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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Confined Space Situationaire
• “five workers died from toxic
gas inhalation when they entered
an effluent tank in an industrial
area...”
Five Die
• “Unconfirmed reports put the
number of people admitted to the
hospital at two.”
• “When it was noticed that the
first person who went in failed to
come back, the others followed one
by one but none returned, a visibly
shaken worker said.”
Confined Space Entry Training Course
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Course Objectives
•
Identify all hazards associated with confined space
construction activity
•
•
Focusing efforts on critical confined space control measures
Be able to plan according to confined space entry
requirements
•
Eliminate ignorance and complacency
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Confined Space Defined
An enclosed space that is large enough for a person to
enter and perform work, may have limited or restricted
means for entry or exit and is not designed for continuous
human occupancy.
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Definition
Designed for Continuous Employee Occupancy
•
A space, such as a room in a building, that is specifically designed for
the purpose of accommodating people under normal living or
working condition
•
This is specifically intended to rule out rooms that are designed as a
part of a building that may otherwise fit the definition of a confined
space
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Permit Required Confined Space
A permit required confined space is a confined space as defined
previously plus one of the following:
•
•
•
•
contains or has known potential to contain a
hazardous atmosphere
Contains a material with potential for engulfment
Is constructed to make it possible to be trapped or
asphyxiated by inwardly converging wall or because a
floor slopes downward
and tapers to a smaller cross section
Contains any recognized, or potentially serious, safety
or health hazard
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Definition
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Definition
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Definition
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Definition
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Definition
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Definition
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Definition
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Definition
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Sample Hazard Identification
Underground Water Tank
Water Pump
Suction Line
Discharge Line
Supply Line
Water Level @
10 ft.
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Sample Hazard Identification
Underground Water Tank
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Hazards in Confined Space
Atmospheric
The quality of air in the
confined space
Engulfment/Drowning
Being trapped or buried by
particles such as liquid, sand,
etc.
Mechanical, Electrical
Chemical
Hazards created when equipment is not isolated
from other energy sources.
Confined Space Entry Training Course
Other Hazards
Temperature (too hot/cold),
noise, radiation, insecure footing,
stagnant, air, poor lighting,
presence of animals (snakes,
rats, etc.)
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Atmospheric Hazards
Atmospheric Hazards – Refers to the gases, vapors, mists,
fumes, and dusts within a confined space that meets any of
the following criteria:
•
Oxygen concentration less than 19.5% or greater
than 23.5%;
•
Combustible gas concentration less than 10% of the
LEL;
•
Toxic air concentration in excess of the
permissible exposure limits as published by OSHA.
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Glossary of Terms
•
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) – The maximum
8- hour time weighted average of any airborne
contaminant to which an employee may be exposed.
It is listed when it is more stringent than the current
TLV (as listed in 29 CFR 1910 Sub Part Z).
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Glossary of Terms

STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit) – the concentration
to which it is believed that workers can be exposed
continuously for a short period of time or is a 15-minute
TWA exposure which should not be exceeded at
anytime during a workday.
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Glossary of Terms

Ceiling – the concentration that should not be exceeded
during any part of the working exposure.
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Glossary of Terms

Immediately Dangerous to Life & Health – a
maximum concentration above which only a highly
reliable breathing apparatus providing maximum
worker protection should be permitted.
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Glossary of Terms

LEL (Lower Explosive Limit) – lowest concentration
(air-fuel mixture) at which a gas can ignite.
Concentration lower this limit is too lean to burn.
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Glossary of Terms

UEL (Upper Explosive Limit) – The highest
concentration that can be ignited. Above this
concentration, the mixture is to rich to burn.
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Atmosphere Explosive Check
% COMBUSTIBLE GAS BY VOLUME:
COMBUSTIBLE GAS
LEL,% by vol.
METHANE
5.0 %
PROPANE
2.1 %
PENTANE
1.5 %
GASOLINE
1.4 %
HEXANE
1.1 %
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
O2 Sufficient-Deficient Atmosphere

Oxygen Deficiency:
An atmospheric oxygen
Concentration below
19.5 % (oxygen def.), or
Above 23.5 % (oxygen
Enrichment).
POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF OXYGEN-SUFFICIENT AND
DEFICIENT ATMOSPHERES
Oxygen Content
(% by Volume)
>23.5%
20.9%
19.5%
15-19%
10-12%
8-10%
6-8%
4-6%
Effects and Symptoms
(At Atmospheric Pressure)
Oxygen enriched, extreme fire hazard
Oxygen concentration in normal air
Minimum permissible oxygen level.
Decreased ability to work strenuously.
May impair coordination and may induce
early symptoms in persons with coronary,
pulmonary, or circulatory problems.
Respiration further increases in rate
and depth, poor judgement, lips blue.
Mental failure, fainting, unconsciousness,
ashen face, blueness of lips, nausea, and
vomiting.
8 minutes, 100% fatal; 6 minutes, 50%
fatal; 4-5 minutes, recovery with
treatment.
Coma in 40 seconds, convulsions,
respiration ceases, death.
These values are approximate and vary as to the individual's state of
health and his physical activities.
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Threshold Limit Values

