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© IPA, 2006 - Indonesia, Oil and Gas Fields Atlas: Vol. 6: Eastern Indonesia, 1988
Contents
INTRODUCTION
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When Luki Witoelar proposed the idea of an
Atlas of the Oil and Gas Fields of Indonesia it
was envisaged that a record of the successful
exploration of the past would encourage the
explorationists of today to develop and refine
their play concepts for future exploration. The
Atlas would also serve as a valuable reference
for the engineers and geologists involved in the
development of oil and gas fields in Indonesia.
Since then a considerable amount of data has
been collected for all the oil and gas fields in
Indonesia. A conscious decision was made to
publish this volume on Eastern Indonesia first,
since this is a relatively under-explored area of
Indonesia where many new Production Sharing
Contracts have recently been awarded. The
other volumes of this Atlas will be published as
the final editing of each volume is completed.
With a work of this magnitude many compromises have to be made. In particular it was
decided only to include in the Atlas those oil
and gas fields which have produced, or are currently produc ing. It has also not been possible
in some cases, to obtain all the necessary data or
to verify the data as the oil company records
have been lost over the years since the fields
were first discovered and developed. As a consequence the published data represents the
most reliable data which are currently available
to the sub-committee. Initially an effort was
made to standardise units and scales for each
field. However this caused many delays. Therefore the sub-committee elected to use SPE units
for the data sheets and to use the original crosssections and maps provided by PERTAMINA or
the operating company. As a consequence of
this decision and the page format of the Atlas,
the field maps are not to the same scale. However every map and section has a scale on it, and
every effort has been made to standardise the
symbols used. A legend for the symbols and a
simplified stratigraphic column for each of the
basins in this volume is included at the beginning of Section 111.
The oil and gas fields within the Atlas have been
organised alphabetically. The loose leaf format
was selected to enable the reader, should he
wish, to re-organise the Atlas to suit his individuaI requirements. Once a11 the volumes of the
Atlas have been published it is hoped that a
future project would be an up-grading of the
Atlas, to include those discoveries which have
yet to be developed.
The sub-committee shared great enjoyment
putting this volume together. We hope it has
met the goals envisaged, and more importantly,
that it will be a reference work for those active
in the petroleum industry in Indonesia and
elsewhere.
S. Courteney
P.J. Moulds
Chairman
IPA Oil and Gas
Fields Atlas
Sub-committee
Chairman, 1981-1987
1
*
EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION HISTORY
The eastern part of Indonesia comprises a vast
region that includes the large island of Sulawesi,
the Banda Arc from Timor to Seram/Moluccas
and the western part of the island of New
Guinea. In general terms this region is geologically distinct from the rest of Indonesia in
having a significant section of unmetamorphosed Mesozoic and Paleozoic rocks. It is also
an area of great tectonic complexity where
numerous microplates have developed in response to the convergence of three major crustal
units - the Eurasian, Australian and Pacific
plates. Despite a fairly continuous, though low
intensity, search for oil in this region, beginning
in the late 19th century, only three sedimentary
basins have produced commercial quantities of
oil. These are the Bula basin (Seram), Bintuni
basin (Eastern Bird’s Head, Irian Jaya) and the
Salawati basin (Western Bird’s Head, Irian Jaya).
Of these three only the Salawati basin has produced a significant volume of hydrocarbons in
World terms.
(BPM) established the first commercial production. Between 1913 and 1942, 8 million barrels
were produced from the Bula Field and its offshore extension the Lemun field, discovered
in 1930. Following the Japanese occupation
(1942-44) the field lay idle until 1969 when Gulf
+Western drilled additional exploration and
development wells and produced an additional
1.1million barrels of oil. In 1972 a new reservoir
in Pleistocene reefal carbonates was discovered
in the Lemun field. Also in 1972 AAR Ltd. (now
CSR Petroleum Ltd.) acquireh Gulf Western’s
interest, and renewed exploration resulted in
the production of an additional 4.2 million
barrels of oil up to 1985.
+
The structure of Seram illustrates the complexity
of the eastern Indonesia region. The island comprises an accretionary prism where the Irian
Jaya segment of the Australian plate is being
subducted beneath the Banda Arc along the line
of the Seram trough in a southward direction
(O’Sullivan et al, 1985). The coherent slices consist of a series of deep to shallow water pelagic
Seram
sedimentary rocks stripped from the subducted
Australian plate, incorporated with pelagic
The earliest oil exploration in the region was in rocks of oceanic origin derived from the overrid1887, on the island of Seram, prompted by the ing Eurasian plate.
reported presence of numerous seeps on the
island (O’Sullivan et al, 1985). The first explora- Since continued subduction of the less dense
tion well was drilled by the Bula Oil Company continental plate is impossible this process is
in 1887 and the second well, in the same year, believed to be coming to a halt. The resultant
which flowed 200 BOPD from Pleistocene sands structures consist of low and high angle reverse
was the discovery well for the Bula field. Addi- faults , the planes of which generally dip to the
tional wells were drilled between 1897 and 1913 southwest. Mud diapirs are also common within
when the Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij the accretionary prism.
2
-
The early Mesozoic to Paleogene sediments
comprise a complex sequence of shallow to deep
water limestones and sandstones while the Miocene to early Pliocene sequence consists of deep
water clays with exotic blocks, described as an
olistostrome (Audley Charles et al, 1976) or tectonic melange (Tjokrosapoetro and Budhitrisna,
1982), but possibly of diapiric origin (Barber ef
al, 1986). The productive Bula basin contains
sediments of Late Pliocene and Pleistocene age
in a small marginal, northward facing basin
overlying the accretionary prism.
Although the great majority of oil produced to
date on Seram has been from sandstones and
carbonates of Pleistocene age, of great significance for future exploration in the eastern Indonesia region is the small amount of production
that has been obtained from Mesozoic formations.These include smal1,shallow pools in the
Nief area with production from the Jurassic
Manusela Formation and in the Belien pool,
where production is from sandstones of the
Triassic Kanikeh Formation, More recently CSR
has succeeded in producing oil from the Kanikeh Formation at Bula Tenggara. Recent studies
(Price, 1987) strongly suggest that the oils produced from the Pleistocene reservoirs were
sourced from the Mesozoic section.
Irian Jaya
in the Bintuni and Salawati basins of the Bird’s
Head region. In 1935 the Nederlandsche Nieuw
Guinea Petroleum Maatschappij (NNGPM)
obtained a concession to explore for oil in Irian
Jaya and in 1936 discovered the Klamono field,
reservoired in limestones of the Kais Formation,
in the Salawati basin.
The first wells were drilled near oil seeps on
surface anticlines but further drilling at
Klamono revealed that in the subsurface the
reservoir was provided by a high relief, pinnacle
reef build-up in the Kais Formation. Draping of
the younger beds over the reef had resulted in
the surface structure. Further attempts to locate
reefs from surface structures were however,
largely unsuccessful in the Salawati basin.
Two other small fields, Mogoi and Wasian, were
discovered in the Bintuni basin during the
period 1935-1942, also reservoired in the Kais
Formation. In these fields however, the relief of
the build-ups is much less than that at Klamono
and the reservoir properties of the Kais Formation are generally poor.
Commercial exploitation of these discoveries
was delayed by World War I1 and production
at Klamono began in 1949 followed by Mogoi
and Wasian in 1954. Production at Mogoi and
Wasian was abandoned in 1961, after some 7
MMBO had been produced but Klamono continues to produce at the present day with cumulative production of over 30 MMBO.
Oil exploration began in Irian Jaya in 1906 and
numerous oil and gas seeps were reported from
the Mesozoic and Tertiary formations, especially The results of NNGPM’s initial exploration
3
work led oil exploration groups, such as Trend
Exploration and the Phillips group, to re-initiate
exploration in the late 1960's and early 1970's.
In 1970 Trend Exploration signed a PSC with
Pertamina to explore for oil in the onshore portion of the Salawati basin. Using geomorphic
analysis of the area from aerial photographs,
a reef trend was delineated where pinnacles,
similar to Klamono, could be expected to be
developed. A seismic program was then shot to
confirm the geomorphic anomalies and the first
well, Kasim-1, was spudded in 1972 on the largest feature. This well, with an initial test rate of
840 BOPD, was the discovery well for the Kasim
field.
Following this success, additional seismic was
acquired and.the Walio and Jaya fields were
discovered in 1973, both in Kais Formation
reefs. The Jaya discovery tested up to 23,000
BOPD and confirmed the existence of a major oil
play in the Salawati basin. During an intense
period of exploration a total of seven oil fields
and four gas fields were discovered and have
been commercially exploited by Petromer Trend
up to the present time, with cumulative production of over 250 MMBO.
PERTAMINA Unit V discovered the Linda field,
just east of Walio, and brought this and the
nearby Sele field on production in 1979. To date
the Salawati basin has produced over 300
MMBO, of which Walio field alone had produced nearly 150 MMBO by the end of 1987,
making it the only giant field to have been
discovered in eastern Indonesia thus far.
Production in the Salawati basin peaked at over
100,000 BOPD in 1976 declining fairly rapidly
thereafter. The Salawati fields are characterized
by having an extremely strong water drive - despite production of more than 3.5 billion barrels
of fluid from Petromer Trend's fields there is
virtually no loss of reservoir pressure. Early in
the production life of the fields, water influx
became a significant problem - high permeability fractures and porosity zones being major
paths for water encroachment, bypassing oil in
less permeable zones.
It was decided in Petromer Trend's area to produce using high volume submersible pumps
and to build large scale water handling facilities.
In this way oil production could be maintained
despite the increasing volumes of water produced. By 1987 total fluid production had reacMeanwhile the Phillips group, working offshore hed over 1.3 million barrels a day with an aveand on Salawati Island were also pursuing the rage water cut per well of 98%. To lift such
Kais reef play. In 1975 they discovered the Sala- volumes of fluid an electrical generation plant
wati "A" field and followed this by discoveries was installed (which has been powered by gas
in four other small oil bearing reefs and one turbines since 1983) with a working capacity of
condensate bearing reef. Commercial produc- 40 MW. By 1988 field development has been
tion by Phillips began in 1977 and in 1984 these largely completed with mid-field spacing down
fields reverted to PERTAMINA.
to 7- 10 acres.
4
The Bintuni and Salawati basins are late Tertiary
features developed as successor basins over
a series of tectonic terranes accreted during
the Palaeogene. The basement consists of a
sequence of Siluro-Devonian turbiditic sediments of the Kemum Formation. The late
Palaeozoic to Mesozoic section consists of predominantly shallow water shales and sandstones, with coals in the Permian section, which
in the Salawati and Bintuni basins are interrupted by numerous unconformities and nonsequences indicating that the Bird’s Head area
was generally a regional high throughout this
time.
of the Sorong Fault zone, caused a massive
influx of clastic deposits of the Klasafet Formation which terminated reef growth in the Salawati basin. At the same time major folding,
thrusting and uplift took place in the Lengguru
Foldbelt providing the classic sediments of the
Klasafet Formation in the Bintuni basin. Up to
20,000 feet of clastic deposits infilled the rapidly
formed basins by the end of Pliocene time. A
major tectonic episode took place during Pleistocene time resulting in the present complex
fault system. The reefs of the Kais Formation are
thus sealed by Late Miocene and Pliocene clastics forming ideal traps.
In early Eocene time the Bird’s Head area
became the site of shallow water carbonate sedimentation through the late Miocene time - interrupted in those areas adjacent to land-masses by
clastic deposition of the Oligocene Sirga Formation in the north.
The source of the oils in the Salawati and Bintuni basins has long been a point of conjecture.
In the Salawati basin the most likely source is a
combination of overpressured shales of Late
Miocene age overlying the Kais Formation and
basinal carbonates of the Klamogun Formation
and possibly paralic Sirga Formation sediments.
In the Bintuni basin strong arguments have
been put forward to suggest a Permian or other
pre-Tertiary source.
During Miocene time the Bird’s Head area developed into two distinct basins (the proto-Salawati and Bintuni basins) in which pelagic shales
and limestones were deposited (Klamogun Formation). Towards the end of Miocene time the
rate of sub sidence increased and pinnacle reefs
developed on the margins of the Salawati basin.
In the Bintuni basin pinnacle reefs are apparently not developed. This has been ascribed to
over- rapid subsidence in response to tectonic
activity in the Lengguru Foldbelt.
By the end of Miocene time uplift in the Northern Bird’s Head, associated with development
To date no significant commercial production
has been obtained from formations other than
the Kais in the Salawati or Bintuni basin areas,
none at all being obtained from the pre-Kais
Tertiary or Mesozoic section. This is where the
major future potential of eastern Indonesia may
lie.
C. Gibson-Robinson
5
LEGEND AND GLOSSARY
Cross-sections
Plugged and abandoned well
Well with minor oil shows
Symbol as for maps except for:
....
***a
***a
Oil well
***a
Suspended oil well
Oil and gas well
Gas well
.....
.....
,&
Deviated oil well
Oil Zone
Gas Zone
Normal fault
Reverse fault
Oil Zone
Gas Zone
OWC
Oil water contact
GWC
Gas water contact
GOC
Gas oil contact
Glossary
API
BOPD
BCPD
BWPD
BCF
BTU
"C
cu ft
CP
DST
GL
in
KB
m
MMCF
MMSCFD
O
Productive limit
Line of cross-section
Major normal fault, teeth indicating
downthrown block
Major normal fault, position
approximate, teeth indicating
downthrown block
Minor normal fault, teeth indicating
downthrown block
Minor normal fault, position
approximate, teeth indicating
downthrown block
Minor reverse fault, teeth indicating
upthrown block
Minor reverse fault, position
approximate, teeth indicating
upthrown block
= American Petroleum Institute
= Barrels of oil per day
= Barrels of condensate per day
= Barrels of water per day
= Billion cubic feet
= British thermal unit
= degrees Celcius
= cubic feet
= centipoise
= drill stem test
= ground level
= inches
= Kelly bushing
= meters
= million cubic feet
= million standard cubic feet per
day
MMBO
md
NA
psi
PT
sq km
TSTM
~ . m
= million barrels of oil
= millidarcies
= not available/not applicable
= pounds per square inch
= production test
= square kilometers
= Too small to measure
= ohm-meters
7
IPA Oil & Gas Fields Atlas
EASTERN INDONESIA - STRATIGRAPHY
BULA BASIN
RELATIVE
SEA LEVEL
AGE
(M YEARS)
+
+0-@
PLEISTOCENE
2
3ATHYAL
6
ALAS BLOCK
LAY
I
MIOCENE
E
I
ADDLE TO
IUTER
SHELF
L.
OLIGOCENE
JlEF BEDS
3ATHYAL
PALEOCENE
65
CRETACEOUS
3ATH
141
-rv
,AMAN SAMAN
IMESTONE
JURASSIC
IEARSt
)UTER
SHELF
8ATHYI:
195
1
YY
TRIASSIC
NTER
Nc?
EA R S
PERMIAN
230
CARBONIFEROUS
345
I L.
!
DEVONIAN
395
SILURIAN
435
ORDOVICIAN.
Modified after Price et a1 (1987)
8
IPA Oil & Gas Fields Atlas
EASTERN INDONESIA - STRAT GRAPHY
I
SALAWATI BASIN
RELATIVE
FORMA- LITHO- SEA
LEVEL
TIONS
LOGY & -0
AGE
(M YEARS)
REG.
PLEISTOCENE
2
7
~
KLASAMAN
Text.11
PLIOCENE
-
M
6
RANE
SELE
vv
:ARB0
IATE
KLASAFET
KA'S1
MIOCENE
'LATORM
I
I
I
65
OLIGOCENE
I SlRGA
EOCENE
I FAUMAI
PALEOCENE
I
hh
-2
Nc
-
WARIPi
LANGAN
CRETACEOUS
141
NON
DEPOSITION/
JU RASSlC
EROSION
195
I
230
TR IASSIC
I
TIPUMA
)PEN
IARINE
vc*
)PEN
IARINE
280
345
DEVONIAN
395
KEMUM
SILURIAN
435
I
ORDOVICIAN.
I
Modified after Phoa and Samuel (1986)
9
IPA Oil & Gas Fields Atlas
EASTERN INDONESIA -STRATIGRAPHY
1
I
BINTUNI BASIN
2
6
MIOCENE
EOCENE
65
CRETACEOUS
141
195
TRIASSIC
230
PERMIAN
280
CARBONlFEROUS
I I
345
DEVONIAN
395
435
+
Modified after Chevallier and Bordenave (1986)
10
IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY
exploration in Bintuni basin and Bomberai
Audley-Charles, M.G. and Carter, D.J., 1977,
"Interpretation of a regional seismic line
Trough, Irian Jaya", Proc. I.P.A. Sixth Ann.
from Misool to Seram: Implications for
Conv. 11, pp.43-67.
regional structure and petroleum exploration", Proc. I.P.A. Sixth Ann. Conv. 11, pp. Dow, D.B. and Sukamto, R., 1984a, "Western
3-11.
Irian Jaya: The end - product of oblique
plate convergence in the late Tertiary", Tectonophysics 106, no.1-2, pp. 109-139.
Australian Petroleum Company Propriety Ltd.,
1961, "Geological results of petroleum
exploration in Western Papua 1937-1961", DOW, D.B. and Sukamto, R., 198413, "Late
lour. Geol. SOC. of Aust. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-33.
Teriary to Quarternary tectonics of Irian
Jaya", Episodes 7, no. 4, pp. 3-9
Barber, A.J., Tjokrosapoetro, S. and Charlton,
T.R., 1986, "Mud volcanoes, shale diapirs, Dow, D.B., Robinson, G.P. and Ratman, N., 1985
wrench faults, and melanges in accretio"New hypothesis for formation of the
nary complexes, Eastern Indonesia", Bull.
Lengguru Foldbelt, Irian Jaya, Indonesia",
Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. 70, no. 11, pp. 1729Bull. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. 69, no. 2, pp.
1741.
203-214.
Chevallier, B. and Bordenave, M.L., 1986, "Contribution of geochemistry to the exploration in the Bintuni basin, Irian Jaya", Proc.
I.P.A. Fifteenth Ann. Conv. I, pp. 439-460.
Froidevaux, C.M., 1977, "Tertiary tectonic
history of the Salawati area, Irian Jaya,
Indonesia", Proc. I.P.A. Sixth Ann. Conv. I,
pp. 199-220.
Choquette, P.W. and Pray, L.C., 1979, "Geologic
nomenclature and classification of porosity
in sedimentary carbonates", Bull. Am. Ass.
Petrol. Geol. 63, no. 2, pp. 207-250.
Gibson-Robinson, C. and Sudirdjah, H., 1986,
"Transgressive development of Miocene
reefs, Salawati basin, Irian Jaya", Proc.
I.P.A. Fifteenth Ann. Conv. I, pp. 377-403.
Cockcroft, P.J., Gamber, D.A. and Hermawan, Hendardjo, K.S., 1986, "Paleoenvironment and
H.M., 1984, "Fracture detection in the
diagenetic history of Kais Formation,
Salawati basin of Irian Jaya", Proc. I.P.A.
KBSA, Irian Jaya", Proc. I.P.A. Fifteenth
Thirteenth Ann. Conv. 11, pp. 125-151.
Ann. con^. I, pp. 423-438.
Cockcroft, P.J., Edwards, G.A., Phoa, R.S.K. and
Ried, H.W. , 1987, "Applications of pressure analysis and hydrodynamics to petroleum exploration in Indonesia", Proc. I.P. A.
Sixteenth Ann. Conv. 11, pp. 27-56.
Koesoemadinata, R.P., 1976, "Tertiary carbonate
sedimentation in Irian Jaya with special
reference to the northern part of Bintuni
basin", Proc. I.P.A. Carbonate Seminar, pp.
79-92.
Collins, J.L. and Qureshi, M.K., 1977, "Reef
0' Sullivan, T., Pegum, D. and Tarigan, J., 1985,
Appendix
Proc. I.P.A. Fifth Ann. Conv. I, pp. 41-59.
"Seram oil search, past discoveries and
future oil potential", Proc. I.P.A. Fourteenth
Samuel, L. and Phoa, R.S.K., 1986 "Problems. of
Ann. Conv. I, pp. 3-20.
source rock identification in the Salawati
Pieters, P.E., Pigram, C.J., Trail, D.S., Dow, D.B.,
basin, Irian Jaya", Proc. I.P.A. Fifteenth Ann.
Ratman, N., and Sukamto, R., 1983, "The
Conv. 11, pp. 404-422.
stratigraphy of western Irian Jaya", Proc.
Soeparjadi, R.A., 1974, "Changing outlooks of
Twelfth Ann. Conv. I, pp. 229-261.
Irian Jaya". Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Ann. Conv.
Pigram, C.J. and Panggabean, H., ,1981, "PreSan Antonio, USA.
Tertiary geology of western Irian Jaya and
Misool Island: Implications for the tectonic Tjokrosapoetro, S. and Budhitrisna, T., 1982,
development of eastern Indonesia", Proc.
"Geology and tectonics of the northern
Banda Arc", Bull. GRDC 6, pp. 1-15.
I.P.A. Tenth Ann. Conv., pp. 385-399.
Pigram, C.J., Robinson, G.P. and Tobing, S.L., Vincellette, R.R., 1973, "Reef exploration in Irian
1982, "Late Cainozoic origin for the Bintuni
Jaya, Indonesia", Proc. Z.P.A. Second Ann.
Conv., pp. 243-277.
basin and adjacent Lengguru fold-belt,
Irian Jaya", Proc. I.P.A. Eleventh Ann. Conv.
11, pp. 109-126.
Vincellette, R.R. and Soeparjadi, R.A., 1976, "Oil
bearing reefs in the Salawati basin, Irian
Price, P.L., O'Sullivan, T. and Alexander, R.,
Jaya, Indonesia", Bull. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol.
1987, "The nature and occurrence of oil in
60, no. 9,pp. 1448-1452.
Seram, Indonesia", Proc. I.P.A. Sixteenth
Visser, W.A. and Hermes, J. J., 1962, "Geological
Ann. Conv. I, pp. 141-173.
results of the exploration for oil in NetherRedmond, J.L. and Koesoemadinata, R.P., 1976,
lands New Guinea", Koninkklijk Nederlands
"Walio oil field and the Miocene carbonates
Geologisch Mijnboukundug -GenootschapVerhaof Salawati basin, Irian Jaya, Indonesia",
keZingen, Geological Series 20.
Appendix