Tanya Anand
AP US HISTORY STUDY GUIDE
BY TANYA ANAND
Tanya Anand
I.
Pre-Columbian Society
I.
Pre Columbian era before Columbus.
a. Native Americans population.
1. Descendants from Asia.
2. 40,000 years ago. Next slide. Land bridge from Siberia.
3. Now called Bering Strait.
4. 1 to 5 million in US.
5. 20 million in Mexico.
6. Aztec and Mayan empires.
7. Pueblo people. Dash. Southwest.
8. Chinook people, Pacific Northwest.
9. Plains Indians.
10. First, interaction with smaller tribes.
Early colonization of the New World. 1491 to 1607.
a. Spain colonizes.
1. New World, 1492.
2. Columbian Exchange.
3. Plants, animals, food, diseases and ideas.
4. Colonies.
5. Territory controlled by foreign power.
6. Use of conquistadors to export wealth.
7. Spanish encomienda system.
a. Natives treated as slaves.
b. Catholicism enforced.
c. For silver.
8. Mixing. Of cultures.
a. Mezitos - European and native.
b. Zambos. African and native.
9. Spain.
10. Spanish Armada.
11. Mark of Spain's fall.
Competition for global dominance
a. Factors.
i. Desire for wealth and resources.
ii. Expand Christianity.
iii. Dominance.
iv. Agriculture.
b. Inventions.
i. Sextant.- Compass.
c. Joint stock companies.
i. Shareholders to develop land.
ii. British East India Company
iii. Dutch East India Company
iv. Virginia Company
1. Jamestown.
d. Native American treatment.
II.
III.
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i. Sepulveda versus Las casas.
1. Over issue of slavery.
e. Spanish mission system.
i. create converts
ii. Juan de Onate
f. Increase in slavery
i. New mix of religion.
ii. voodoo
iii. maroon people
II.
I.
II.
Colonial North America. 1690 to 1754.
First colonies.
a. Roanoke Island.
i. 1587
ii. sir Walter Raleigh.
iii. Disappeared by 1590
iv. Known as Lost Colony.
b. Jamestown.
i. 1607.
ii. Joint Stock Company. – Virginia Company.
iii. Originally looking for gold.
iv. This starving times.
1. Captain John Smith.
2. Powhatan Confederacy.
v. John Rolfe.
1. Married Pocahontas to ease tensions.
2. Grew tobacco.
3. Rapid expansion.
4. plantation slavery.
5. Came to be known as Chesapeake.
c. Reasons for migration.
i. Indentured servitude.
1. Paid for passage.
2. Eventual freedom.
a. Eventually receive small piece of property.
i. Voting and survival.
d. Head right system.
i. Granted 50 acres of land.
e. House of Burgesses.
i. 1619.
ii. Any property holding white male could vote.
iii. First, democratic government.
iv. Slavery introduction.
French colonization.
a. Quebec City.
b. Roman Catholicism.
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c. More likely to spread diseases.
d. Looking for natural resources
e. Lighter impact on natives.
i. Fur trade?
f. Edict of Nantes.
i. Diminished power in America.
III.
Country
France.
Spain.
IV.
Role
Friendlier relations. Sparsely populated.
Conquer and enslave natives. Change to
Catholicism.
Netherlands.
New Amsterdam. Eventually fell to
English.
England.
Heavily dependent on Native Americans
as slave labor, allies, and trading
partners. Came with entire families. War
of Exterminations.
The Pilgrims in Massachusetts Bay Company.
a. Puritans prosecuted and left.
i. Separatists.
1. First to Netherlands, then left to New World on Mayflower.
2. 1620.
3. Settlement called Plymouth.
a. Travelers called Pilgrims.
b. Mayflower Compact.
i. Created legal authority and assembly.
ii. Power derived from consent, not like
monarchists or absolutists.
c. Early assistance from Native Americans.
i. Most wiped out by disease.
ii. Except Squanto.
1. Interpreted English and translated.
b. Massachusetts Bay.
i. Congregationalists.
ii. Great Puritan migration from 1629 to 1642.
iii. Led by Governor John Winthrop.
1. Model of Christian charity.
2. America is city upon a hill.
3. Covenant with God.
iv. Strictly Calvinist.
1. High work ethic.
c. Religious tolerance.
i. Roger Williams.
1. Separation of church and state.
2. Banished and formed Rhode Island.
ii. Anne Hutchinson.
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1. Antinomianism.
a. Belief of faith in God's grace.
b. Banished.
d. Immigration ended.
i. When Cromwell took power during English Civil War.
e. New England versus Chesapeake.
i. New England.
1. Families.
2. More hospitable.
3. Strong sense of community.
4. Larger towns.
5. More religious
6. Less slavery.
ii. Chesapeake.
1. Single males.
2. Cash crops like tobacco.
3. Farming community.
4. high use of slavery.
Other early colonies.
a. Proprietorships.
i. Owned by one person. And gift by King.
b. Connecticut.
i. Received charter in 1635.
ii. Produced fundamental orders.
1. First written Constitution.
c. Maryland.
i. Lord Baltimore.
ii. Catholic Haven.
iii. Offered religious tolerance.
iv. Act of Toleration 1649.
1. Protect religious freedom of Christians.
d. New York.
i. Initial Dutch settlement.
ii. 1664. Became English.
iii. Royal Colony.
e. New Jersey.
i. Gave it to friends who sold it to Quakers.
f. Pennsylvania.
i. William Penn.
ii. A Quaker.
iii. Liberal policies.
1. Religious freedom and civil liberties.
iv. Better treatment of Native Americans
g. Carolina.
i. Split in 1729 into North and South Carolina.
ii. Descendants like Barbados.
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iii. High in plantations.
iv. South Carolina.
1. Conflict with Spanish Florida?
h. Georgia.
i. Established as a buffer state.
ii. James Oglethorpe in 1732.
iii. Initially banned slavery but then overturned it.
i. Eventually most proprietary colonies converted to royal colonies.
i. Only Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania and Maryland. Not
royal colonies.
Colony
Year
Reason
Virginia.
1607.
Economic gain.
Plymouth.
1620.
Religious freedom.
Separatist pilgrims.
Massachusetts.
1629.
Religious freedom? Non
separatist Puritans. Later
merged with Plymouth.
Maryland.
1633.
Religious freedom
Catholics.
Connecticut.
1636.
Religious differences with
Puritans.
Rhode Island.
1636.
Religious freedom from
Puritans?
New York.
1664.
Seized from Dutch.
New Jersey.
1664.
Seized from Dutch.
Delaware.
1664.
Seized from Dutch.
Pennsylvania.
1682.
Religious freedom
Georgia.
1732.
Buffer colony.
Conflict with Native Americans
Conflict
Years
What Happened
Powhatan Wars.
1610
Earliest conflict. Virginia. Over territory. Native
to
Americans granted reservation land.
1677.
The Pequot Wars.
1636
Massachusetts. Connecticut Valley. Attacked
to
settlement. In Massachusetts Bay Colony. Near
1638.
destruction of Pequot
The Beaver Wars.
1628
Iroquois Confederacy fought French-Backed
to
Algonquin tribe. Called Beaver Wars Because it
1701.
was over Beaver rights. One of the bloodiest Wars.
Decline of Huron
1634
Near Lake Ontario. Smallpox ravaged tribes.
Confederacy.
to
Constant fighting. Fought with French in the
1649.
Seven Years War.
King Phillips War.
1675
Wampanoag tribe. Extreme Christian missionary.
to
A lion soon broke and English settlement
1678.
destroyed. Marks End of Native American
presence in New England colonies.
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VIII.
IX.
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The Pueblo revolt.
1680.
The Chickasaw
Wars.
1721
to
1763.
Decline of
Catawaba Nation.
1700s
Successful revolt against Spanish. Spanish came
back in 1692 and regained control.
Chickasaw tribe allied with British fraught
Choctaw allied with French for control of
Mississippi River. More deadly because they
fought with guns. Ended when Treaty of Paris was
signed.
Smallpox epidemics and wars with other tribes.
Slavery in early colonies.
a. West African made bulk of slaves.
i. Majority was directed towards Caribbean and South America.
b. Shipping routes.
i. Middle Passage.
1. Middle leg of triangle trade route.
2. Inhuman conditions.
3. Conditions ended in 1808.
c. South.
i. Grew tobacco, rice and indigo.
d. North
i. Used for domestic.
Salutary neglect. (1650 to 1750)
a. Before 7 years war.
i. England regulated trade as little as possible.
ii. Mostly self governing.
iii. Saw success and wanted more control.
b. English regulation of trade.
i. Mercantilism.
1. Balance of trade.
a. Export more than import.
2. Control of specie.
a. Hard money.
3. Colonies produced valuable commodities.
ii. Encouraged manufacturing in England.
1. Protective tariffs on imports.
a. Navigation Acts.(1651)
i. Colonies could only buy from England.
ii. Prevent manufacturing in colonies.
b. Wool Act of 1699.
i. Forbade export of wool from American
colonies.
c. Molasses Act of 1733.
i. Exorbitant tax on sugar.
iii. Increase smuggling.
Colonial governments.
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XI.
a. Every colony had.
i. A governor. Appointed by the king.
ii. Colonial legislative and control of money.
1. Bicameral legislative.
a. Lower house
i. Directly elected.
b. Upper house.
i. Appointed.
2. Exception was Pennsylvania.
b. New England Confederation.
i. Centralized government effort.
Major events.
a. Bacons Rebellion, 1676.
i. Virginia.
ii. Expansion into Backcountry to increase farming.
1. Clash with Native Americans
2. William Berkeley as governor.
a. Did not want war with Native Americans.
3. Bacon lashed out against Berkeley.
4. Many were farmers. Disenfranchised.
5. Allied with black people.
b. Stono Uprising, 1739.
i. Most successful slave rebellion.
ii. South Carolina.
iii. Also called Cato Rebellion.
iv. More restrictive laws on enslaved people.
1. Witch hunt effect on black people.
c. Salem Witch trials. 1692.
i. Many accused.
ii. Mass hysteria.
1. Dominion of New England.
a. Clamp down on illegal trade by English government.
2. Just became a royal colony.
a. Weakend Puritan primacy.
3. King Williams War.
4. Fear of religion diminishing?
a. Commercialism in cities.
d. Halfway covenant.
i. 1662.
ii. To combat diminishing religiousness.
Religious movement.
a. First great awakening.
i. 1730s and 40s.
ii. Jonathan Edwards.
1. Preached peer predeterministic doctrines of Calvinism.
2. Sinners at the hand of an angry God.
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XIII.
I.
3. Based on emotionalism and spirituality.
4. Similar to Southern evangelism.
iii. George Whitefield.
1. Felt it in cities.
iv. Ben Franklin.
1. Came from Enlightenment ideals.
2. Poor Richard's Almanack
v. Response to the Enlightenment
Life in the colonies.
a. From 1700 to 1750.
i. Population from 250,000 to 1,250,000.
b. Significant non-english European populations.
c. 90% living in rural areas.
i. Rugged but tolerable.
ii. Labor divided along gender lines.
iii. Limited social interaction.
iv. Patriarchal society.
d. Black people.
i. Majority enslaved.
ii. Life more difficult in the South?
iii. Close knit community.
e. Cities.
i. Worse than country.
ii. More immigrants?
iii. Higher poverty.
iv. More diseases.
f. Colleges.
i. Serve to train ministers.
g. Colonies.
i. New England.
1. Center it on trade.
2. Farmed for sustenance.
3. Most Puritan.
ii. Middle colonies.
1. New York, Penn, New Jersey.
2. More fertile land, some more focused on farming.
iii. Lower South.
1. Carolinas.
2. Cash crops.
iv. Chesapeake colonies.
1. Maryland and Virginia.
2. Combined aspects of lower South and middle colonies.
The American Revolution era (1754-1800)
Albany plan of Union.
a. 1754.
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b.
c.
d.
e.
II.
III.
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Albany, NY.
Developed by Benjamin Franklin.
intercolonial government to collect taxes and defense.
Plan was rejected because the colonies didn't want to give up control.
i. Join or Die cartoon
The Seven Years War, 1754 to 1763.
a. French Indian War.
i. French and Indian fought on the same side.
b. War for Empire?
i. Results of colonial expansion.
c. Over the Ohio Valley.
i. French trying to protect for a trade?
d. Attacked a French outpost.
i. George Washington lost.
e. 1756 Officially declared war.
f. War dragged on.
i. Treaty of Paris
ii. Treaty gave England control of Canada and everything east of Mississippi
River.
g. William Pitt.
i. Guaranteed pay and autonomy after war.
ii. Leadership change created resentment.
h. Aftermath of war.
i. English raise prices.
ii. Cease to pay rent on forts.
i. Pontiacs Rebellion.
i. Group of tribes in Ohio Valley attacked colonial outposts.
ii. Paxton Boys.
1. Irish frontiersmen murdering several of the tribe member.
j. Proclamation of 1736.
i. Forbidding settlement. Over Appalachians.
ii. irked colonist.
k. Germ warfare.
i. Use smallpox as a weapon.
l. Marked pattern of demarcating Indian territory.
Acts
a. Under King George the Third.
i. George Grenville is Prime Minister.
ii. Felt colonies should help pay debt.
b. Sugar Act of 1764.
i. To prevent smuggling.
ii. Lower duty on molasses coming into the colonies.
iii. More strictly enforced.
iv. Vice Admiralty courts enforced.
1. English trying this colonies.
c. Currency Act.
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V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
i. Forbade colonies to issue paper money.
ii. Further aggravated post war, economic depression.
d. Stamp Act. 1765.
i. Aimed specifically at increasing revenue.
ii. Self taxation was taken.
iii. Broad based tax.
iv. The rights of British colonies asserted improved.
1. James Otis.
2. No taxation without representation.
e. Stamp Act Congress
i. Virginia Stamp Act Resolves.
1. Patrick Henry against this
ii. Sons of Liberty
1. formed.
2. Protest groups.
iii. Repealed in 1766.
f. Declaratory Act.
i. British government right to tax and legislate in colonies.
Townshend acts.
a. Rockingham is Prime Minister.
i. Replaced by Townshend.
b. Tax goods imported from Britain.
c. Tax set aside for payment of tax collectors.
d. Created even more vice Admiralty courts.
e. Suspended New York Legislature.
f. Writs of assistance.
i. British had the power to search any place.
Massachusetts Circular Letter.
a. Sam Adams in 1768.
b. To create protests in union.
Quartering Act, 1765.
a. Stationed large number of troops in America. And made colonist responsible for
them.
b. Boston Massacre.
i. 1770.
ii. Soldiers fired into crowd killing people.
Gov
a. Virtual representation.
i. All British citizens represented.
The calm and then the storm
a. 1772 British implemented Townshend Acts.
b. Committee of Correspondence formed.
i. Trade ideas and form of political mood.
ii. Letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania.
1. Urgent Colonists against Townshend Acts.
c. British granted East India Tea Company monopoly on tea trade.
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i. Boston Tea Party, 1773.
1. Sons of Liberties. Dumped tea in harbour
ii. Coercive acts as a response.
1. Closed Boston Harbor to trade.
2. Tightened English control in Massachusetts.
3. Stricter Quartering Act.
iii. Quebec Act.
1. Granted greater liberties to Catholics.
2. Extended the boundaries of Quebec Territory.
IX.
First Continental Congress. 1774.
a. All colonies except Georgia.
b. Enumerate American grievances and develop a strategy to address them.
c. Formed a list of laws they want to repealed.
d. Continental Association.
i. To observe and enforce the boycott.
ii. In 1775, expanded their powers.
X.
The shot heard around the world.
a. English troops in Lexington in April 1775.
i. Against Minutemen militia.
ii. Battle of Lexington.
1. 18 Casualties.
iii. British moved on to Concord.
1. Minuteman forced British Redcoats to retreat.
2. Battle of Concord, referred to as shot, heard around the world.
XI.
Groups.
a. Loyalists.
i. Government officials.
ii. Devout Anglicans.
iii. sided with English.
b. Patriots.
i. White Protestant property holding.
ii. Puritans who didn't like Anglicans.
c. Quakers were pacifists.
XII. Second Continental Congress.
a. Established a Continental Army.
b. Printed money.
c. Chose George Washington to lead the army.
XIII. Olive Branch petition.
a. July 5th, 1776.
b. After battle at Bunker Hill.
XIV. Declaration of Independence.
a. Common Sense by Thomas Paine.
i. 1776.
ii. Colonial independence and republicanism.
iii. In more common English.
iv. Helped swing support to support Patriots.
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b. Declaration of Independence.
i. Written by Thomas Jefferson.
ii. Grievances against Crown
iii. Signed July 4th, 1776.
Chronology of events leading to war.
1763.
1764.
1765.
1766.
1767.
1770.
1772.
1773.
1774.
1775.
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French Indian War ends.
Pontiac 's rebellion.
Proclamation of 1763.
Sugar Act.
Currency Act.
Stamp Act.
Stamp Act crisis.
Sons of Liberty.
Grenville takes over.
Stamp Act repealed.
Declaratory Act.
Townshend acts.
Townshend Act repealed, except for tea.
Boston Massacre.
Part of Townshend implemented.
Committees of correspondence.
Dutch East India Tea Company gets
Monopoly.
Boston Tea Party.
Coercive acts.
Quebec Act.
Continental Congress meets.
Continental Association forms.
Battle of Lexington and Concord.
Second Continental Congress meets.
Declaration of Independence.
1776.
XVI. War.
a. Battle of Saratoga.
i. 1777 in New York.
ii. Decisive American victory.
iii. Got French to ally with the US
b. French alliance with Continental Congress.
c. Battle of Yorktown.
i. 1781.
ii. End of American Revolution?
iii. George Washington troops win After a lengthy siege.
d. Things to remember.
i. Continental Army had to recruit black people.
ii. Franco American Alliance.
1. Negotiated by Ben Franklin.
iii. Treaty of Paris signed. In 1783.
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1. Gave the US independence.
XVII. The Articles of Confederation.
a. 1777 Sent to colonies for ratification.
b. Little to no central government.
c. Limitations.
i. No power to raise army.
ii. Not enforced tax. Or military draft.
iii. No Executive or judicial branch.
iv. No regulation of trade.
v. 9 out of 13 had to pass law.
vi. Unanimous approval was needed to amend.
d. Other issues?
i. Freedom for women in blacks.
ii. Tensions to Native Americans?
iii. Rising costs of products.
iv. Economic sectionalism.
v. Shays Rebellion.
1. Daniel Shay didn't receive pay for war.
2. Bank foreclosing on land.
3. Seized weapons, Armory.
4. Back country farmers versus coastal elite.
a. Piedmont versus Tidewater.
e. Successes.
i. Northwest Ordinance of 1787.
1. Selling land to settlers.
2. Trial by jury.
3. Freedom of religion.
4. Freedom from excessive punishment.
5. Abolish Slavery in Northwest Territories.
a. Specific regulations for where it could apply.
XVIII. New Constitution.
a. 1787.
b. Hamilton concerned no uniform commercial policy.
i. Convened Annapolis Convention.
1. Only five showed up.
c. Constitutional convention.
i. Rhode Island, 1787.
ii. 55 Delegates.
iii. The New Jersey plan
1. Called for equal representation from each state.
iv. Virginia plan.
1. James Madison.
2. Entirely new government based on checks and balances and
representatives based on population.
3. 3 Tiered federal government.
a. Executive.
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b. Bicameral legislative.
c. Judicial.
4. Power to enforce taxation, regulate trade and authorize the military
draft.
v. Convention lasted four months.
vi. Ended with great compromise.
1. AKA Connecticut Compromise.
2. Bicameral legislatative
a. Lower House fall in New Jersey.
b. Upper House followed Virginia.
vii. 3/5 compromise.
1. Each enslaved person counted as 3/5 of a person.
viii. Established 3 branches of government.
d. Ratification.
i. Opponents called anti federalists.
1. Appalled by absence of Bill of Rights.
ii. Promise of immediate Bill of Rights after ratification.
iii. The Federalist Papers.
1. James Madison. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay.
iv. Constitution went into effect 1789.
v. Bill of Rights in 1791.
1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly.
2. Right to bear arms.
3. No quartering of soldiers.
4. Freedom of unreasonable search.
5. Right to due process.
6. Right of accused persons.
7. Right of trial by jury.
8. Freedom from excessive bail.
9. Rights not listed are kept by the people.
10. Powers not listed are kept by the states.
XIV.
I.
The Early Republic, 1789 to 1815.
Washington presidency.
a. Unanimously voted as president.
b. Only use veto if it was unconstitutional.
c. Created cabinet.
i. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton.
1. Hamilton proposes a National Bank to strengthen economy.
ii. Two schools of thought on constitutional law.
1. strict constructionists.
a. Jefferson and James Madison. Constitution only
allowed powers specifically granted.
b. Enumerated powers.
2. Loose constructionist?
a. Hamilton.
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b. Implied power of government.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
d. Hamilton.
i. Successful handling of national debt.
1. Federal government to assume states debt.
2. Forgiven by giving land.
ii. Last through moving capital to Washington DC.
French Revolution.
a. Jefferson wanted to support revolution.
b. Neutrality in French English conflict.
c. Neutrality proclamation.
i. America will remain neutral in the war.
ii. Citizen Edmond Genet.
Party system
Federalists.
Democratic
Republicans.
Leaders.
Hamilton, Washington
Jefferson, Madison.
Adams, Jay, Marshall.
Vision.
Economy based on
The economy based on
commerce.
agriculture.
Government.
Strong central
Strong state
government.
government.
Supporters.
Wealthy Northeast.
Yeoman farmer,
Southern.
Constitution.
Loose constructionist
Strict constructionist.
National Bank.
The necessary.
Desirable.
Foreign affairs.
Great Britain.
France.
Whiskey Rebellion.
a. 1791.
b. Pennsylvania.
c. Excise tax on whiskey.
d. To pay off debt incurred by revolution.
e. Washington sent National Guard.
Battle of Fallen Timbers.
a. 1794.
Jay's Treaty.
a. Evacuation of British from northeast territory.
b. Over stealing sailors.
c. establishment of executive privilege.
i. Right of the president to withhold information when doing so would
protect national security.
Pinckney's Treaty.
a. 1796.
b. Renegotiate Mississippi River.
c. Removal of Spanish Fort..
Farewell address.
a. Just stay neutral.
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b. Warn against two party system.
Republican motherhood.
a. Women in courtship, marriage and motherhood reevaluated.
i. Teach and produce virtuous male citizens.
b. Start of education for women movement.
c. Role of motherhood became more prominent in child rearing.
The Adams presidency.
a. John Adams named Successor.
b. Thomas Jefferson as VP.
c. Allowed Hamilton to take charge.
d. After Jay's treaty, France began seizing American ships.
e. XYZ affair.
i. French officials demanded bribe.
f. Society became vehemently anti French.
g. Quasi war with France.
h. Alien and Sedition acts.
i. Allowed government to expel foreigners and jail and newspaper
editors.
i. Virginia and Kentucky resolution.
i. States had right to judge constitutionality of federal law.
ii. Nullification.
iii.
IX.
X.
XI.
Transformation of the Economy and Society in antebellum
America.
I.
II.
III.
1800 to 1860.
Beginnings of a market economy.
a. Market economy
i. People trade their labors or good for cash.
b. Favors specialization.
c. More people dependent on market.
d. Leads to boom and bust cycles.
e. New inventions.
i. Both developed by Eli Whitney.
f. Cotton Gin, 1793.
i. Easier to remove seeds from cotton plants.
ii. cotton grew rapidly.
g. Increase dependence on slave labor.
i. More dependent Steel Plow and mechanical Reaper.
ii. Interchangeable parts
1. Of parts.
iii. Led to machine tool system.
iv. Development of assembly line production.
The North and the textile industry.
a. Invention of power loom in 1813.
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V.
VI.
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b. Creation of factories.
c. Samuel Slater, father of the American Industrial Revolution.
d. Rapid growth led to shortage of Labor in New England.
i. Most were women.
e. Lowell system.
i. Guaranteed employee housing. And wages.
ii. Soon began to form labor unions to protect interests.
f. Clothing manufacturers in Northeast.
g. Sold clothing.
h. brokers activated as middleman
i. commercial Bank lent money so everybody could pay
j. transportation industry grew.
Transportation.
a. Construction of National Rd. from Maryland to Virginia.
b. Erie Canal in 1825.
i. Linked Great Lakes and New York.
ii. More selling to Eastern buyers?
iii. By 1850, canal era ended.
c. Steamships.
i. Faster than sailing vessels.
ii. Faster transportation and communication.
d. Railroads.
i. First railroads during 1830s.
ii. Different gauges made. Building slow.
e. Communication.
i. Telegraph allowed for immediate long distance communication.
ii. People communicated in Morse code.
Farming.
a. Mechanization starting during this.
b. Midwest became chief source of grains.
c. Banks lent farmers money to buy modern equipment.
d. Panic of 1819 1837 people thrown into poverty.
e. Deep South Farming focused on. Tobacco and cotton and increased.
Owning of enslaved people.
Westward expansion.
a. Manifest destiny.
i. God-given right from sea to sea.
b. Terrain and climate. Were poor. In constant combat with Native Americans
and Mexicans.
c. Texas.
i. Mexico declared independence from Spain in 1821.
ii. Liberal land policies and enticed Americans.
1. Supposed to become Mexican citizens, but didn't.
2. Didn't follow rule of slavery ban.
3. Settlers rebelled and declared independence.
iii. Battle at the Alamo, 1836.
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1. uuu
iv. Republic of Texas until. Admitted to Union in 1845.
d. Oregon territory.
i. Native American and British population there.
ii. Eventually treaty signed under Polk.
e. California.
i. 1848 Discovery of gold.
ii. Gold rush.
iii. Very hospitable for agriculture.
Regional differences.
a. North.
i. More industrialized.
ii. Advances in communication, transportation, industry, and banking.
iii. Nations Commercial Center.
iv. Low use of slavery.
b. South.
i. Entirely agree Garian.
ii. Chief crops were tobacco and cotton.
iii. Big on protecting slavery.
c. West.
i. Commercial farming for trapping real estate speculation.
ii. Most want to avoid involvement in slavery.
The transformation of politics and antebellum America.
I.
II.
The Revolution of 1800.
a. Thomas Jefferson versus Aaron Burr.
i. Each had equal votes
ii. houses representatives.
1. Alexander Hamilton for Jefferson.
b. Creation of 12th Amendment.
i. 1804.
ii. Vote for party ticket.
c. Peaceful transfer of power.
The Jeffersonian Republic.
a. 1800 to 1823.
b. Jeffersons first term.
i. Midnight appointments by Adams.
1. Marbury versus Madison?
a. 1803.
b. Over judgeship of William Mabury.
c. Set precedent of judicial review.
2. Judiciary Act of 1789.
a. Court was in charge of constitutionality.
ii. Louisiana Purchase.
1. 1802
2. Monroe and Napoleon.
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a. Whole Louisiana Territory for 15 million.
3. Jefferson dilemma. With constructionist view of
Constitution.
a. Ended up buying it under presidential power.
4. Essex Junto
a. New England playing to secede from union.
iii. Lewis and Clark.
1. Explore Louisiana Territory.
iv. Burr vs. Hamilton
c. Jefferson wins in 1804.
i. Caught in a French English dispute.
ii. Both nations placed blockades on trade.
iii. British. Began impressment.
1. Taking sailors?
2. Resulted in Embargo Act of 1807.
a. Shut down America's import and export.
3. Non Intercourse Act of 1809.
a. Opened up most trade, but not with Britain or
France.
b. Endorsed Madison as next president.
Madison’s presidency.
a. Macon's Bill #2.
i. Opened up trade with both nations, but if either interfered with
American trade, he would cut off the other one.
ii. France made the promise first.
1. British impressment continuing?
iii. Southern and Western warhawks.
1. Pushing to gain new land.
2. Henry Clay and John C Calhoun.
3. Madison eventually gave in and declared war in 1812.
b. War of 1812.
i. Native Americans align themselves with British.
ii. The Battle of Tippecanoe.
1. William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh.
2. Saw they had British weapons.
iii. British captured DC in 1814 and burned down capital.
iv. Most battles fought to stalemate.
v. Treaty of Ghent, signed in 1814.
vi. Andrew Jackson fought Battle of New Orleans in 1815.
1. Only clear American victory.
vii. Effects of war?
1. End of Native Americans Ability to stop American
expansion?
2. America economy less reliant on Britain?
3. Andrew Jackson into celebrity.
4. Win in New Orleans led to nationalism.
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5. Popularity of war destroyed Federalists.
viii. Positive results.
1. Spurred American manufacturing.
c. Promote national growth.
i. Protective tariffs.
ii. National Rd.
iii. Rechartering National Bank.
iv. Collectively made American system.
1. Supported by Henry Clay.
d. Hartford Convention.
i. Federalist grievances.
Monroe's presidency.
a. Era of Good Feelings.
b. Court cases.
i. McCulloch versus Maryland
1. 1819
2. States could not tax National Bank.
c. Panic of 1819.
i. Caused by economic growth, inflation, and land speculation.
ii. National Bank called in loans and many couldn't repay.
d. Monroe wins reelection in 1820.
e. John Quincy Adams as Secretary of State.
i. Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819.
1. America gets Florida from Spanish.
f. The Monroe Doctrine.
i. Mutual noninterference.
g. Period of expansion.
i. National debate over slavery.
ii. 1820 Union had 22 states.
1. Even split.
h. Missouri Compromise.
i. Missouri to be admitted as a state.
ii. Missouri admitted as a slave state if Maine was admitted as a Free
State.
iii. 36,30 parallel across Louisiana territory.
iv. Slavery allowed below, but not above.
Election of 1824 and JQA presidency.
a. Establishment of Congressional caucuses.
b. Corrupt bargain.
i. Democratic Republicans chose Crawford.
ii. JQA Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson.
iii. Election decided and House of Representatives.
1. Clay through support to Adams.
2. Clay named Secretary of State.
c. Presidency. With contrary Congress.
i. Federalist President.
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ii. Do protective tariffs. Interstate highways. Federal schools. Research
centers.
Jackson Presidency.
a. Put together. The Democratic Party.
b. Mudslinging Election.
c. Coffin handbill.
i. Saying that Jackson murdered men during the Indian wars.
d. 1828 Election.
i. Won
e. Replace office with his political supporters.
i. Known as spoil system.
f. Jacksonian democracy.
i. Universal white manhood suffrage.
ii. Extension of voting rights.
iii. Strong presidency.
g. Indian Removal Act, 1830.
i. Five civilized tribes.
1. Cherokee were one of them.
2. Gold on Cherokee land.
ii. Native Americans resettled in Oklahoma.
h. Cases.
i. Cherokee Nation versus Georgia. 1831.
ii. Worcester versus Georgia, 1832.
iii. He made his decision not to let him enforce it.
i. Trail of Tears.
i. Indian migration to Oklahoma?
ii. Seminole refused to leave.
1. Seminole War.
j. Nullification.
i. Tariff of 1828.
1. Tariff of abominations.
2. The John C Calhoun wrote the South Carolina Exposition
and Protest. Which? Said the states felt it was unfair and
were going to nullify it.
ii. Tariff of 1832.
1. Failed to lower it to acceptable levels in South Carolina.
Nullified the tariff.
iii. Congress authorized Force Bill.
1. Compromise tariff between Henry Clay and Calhoun.
k. Characteristics.
i. Distrust of big government.
ii. Downsizing Federal Government.
iii. Extensive use of Vito.
iv. Fought against the reform movements.
v. Vetoed Second Bank of US Charter.
1. Put money into pet banks.
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2. Species circular.
a. Prefer of hard currency like gold or silver?
b. Money shortage
vi. Panic of 1837.
l. Nat Turner's Rebellion.
i. Black Liberation Movement.
ii. Southern states passed more restrictive laws called slave codes.
Election of 1836 and rise of whigs
a. The wigs formed.
i. Only commonality. Was that they were against Democrat policies.
b. Martin Van Buren wins election of 1836.
i. Panic of 1837.
ii. Continued Jackson policy of hard currency making money harder to
come by.
Election of 1840.
a. William Henry Harrison becomes First Whig President.
b. Died of pneumonia a month later.
c. John Tyler, a former Democrat, takes over.
d. Be total Whig Bills.
e. President without a party.
Religion Reform and Renaissance and Antebellum America.
The North and American cities.
a. Cities face numerous issues.
i. Lack of government, Lack of. Waste disposal, plumbing and sewage
system.
ii. Sanitation issues.
b. