George salvan book reference:
Introduction to Vernacular Architecture in Southeast Asia

Definition and significance

Common characteristics of Southeast Asian vernacular architecture (e.g., stilt houses,
climate adaptation, use of local materials).

Briefly mention example regional variations across different countries.
o
E.g. Vietnam and Laoso
VIETNAM AND LAOS
Architectural Character



Vietnamese Architecture:
o
"Kalam" roofs shaped in the Chinese Pagoda style, seen in Mi-son and Po Nagar
shrines.
o
Tonkin province features the "Lu" style.
Southward Influence:
o
Javanese influence visible at Dong Duang and My-Due from the 12th century
onward.
o
Influence of Angkor Wat apparent in Binh-Dinh style towers at Nha-Trang.
Vernacular and Colonial Influence:
o
The dinh (communal house) continued the tradition of stilt houses.
o
By the 19th century, Chinese and French styles became prominent.
INDONESIA AND THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO
INFLUENCES
Geographical, Geological, and Climatic Factors

The Malay Peninsula is bordered by southern Thailand to the north and the Straits of
Malacca to the west and south, separating it from Sumatra.

Sumatra is further separated from Java by the Sunda Straits. Java is the first in a chain of
islands extending eastward.

Borneo, the largest island in the archipelago, is separated from Celebes by the Straits of
Macassar. North of Borneo and Celebes lies the Philippines.

Much of the region is mountainous, with a long curving band of active and extinct
volcanoes passing through Sumatra, Java, and Bali.

Volcanic rock has been extensively used for construction.

The region straddles the equator, featuring a tropical climate with minimal seasonal
variation in temperature.

The climate is humid and influenced by both monsoons.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Religious and Monumental Architecture


Middle Java:
o
Characterized by solid stone walls and corbelled arches without load-bearing
columns.
o
Best exemplified by the stupa of Barabudur and the Temple complex of
Prambanam.
o
Associated with isolated religious communities rather than large population
centers.
Shift to East Java (11th Century):
o
Marked by reduced Indian influence and a stronger native Indonesian tradition.
o
Reflected in sculpture, which foreshadows the folk art of the Javanese "wayang"
puppet drama.
Vernacular Architecture

Timber is abundant and widely used for dwellings.

The traditional dwelling is the "long house," generally raised on stilts, often sheltering
an entire clan.

The Menang Kabau homes of South Central Sumatra are a notable example:
o
Built on carved and decorated wooden pillars.
o
Facades adorned with intricate color patterns of intertwined flowers in white,
black, and red.
o
Saddleback roof with high gables at each end, ornamented with buffalo horns.
EXEMPLARY MONUMENTS
Stupa of Barabudur

Dramatically located on the Java plains against a backdrop of smoking volcanoes.

Symbolizes the world mountain "Meru" of Indian cosmology and the Mahayana
Buddhist cosmic system.

Structure:

o
Nine levels representing stages leading to Nirvana.
o
Square base (150m on each side) with five slightly stepped faces, narrowing to
three at higher levels.
o
Rises through five rectangular closed galleries and three circular open terraces,
the latter featuring 72 bell-like stupas.
o
The central stupa crowns the structure.
The galleries house approximately 1,300 sculptural panels, depicting the life of Buddha
and sacred Buddhist legends.
Format
Introduction to Vernaculars of Southeast Asia (general o brief lang dito)

Influences
o Geographical
o Geological
o Historical (mention colonization)

o Climatic
o Religious
Architectural Styles (meron about sa Vietnam and laos sa book)
o Materials
o Common features
o Example
Indonesia (more detailed)



Influences
o Geographical (mention distinct charac. of its regions)
o Geological (materials)
o Historical (give a short timeline)
o Climatic
o Religious
Architectural character
o Common features and elements
Types of Indonesian Architecture (format: type, common features, materials, examples)
o (Mga related sa religion)
o Traditional and Vernacular Architecture
o Palace Architecture
o Others ( yung after colonization pero option di ko sure)