2016 prices according to
https://www.measuringworth.com/slavery.php
http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/07/cost-of-slaves-falls-to-historic-low/
http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/07/cost-of-slaves-falls-to-historic-low/
http://www.sciway.net/afam/slavery/flesh.html
Chinese Exclusion Act signed May 6 1882
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/chinese1899
exclusion-act-30-trailer/
https://twitter.com/stevebuffalo/status/951872280119971840
NEGRO COCAINE "FIENDS" ARE A NEW SOUTHERN MENACE; Murder
and Insanity Increasing Among Lower
https://www.nytimes.com/1914/02/08/archives/negro-cocaine-fiends-are-a-newsouthern-menace-murder-and-insanity.html
How the Myth of the ‘Negro Cocaine Fiend’ Helped Shape American Drug
Policy
https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-myth-negro-cocaine-fiend-helpedshape-american-drug-policy/
Marion, Indiana 1930
http://www.blackpast.org/aah/marion-indiana-lynching-1930
https://www.google.com/search?q=Without+Sanctuary&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=
univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCrMVzILZAhVLjK0KHdJPBdMQsAQIMw&biw=1536&bih=708
https://eji.org/issues/lynching-in-america-outside-the-south/
https://www.sltrib.com/news/nation-world/2018/04/10/revisiting-the-preacher-who-used-christianity-to-revive-the-ku-klux-klan/
A sit-in demonstration at a Woolworth's lunch counter in Jackson, Miss., on May 28, 1963. (Fred Blackwell/Jackson Daily News, via AP)
https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b1&biw=1536&bih=709&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=yf2oW8jZJ4q0jwS45YroBQ&q=Lunch+Counter+Sit+ins&oq=Lunch+Counter+Sit+ins&gs_l=img.3..0l3j0i5i30l3j0i24l
2.157647.161568..161738...0.0..0.134.1339.20j1......0....1..gws-wiz-img.......0i67.W_JAJGDWkiI#imgrc=_
George W. McLaurin, a veteran school teacher living in Oklahoma applied to the all-white
University of Oklahoma to pursue an advance degree in education in 1948. His
application was rejected because Oklahoma statutes made it illegal for blacks and whites
to attend the same school. McLaurin filed a complaint against the University on the state
court level and won. He was allowed to attend classes but not with his fellow students.
This photograph shows how he was segregated to the anteroom of a classroom in 1948
after his admission. In 1950, McLaurin filed suit with the and U.S. Supreme Court and
won. The case paved the way for the Brown v. Board of Education cases.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._McLaurin
Will Counts’ iconic photograph of Elizabeth Ann Eckford after she
was denied entrance to Little Rock Central High School;
September 4, 1957
Dorothy Counts, one of the first black students to enter the newly desegregated
Harry Harding High School is mocked by whites on her first day of school - 1957
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Counts
Carol Jenkins
Working part time selling Collier’s encyclopaedia door-to-door Carol was separated from
her group. While on her route it began to get dark and Carol was still in the town of
Martinsville, a car carrying two white men began following her. Afraid Carol approached
the home of Norma and Don Neal asking for help. The Neals called police but they
reported that they were unable to spot the vehicle. Norma Neal offered to let Carol stay at
their residence, but Carol insisted she’d already put them out enough as it
was. Approximately half an hour later, she was stabbed to death with a screwdriver, with
one of the stab wounds being through the heart.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Carol_Jenkins
https://sundown.tougaloo.edu/sundowntownsshow.php?state=IN
Civil Liberties Counter Protester with Daughters in Louisiana 1965
Pro-segregation march in Montgomery, Alabama, on March 17, 1965
https://segregationinamerica.eji.org/report/how-segregation-survived.html
At Segregated Drinking Fountain, Mobile, Alabama, 1956. Photograph: The
Gordon Parks Foundation
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/jul/10/gordon-parks-atsegregation-drinking-fountain
Jane Elliott Interview on Race, Education and Racism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orwII14Xl98
https://www.marketingcharts.com/industries/education-66696/attachment/census-us-adults-educational-attainment-apr2016
Muslim Woman Stands Up to Racist Shopper at Walgreens
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmkOYRjk8Cg
https://www.sentencingproject.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/04/international-incarceration-rates.png
https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/law/aboriginalprison-rates
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/graphs/raceinc.html
https://www.sentencingproject.org/criminal-justice-facts/
Race and Ethnicity of Violent Crime Offenders and Arrestees, 2018
https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/revcoa18.pdf
Slavery by Another Name
http://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-anothername/watch/
The American Prospect
https://prospect.org/article/great-american-chain-gang
http://www.hamiltonproject.org/charts/rates_of_drug_use_and_sales_by_race_rates_of_drug_related_cri
minal_justice
Also - Federal Bureau of Prisons
https://www.bop.gov/about/statistics/statistics_inmate_offenses.jsp
https://9gag.com/tag/john-ehrlichman/fresh
https://m.facebook.com/stoptheviolencecrime/photos/justice-in-america-sentence-in-forcory-batey-updatetwo-cases-two-sentences-cory/962712603826074/
https://www.tennessean.com/story/opinion/editorials/2016/07/24/rapists-cory-batey-brockturner-fail-get-they-hurt-their-victims/87308728/
https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2016/11/04/brandon-vandenburg-sentenced-17years-vanderbilt-rape-case/91113160/
https://writingdejure.web.unc.edu/2016/10/black-and-white-sentencing-in-america-thebrock-turner-case/
https://equaljusticematters.org/?gclid=CjwKCAiApvebBhAvEiwAe7mHSP7HaDuldvjI
pEUAPnYLhUiVP77QDnAxdUx4Y8-Ecmwc4v_2ttqq6BoC--EQAvD_BwE
https://www.abc10.com/article/news/local/stockton/stockton-police-operationcriptonyte/103-3359be5e-1b05-4145-adb8-5d86bf4e5f94
https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/10/09/us/09rittenhouse/merlin_177458493_
849381ff-ee26-4999-8047-c440a6caceebsuperJumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp
https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/1/8/16865730/national-review-stop-and-frisk-police
Meet the Journalist Who Exposed Bloomberg’s Racist Defense of Targeting Black & Brown Youth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-L-gLlQeOo
Candidates address systemic racism at New Hampshire debate
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XeWkC-OBR8o
https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/29/12989428/policeshooting-race-crime
https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2020/06/it-was-amodern-day-lynching-violent-deaths-reflect-a-brutal-american-legacy
https://inequality.org/facts/racial-inequality/
https://socialequity.duke.edu/news/average-black-family-would-need-228-years-build-wealth-white-family-today
https://ips-dc.org/racial-wealth-divide-2019/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355483855_RECONSIDERING_THE_RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_HIGHE
R_EDUCATION_EARNINGS_AND_PRODUCTIVITY/figures?lo=1
https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/why-do-black-college-graduates-have-lower-homeownership-rate-whitepeople-who-dropped-out-high-school
https://www.bostonindicators.org/reports/report-detail-pages/wealth-equity-chartbook
Project CommUNITY: The wealth gap in Boston
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cPCedStHfg
https://www.zippia.com/chief-diversity-officer-jobs/demographics/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341800195_The_under-
https://stacker.com/football/disparities-racial-makeup-playerscoaches-and-others-nfl
https://www.zippia.com/chief-diversity-officer-jobs/demographics/
Ethnicity & Race
Problems with Racial Classification (cont.)
6) Different cultures define human
differences in different ways.
• e.g., Brazil and Mexico had/have several
racial labels are used to explain those
possessing various degrees of either
European, African, and/or Native
American ancestry (e.g., mulatto,
mestizo, sambo, coyote, etc.).
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/race.htm
Racial Classification in Historical Mexico
• Mestizo: Spanish father and Indian mother
• Castizo: Spanish father and Mestizo mother
• Espomolo: Spanish mother and Castizo father
• Mulatto: Spanish and black African
• Moor: Spanish and Mulatto
• Albino: Spanish father and Moor mother
• Throwback: Spanish father and Albino mother
• Wolf: Throwback father and Indian mother
• Zambiago: Wolf father and Indian mother
• Cambujo: Zambiago father and Indian mother
• Alvarazado: Cambujo father and Mulatto mother
• Borquino: Alvarazado father and Mulatto mother
• Coyote: Borquino father and Mulatto mother
• Chamizo: Coyote father and Mulatto mother
• Coyote-Mestizo: Cahmizo father and Mestizo mother
• Ahi Tan Estas: Coyote-Mestizo father and Mulatto mother
See page 116-7 of Kottack on Brazilian classification
Also Sambo: child of Black and Indian persons
The caste system in India
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35650616
Source: https://phirenamenca.eu/cast-system-in-india-today/
Ethnicity & Race
Problems with Racial Classification (cont.)
• Many groups focus on cultural differences
(e.g., religion) instead of physical
differences.
• E.g., in Africa I am called a toubab in The
Gambia and batorré in Nigeria (white man
or foreigner) by strangers and children.
http://harvardmagazine.com/2008/05/race-in-a-genetic-world-html
• I was called this because I do not walk and
talk the same way as most Gambians and
Nigerians.
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/12/opinion/columbus-day-italian-americanracism.html
Ethnicity & Race
Problems with Racial Classification (cont.)
***Thus racial classification is a folk taxonomy
(i.e., race is culturally constructed and not a
scientifically valid concept).
• However, race is real to the extent that it
possesses social implications such as
discrimination.
• Anthropologists advocate that we use the
term ethnic group and at most, focus on
explaining human biological diversity.
Does Race Exist?
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/does-race-exist.html