Toxic Gas: An atmospheric concentration of any toxic
gas which is above the OSHA permissible exposure
limit (PEL) as outlined below:
Toxic Gas
TWA
STEL
Ceiling
IDLH
Ammonia (NH3 )
25 ppm
35 ppm
--
500 ppm
Carbon Monoxide
(CO)
25 ppm
--
200 ppm
1,500 ppm
Chlorine (Cl 2 )
0.5 ppm
1 ppm
--
30 ppm
Hydrogen Cyanide
(HCN)
--
4.7 ppm
--
50 ppm
Hydrogen sulfide
(H2S)
10 ppm
15 ppm
--
300 ppm
Nitric Oxide (NO)
25 ppm
--
--
100 ppm
Sulphur Dioxide
(SO 2 )
2 ppm
5 ppm
--
100 ppm
Confined Space Entry Training Course
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Life Threatening Effects of Toxic Gas:
EFFECTS OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EXPOSURE
PPM
Effects & Symptoms
Time
35
200
400
600
1000-2000
1000-2000
1000-2000
2000-2500
4000
Permissible Exposure Level
Slight headache, discomfort
Headache, discomfort
Headache, discomfort
Confusion, Discomfort
Tendency to stagger
Slight palpitation of the heart
Unconsciousness
FATAL
8 hours
3 hours
2 hours
1 hour
2 hours
1 1/2 hours
30 minutes
30 minutes
Less than 1 hour
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Life Threatening Effects of Toxic Gas:
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) EXPOSURE
PPM
Effects & Symptoms
Time
10
50-100
Permissible exposure level
Mild eye irritation, mild
respiratory irritition
Marked eye irriation, marked
respiratory irritation
Unconsciousness, DEATH
Unconsciousness, DEATH
8 hours
1 hour
200-300
500-700
>1000
1 hour
1/2 - 1 hour
Minutes
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Life Threatening Effects of Toxic Gas:
SULFUR DIOXIDE SO 2
Properties
: Colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor that is produced
when sulfur or sulfur - containing materials are burned
Description
: Heavier than air, it is most often found at the ground level of
confined spaces
Health Hazards : Irriates the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. Immediately fatal in
concentrations above 400 ppm.
Exposure Limits : STEL - 5 ppm, TWA - 2 ppm over an eight hour shift
IDLH
: IDLH = 100 ppm
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Toxic Gas Density

There are gases heavier than air that can be found at
the bottom of a confined space
Hydrogen Sulfide
(heavier than air)
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Toxic Gas Density

There are gases lighter than air that can be found at the
top of a confined space
Methane Combustible Gas
(lighter than air)
Hydrogen Sulfide
(heavier than air)
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Toxic Gas Density

There are gases that are with the same weight as air
that could be found throughout a confined space
Methane Combustible Gas
(lighter than air)
Carbon Monoxide
(slightly lighter than air)
Hydrogen Sulfide
(heavier than air)
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Basic Gas Monitoring
Conditions in a confined space can change without
warning due to:

Leakage

Toxic vapor release

disturbing the contents of the space
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Toxic Gas Density
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Toxic Gas Density
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Toxic Gas Density
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Basic Gas Monitoring
Bottom
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Basic Gas Monitoring
Middle
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Basic Gas Monitoring
Top
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Multi-Gas Tester
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Common Type of Respirator
Air Purifying
Respirator
Filtering Facepiece
High Efficiency
Purifying Air Filter
(HEPA)
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Common Type of Respirator
CANISTER TYPE
FULL BODY SUIT
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Common Type of Respirator
Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR)
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Common Type of Respirator
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)
Best for IDLH atmosphere
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Common Type of Respirator
Full Facepiece Pressure
Demand SCBA certified by
NIOSH for a minimum
service life of 30 minutes
Best for IDLH atmosphere
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Common Type of Respirator
Combination Full
Facepiece Pressure
Demand SAR with
Auxiliary Self-Contained
Air Supply
Best for IDLH atmosphere
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Hazards in Confined Space
Atmospheric
The quality of air in the
confined space
Engulfment/Drowning
Being trapped or buried by
particles such as liquid, sand,
etc.
Mechanical, Electrical
Chemical
Hazards created when equipment is not isolated
from other energy sources.
Confined Space Entry Training Course
Other Hazards
Temperature (too hot/cold),
noise, radiation, insecure
footing, stagnant, air, poor
lighting, presence of animals
(snakes, rats, etc.)
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Engulfment/Drowning Hazards

Leakage

disturbing the contents of the space

Not familiar with confined space
content and configuration
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Engulfment/Drowning Hazards

Plan entry during pre-entry briefing
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Engulfment/Drowning Hazards




Wear harness and life line
Make sure rescue equipment
and procedures are in place
ENTRY BY
PERMIT ONLY
Maintain good communication
with attendant
Follow entry permit requirements
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Hazards in Confined Space
Atmospheric
The quality of air in the
confined space
Engulfment/Drowning
Being trapped or buried by
particles such as liquid, sand,
etc.
Mechanical, Electrical
Chemical
Hazards created when equipment is not isolated
from other energy sources.
Confined Space Entry Training Course
Other Hazards
Temperature (too hot/cold),
noise, radiation, insecure
footing, stagnant, air, poor
lighting, presence of animals
(snakes, rats, etc.)
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Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical Hazard

Danger of having uncontrolled energy sources
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical Hazard

Plan energy control and power lockout during
pre-entry briefing
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Energy Control & Power Lockout
Lockout:
• Shutting off all of the energy to a machine
• Releasing or blocking any stored energy
• Placing a lockout device on the energy
isolating device to ensure that the energy
isolating device and the equipment being
controlled can not be operated until the
lockout device is removed.
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Energy Control & Power Lockout
Lock & Hasp
Lock, Hasp & Tag
Switch Lock
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Energy Control & Power Lockout
Valve Lock
Valve Lock
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Energy Control & Power Lockout
Tagout:
• Process of placing tags on machinery to warn
workers not to start of operate the equipment
• Tags may communicate other information,
such as persons’ lock numbers, names,
departments, equipment identification, and
reason why equipment is down.
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Energy Control & Power Lockout
DANGER
MEN
WORKING
ON
MACHINERY
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Hazards in Confined Space
Atmospheric
The quality of air in the
confined space
Engulfment/Drowning
Being trapped or buried by
particles such as liquid, sand,
etc.
Mechanical, Electrical
Chemical
Hazards created when equipment is not isolated
from other energy sources.
Confined Space Entry Training Course
Other Hazards
Temperature (too hot/cold),
noise, radiation, insecure
footing, stagnant, air, poor
lighting, presence of animals
(snakes, rats, etc.)
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Other Confined Space Hazards
EAR
PROTECTION
REQUIRED
THERMAL
STRESS
NOISE HAZARD –Hearing protection
required
HEAT STRESS & HEAT STRAIN - Protection
required
RADIOACTIVE - Do not touch or move
equipment
BIOHAZARD - Medical waste; DO NOT
TOUCH
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Radiation Hazard
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Hazards in Confined Space
Atmospheric
The quality of air in the
confined space
Engulfment/Drowning
Being trapped or buried by
particles such as liquid, sand,
etc.
Mechanical, Electrical
Chemical
Hazards created when equipment is not isolated
from other energy sources.
Confined Space Entry Training Course
Other Hazards
Temperature (too hot/cold),
noise, radiation, insecure footing,
stagnant, air, poor lighting,
presence of animals (snakes,
rats, etc.)
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Course Objectives
Be able to recognize a confined space and identify all
hazards associated with confined space
Focusing efforts on critical confined space hazards
and applicable parameters
Be able to plan according to confined space entry
requirements
Eliminate ignorance and complacency
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Objectives
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
CSE Program Elements
•
A written plan/procedures (Management Commitment)
•
Hazard Identification (Entry Permit)
•
Posting of Confined Spaces (Placards/Signages)
•
Confined space testing equipment (Multi-Gas)
•
Confined space rescue equipment (Hoisting/Hooter)
•
Hazard protection (PPE)
•
Subcontractor information and policies (Subcontractor)
•
Employee training (Confined Space Entry)
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
CSE Program Elements
•
A written plan/procedures (Management Commitment)










Purpose
Scope
References
The Confined Space Entry Process
Confined Space Hazards
Atmospheric Parameters
The Entry Permit
Confined Space Hazard Management
Confined Space Testing & Rescue Equipment
Training Requirement
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
CSE Program Elements
•
First Aid Station & Kit (Section 6.2.2, S-000-1654-108)






A first aid kit suitable for trauma response
Mobile stretcher (canvas or foldable type)
Neil Robinson stretcher (confined space) or
equivalent
Instruction on emergency first aid treatment
Telephone
Logbook (for recording of treatment)
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
CSE Program Elements
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
CSE Program Elements
•
Hoisting and
extrication
equipment
ENTRY BY
PERMIT ONLY
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
CSE Program Elements
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Course Objectives
Be able to recognize a confined space and identify all
hazards associated with confined space
Focusing efforts on critical confined space hazards
and applicable parameters
Be able to plan according to confined space entry
requirements
Eliminate ignorance and complacency
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Middle East Work Environment
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Confined Space Entry Training Course
Evaluation Instrument
Date
Name
:___________________
:___________________
Company
:___________________
HAZARD IDENTIFIED
ACTION STEPS
PERSON
RESPONSIBLE
1.
2.
3.
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Confined Space Entry Training Course