Physica B 667 (2023) 415202
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Physica B: Condensed Matter
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/physb
Synthesis, characterization, and applications of doped barium hexaferrites:
A review
Himanshi a, Rohit Jasrotia a, b, **, Jyoti Prakash a, Ritesh Verma c, Preeti Thakur c, d,
Abhishek Kandwal a, e, Fayu Wan f, Atul Thakur d, f, *
a
School of Physics and Materials Science, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Solan, HP, 171232, India
Himalayan Centre of Excellence in Nanotechnology, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Solan, HP, 171232, India
Department of Physics, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, 122413, India
d
Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, 122413, India
e
Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518172, China
f
School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
b
c
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Keywords:
BaFe12O19
Crystal structure
M-type hexaferrite
Doping
Synthesis approaches
Applications
Barium hexaferrite is a ceramic material with a hexagonal crystal structure that is widely used in various ap­
plications such as microwave devices and, magnetic recording media due to its excellent magnetic and elec­
tromagnetic traits. This material is composed of barium, oxygen, and iron and has the chemical formula,
BaFe12O19. The barium hexaferrite (BHF) exhibits magnetic anisotropy, high magnetization, and high coercivity,
making it a preferred material for use in magnetic devices. This review paper presents an overview of the
synthesis methods, crystal structure, magnetic traits, and various applications of BHF. The various synthesis
approaches discussed include hydrothermal, microemulsion approach, solid-state approach, co-precipitation,
and a few other techniques. The effect of various elemental doping on the optical, magnetic, electromagnetic,
as well as the structural characteristics of BHF are discussed in detail. Additionally, the different applications of
BHF are discussed, including its use in microwave devices, magnetic recording media, water purification,
biomedical, and permanent magnet. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the current state of
knowledge on BHF, and highlights its potential for use in a number of technological applications.
1. Introduction
Ba2+, Sr2+, and Pb2+), and ortho ferrites (MFeO3) based on their struc­
tural arrangement [2–5].
Ferrites which have been studied, analysed, and used in a number of
fields for more than 50 years, are a vital component of modern research
and technology. Iron (III) oxide (FeO), Fe2O3 (hematite), and Fe2O3
(maghemite) are examples of ferrimagnetic metal-oxides, generally
called as ferrites. Magnetite/lodestone (Fe3O4) is the most abundant
naturally occurring magnetic substance on the planet [1]. The category
of ferrites includes a number of sub-classes of substances. Ferrites can be
categorised based on their crystal structure and magnetic characteris­
tics. On the basis of magnetism, ferrites are basically of two kinds known
as Hard and Soft ferrite. They are also classified as spinel ferrites
(AFe2O4, where A is often a transition metal such as Zn, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn,
etc.), the garnet ferrites (RE3Fe5O12, where RE stands for rare earth
cations), Hexaferrites has the formula MFe12O19, where M is commonly
1.1. Barium hexaferrite (BHF)
Philips discovered hexagonal ferrite in the 1950s. It has since grown
in popularity due to its numerous applications and properties, including
high coercivity (Hc) and retentivity (Mr), superior chemical stability,
uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, large saturation magnetization (Ms), and
high electrical resistivity [6,7]. Because of these characteristics, they
have numerous uses, like in the making of microwave devices, waste­
water treatment, magnetic recording media, and permanent magnets [8]
as shown in Fig. 1.
Hexaferrite is a kind of ferrite with a hexagonal crystal structure [9].
Hexaferrites are categorised into 6 different types based on the crystal
* Corresponding author. Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, 122413, India.
** Corresponding author. School of Physics and Materials Science, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Solan, HP, 171232, India.
E-mail addresses: rohitjasrotia@shooliniuniversity.com (R. Jasrotia), athakur1@ggn.amity.edu (A. Thakur).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2023.415202
Received 10 June 2023; Received in revised form 23 July 2023; Accepted 7 August 2023
Available online 8 August 2023
0921-4526/© 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Himanshi et al.
Physica B: Condensed Matter 667 (2023) 415202
impact of elemental doping on the magnetic, optical, electromagnetic,
and structural characteristics of BHF is thoroughly investigated.
In-depth, reviews of the impact of various dopants on the characteristics
of hexamaterials are included in the review. Furthermore, the study
extensively explores the broad variety of uses for which BHF is useful.
Microwave devices, magnetic recording medium, water purification
systems, medicinal applications, and permanent magnets are some of the
uses.
1.2. Structure of BHF
The structure of BHF will now be examined in detail. BHF is the
world’s most well-recognized compound of M-type hexaferrite family.
Among various types of hexaferrite, M-type hexaferrite stands out for its
relative ease to understand. Notably, it outperforms other hexaferrites in
magnetic hardness, having a magnetoplumbite configuration and a
space group of p63/mmc, as seen in Fig. 2. M-type hexagonal ferrites
have the chemical formula AFe12O19, where A can be any of the ele­
ments Ba, Sr, or Pb [17]. The crystal structure of BHF is represented as
RSR*S*, here each of the (*) represents a block that has been rotated
along the c-axis of the hexagonal by an angle of 180◦ [18]. The M-type
hexaferrite is represented in published literature as a S block, which has
a cubic packing, and a R block, which has a hexagonal packing. In
hexaferrite of the M-type, the “A” ion is arranged in a hexagonal pattern
in the space between the two layers of O atoms. One molecule is made up
of five layers of oxygen, while one unit cell is made from two molecules,
(2 M = 2AFe12O19) each consisting of 64 atoms that are distributed on
11 crystallographic sites (5 Fe3+ sites, 1 “A” site and 5 O2− sites), where
24 Fe3+ ions are distributed over 5 different interstitial sites: 1 tetra­
hedral (4f1), 3 octahedral (4f2, 12 k, and 2a), and 1 trigonal-bipyramidal
(Fe3+ ions that have up-spins are situated at sites 2a, 2 b, and 12 k), and
they all are aligned in the same direction.
Furthermore, the ions that have down-spins have been located at
sites 4f1 and 4f2, respectively [19]. The formation of the ferrimagnetic
structure seen in the picture is due to the coupling that occurs between
the parallel (2a, 2 b, and 12 k) and antiparallel (4f2 and 4f1) sub-lattices
through the super exchange contact mediated by the O2− ion [2].
Fig. 1. Different applications of Barium Hexaferrite.
structures. These categories are as follows: M-type ferrite (BaFe12O19),
Y-type ferrite (Ba2M2Fe12O22), W-type ferrite (BaM2Fe16O27), Z-type
ferrite (Ba3M2Fe24O41), X-type ferrite (Ba2M2) as depicted in Table 1.
BHF, having magnetoplumbite crystal structure, has generated sig­
nificant interest for the microwave applications as of their characteris­
tics, including low conductive losses, high permeability and, strong
uniaxial anisotropy (Ha = 17 kOe) with the easiest magnetization along
the c-axis. BHF possess great magneto-crystalline anisotropy, relatively
high Ms, a high Curie temperature, Hc along with the excellent stability
for many applications. Its characteristics can also be improved by using a
variety of techniques, including doping, calcination, synthesis, etc. In
terms of shape, surface area, stability, and purity, synthesis procedure
plays a significant part in producing high quality ferrite materials [15].
The solution-based chemical synthesis techniques give easy and effec­
tive pathways to nanocrystals. Currently, several synthesis processes are
used to produce the barium hexagonal ferrite, each with its own benefits
and limitations. There are two main types of synthesis methods:
bottom-up and top-down techniques. In the “bottom-up” technique, ions
are mixed by the means of chemical reactions to produce particles. In
“top-down” technique, the material is crushed to make the small
particles.
Co-precipitation, polyol techniques, thermal decomposition, sol­
vothermal, hydrothermal, flame spray pyrolysis, sol-gel, vapour depo­
sition, sonochemical, microemulsion, microwave-assisted and so on are
examples of “bottom-up” synthesis approaches, whereas pulsed laser
ablation and mechanical milling techniques are examples of “top-down”
techniques [16]. This comprehensive study delves into synthesis routes,
crystal structure, different characteristics, and several uses of BHF. The
synthesis methods described includes hydrothermal, microemulsion,
solid-state, co-precipitation, and other pertinent processes. Notably, the
2. Synthesis techniques of BHF
Numerous synthesis methodologies for the fabrication of metal oxide
Table 1
Different types of hexaferrites with their molecular formula and block’s
structure.
Ferrites
Molecular
formula
Molecular
units
Blocks
References
M-Type
WType
X-Type
Y-Type
U-Type
Z-Type
BaFe12O19
BaCo2Fe16O27
M
M+2 S
RSR*S*
RSSR*S*S*
[1]
[10]
Ba2Co2Fe28O46
Ba2Co2Fe12O22
Ba4Co2Fe36O60
Ba3Co2Fe24O41
2 M+2 S
Y
Y+2 M
Y+M
RSRSSR*S*R*S*S*
TSTST
RSR*S*TS*
RSTSR*S*T*S*
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
Fig. 2. Structure of the M-type BHF (reprinted permission from Ref. [1]).
2
Himanshi et al.
Physica B: Condensed Matter 667 (2023) 415202
compounds have been developed. This includes methods like solid-state,
co-precipitation, sol-gel auto-combustion (SGAC), hydrothermal,
microemulsion technique etc [20]. The sintering and calcination tem­
peratures are important factors that affect the physical, chemical, and
other characteristics of BaFe12O19. Calcination is the process of heating
raw materials below the melting point of the materials in order to
eliminate any volatile components and induce the required phase
transformation. The barium hexaferrite phase is created during calci­
nation by the reaction between the iron oxide and barium carbonate. In
contrast, sintering is the process of heating the calcined material at a
higher temperature in order to produce a solid ceramic structure. Grain
development and densification occur during sintering, making barium
hexaferrite a strong material with enhanced magnetic characteristics.
Sintering and calcination temperatures can alter a number of charac­
teristics, including density, porosity, phase purity, grain size, and
magnetic properties. The magnetic properties of BaFe12O19, such as
coercivity, saturation magnetization, as well as magnetic anisotropy, are
significantly influenced by the calcination and sintering temperatures.
The improvement of crystallinity and grain development that occurs at
higher temperatures often results in greater magnetic characteristics.
The density of BaFe12O19 may be increased by increasing the calcination
and sintering temperatures, which can also increase the material’s me­
chanical strength and hardness. The porosity of BaFe12O19 decreases as
the sintering temperature rises. The purity of the BaFe12O19 phase can be
affected by calcination and sintering temperatures. Higher temperatures
can result in a pure phase with less impurities. Calcination and sintering
temperatures affect BaFe12O19 particle size. Grain size increases with
temperature, affecting magnetic and mechanical characteristics [16,21].
glycol is a gel-forming stabiliser that increases the viscosity of the pre­
cursor solution. It is also employed to regulate particle size because of its
high boiling point (197 ◦ C) and high reducing ability. The use of
ethylene glycol (EG) efficiently helps to reduce the particle size. The pH
of the mixture is kept constant with the help of ammonia, which also
improves the binding of cations to citrate and contributes to stability and
homogeneity of solutions containing metal citrate. Moreover, it prevents
the precipitation of isolated hydroxides [22].
Liang et al. prepared BaFe12O19/SmFeO3 (10%, 15%, and 20%)
through the sol-gel route. In 50 ml of water (distilled), initial precursors
of C2BaO4, Sm(NO3)3⋅6H2O, and Fe(NO3)3⋅6H2O were mixed together
with the chelating agent, tartaric acid (C4H6O6). After that, the sample
was agitated at 80◦ Celsius until the gel was obtained and then, drying
the gel with the help of oven, the black ash material was obtained. After
that, the sample were calcinated for 5 h at 1200 ◦ C to get the final
sample [23] as shown in Fig. 3.
Godara et al. used sol-gel method to create the double metal doped
BHF (BaZnxZrxFe12-2xO19 where x = 0.0–0.15). Tartaric acid and metal
nitrates (zirconyl, barium, ferric, and zinc) were employed as starting
precursors. Constant magnetic stirring was used to dissolve the metal
nitrates and tartaric acid in water. A pH of 7 is achieved by adding
ammonia drop by drop. On a hot plate, the colloidal solution was
warmed for 4–6 h while being constantly stirred at 90–100 ◦ C. To create
the honey-like gel, excess water was evaporated using continuous
heating. After auto-combustion, the precursor material was produced by
placing the brownish gel in a 200 ◦ C oven for 1 h. Final precursor was
grinded into a fine powder by a mortar pestle. After that, the final
products were calcinated in muffle furnace for 6 h at 900 ◦ Celsius to
produce a pure crystalline phase [24].
2.1. Sol-gel auto-combustion technique (SGAC)
2.2. Co-precipitation technique
The SGAC approach is one of the popular as well as economical ways
to create metal oxide nanoparticles. A sol (liquid) of metal salts is
created using this technique by first dissolving a stoichiometric quantity
of metal precursors in distilled water. The mixture also contains a
chelating agent, such as ethylene glycol, citric acid, and so on. Then,
ammonia was slowly poured into the concoction to set a pH of 7, and it
was then put through an auto-combustion process where it spontane­
ously ignites and turns into a gel. After that, the gel is subjected to a
high-temperature calcination procedure, which creates metal oxide
nanoparticles [21]. Citric acid is employed in this method as a chelating
agent to create a homogenous, stable, and clear solution. Citric acid acts
effectively as a complexing agent than glycine to create finer powder,
and the powder made with this fuel has smaller particle size. Ethylene
Co-precipitation is a process used to synthesize metal oxide nano­
particles, such as BHF, by precipitating the metal cations from an
aqueous solution. This process involves dissolving the metal salts in an
aqueous solution before adding a precipitant, like ammonia or sodium
hydroxide, to the mixture. This reaction results in the precipitation of
metal cations, which then form the metal oxide nanoparticles through a
crystallization process [25–28]. Bahadur et al. prepared BaFe12O19 using
facile co-precipitation approach. The chemicals used for the fabrication
of BaFe12O19 were barium nitrate, sodium hydroxide, iron nitrate, and
ethanol. The initial precursors of Fe(NO3)2H2O and Ba(NO3)2 were
combined to dissolve on a hot plate magnetic stirrer in 100 ml of
distilled water. Then, drop by drop, NaOH was introduced to the mixture
Fig. 3. Systematic sol-gel depiction of BaFe12O19(BaM)/SmFeO3 (reprinted permission from Ref. [23]).
3
Himanshi et al.
Physica B: Condensed Matter 667 (2023) 415202
until the pH reached 11–12. This caused formation of precipitates which
were allowed to settle. The precipitates were warmed to 80 ◦ C for 1 h.
The precipitates were separated by using a centrifuge at 500 rpm. The
material was filtered and washed three times in ethanol to dispose of
impurities. They were dried at 100 ◦ Celsius overnight. To improve
crystallinity, the synthesised sample was crushed and annealed for 5 h at
800 and 1000 ◦ Celsius [28]. Atif et al. applied co-precipitation approach
to fabricate BaFe11Ti0.5M0.5O19 hexaferrite. The precursors used in the
synthesis method were TiCl4 and nitrates of ferric, barium, nickel, zinc,
and cobalt. As a catalyst, KOH was utilized to alter the pH of the mixture.
In 100 mL of deionized water, the calculated amounts of nitrates were
diluted. The KOH solution was mixed to the dissolved nitrates drop by
drop while being stirred at 70 ◦ Celsius. The precipitation occurs after 2 h
of agitating on a hotplate. The resultant precipitates were cleaned with
deionized water before being heated at 100 ◦ C for an extended period of
time. Following grinding, the final products were annealed for 12 h at
1000 ◦ C. After being compressed into pellets using a hydraulic press at a
pressure of 5 tons/cm2, the final product was sintered at 1200 ◦ C for 6 h
[29].
challenges associated with the traditional synthesis methods, such as
low yield and large particle size [33]. Khaliq et al. synthesised zinc and
manganese doped BHF (Ba1-xZnxFe12-yMnyO19) hexaferrite (x =
0.0–0.90; y = 0.0–0.75) by employing a micro-emulsion method. On the
magnetic hot plate, the initial precursors such as Zn (NO3)2⋅6H2O, Mn
(NO3)3⋅9H2O, Ba (NO3)2⋅6H2O, and Fe (NO3)3⋅9H2O were dispersed and
stirred at 50 ◦ Celsius for about 3 h. The surfactant [(C16H33) N(CH3)3Br]
is added while stirring, and the pH was changed to 10–11 by NH4OH.
The mixture was then swirled for 6 h. Until pH reached 7.0, precipitates
were washed many times. Following filtering, drying at 100 ◦ C for 6 h
and calcinating at 950 ◦ C for 6 h were performed [34]. Muhiuddin et al.
fabricated BaNixFe12-xO19 hexaferrites via facile microemulsion
approach. Precursors such as nitrates of nickel, barium, and iron were
added in distilled water in stoichiometric proportions. The produced
mixture was then agitated for 25 min to homogenise the mixture. The
surfactant (CTAB) was added to the solution, after then heated to 60
◦
Celsius. NH4OH was mixed in the solution in order to change the pH =
11. Once the pH reached 7, it was cleaned after being stirred on the
magnetic stirrer for 7 h. The precipitates were cleaned, dried at 160 ◦ C,
and finely powdered. The powdered material was heated using muffle
furnace at 950 ◦ C to get ferrite [35]. Fig. 4 depicts the micro-emulsion
approach.
2.3. Solid-state reaction technique
The solid-state synthesis approach is a process used for synthesizing
metal oxide nanoparticles, such as BHF, by reacting the metal oxides or
metal salts under high-temperature conditions. In this method, metal
oxides or metal salts are mixed together and then, subjected to high
temperature, typically in a furnace or oven. The reaction results in the
development of metal oxide nanoparticles through a crystallization
process. This procedure is mostly employed for preparing metal oxide
nanoparticles, due to its controlled synthesis process, high purity, and
scalability [30]. Hooda et al. prepared (1-x) BaFe12O19 - (x) CoFe2O4 by
solid-state reaction method. Firstly, CoFe2O4 was synthesized using the
raw salts of Co3O4 and Fe2O3. Mortar pestle was used to combine and
grind the weighted salts. The resulting product was calcinated at 900
◦
Celsius for 8 h by a muffle furnace. The powder was then re-grinded and
sintered at 1000 ◦ Celsius for 4 h to create the sample’s final powder. To
synthesize BaM-CF, the starting precursors of BaCO3, Co3O4, and Fe2O3
were then mixed together and calcinated at 800 ◦ C for 4 h. The produced
mixture was then grounded and formed into pellets to produce the
finished product. The final product was sintered for 4 h at 1100 ◦ Celsius
[31]. Gan et al. fabricated BaFe12O19 + x%CeO2 via solid-state approach
with starting precursors of Fe2O3, CeO2, and BaCO3. All of the precursors
were dried at 80 ◦ Celsius for 24 h before weighing in order to eliminate
any extra moisture. Using ball milling approach, the stoichiometric
concentration of CeO2, BaCO3, and Fe2O3 were refined in presence of
alcohol for 24 h. The fine particles were compressed into pellets by
utilizing the polyvinyl alcohol as binder after drying at 80 ◦ Celsius. The
pellets were heated to 1200 ◦ Celsius and kept for 6 h after the binder had
been removed at 600 ◦ C for 2 h [32].
2.5. Hydrothermal technique
The hydrothermal technique uses high pressure and high tempera­
ture conditions in a water-based solution to create the metal oxide
nanoparticles. This technique involves dissolving metal salts in water
and heating and pressurising them in a sealed reactor. The sealed reactor
generally used is an autoclave which is made up of stainless steel having
a Teflon lining from inside. Hydrothermal method has many advantages
such as high purity, eco-friendly. Hydrothermal method also used in
large scale production of metal oxide nanoparticles [36–38,]. Hu et al.
prepared BaFe12O19@MnO2 samples by using hydrothermal method.
Firstly, BaFe12O19 was prepared by using molten salt method. Initially,
80 ml of deionized water was used to dissolve 1 mmol of KMnO4. Next,
0.2 g of the produced BaFe12O19 was added and thoroughly mixed with
the KMnO4 solution using an ultrasonic bath for 20 min. In a 100-mL
autoclave, transfer the aforementioned solution for hydrothermal
route at a range of temperatures between 150 and 190 ◦ C. Centrifuging
the final products using the ethanol and deionized water. The hydro­
thermal temperatures 150◦ , 170◦ , and 190◦ are used to identify the
BaFe12O19@MnO2
samples
as
BaFe12O19@MnO2-150,
BaFe12O19@MnO2-170, and BaFe12O19@MnO2-190, respectively. The
same processes were used to create MnO2 without BaFe12O19 particles
[38]. The creation of the BaFe12O19@MnO2 composites is shown in
Fig. 5.
Table 2 lists recent studies in the development of BHF hard ferrites
using various chemical and physical approaches.
2.4. Microemulsion technique
3. Consequences of doping on BHF
The synthesis of BHF using the microemulsion technique involves the
preparation of a stable microemulsion system containing the precursors
of the ferrite material. The microemulsion droplets act as nanoreactors,
providing a controlled environment for the reaction to occur. The
microemulsion can be prepared by mixing the precursors, such as
barium nitrate, iron nitrate, and surfactants, with a suitable solvent. The
mixture is then subjected to a temperature and time-controlled reaction,
which results in the formation of BHF within the microemulsion drop­
lets. The microemulsion synthesis of BHF offers several advantages over
the traditional synthesis methods, such as improved reaction kinetics,
smaller particle size, and higher surface area. These properties can lead
to enhance the magnetic traits and improved performance in magnetic
data storage and microwave absorption devices. Additionally, the
microemulsion synthesis can also help to overcome some of the
3.1. Structural traits
BHF (BaFe12O19) is a type of iron oxide with a hexagonal crystal
structure. Crystal structure of BaFe12O19 is comprised of stacked layers
of iron and oxygen atoms, with barium ions placed in the layers. The
iron atoms form an octahedral coordination with the oxygen atoms, and
the overall crystal structure of BHF is highly ordered and stable. This
crystal structure is accountable for the magnetic traits of BHF, as well as
its potential as a photocatalyst. Kumar et al. fabricated Ba1− xLaxFe12O19;
(x = 0.0–0.20) hexaferrite utilizing sol-gel approach. Through XRD, a
structural investigation was conducted. According to the XRD results,
the peaks are moving towards a larger 2θ value as the concentration of
La of barium hexaferrite rises. The decreasing value of lattice parameters
(a = 5.894–5.888 Å), (c = 23.211–23.162 Å), and cell volume (V =
4
Himanshi et al.
Physica B: Condensed Matter 667 (2023) 415202
Fig. 4. Systematic representation of the development of BaNixFe12-xO19 hexaferrite via facile microemulsion approach (reprinted with permission from Ref. [35]).
Fig. 5. Methodical representation of the production of BaFe12O19@MnO2 by using hydrothermal route (reprinted with permission from Ref. [38]).
698.4–691.2 Å3) causes this peak shifting in X-ray diffraction patterns as
illustrated in Fig. 6(a). Its structural traits are affected by the ionic radius
of the replaced metal ions. By replacing smaller ion of La3+ (1.06 Å) with
the bigger ion of Ba2+ (1.49 Å), lattice properties and cell volume were
reduced [45].
Bibi et al. used a simple micro-emulsion method to fabricate the Ba1xNdxFe12-yCuyO19 (x, y = 0.0–0.60). XRD was employed to inspect the
structural attributes of synthesised samples. It shows that the diffraction
peak of the co-doped material migrated to a higher value, whereas peaks
for the doped material were found at 28.14◦ . With the increment in the
X-ray density to 26.59 g/cm3, the value of unit cell volume after codoping ranges from 665.719 to 586.443 Å3. “a” & “c” have values
between 5.854–5.674 Å and 22.054–21.034 Å. Fig. 6(b) depicts the XRD
patterns of Nd–Cu substituted barium hexaferrite [52].
Li et al. fabricated BaFe12O19 hexaferrites via polymer precursor
route. The structure of synthesised samples was analysed by using XRD
and it indicates that the pure BaFe12O19 powders in a single magneto­
plumbite structure have been successfully produced with no other ferrite
impurities. Fig. 7 depicts the sintered BaFe12O19 (BFO) at various tem­
perature (1100 ◦ C, 1200 ◦ C, 1250 ◦ C), using FESEM. At 1100 ◦ C, the
crystal grain takes the shape of long plates whereas, at 1200 ◦ C, the
hexagonal slab grains were observed [53].
Nag et al. synthesised BaFe11⋅8Co0⋅2O19 via sol-gel auto-combustion
route. The hexaferrites were manufactured in two distinct pH values, i.
5
­
Himanshi et al.
Physica B: Condensed Matter 667 (2023) 415202
Table 2
Recent reported studies for the production of BHF using physical and chemical methods.
Composition
Synthesis
Method
Precursors
Calcination
Sintering
Grain size
(nm)
References
BaZnxZrxFe12–2xO19 (x = 0.1–0.7)
Solid-State
reaction
Micro-emulsion
BaCO3, Fe2O3, ZnO and ZrO2
1200 ◦ C, 6 h
–
610–790
[39]
Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O, Ba(NO3)2⋅6H2O,Mn
(NO3)3⋅9H2O, Zn(NO3)2⋅6H2O
[Ba(NO3)2], [Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O]
950 ◦ C, 6 h
–
34
[34]
1100 ◦ C, 6 h
–
–
[40]
900 ◦ C, 6 h
900 ◦ C–1100 ◦ C for
3h
–
–
–
–
166–180
[41]
[42]
2600
[43]
–
1150 ◦ C and
1250 ◦ C, 1 h
1200 ◦ C, 8 h
830–1110
[44]
–
1300 ◦ C for 2 h
~300
[45]
–
238
[46]
–
1100 ◦ C, 5 h
–
[47]
[48]
Ba1-xZnxFe12-yMnyO19 (x = 0.0–0.90,
y = 0.0–0.75)
BaFe12O19
BixBa1-xFe12O19 (x = 0–0.4)
Ba1-xGdxFe12O19 (x = 0.00–0.25)
Ba1-x(La,Y)xFe12O19 (x = 0–0.15)
Ca0⋅5Ba0.5-x HoxNiyFe12-yO19 (x =
0.0–0.10; y = 0.0–1.0)
Ba1− xLaxFe12O19) with x = 0.0–0.20
BaFe12O19
BaFe12− 2xMgxAlxO19 (x = 0–0.5)
(20)BaO:(80–x)Fe2O3:(x)Nd2O3,
where 0 = x ≤ 3 mol%
Ba1− xSmxFe12O19 (x = 0.00–0.50)
Ba1-xLaxFe12O19 x = 0–0.2
BaFe12O19
Sol-gel autocombustion
Sol-gel
Sol-gel
Bi(NO3)3, Ba (NO3)3, Fe (NO3)3
Fe2O3, (BaNo3)2
Conventional
ceramic
Sol-gel autocombustion
Sol-gel autocombustion
Co-precipitation
BaCO3, Fe2O3, La2O3, and Y2O3
Co-precipitation
Solid-state
BaCl2, MgCl2, Al2Cl3
BaCO3, Nd2O3 and Fe2O3
600, 800, and
900 ◦ C, 4 h
1050 ◦ C, 2 h
–
Solid-state
reaction
Solid-state
Molten salt
BaCO3, Fe2O3, and Sm2O3
1200 ◦ C, 5 h
–
–
[49]
Fe2O3, BaCO3 and La2O3
Ba(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O and
C6H8O7
1250 C, 3 h
–
–
800–1000 ◦ C, 8 h
–
–
[50]
[51]
Ni(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2, (Ho2O3),
Ba(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2,
La(OOCCH3)3 (1.5H2O), Fe (NO3)3,
and Ba(NO3)2
Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O and Ba(NO3)2
◦
Fig. 6. (a) XRD illustrations of La doped barium hexaferrite (reprinted with permission from reference [45]), (b) XRD plots of co-doped Ba1-xNdx Fe12-yCuyO19
hexaferrites (reprinted with permission from Ref. [52]).
e., 7 and 1. TEM (Transmission electron microscopy) was used for
studying the structural traits of the synthesised material. From the TEM
analysis, it was observed that crystallite size for BFC1 (BaFe11⋅8Co0⋅2O19
at pH < 1) was 20 nm and for BFC7 (BaFe11⋅8Co0⋅2O19 at pH = 7) was 57
nm. The low-resolution TEM analysis of both the samples are illustrated
in Fig. 8.
HRTEM analysis of the prepared samples suggested the occurrence of
recrystallisation. The Fast Fourier transform (FFT) illustrations showed
polycrystalline tendencies of the structure formed. Reverse FFT illus­
trations were utilized to verify the miller indices of both samples which
were found out to be (203) (2.41 Å) for BFC1 and (106) (3.13 Å) for
BFC7 (Fig. 9).
SAED patterns were studied for both the samples, and it showed ring
like patterns. Also stimulated SAED pattern from the XRD analysis
matched with the experimental SAED pattern, showing that the hexag­
onal crystal structure has been formed for the BFC1 and BFC7 samples
(Fig. 10) [54]. Table 3 shows the effect of different doping cations on the
structural properties of BHF.
3.2. Magnetic traits
The magnetic traits of BHF are changed by several factors, including
size and distribution of iron ions, the strength of the iron-oxygen bonds,
and the presence of other ions (such as barium) in the crystal structure.
The magnetic traits of BaFe12O19 may be tuned by controlling these
factors, making it helpful for the number of uses, such as permanent
magnets and microwave absorption. Zou et al. synthesised BaFe12–2x
NixZrxO19, (x = 0–1) using a solid-state method. VSM was used to
6
Himanshi et al.
Physica B: Condensed Matter 667 (2023) 415202
Fig. 7. FESEM images of BaFe12O19 sample that was sintered for 2 h at (a) 1100 ◦ Celsius, (b) 1200 ◦ Celsius, (c) and (d) 1250 ◦ Celsius (reprinted with
permission from Ref. [53]).
Fig. 8. (a) and (c) Low resolution TEM pictures of BFC1 and BFC7, (b) and (d) Grain size plots of BFC1 and BFC7 samples (reprinted with permission from
Ref. [54]).
investigate many magnetic properties of the synthesised material. The
magnetic properties of barium nano ferrites were examined at room
temperature, and hence, Ms, Hc, and Mr were reported based on these
findings. The value of Ms of non-doped BaFe12O19 is 69.4 emu/g. Ms
increases significantly to 71.5 emu/g at x = 0.2 but then, reduces with
increasing Ni–Zr ion doping. The coercivity of synthesised samples re­
duces from 3422 to 72 Oe with a rise in the concentration of Ni–Zr
hexaferrite from x = 0–1.0 [77]. Mosleh et al. utilized sol-gel synthesis
7
Himanshi et al.
Physica B: Condensed Matter 667 (2023) 415202
Fig. 9. (a) and (d) High resolution TEM pictures of BFC1 and BFC7, (b) and (e) FFT pictures of BFC1 and BFC7, (c) and (f) IFFT pictures of BFC1 and BFC7
samples (reprinted with permission from Ref. [54]).
Fig. 10. (a) and (c) SAED patterns of BFC1 and BFC7, (b) and (d) Simulated SAED patterns of BFC1 and BFC7 (reprinted with permission from Ref. [54]).
to develop the samples of Ba1-xCexFe12O19 (x = 0.0–0.2). A magnetic
analysis was performed by VSM. The results show that as the concen­
tration of Ce is raised, the magnetization firstly increases and then de­
creases; in contrast, coercivity did not exhibit a reliable answer to Ce
content. The maximum Hc (5088 Oe) and Ms (53 emu/g) values were
found for x = 0.1 as shown in Fig. 11 [78].
Lu et al. fabricated Ba1− xCexFe12− xZnxO19 (x = 0.0–0.4) hexaferrites
through solid-phase technique. The hysteresis loops of Ce–Zn doped BHF
ceramics were shown in Fig. 12 with a 20 kOe field. As the concentration
of Ce–Zn increased, the “Hc” gets reduced from 2210 to 1297 Oe. Also
the Ms first increases and then decrease. Highest value of Ms of 65.78
emu/g was shown at x = 0.1 [79].
Almessiere et al. fabricated BaFe12-xNbxO19 (x = 0–0.1) nano­
hexaferrites through sol-gel to identify the influence of Nb on magnetic
characteristics. Magnetic hysteresis loop of Nb doped barium hexaferrite
ceramics were studied at ambient temperature and at low temperature
(10 K) within 10 kOe field. At the ambient temperature, the Ms was
found in between the range of 29.49–63.47 emu/g whereas, at the low
temperature (10 K), it was found in the range of 41.05–88.71 emu/g.
The maximum Ms was observed at x = 0.1 and the lowest was observed
at x = 0.02. Remnant magnetization at room temperature (300 K) was
ranged between 15.82 and 34.15 emu/g and at the low temperature (10
K), it was obtained in the span of 20.36–46.98 emu/g. Additionally, the
coercivity (Hc) varies at 300 and 10 K between 3035 and 3830 Oe and
2444–2569 Oe, respectively. The samples show the formation of hard
ferrimagnetic behaviour. The M − H curve of the synthesised product
are illustrated in Fig. 13 [63]. Table 4 gives the reported studies about
the magnetic traits like Hc, Ms, and Mr, of BHF.
3.3. Optical traits
BHF has a relatively high refractive index and a low absorption co­
efficient in visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum. This makes
it useful as an optical material for applications such as lens systems,
optical filters, and polarizers. In addition, BHF has non-linear optical
properties, meaning that its optical properties change when subjected to
strong light fields. These non-linear optical properties make BHF a
candidate for use in photonics and optical communication technologies.
The optical traits of BHF can be influenced by various aspects, like the
crystal structure, the existence of other ions in the material, and the
8
Himanshi et al.
Physica B: Condensed Matter 667 (2023) 415202
Table 3
Structural traits of BHF.
Synthesis Approach
In-situ auto-combustion solgel
Sol-gel
Sol-gel auto-combustion
Sol-gel auto-combustion
Microemulsion
Co-precipitation
Sol-gel
Sol-gel
Solid-state reaction
Sol-gel auto- combustion
Sol-gel auto-combustion
Standard mechano-chemical
activation
Co-precipitation
Sol-gel
Ceramic
Solid-state reaction
Sol-gel auto-combustion
Sol–gel auto-combustion
Mechano-chemical activation
Solid-state reaction
Solid-state
Solid-state reaction
Sol-gel auto- combustion
Co-precipitation
Composition
Lattice parameters
Crystallite
size
“D” (nm)
Cell Volume
“V (Å)3”
Ref.
a (Å)
c (Å)
BaFe12O19 (x = 25–100)
5.35–5.89
23.23–23.32
24–33
–
[55]
Ba1− xDyxFe12− yCryO19 (x = 0.0–0.2, and
y = 0.0–0.5)
BaFe12− xCrxO19 (x = 0.0–1.00)
Ba1-0.5xCu0.5xFe12O19 (x = 0–0.3)
BaCrxFe12-xO19 (x = 0.0–1.0)
Ba1-xLaxFe12O19 (x = 0–0.5)
BaFe12O19 (T = 800–1100 ◦ C)
BaFe12O19 (T = 950–1150 ◦ C)
BaZnZrFe10O19 (T = 1200 ◦ C, 1300 ◦ C,
1350 ◦ C)
BaFe12O19
BaFe12-xNbxO19 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1)
(1-x) BaFe12O19-xBiFeO3
(x = 0–1.0)
5.87–5.89
23.15–23.27
22.91–52.54
693.61–703.92
[37]
5.8747–5.8790
5.886–5.890
5.82–5.98
5.889–5.893
5.89057–5.89160
–
5.92838–5.92870
23.1056–23.1410
23.211–23.165
23.18–23.25
23.144–23.218
23.20813–23.24110
–
23.53445–23.57391
–
41.94–83.91
902–15.01
–
47–57
20.7–40.1
–
690.584–692.655
695.00–697.36
680.59–721.30
–
697.4–698.5
–
–
[55]
[56]
[57]
[58]
[59]
[60]
[61]
5.892
5.891–5.897
BaFO =
5.5817–5.8995
BiFO =
5.5771–5.5802
5.8782–5.902
23.216
23.1870–23.2317
BaFO =
23.135–23.192
BiFO =
13.841–13.892
23.1061–23.1636
–
33.2–46.1
–
[62]
[63]
[64]
41.4–59.1
–
696.948–699.6981
BaFO =
804.892–805.863
BiFO =
431.221–432.577
–
5.890–5.899
5.283–5.964
5.8834–5.8948
5.889–5.893
5.822–8.326
23.178–23.213
22.682–23.310
23.183–23.2789
23.196–23.198
22.79–23.67
43.2–88.0
44.31–63.40
–
–
32.45–49.69
696.305–696.9088
548.42–718.11
696.99–700.41
696.76–696.93
666.923–710.906
[66]
[67]
[68]
[69]
[70]
BSCT =
3.9914–4.0091
BFO =
5.8827–5.8919
5.8760
5.885–5.873
5.890
5.880–5.892
5.879
BSCT =
4.0101–4.0185
BFO = 23.198–23.298
–
[71]
23.1700
23.260–23.195
23.203
23.071–23.231
23.17
–
–
77.16
–
67.72
BSCT =
63.9067–64.5888
BFO =
802.793–808.778
–
697.622–692.839
–
690.972–698.649
–
BaTixFe12− (4/3)x O19
(x = 0–1)
Ba1-2xCaxMgxFe12O19 (x ≤ 0.1)
BaFe12-2xZnxTixO19 (x = 0.0–2.0)
BaFe12-xTixO19 (x = 0.5, 1, 2)
Ba1-2xMnxCuxFe12O19 (0.0 = x ≤ 0.1)
Ba1− xCoxFe12O19 (x = 0–1 with steps of
0.25)
(1-x) Ba0⋅83Ca0⋅10Sr0⋅07TiO3-(x) BaFe12O19
(x = 0–0.30)
BaFe12O19
BaFe12xNixO19 (x = 0.0, 0.3, 0.5)
BaFe11Ni0⋅5Ti0⋅5O19
Ba1− xSrxFe12O19 (x = 0–1)
BaFe12O19
[65]
[72]
[73]
[74]
[75]
[76]
Fig. 12. Magnetic hysteresis loops (M-H loops) of Ba0⋅9Ce0⋅1Fe11⋅9Zn0⋅1O19;
(x ¼ 0.0–0.4) hexaferrites (reprinted with permission from Ref. [79]).
Fig. 11. M − H curves of the doped Ba1-xCexFe12O19 (x = 0.0–0.2) ferrite
nanoparticles (reprinted with permission from Ref. [78]).
0–0.5) hexaferrites. The “Eg” (energy band gap) of synthesised substance
was calculated by DR % (UV–vis percent diffuse reflectance) spectra.
The value of “Eg” were found in the range of 1.46–1.67 eV. When the
concentration of Bi and La increase, the value of “Eg” linearly decrease as
shown in Fig. 14. According to literature, “Eg” of the BaFe12O19 was
found between 1.75eV and 2.32 eV synthesised by different methods.
BaBixLaxFe12x-2xO19 hexaferrites are a promising contender for new
occurrence of defects in the crystal lattice. Any material’s optical char­
acteristics may be obtained via the band gap analysis. Nevertheless, the
band-gap may be easily modified by doping or substitution to make the
material more practical for optoelectronic devices [93]. Auwal et al.
used solid-state reaction method to fabricate BaBixLaxFe(12-2x) O19 (x =
9
­
Himanshi et al.
Physica B: Condensed Matter 667 (2023) 415202
xZnxFe12O19 (x = 0.0–0.3) hexaferrites. Tauc graph were utilized to
verify the NPs’ band gap (Eg). The spectra were measured between 200
and 1100 nm wavelength range. Every sample reflects the light in
200–700 nm range. Reflection above 700 nm increases exponentially as
the Zn concentration increases. The calculated band gap for BaFe12O19 is
1.69 eV, with a small increase with the increasing Zn concentration until
it reaches a highest of 1.76 eV for synthesised material as shown in
Fig. 16 [96].
3.4. Electromagnetic traits
Electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption materials have gained in­
terest as a result of the increased electromagnetic interference (EMI)
concerns caused by the increased usage of communication devices like
cell phones, radar systems, and local area network systems. There has
been a lot of study into discovering ways to employ a material that can
absorb microwaves and has a wide frequency range, high resistivity, low
density, and good absorption in the GHz region. Ferrites behave as more
effective EM-wave absorbers than their dielectric counterparts due to
their excellent magnetic characteristics [97]. In comparison to ferrites
with a spinel or garnet structure, ferrites with a hexagonal structure are
anisotropic and have a greater inherent magnetocrystalline anisotropy
field. The natural resonance of these materials occurs in the GHz range
due to their in-plane anisotropy. This means that they can be used as
high-frequency absorbers [98]. Vinnik et al. created barium hexaferrite
BaFe12-xTixO19 (x = 0.5–2) hexaferrites via a solid-state reaction
method. The transmission line approach was utilized to determine the
electromagnetic traits of the synthesised samples. The experiments were
performed at 8–12 GHz frequency band. It is established that pure
barium hexaferrite has a permittivity of 3.4. Increasing the Ti concen­
tration causes an increase in dielectric permittivity that can reach up to
6.2 at x = 0.5–1 and 10.5 at x = 2. The imaginary dielectric permittivity
decreases about by ε′′ = (0.5–0.7) at (x = 0.5, 1) with rising Ti con­
centration. Both components of magnetic permeability were evaluated
at similar frequency. For pure BaFe12O19, μ′ and μ′′ have values of 0.95
and 0. The μ′ and μ′′ for BaFe11⋅5Ti0⋅5O19 and BaFe11TiO19 were found in
the range of 1.0–1.15 and (− 0.2–0), respectively as shown in Fig. 17
[68].
Araz et al. used a ceramic method to produce Ce–Co substituted BHF
with a formula of Ba0⋅5Ce0⋅5Fe11CoO19. The permeability, reflection loss
(RL) characteristics, permittivity, and absorption loss of produced
composition were defined by using the reflection/transmission coaxial
line technique in the 2–18 GHz range. The real part of permittivity drops
from 7.5 to 4.8 as frequency increases, with a small bump at 11 GHz. In
the 2–18 GHz band, the real part of permeability rises uniformly from
1.2 to 2.1. The frequency dependance of the imaginary parts, μʺ and ϵʺ
for the Ba0⋅5Ce0⋅5Fe11CoO19 hexaferrite were also determined in the
range of 2–18 GHz. The imaginary component of permittivity decreases
from 8 to 13 GHz. In contrast, the imaginary component of permeability
rises in all measured frequencies except 10–12 GHz, when it decreases.
At 11.4 GHz, the maximum RL value was 31.4 dB with a 3 mm thick
sample, and the best shielding efficiency was 59.2 dB. The substituation
of Ce into barium hexaferrite significantly increases its capacity to
absorb the electromagnetic waves. Based on the findings of this work,
one may infer that Ce–Co doped BHF is an appealing prospective ma­
terial for the microwave shielding and absorption applications [99]. To
examine the electromagnetic property, Bahadur et al. synthesised
BaFe12O19 hexaferrite using co-precipitation method. The properties of
electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorption in the frequency range of
2–18 GHz were examined using a vector network analyzer (VNA). The
maximum EMR absorption of 26.52 dB was measured at a frequency of
5.79 GHz [28]. The recent reports which give evidence about the in­
fluence of doping on the electromagnetic traits of developed BHF are
provided in Table 5.
Fig. 13. M-H loops of BaFe12-xNbxO19 (x ¼ 0.0–0.1) hexaferrites (reprinted
with permission from Ref. [63]).
applications like electric sensors, optical sensors, isolators, and modu­
lators due to considerable change at “Eg” caused by the substitution of
Bi, and La ions [94]. Rekaby et al. fabricated pure BaFe12O19 and Cox
BaFe12O19, (x = 0.04–0.1 wt %), hexaferrites via co-precipitation
method. The samples’ optical characteristics were investigated using
UV–vis spectroscopy. The sample’s “Eg” was calculated using the Tauc
relation. CoxBaFe12O19 with x = 0.1 wt% showed an absorbance peak
from ultra-violet visible spectroscopy at 352 nm, which was partially
displaced to lower wavelengths when the calcination temperature was
raised. At different temperatures, the “Eg” of BaFe12O19 was 4.25 eV at
850 ◦ C, 4.05 eV at 900 ◦ C, 3.83 eV at 950 ◦ C, and 3.71 eV at 1050 ◦ C.
When Co is added, the energy bandgap at T = 850 ◦ C decreases from
4.25 to 3.95 eV when x rises from 0% to 0.1 wt%. The same results were
observed at T = 900 ◦ C (4.05–3.66), 950 ◦ C (3.83–3.65), and 1050 ◦ C
(3.71–3.57), where the optical “Eg” declines with rise in the concen­
tration of Co [20].
Asiri et al. (2018) fabricated BaCryFe12-yO19 (y = 0–1.0) hexaferrites
through the SGAC route to study the consequence of Cr3+ on optical
traits. The “Eg” of the samples was analysed by using DR % (UV–vis
percent diffuse reflectance) spectra. DR% spectra were observed in be­
tween 200 and 800 nm. The optical energy band gap shows maximum
value of 2.00 eV and lowest value of 1.84 eV with rising Cr3+ content
[95] as shown in Fig. 15.
Baykal et al. (2017) employed SGAC procedure to formulate Ba110
Himanshi et al.
Physica B: Condensed Matter 667 (2023) 415202
Table 4
Reported studies on the magnetic traits of BHF.
Synthesis Approach
Composition
MS (emu/g)
Mr (emu/g)
HC (kOe)
Ref.
Sol–gel auto-combustion
Solid-state reaction
Sol–gel auto-combustion
Citric sol–gel
BaFe12-xTixO19 (x = 0–1).
BaFe12–2xNixZrxO19 (x = 0–1)
BaFe12− xCrxO19 (x = 0–1)
(0.45) Ni0⋅5Zn0⋅5Fe2O4 + (0.55) BaFe12O19
(T = 300–60⁰K)
BaHo2xFe12− 2xO19 (x = 0–1)
BaFe12O19
Ba1-xLaxFe12O19 (x = 0–0.5)
BaFe12O19
(1-x) Bi0⋅85La0⋅15FeO3-(x) BaFe12O19
(x = 0–1.00)
BaFe12O19/Fe3O4
BaFe12-xNbxO19 (0.0 = x ≤ 0.1)
Ba1− xSrxFe12O19 (x = 0–0.1)
BaTixFe12− (4/3)x O19
(x = 0–1)
BaFe12O19 (T = 900–1200 ◦ C)
BaFe12-2xZnxTixO19 (x = 0.0–2.0)
BaFe12O19 (T = 800–1100 ◦ C)
Ba1-2xMnxCuxFe12O19 (0.0 = x ≤ 0.1)
BaFe12O19/Ni0⋅8Zn0⋅2Fe2O4 (T = 700–1200 ◦ C)
BaFe12O19 (T = 700–1000 ◦ C)
BaFe12O19 (T = 800–1000 ◦ C)
BaFe12O19
BaFe12O19
BaZnxZrxFe12–2xO19 (x = 0.1–0.7)
BaFe12xNixO19 (x = 0, 0.3 and 0.5)
17.17–45.24
20.5–71.5
5.119–40.443
70.7–103.4
7.7163–23.0606
0.5–34.4
3.053–22.865
3.2–6.5
0.583–3.4557
0.072–3.422
5.396–5.689
0.3–0.4
[80]
[77]
[57]
[81]
13.3459–23.044
10–61
39.77–57.13
72
0.19–60.33
7.061–29.077
–
21.69–31.47
–
0.05–30.77
1.889–2.230
0.350–4.800
4.22–4.86
6.7
4.144–4.875
[82]
[83]
[58]
[84]
[85]
61
29.49–63.47
106.0–212.0 (emu/cc)
–
30
15.82–34.15
61.0–139.0
15.6–22.24
3.56
3.035–3.830
0.3889–0.597
0.45607–9.0071
[62]
[63,64]
[86]
[65]
14.88–24.94
5.7–49.08
46.6–65.2 (A m2/kg)
60.0–62.1
31–63
17.28–44.67
41.66–75.54
0.41713
56.36–43.5716
61.45–72.00
55.35–56.42
–
0.9–24.35
18.8–32.4
32.9–34.2
0–32
2.73–24.12
2526–3662
4.75–1005
111.4–405.9 (kA/m)
1623–4615
0–1602
234.51–4790.12
0.17437–0.2073
–
4.38139–5.69191
0.319–4.118
1.0272–1.9716
[87]
[67]
[88]
[69]
[89]
[90]
[28]
[91]
[92]
[39]
[73]
Solid-state reaction
Wet milling
Co-precipitation
Co-precipitation
Solid-state
Sol-gel auto-combustion
Sol-gel auto-combustion
Solid-state reaction
Co-precipitation
Solid-state
Ceramic
Sol-gel combustion
Sol-gel auto-combustion
Sol–gel
Sol-gel
Co-precipitation
Co-precipitation
Sol-gel auto combustion
Solid-state reaction
Solid-state
Fig. 14. Direct optical band gap of BaBixLaxFe(12-2x)O19 (x ¼ 0.0–0.5)
hexaferrites (reprinted with permission from Ref. [94]).
0.19876
30.92–35.60
18.54–34.66
20.24–25.51
Fig. 15. For BaCryFe12-yO19 (y ¼ 0.0–1.0) nanocrystalline hexaferrite, the
direct “Eg” is dependent on the Cr concentration (reprinted with
permission from Ref. [95]).
4. Potential applications of BHF
BHF is a magnetic material with a high stability and magnetic
anisotropy at high temperatures. It has several applications, including
magnetic data storage [107] (it is used in magnetic tapes and discs for
high-density magnetic data storage), microwave devices (used as a
ferrite material in circulators, isolators, and filters) [108], electromag­
netic shielding [109,110] (due to its high magnetic permeability, it is
used as an electromagnetic shield to protect sensitive equipment from
electromagnetic interference), sensors [111,112] (used in magnetic
sensors for detecting magnetic fields), and in biomedical applications (in
magnetic hyperthermia for cancer treatment and in MRI (magnetic
resonance imaging) contrast agents.
networks necessitates a rise in the speed and amount of data transferred.
BHF with high magneto crystalline anisotropy fields can work in mi­
crowave frequency band as transceiver antenna elements, phase shifters,
circulators, and efficient electromagnetic radiation absorbers to enhance
the electromagnetic compatibility [113]. Owing to their low cost of
making, high temperature resistance, BHF has been a popular choice for
researchers working on absorbers in gigahertz (GHz) frequency range.
Their primary absorber applications include radar cross-section area
reduction (RCS), passive filters, stealth devices, and waveguide com­
ponents. Doping modifies inherent as well as electromagnetic/material
characteristics. Several researchers have reported on the substitution of
various ions for barium hexagonal ferrites [114]. Sozeri et. al. fabricated
Cr3+ substituted BaCrxFe12-xO19 (x = 0.0–1.0) hexaferrites by SGAC
approach. Vector network analyzer was used to examine the microwave
4.1. Microwave application
The advancement of mobile internet, communications, and digital
11
­
Himanshi et al.
Physica B: Condensed Matter 667 (2023) 415202
was manufactured by utilizing the sol-gel procedure. According to the
authors, the RL for x = 0.4 composition is 15 dB at 11.1 GHz. In com­
positions x = 0.4 and 0.6, broad RL peaks were detected in the high
frequency range [116].
4.2. BHF as a permanent magnet
Although the most permanent magnets are prepared with rare earth
metal alloys, so they are not cheap. Microphones, small motors, and
automotive applications are still the most common applications for hard
hexaferrites. Global demand of all permanent magnets are increasing
exponentially with over a million tonnes of ferrite manufactured each
year [117]. Permanent magnets are becoming increasingly significant in
two global markets: generators in wind turbines and motors for electric
vehicles. As neodymium magnets grow increasingly limited and
expensive, hard ferrites will become more economically appealing as
magnets [118]. Ali et al. prepared Tb3+ substituted Ba0⋅5Sr0.5xTbxAl­
Fe11O19 (x = 0–0.25) BHF through the SGAC method. The retentivity
and saturation magnetization decreased from 36.8 to 18.1 emu/g and
48.9 to 26.9 emu/g, respectively. Ferric cations situated at the 2a site are
responsible for the increased magneto crystalline anisotropy that caused
growth in coercivity from 1825 to 4440 Gauss. The magnetic traits of the
synthesised materials, such as coercivity and retentivity, make them
excellent permanent magnets [119]. Ali et al. used sol-gel auto-­
combustion approach to fabricate BaCrxGaxFe12xO19 (x = 0.0–0.4)
hexaferrites. The magnetic traits of the synthetic sample were examined
using VSM. Ms and Mr both had a rise from 2.078 to 2.385 Gauss, and
from 1.286 to 1.677 Gauss, respectively. Because of their strong coer­
civity and retentivity characteristics, these materials are excellent op­
tions for permanent magnets and high density recording medium [120].
Fig. 16. Ba1-xZnxFe12O19 (x ¼ 0.0–0.3) hexaferrites diffuse reflectance
spectra (reprinted with permission from Ref. [96]).
property of the material at frequencies range from 2 to 18 GHz. The
samples with the highest Cr3+ doping, BaCr0⋅6Fe11⋅4O19 and BaCr1
Fe11O19, had the highest absorption around 40 dB. Furthermore, it was
found that as thickness raised, the microwave absorption frequency
declined significantly. Finally, the samples had rather strong microwave
absorption properties at the X band and in the Ku band, indicating that
they might be utilized as an absorber, which correspond to the efficient
frequency range of surveillance radars [115]. Veisi et al. examined the
microwave characteristics of Cu–Zr doped Ba–Sr hexaferrite
(Ba0⋅5Sr0.5CuXZrXFe12-2xO19: x = 0–0.8) at X-band frequencies. The BHF
Fig. 17. The graphs (a) and (b) depict the real and imaginary components of the dielectric permittivity on frequency, while (c) and (d) depicts the real and imaginary
components of the magnetic permeability on frequency of BaFe12-xTixO19 (x = 0.5, 1, 2) [68].
12
­
­
Himanshi et al.
Physica B: Condensed Matter 667 (2023) 415202
Table 5
Recent reported studies on the electromagnetic properties of BHF.
Synthesis Approach
Composition
Permittivity (ε′)
Permeability
(μ′)
EM absorption
Maximum reflection
loss (RF)
Ref.
Solid-state reaction
BaFe12-xTixO19 (x = 0.5, 1, 2)
–
[68]
BaFe12− 2xRuxZnxO19 and
BaFe12− 2xRuxCoxO19
x = 0–0.045
BaFe12O19 (BHF)/MWCNTs
μ′~1.0–1.15
μ′′~ − (-0.2–0)
–
Solid reaction
ε′ = 6.2–6.3
ε′′~ − (0.5–0.7)
ε′≈15
ε′′≈1
–
–
–
[100]
ε′ = 8.23–5.7
ε′′ = 2.4–2.6
ε′ = 22.5–17.3
ε′′ = 15.3–10.8
–
–
[101]
μ′ = 0.57–0.45
μ′′ = 0.17–0.06
ε′ = 2.6–2.8
ε′′ = 0.01–0.16
μ′ = 0.95–1.27
μ′′ = 0.02–0.93
32 db (12.4–18
GHz)
Ku-Band
–
− 37.65 dB (12.84
GHz)
–
− 33.6 dB (11.6 GHz)
[103]
–
–
–
[38]
Single-layer ε’ = 4.0–6.5
double layer
ε’ = 6.0–10.0
ε’’ = 1.0–3.5.
–
ε’ = (6.5–8.5)
–
–
–
–
–
− 54.39 dB (11.26
GHz)
Single-layer
− 15.5 dB (16.8 GHz)
Double-layer
− 19.0 dB (9.9 GHz)
− 25.5 dB (9.8 GHz)
–
Sol gel and in-situ
polymerization
High energy ball milling
(BaFe12O19@RGO
Hydrothermal
BaFe12O19/Fe3O4
Hydrothermal
BaFe12O19@MnO2
High energy ball milled
BaFe12O19-Graphite
Deoxidation
Wet processing
(PPy)–BaFe12O19/Ni0⋅8Zn0⋅2Fe2O4
BaFe12O19
4.3. Water purification
μ′ = 2.5
μ′′ = 3.1
[102]
[104]
[105]
[106]
biomedical applications, like cancer therapy, bio-imaging, and remotecontrol drug-delivery systems [122,123]. Anisotropic permanently
magnetic nanoparticles, such as barium-hexaferrite nanoplatelets, are
typical examples. These particles offer a wide range of potential appli­
cations in the biomedical sector, like drug transport and antibacterial
activity [121,124,125]. There is a complete possibility that barium
hexaferrite particles might be used as a magnetic component in phar­
maceutical medications. The characteristics of this ferrite cause it to be
categorised as a hard magnetic material. After being magnetized, it is
capable of functioning as a permanent magnet due to the high values of
the coercive force and residual induction that it has. It is conceivable to
create a system that will be a source of magnetic field by incorporating
particles into the medicine [125]. Sharma et al. synthesised BaYx
Fe12-xO19, where x = 0.0–0.2), for the purpose of testing its antibacterial
efficacy against gram-negative Escherichia coli as well as gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus. All of the produced samples exhibited antibacte­
rial activity at all concentrations, with MIC values between 0.55 and
0.80 mg/ml [124].
Due to rising environmental pollution, there is need to create energyand cost-effective wastewater treatment solutions. Photocatalysis has
emerged as a viable option for the environmental applications, as it can
be used for air and water purification by making use of appropriate
photocatalysts. Furthermore, photocatalytic treatment is more efficient
than other physicochemical techniques for wastewater [121]. BHF has
been shown to have potential as a photocatalyst for water purification.
When exposed to light, hexaferrite can generate electrons and holes
which can then initiate reactions with adsorbed reactants to produce
desired products. Photocatalysis by hexaferrite has potential applica­
tions in areas such as water purification, air purification, and organic
synthesis. The high stability and magnetic traits of barium hexaferrite
make it a promising contender for photocatalytic applications in water
purification. Unlike many other photocatalysts, barium hexaferrite does
not easily degrade or lose its effectiveness over time, making it a reliable
and long-lasting material for photocatalytic applications. Misbah et al.
utilized microemulsion approach for the preparation of Cr substituted
barium hexaferrite (BaCrxFe12-xO19). The prepared samples were uti­
lized as photocatalysts for the degrading crystal violet (CV) dye. They
were characterized through various analytical techniques (SEM, FTIR,
XRD, etc.). The samples crystallite sizes ranged from 9 to 18 nm, and
they possessed the p63/mmc space group. The samples showed the
highest degradation efficiency of 91% within the span of 90 min. Due to
high magnetic properties of the samples, they were easy to recycle and
showed good reusability. Their study showed that BHF has a greater
potential for the photocatalytic removal of organic toxins [57]. Raut
et al. made use of molten salt technique for the preparation of
BaFe12O19. The photocatalytic ability of the prepared material was
tested against the commercially available TiO2. The prepared samples
were firstly characterized by utilizing BET, UV–vis spectroscopy,
FESEM, Raman and XRD. Through XRD, it was noticed that the samples
showed the formation of pure hematite phase. Raman analysis further
confirms the purity and phase formation of the prepared product [51].
4.5. Magnetic recording media
Magnetic recording media have been an important part of modern
technology for many years. Because of their excellent magnetic char­
acteristics, magnetic minerals such as iron oxide, cobalt, and nickel have
found widespread usage in the production of magnetic recording media.
These materials have some disadvantages, such as low temperature
stability and corrosion susceptibility. Barium hexaferrite is a magnetic
material with unique characteristics such as high coercivity, high mag­
netic anisotropy, and excellent thermal stability that make it desirable
for magnetic recording media [126]. Barium hexaferrite has an
extremely high magnetic anisotropy, which implies it has a great ten­
dency for magnetization in one direction over another [127]. This makes
it useful for recording media because it allows for very stable magnetic
domains to be formed. Because of its high coercivity and thermal sta­
bility, it is frequently employed in tape recording. Due to its strong
magnetic anisotropy and thermal stability, barium hexaferrite is also
utilized in hard disc drives. Sharma et al. synthesised Ba1-0.5xCu0.5x
Fe12O19 (x = 0–0.3) through SGAC. The magnetic characteristics of the
synthesised sample were examined using the VSM. These nano­
hexaferrites exhibit outstanding Ms (28.31–59.97 emu/g) and Hc
(684–2563 Oe) values, making them good candidates for recording
media and EMI shielding applications [56]. Din et al. used the
4.4. Biomedical applications
Applications of nanomaterials in the biological field are gaining an
increasing amount of interest. Permanently magnetic nanoparticles with
an anisotropic form are one type of magnetic nanoparticle that is now
being investigated as a potential new material for use in a number of
13
Himanshi et al.
Physica B: Condensed Matter 667 (2023) 415202
co-precipitation method to fabricate Ba0⋅5Co0.5xCdxFe12O19. The mate­
rials may be a viable option for high frequency applications and
recording medium, according to the electrical and magnetic properties
of the synthesised materials, such as DC electrical resistivity, coercivity,
and remanence. The material’s electrical DC resistivity rises from 2.31
× 109 ohm.cm to 6.42 × 109 ohm.cm at increased concentrations of
cadmium. When the amount of Cd increases, the saturation magneti­
zation decreases from 33.5 to 9.2 emu/g and the coercivity increases
from 155 to 1852 Oe [[128]].
Acknowledgments
The author(s) would like to acknowledge the support provided under
the DST-FIST Grant No. SR/FST/PS-I/2018/48 of Govt. of India. PT is
thankful to DST-SERB TARE fellowship vide Sanction Order No TAR/
2022/000414.
References
[1] S.A. Mathews, D.R. Babu, Analysis of the role of M-type hexaferrite-based
materials in electromagnetic interference shielding, Curr. Appl. Phys. 29 (2021)
39–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2021.06.001.
[2] Yassine Slimani, Munirah A. Almessiere, Sagar E. Shirsath, Essia Hannachi,
Abdulhadi Baykal, Norah Alwadai, Manar S. Alshatwi, Fahad N. Almutairi,
Mohammad Shariq, Khalid M. Batoo, Atul Thakur, Preeti Thakur, Ismail Ercan;
Impact of CoFe1.98Nb0.02O4 phase on the structural, morphological, and
dielectric properties of barium titanate material, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 153
(2023), 110753.
[3] S.V. Trukhanov, A.V. Trukhanov, V.A. Turchenko, AnV. Trukhanov, D.
I. Tishkevich, E.L. Trukhanova, T.I. Zubar, D.V. Karpinsky, V.G. Kostishyn, L.
V. Panina, D.A. Vinnik, S.A. Gudkova, E.A. Trofimov, P. Thakur, A. Thakur,
Y. Yang, Magnetic and dipole moments in indium doped barium hexaferrites,
J. Magn. Magn Mater. 457 (2018) 83–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jmmm.2018.02.078.
[4] Parul Sharma, Atul Thakur, Preeti Thakur, Study of electrical properties of Wtype barium hexaferrite for high frequency application, AIP Conf. Proc. 1731
(2016), 050076, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4947730.
[5] R. Jasrotia, V.P. Singh, B. Sharma, A. Verma, P. Puri, R. Sharma, M. Singh, Sol-gel
synthesized Ba-Nd-Cd-In nanohexaferrites for high frequency and microwave
devices applications, J. Alloys Compd. 830 (2020), 154687.
[6] S.K. Godara, V. Kaur, R. Jasrotia, S. Thakur, V.P. Singh, J. Ahmed, S.M. Alshehri,
B. Pandit, M. Singh, P. Kaur, Effect of Ca2+ exchange at Ba2+ site on the
structural, dielectric, morphological and magnetic traits of BaM nanohexaferrites,
J. Magn. Magn Mater. 564 (2022), 170049.
[7] S.K. Godara, J. Prakash, R. Jasrotia, J. Ahmed, A.M. Tamboli, A. Hossain, Suman,
A. Verma, P. Kumar, M. Singh, Green synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles of
BaFe12O19 hexaferrites using tomato pulp: structural, morphological, optical,
magnetic and dielectric traits, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 34 (2023) 1516.
[8] G. Tan, X. Chen, Structure and multiferroic properties of barium hexaferrite
ceramics, J. Magn. Magn Mater. 327 (2013) 87–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jmmm.2012.09.047.
[9] M.A. Ahmed, N. Okasha, R.M. Kershi, Influence of rare-earth ions on the structure
and magnetic properties of barium W-type hexaferrite, J. Magn. Magn Mater. 320
(2008) 1146–1150.
[10] B.X. Gu, Magnetic properties of X-type Ba2Me2Fe28O46 (Me= Fe, Co, and Mn)
hexagonal ferrites, J. Appl. Phys. 71 (1992) 5103–5106.
[11] R.B. Jotania, H.S. Virk, Y-type Hexaferrites: structural, dielectric and magnetic
properties, in: Solid State Phenom., Trans Tech Publ, 2012, pp. 209–232.
[12] T. Honda, Y. Hiraoka, Y. Wakabayashi, T. Kimura, Refinement of crystal structure
of a magnetoelectric U-type hexaferrite Sr4Co2Fe36O60, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 82
(2013), 025003.
[13] R. Tang, C. Jiang, H. Zhou, H. Yang, Effects of composition and temperature on
the magnetic properties of (Ba, Sr) 3Co2Fe24O41 Z type hexaferrites, J. Alloys
Compd. 658 (2016) 132–138.
[14] K.S. Martirosyan, E. Galstyan, S.M. Hossain, Y.-J. Wang, D. Litvinov, Barium
hexaferrite nanoparticles: synthesis and magnetic properties, Mater. Sci. Eng. B
176 (2011) 8–13.
[15] M. Radwan, M.M. Rashad, M.M. Hessien, Synthesis and characterization of
barium hexaferrite nanoparticles, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 181 (2007)
106–109.
[16] S. Gupta, V.G. Sathe, K.G. Suresh, V. Siruguri, Evidence for cluster spin-glass like
phase with longitudinal conical magnetic structure in Ga doped M-type barium
hexaferrite, BaFe10Ga2O19, J. Magn. Magn Mater. 540 (2021), 168483, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.168483.
[17] S. Kumar, S. Supriya, R. Pandey, L.K. Pradhan, R.K. Singh, M. Kar, Effect of lattice
strain on structural and magnetic properties of Ca substituted barium hexaferrite,
J. Magn. Magn Mater. 458 (2018) 30–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jmmm.2018.02.093.
[18] M.N. Panwar, H.M. Khan, The influence of Bi–Co doping on structural,
morphological, dielectric and magnetic properties of Ca1-xBixFe12-xCoxO19,
Phys. B Condens. Matter 666 (2023), 415121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
physb.2023.415121.
[19] A. Thakur, P. Thakur, S.M.P. Khurana. Synthesis and applications of
nanoparticles, Springer, Singapore, 2022, pp. 1–545. https://doi.org/10.100
7/978-981-16-6819-7.
[20] M. Rekaby, H. Shehabi, R. Awad, Influence of cobalt addition and calcination
temperature on the physical properties of BaFe12O19 hexaferrites nanoparticles,
Mater. Res. Express 7 (2020), 015057.
[21] D. Bokov, A. Turki Jalil, S. Chupradit, W. Suksatan, M. Javed Ansari, I.
H. Shewael, G.H. Valiev, E. Kianfar, Nanomaterial by sol-gel method: synthesis
and application, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2021 (2021) 1–21.
[22] M. Saleem, D. Varshney, Structural, thermal, and transport properties of
La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 nanoparticles synthesized via the sol–gel auto-combustion
5. Summary and outlook
Over the previous few decades, BHF has become one of most widely
utilized magnetic nanomaterial. Barium hexaferrite shows importance
in various modern technologies, that’s why studying its traits has
become necessity more than ever. It possesses excellent magnetic, op­
tical, and electromagnetic traits, making it suitable for use in 5G tech­
nologies, sensors, stealth technologies, optical fibers, recording media,
permanent magnets, and environmental applications. Several tech­
niques can be used to produce the barium hexaferrites. The barium
hexaferrite’s characteristics can be affected by the synthesis technique.
Furthermore, a variety of heat treatments can improve its characteris­
tics. Barium hexaferrite’s characteristics can also be adjusted by using
various doping methods (transition, rare earth, alkaline earth metal,
etc.). In this review, we covered various properties of barium hexaferrite
(structural, magnetic, optical, and electromagnetic) in order to obtain a
basic understanding of its properties. We have also showed how
different synthesis methods and heat treatments affect the characteris­
tics of barium hexaferrite. We have also shown the various modern-day
applications which can make use of the barium hexaferrites. Despite
being valuable in many different scientific fields, a thorough compre­
hensive study on the synthesis, characteristics, and applications of
BaFe12O19 is still lacking. There is also a limited study on the biomed­
ical, environmental and stealth applications of the barium hexaferrites.
We attempted to present a comprehensive, in-depth analysis of barium
hexaferrite in our present work, as well as a discussion of its potential
long-term effects. This article gives a detailed analysis of the present
state of knowledge on BHF and shows its potential for usage in a range of
technical applications. In addition, the paper discusses the possible ad­
vantages of BHF. The future of barium hexaferrite holds a good signif­
icance because of its wide utilities. But throughout the years, limited
study has been done in the field of BHF. This has caused a halt in the
development of barium hexaferrite based nanomaterials. Although the
barium hexaferrite exhibits promising findings for the future, the sci­
entific community has to pay much more attention.
Authorship contribution
Himanshi, Rohit Jasrotia: has carried out the literature survey.
They significantly helped in writing the manuscript. Jyoti Prakash,
Ritesh Verma: helped in data analysis, manuscript writing and formal
analysis. Preeti Thakur:. : co-supervised the project and contributed
significantly in reviewing &editing the manuscript. Abhishek Kandwa,
Fayu Wan and Atul Thakur: designed the whole project, writing - re­
view & editing full manuscript, supervised the entire project.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
14
Himanshi et al.
Physica B: Condensed Matter 667 (2023) 415202
technique, RSC Adv. 8 (2018) 1600–1609, https://doi.org/10.1039/
C7RA09883A.
[23] Q. Liang, H. Zhang, Z. Tong, J. Guo, M. Wang, F. Gan, Q. Yao, H. Zhou, Z. Lu,
Enhanced microwave absorption performance via surface modification of
BaFe12O19, J. Magn. Magn Mater. 568 (2023), 170140, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jmmm.2022.170140.
[24] S.K. Godara, V. Kaur, P.S. Malhi, J. Ahmed, S.M. Alshehri, M. Singh, S. Verma,
C. Singh, P.K. Maji, P. Kumar, Sol-gel auto-combustion synthesis of double metaldoped barium hexaferrite nanoparticles for permanent magnet applications,
J. Solid State Chem. (2022), 123215.
[25] K. Petcharoen, A. Sirivat, Synthesis and characterization of magnetite
nanoparticles via the chemical co-precipitation method, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 177
(2012) 421–427.
[26] K. Rana, P. Thakur, M. Tomar, V. Gupta, A. Thakur, Investigation of cobalt
substituted M-type barium ferrite synthesized via co-precipitation method for
radar absorbing material in Ku-band (12-18GHz), Ceram. Int. 44 (2018)
6370–6375.
[27] K. Rana, P. Thakur, A. Thakur, M. Tomar, V. Gupta, J.L. Mattei, P. Queffelec,
Influence of Samarium doping on magnetic and structural properties of M-type
Ba-Co hexaferrite, Ceram. Int. 42 (2016) 8413–8418.
[28] A. Bahadur, A. Saeed, S. Iqbal, M. Shoaib, I. Ahmad, M.S. ur Rahman, M.I. Bashir,
M. Yaseen, W. Hussain, Morphological and magnetic properties of BaFe12O19
nanoferrite: a promising microwave absorbing material, Ceram. Int. 43 (2017)
7346–7350, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.03.039.
[29] M. Atif, S. Ullah, A.U. Rehman, K. Shahzad, W. Khalid, Z. Ali, Y. Chen, H. Guo,
M. Nadeem, Structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties of Ti4+− M2+ codoped BaFe11Ti0.5M0.5O19 hexaferrites (M=Co2+,Ni2+,Zn2+), Ceram. Int. 47
(2021) 15245–15252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.02.087.
[30] Y. Yang, X. Liu, D. Jin, Y. Ma, Structural and magnetic properties of La–Co
substituted Sr–Ca hexaferrites synthesized by the solid state reaction method,
Mater. Res. Bull. 59 (2014) 37–41.
[31] N. Hooda, R. Sharma, A. Hooda, S. Khasa, Structural refinement, dielectric and
spin exchange magnetic analysis of (1-x) BaFe12O19 - (x) CoFe2O4 composites,
Phys. B Condens. Matter 643 (2022), 414191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
physb.2022.414191.
[32] Fabrication of BaFe12O19/CeO2 composite for highly efficient microwave
absorption, J. Alloys Compd. 897 (2022), 162964, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jallcom.2021.162964.
[33] R.B. Jotania, R.B. Khomane, C.C. Chauhan, S.K. Menon, B.D. Kulkarni, Synthesis
and magnetic properties of barium–calcium hexaferrite particles prepared by
sol–gel and microemulsion techniques, J. Magn. Magn Mater. 320 (2008)
1095–1101.
[34] N. Khaliq, I. Bibi, F. Majid, M. Sultan, M. Amami, M. Iqbal, Zn and Mn doped Ba1xZnxFe12-yMnyO19 as highly photoactive under visible light with enhanced
electrochemical and dielectric properties, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 139
(2022), 106324, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2021.106324.
[35] G. Muhiuddin, I. Bibi, Z. Nazeer, F. Majid, S. Kamal, A. Kausar, Q. Raza,
N. Alwadai, S. Ezzine, M. Iqbal, Synthesis of Ni doped barium hexaferrite by
microemulsion route to enhance the visible light-driven photocatalytic
degradation of crystal violet dye, Ceram. Int. 49 (2023) 4342–4355, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.09.319.
[36] A. Xia, C. Zuo, L. Chen, C. Jin, Y. Lv, Hexagonal SrFe12O19 ferrites: hydrothermal
synthesis and their sintering properties, J. Magn. Magn Mater. 332 (2013)
186–191.
[37] R. Verma, P. Thakur, A.C.A. Sun, A. Thakur, Investigation of structural,
microstructural and electrical characteristics of hydrothermally synthesized
Li0.5-0.5xCoxFe2-0.5xO4 ferrite nanoparticles, Phys. B Condens. Matter 661
(2023), 414926.
[38] F. Hu, H. Nan, M. Wang, Y. Lin, H. Yang, Y. Qiu, B. Wen, Construction of coreshell BaFe12O19@MnO2 composite for effectively enhancing microwave
absorption performance, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021) 16579–16587, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.02.229.
[39] S. Verma, A. Singh, S. Sharma, P. Kaur, S.K. Godara, P.S. Malhi, J. Ahmed, P.
D. Babu, M. Singh, Magnetic and structural analysis of BaZnxZrxFe12–2xO19 (x =
0.1–0.7) hexaferrite samples for magnetic applications, J. Alloys Compd. 930
(2023), 167410, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167410.
[40] H. Joshi, A. Ruban Kumar, Magnetic and dielectric response of M-type barium
hexaferrite, J. Indian Chem. Soc. 99 (2022), 100646, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jics.2022.100646.
[41] Y. Chen, L. Cheng, T. Xia, M. Wang, H. Zhou, Q. Yao, Y. Zhai, Effect of Bi doping
on the structure and wave absorption properties of barium ferrite, Ceram. Int. 48
(2022) 3963–3973, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.10.183.
[42] Z. Guo, Y. He, K. Yuan, K. Su, Structure and magnetic studies of gadolinium doped
M-type barium hexagonal ferrite, Trans. Met. Alloys. 1 (2022) 1–7, https://doi.
org/10.23977/trama.2022.010101.
[43] P. Güler, B. Ertuğ, N.İ. Işıkcı, A. Kara, Effect of rare-earth Co-doping on the
microstructural and magnetic properties of BaFe 12 O 19, Adv. Mater. Sci. 20
(2020) 23–35.
[44] N. Yasmin, S. Yasmin, M. Zahid, S.F. Gillani, M.U. Islam, M. Altaf, H.M. Khan,
M. Safdar, M. Mirza, Impact of Ho-Ni substitution on structural, morphological
and dielectrical characteristics of BaFe12O19 M-type hexagonal ferrite, Phys. B
Condens. Matter 581 (2020), 411950, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
physb.2019.411950.
[45] S. Kumar, M.K. Manglam, S. Supriya, H.K. Satyapal, R.K. Singh, M. Kar, Lattice
strain mediated dielectric and magnetic properties in La doped barium
hexaferrite, J. Magn. Magn Mater. 473 (2019) 312–319.
[46] K. Polley, R. Kundu, J. Bera, Adsorption and sunlight-induced photocatalytic
degradation of methyl blue by BaFe12O19 ferrite particles synthesised through
co-precipitation method, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. (2021) 1–20, https://doi.
org/10.1080/03067319.2021.1887165, 0.
[47] M. Rianna, M. Situmorang, C. Kurniawan, A.P. Tetuko, E.A. Setiadi, M. Ginting,
P. Sebayang, The effect of Mg-Al additive composition on microstructure,
magnetic properties, and microwave absorption on BaFe12− 2xMgxAlxO19 (x =
0–0.5) material synthesized from natural iron sand, Mater. Lett. 256 (2019),
126612, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.126612.
[48] W. Widanarto, S. Khaeriyah, S.K. Ghoshal, C. Kurniawan, M. Effendi, W.
T. Cahyanto, Selective microwave absorption in Nd3+ substituted barium ferrite
composites, J. Rare Earths 37 (2019) 1320–1325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jre.2019.01.008.
[49] L. Wang, J. Zhang, Q. Zhang, N. Xu, J. Song, XAFS and XPS studies on site
occupation of Sm3+ ions in Sm doped M-type BaFe12O19, J. Magn. Magn Mater.
377 (2015) 362–367, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.10.097.
[50] Z. Mosleh, P. Kameli, M. Ranjbar, H. Salamati, Effect of annealing temperature on
structural and magnetic properties of BaFe12O19 hexaferrite nanoparticles,
Ceram. Int. 40 (2014) 7279–7284, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ceramint.2013.12.068.
[51] S.S. Raut, S.K. Adpa, A. Jambhale, A.C. Abhyankar, P.S. Kulkarni, Enhanced
photocatalytic activity of magnetic BaFe12O19 nanoplatelets than TiO2 with
emphasis on reaction kinetics, mechanism, and reusability, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
57 (2018) 16192–16200, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02859.
[52] F. Bibi, S. Iqbal, H. Sabeeh, T. Saleem, B. Ahmad, M. Nadeem, I. Shakir, M. Aadil,
A. Kalsoom, Evaluation of structural, dielectric, magnetic and photocatalytic
properties of Nd and Cu co-doped barium hexaferrite, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021)
30911–30921, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.07.274.
[53] X. Li, G.-L. Tan, Multiferroic and magnetoelectronic polarizations in BaFe12O19
system, J. Alloys Compd. 858 (2021), 157722, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jallcom.2020.157722.
[54] A. Nag, R.S.C. Bose, K.S. Venu, H. Singh, Influence of particle size on magnetic
and electromagnetic properties of hexaferrite synthesised by sol-gel auto
combustion route, Ceram. Int. 48 (2022) 15303–15313, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.02.064.
[55] V.N. Dhage, M.L. Mane, M.K. Babrekar, C.M. Kale, K.M. Jadhav, Influence of
chromium substitution on structural and magnetic properties of BaFe12O19
powder prepared by sol–gel auto combustion method, J. Alloys Compd. 509
(2011) 4394–4398, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.01.040.
[56] A. Sharma, R. Jasrotia, N. Kumari, S. Kumar, A. Verma, S.K. Godara, J. Ahmed, S.
M. Alshehri, A.M. Tamboli, S. Kalia, Tailoring the structural and magnetic traits
of copper modified BaFe12O19 nanostructured hexaferrites for recording media
application, J. Magn. Magn Mater. (2022), 170124.
[57] I. Bibi Misbah, F. Majid, S. Kamal, K. Jilani, B. Taj, Z. Nazeer, M. Iqbal, Enhanced
visible light-driven photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye using Cr
doped BaFe12O19 prepared via facile micro-emulsion route, J. Saudi Chem. Soc.
26 (2022), 101533, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101533.
[58] N. Tran, M.Y. Lee, W.H. Jeong, T.L. Phan, N.Q. Tuan, B.W. Lee, Thickness
independent microwave absorption performance of La-doped BaFe12O19 and
polyaniline composites, J. Magn. Magn Mater. 538 (2021), 168299, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.168299.
[59] M.K. Manglam, S. Kumari, J. Mallick, M. Kar, Crystal structure and magnetic
properties study on barium hexaferrite of different average crystallite size, Appl.
Phys. A 127 (2021) 1–12.
[60] C. Pahwa, S.B. Narang, P. Sharma, Interfacial exchange coupling driven magnetic
and microwave properties of BaFe12O19/Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanocomposites,
J. Magn. Magn Mater. 484 (2019) 61–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jmmm.2019.03.127.
[61] S. Verma, A. Chawla, I. Pushkarna, A. Singh, S.K. Godara, D.K. Pathak, R. Kumar,
M. Singh, Understanding the phase evolution with temperature in pure
(BaFe12O19) and zinc-zirconium co-doped barium hexaferrite (BaZnZrFe10O19)
samples using Pawley and Rietveld analysis, Mater. Today Commun. 27 (2021),
102291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102291.
[62] F. Mohseni, R.C. Pullar, J.M. Vieira, J.S. Amaral, Enhancement of maximum
energy product in exchange-coupled BaFe12O19/Fe3O4 core-shell-like
nanocomposites, J. Alloys Compd. 806 (2019) 120–126, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.07.162.
[63] M.A. Almessiere, Y. Slimani, N.A. Tashkandi, A. Baykal, M.F. Saraç, A.
V. Trukhanov, İ. Ercan, İ. Belenli, B. Ozçelik, The effect of Nb substitution on
magnetic properties of BaFe12O19 nanohexaferrites, Ceram. Int. 45 (2019)
1691–1697, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.10.048.
[64] A. Jain, Y.G. Wang, N. Wang, Y. Li, F.L. Wang, Existence of heterogeneous phases
with significant improvement in electrical and magnetoelectric properties of
BaFe12O19/BiFeO3 multiferroic ceramic composites, Ceram. Int. 45 (2019)
22889–22898, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.07.332.
[65] M.A. Amer, T.M. Meaz, S.S. Attalah, A.I. Ghoneim, Structural and magnetic
studies of Ti4+substituted M-type BaFe12O19 hexa-nanoferrites, Mater. Sci.
Semicond. Process. 40 (2015) 374–382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
mssp.2015.07.007.
[66] M.A. Almessiere, Y. Slimani, H. Güngüneş, S. Ali, A. Baykal, I. Ercan, AC
susceptibility and hyperfine interactions of Mg-Ca ions co-substituted BaFe12O19
nanohexaferrites, Ceram. Int. 45 (2019) 10048–10055, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ceramint.2019.02.050.
[67] V.V. Soman, V.M. Nanoti, D.K. Kulkarni, V.V. Soman, Effect of substitution of ZnTi on magnetic and dielectric properties of BaFe12O19, Phys. Procedia 54 (2014)
30–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2014.10.033.
15
Himanshi et al.
Physica B: Condensed Matter 667 (2023) 415202
[68] D.A. Vinnik, D.S. Klygach, V.E. Zhivulin, A.I. Malkin, M.G. Vakhitov, S.
A. Gudkova, D.M. Galimov, D.A. Zherebtsov, E.A. Trofimov, N.S. Knyazev, V.
V. Atuchin, S.V. Trukhanov, A.V. Trukhanov, Electromagnetic properties of
BaFe12O19:Ti at centimeter wavelengths, J. Alloys Compd. 755 (2018) 177–183,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.04.315.
[69] A. Baykal, H. Güngüneş, H. Sözeri, Md Amir, I. Auwal, S. Asiri, S.E. Shirsath,
A. Demir Korkmaz, Magnetic properties and Mössbauer spectroscopy of Cu-Mn
substituted BaFe12O19 hexaferrites, Ceram. Int. 43 (2017) 15486–15492,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.08.096.
[70] V.C. Chavan, S.E. Shirsath, M.L. Mane, R.H. Kadam, S.S. More, Transformation of
hexagonal to mixed spinel crystal structure and magnetic properties of Co2+
substituted BaFe12O19, J. Magn. Magn Mater. 398 (2016) 32–37, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.09.002.
[71] A. Jain, Y.G. Wang, N. Wang, Y. Li, F.L. Wang, Emergence of ferrimagnetism
along with magnetoelectric coupling in Ba0.83Sr0.07Ca0.10TiO3/BaFe12O19
multiferroic composites, J. Alloys Compd. 818 (2020), 152838, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152838.
[72] R. Pattanayak, S. Panigrahi, T. Dash, R. Muduli, D. Behera, Electric transport
properties study of bulk BaFe12O19 by complex impedance spectroscopy, Phys. B
Condens. Matter 474 (2015) 57–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
physb.2015.06.006.
[73] M.A. Rafiq, M. Waqar, T.A. Mirza, A. Farooq, A. Zulfiqar, Effect of Ni2+
substitution on the structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties of barium
hexagonal ferrites (BaFe12O19), J. Electron. Mater. 46 (2017) 241–246.
[74] H. Sözeri, Z. Mehmedi, H. Kavas, A. Baykal, Magnetic and microwave properties
of BaFe12O19 substituted with magnetic, non-magnetic and dielectric ions,
Ceram. Int. 41 (2015) 9602–9609, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ceramint.2015.04.022.
[75] Y. Marouani, J. Massoudi, M. Noumi, A. Benali, E. Dhahri, P. Sanguino, M.P.
F. Graça, M.A. Valente, B.F.O. Costa, Electrical conductivity and dielectric
properties of Sr doped M-type barium hexaferrite BaFe 12 O 19, RSC Adv. 11
(2021) 1531–1542, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA09465J.
[76] K. Habanjar, F. El Haj Hassan, R. Awad, Physical and dielectric properties of (Bi,
Pb)-2223 superconducting samples added with BaFe12O19 nanoparticles, Chem.
Phys. Lett. 757 (2020), 137880, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137880.
[77] Y. Zou, J. Lin, W. Zhou, M. Yu, J. Deng, Z. Chen, G. Luo, D. Wang, Coexistence of
high magnetic and dielectric properties in Ni-Zr co-doped barium hexaferrites,
J. Alloys Compd. 907 (2022), 164516, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jallcom.2022.164516.
[78] Z. Mosleh, P. Kameli, A. Poorbaferani, M. Ranjbar, H. Salamati, Structural,
magnetic and microwave absorption properties of Ce-doped barium hexaferrite,
J. Magn. Magn Mater. 397 (2016) 101–107.
[79] S. Lu, Y. Liu, Q. Yin, J. Chen, J. Li, J. Wu, Effects of Ce-Zn co-substitution on the
structural and magnetic properties of M-type barium hexaferrites, J. Magn. Magn
Mater. 564 (2022), 170068, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2022.170068.
[80] A.R.A. Dairy, L.A. Al-Hmoud, H.A. Khatatbeh, Magnetic and structural properties
of barium hexaferrite nanoparticles doped with titanium, Symmetry 11 (2019)
732.
[81] M.K. Manglam, S.N. Rout, S. Kumari, S. Kumar, M. Kar, Structural, magnetic and
optical properties of (0.45) Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 + (0.55) BaFe12O19 composite,
Mater, Today Proc 57 (2022) 418–421, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matpr.2021.12.431.
[82] G.M. Rai, M.A. Iqbal, K.T. Kubra, Effect of Ho3+ substitutions on the structural
and magnetic properties of BaFe12O19 hexaferrites, J. Alloys Compd. 495 (2010)
229–233, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.01.133.
[83] M.B. Kaynar, Ş. Özcan, S.I. Shah, Synthesis and magnetic properties of
nanocrystalline BaFe12O19, Ceram. Int. 41 (2015) 11257–11263, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.05.078.
[84] A. Motamedi, R. Rahmanifard, M. Adibi, Synthesis and microwave absorption
characteristics of BaFe12O19/BaTiO3/MWCNT/polypyrrole quaternary
composite, Synth. Met. 280 (2021), 116873, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
synthmet.2021.116873.
[85] R. Pandey, L. Kumar Pradhan, S. Kumari, M. Kumar Manglam, S. Kumar, M. Kar,
Surface magnetic interactions between Bi0.85La0.15FeO3 and BaFe12O19
nanomaterials in (1-x)Bi0.85La0.15FeO3-(x)BaFe12O19 nanocomposites,
J. Magn. Magn Mater. 508 (2020), 166862, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jmmm.2020.166862.
[86] E. Meher Abhinav, A. Sundararaj, D. Jaison, G. Chandrasekaran, M. Krishnan,
S. Arumugam, S.V. Kasmir Raja, Influence of ERTA on magnetocaloric properties
of Sr doped BaFe12O19 thin films, Appl. Surf. Sci. 483 (2019) 26–33, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.03.133.
[87] H. Sözeri, Effect of pelletization on magnetic properties of BaFe12O19, J. Alloys
Compd. 486 (2009) 809–814, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.07.072.
[88] A. Mali, A. Ataie, Structural characterization of nano-crystalline BaFe12O19
powders synthesized by sol–gel combustion route, Scripta Mater. 53 (2005)
1065–1070, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.06.037.
[89] Y. Wang, Y. Huang, Q. Wang, Preparation and magnetic properties of
BaFe12O19/Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 nanocomposite ferrite, J. Magn. Magn Mater. 324
(2012) 3024–3028, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2012.04.059.
[90] S. Torres-Cadenas, J. Reyes-Gasga, A. Bravo-Patiño, I. Betancourt, M.E. ContrerasGarcía, Morphological and magnetic properties of sol-gel synthetized meso and
macroporous spheres of barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19), J. Magn. Magn Mater.
432 (2017) 410–417, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.02.018.
[91] C. Thirupathy, S. Cathrin Lims, S. John Sundaram, A.H. Mahmoud, K. Kaviyarasu,
Equilibrium synthesis and magnetic properties of BaFe12O19/NiFe2O4
nanocomposite prepared by co precipitation method, J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 32
(2020) 1612–1618, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2019.12.019.
[92] Y. Li, Q. Wang, H. Yang, Synthesis, characterization and magnetic properties on
nanocrystalline BaFe12O19 ferrite, Curr. Appl. Phys. 9 (2009) 1375–1380,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2009.03.002.
[93] G. Rana, P. Dhiman, A. Kumar, D.-V.N. Vo, G. Sharma, S. Sharma, Mu Naushad,
Recent advances on nickel nano-ferrite: a review on processing techniques,
properties and diverse applications, Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 175 (2021) 182–208,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2021.08.040.
[94] I.A. Auwal, A. Baykal, S. Güner, M. Sertkol, H. Sözeri, Magneto-optical properties
BaBixLaxFe12− 2xO19 (0.0≤x≤0.5) hexaferrites, J. Magn. Magn Mater. 409
(2016) 92–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2016.02.093.
[95] S. Asiri, S. Güner, A.D. Korkmaz, Md Amir, K.M. Batoo, M.A. Almessiere,
H. Gungunes, H. Sözeri, A. Baykal, Magneto-optical properties of
BaCryFe12− yO19 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 1.0) hexaferrites, J. Magn. Magn Mater. 451 (2018)
463–472, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.11.100.
[96] A. Baykal, I.A. Auwal, S. Güner, H. Sözeri, Magnetic and optical properties of Zn2
+ ion substituted barium hexaferrites, J. Magn. Magn Mater. 430 (2017) 29–35,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2016.11.062.
[97] A. Ghasemi, A. Hossienpour, A. Morisako, A. Saatchi, M. Salehi, Electromagnetic
properties and microwave absorbing characteristics of doped barium hexaferrite,
J. Magn. Magn Mater. 302 (2006) 429–435, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jmmm.2005.10.006.
[98] W. Chen, J. Zheng, Y. Li, Synthesis and electromagnetic characteristics of
BaFe12O19/ZnO composite material, J. Alloys Compd. 513 (2012) 420–424,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.10.060.
[99] İ. Araz, The effect of Ce–Co substitution on the structural and the electromagnetic
properties of barium hexaferrite, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 30 (2019)
5130–5136.
[100] S. Pignard, H. Vincent, E. Flavin, F. Boust, Magnetic and electromagnetic
properties of RuZn and RuCo substituted BaFe12O19, J. Magn. Magn Mater. 260
(2003) 437–446, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-8853(02)01387-2.
[101] A. Afzali, V. Mottaghitalab, S.S. Seyyed Afghahi, M. Jafarian, Y. Atassi,
Electromagnetic properties of absorber fabric coated with BaFe12O19/MWCNTs/
PANi nanocomposite in X and Ku bands frequency, J. Magn. Magn Mater. 442
(2017) 224–230, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.06.119.
[102] V. M, S. Ap, S. P, S. Bp, D. Sk, C. V, Barium ferrite decorated reduced graphene
oxide nanocomposite for effective electromagnetic interference shielding, Phys.
Chem. Chem. Phys. PCCP. 17 (2015), https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cp04284k.
[103] Y. Lin, Y. Liu, J. Dai, L. Wang, H. Yang, Synthesis and microwave absorption
properties of plate-like BaFe12O19@Fe3O4 core-shell composite, J. Alloys
Compd. 739 (2018) 202–210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.12.086.
[104] I. Ismail, I.R. Ibrahim, K.A. Matori, Z. Awang, M.M. Muhammad Zulkimi, F. Mohd
Idris, R. Nazlan, R.S. Azis, M.H. Mohd Zaid, S.N.A. Rusly, M. Ertugrul,
Comparative study of single- and double-layer BaFe12O19-Graphite
nanocomposites for electromagnetic wave absorber applications, Mater. Res. Bull.
126 (2020), 110843, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2020.110843.
[105] Y. Wang, Y. Huang, J. Ding, Synthesis and enhanced electromagnetic absorption
properties of polypyrrole–BaFe12O19/Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 on graphene nanosheet,
Synth. Met. 196 (2014) 125–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
synthmet.2014.07.027.
[106] Electromagnetic properties of photodefinable barium ferrite polymer composites:
AIP Adv.: Vol 4, No 7, (n.d.). https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4891936
(accessed January 9, 2023).
[107] Y. Shao, F. Huang, J. Zhang, S. Yan, S. Xiao, X. Lu, J. Zhu, Magnetoelectric
coupling triggered by noncollinear magnetic structure in M-type hexaferrite, Adv.
Quantum Technol. 4 (2021), 2000096.
[108] S. Bierlich, T. Reimann, F. Gellersen, A.F. Jacob, J. Töpfer, Sintering, microwave
properties, and circulator applications of textured Sc-substituted M-type ferrite
thick films, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 39 (2019) 3077–3081.
[109] M. Suthar, P.K. Roy, Structural, electromagnetic, and Ku-band absorption
characterization of La-Mg substituted Y-type barium hexaferrite for EMI shielding
application, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 283 (2022), 115801.
[110] A. Thakur, P. Thakur, D. Kumar, P.B. Sharma, Electromagnetic characteristics of
nanomaterials, in: A. Thakur, P. Thakur, S.M.P. Khurana (Eds.), Synthesis and
Applications of Nanoparticles, Sprin. Nat, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-9
81-16-6819-7_11.
[111] R. Verma, P. Thakur, A. Chauhan, R. Jasrotia, A. Thakur, A review on MXene and
its’ composites for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications,
Carbon 208 (2023) 170–190.
[112] C.P. Granja-Banguera, D.G. Silgado-Cortázar, J.A. Morales-Morales, Transition
metal substituted barium hexaferrite-modified electrode: application as
electrochemical sensor of acetaminophen, Molecules 27 (2022) 1550.
[113] J. Mahapatro, S. Agrawal, Optical, dielectric and electrical properties of Gd3+
ions doped barium hexaferrite ceramic compounds for microwave device
applications, J. Alloys Compd. 907 (2022), 164405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jallcom.2022.164405.
[114] G.B. Todkar, R.A. Kunale, R.N. Kamble, K.M. Batoo, M.F. Ijaz, A. Imran, M. Hadi,
E.H. Raslan, S.E. Shirsath, R.H. Kadam, Ce–Dy substituted barium hexaferrite
nanoparticles with large coercivity for permanent magnet and microwave
absorber application, J. Phys. Appl. Phys. 54 (2021), 294001.
[115] H. Sözeri, F. Genç, M.A. Almessiere, İ.S. Ünver, A.D. Korkmaz, A. Baykal, Cr3+substituted Ba nanohexaferrites as high-quality microwave absorber in X band,
J. Alloys Compd. 779 (2019) 420–426, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jallcom.2018.11.309.
16
Himanshi et al.
Physica B: Condensed Matter 667 (2023) 415202
[123] T. Goršak, D. Makovec, U. Javornik, B. Belec, S. Kralj, D. Lisjak,
A functionalization strategy for the dispersion of permanently magnetic bariumhexaferrite nanoplatelets in complex biological media, Colloids Surf. A
Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 573 (2019) 119–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
colsurfa.2019.04.051.
[124] I. Sharma, T. Kumari, N. Thakur, P. Sharma, K.M. Batoo, R. Verma, Citrate
precursor route for Y3+Substituted M-Type Ba-Hexaferrite: synthesis, the effect
of doping on structural, optical, magnetic and anti-bacterial properties, Mater.
Chem. Phys. (2023), 127664, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matchemphys.2023.127664.
[125] I. Vedernikova, A.A. Koval, O.V. Antonenko, T.M. Chan, O. Shpychak, M.
V. Marchenko, Synthesis, technology and analysis of nanoparticles of barium
hexaferrite for creation of magnetically controlled drug delivery systems,
J. Pharmaceut. Sci. Res. 10 (2018) 2122–2124.
[126] The application of barium ferrite particles in advanced recording media | IEEE
Journals & Magazine | IEEE Xplore, (n.d.). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract
/document/490177 (accessed April 3, 2023).
[127] Barium ferrite magnetic recording media | IEEE Journals & Magazine | IEEE
Xplore, (n.d.). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1064808
(accessed April 3, 2023).
[128] M.F. Din, I. Ahmad, M. Ahmad, M.T. Farid, M. Asif Iqbal, G. Murtaza, M.
N. Akhtar, I. Shakir, M.F. Warsi, M.A. Khan, Influence of Cd substitution on
structural, electrical and magnetic properties of M-type barium hexaferrites coprecipitated nanomaterials, J. Alloys Compd. 584 (2014) 646–651, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.09.043.
[116] S. Shooshtary Veisi, M. Yousefi, M.M. Amini, A.R. Shakeri, M. Bagherzadeh,
Magnetic and microwave absorption properties of Cu/Zr doped M-type Ba/Sr
hexaferrites prepared via sol-gel auto-combustion method, J. Alloys Compd. 773
(2019) 1187–1194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.189.
[117] F. Kadlec, C. Kadlec, J. Vít, F. Borodavka, M. Kempa, J. Prokleška, J. Buršík,
R. Uhreckỳ, S. Rols, Y.S. Chai, Electromagnon in the Z-type hexaferrite (Ba x Sr 1x) 3 Co 2 Fe 24 O 41, Phys. Rev. B 94 (2016), 024419.
[118] C. de Julián Fernández, C. Sangregorio, J. de la Figuera, B. Belec, D. Makovec,
A. Quesada, Progress and prospects of hard hexaferrites for permanent magnet
applications, J. Phys. Appl. Phys. 54 (2021), 153001.
[119] I. Ali, M.U. Islam, M.S. Awan, M. Ahmad, M.N. Ashiq, S. Naseem, Effect of Tb3+
substitution on the structural and magnetic properties of M-type hexaferrites
synthesized by sol–gel auto-combustion technique, J. Alloys Compd. 550 (2013)
564–572, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.10.121.
[120] I. Ali, M.U. Islam, M.S. Awan, M. Ahmad, Effects of Ga–Cr substitution on
structural and magnetic properties of hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) synthesized by
sol–gel auto-combustion route, J. Alloys Compd. 547 (2013) 118–125, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.08.122.
[121] A. Thakur, N. Sharma, M. Bhatti, M. Sharma, A.V. Trukhanov, S.V. Trukhanov, L.
V. Panina, K.A. Astapovich, P. Thakur, Synthesis of barium ferrite nanoparticles
using rhizome extract of Acorus Calamus: characterization and its efficacy against
different plant phytopathogenic fungi, Nano-Struct. Nano-Obj. 24 (2020),
100599.
[122] M.V. Tkachenko, L.P. Ol’khovik, A.S. Kamzin, S. Keshri, Polyfunctional
bioceramics based on calcium phosphate and M-type hexagonal ferrite for
medical applications, Tech. Phys. Lett. 40 (2014) 4–6.
17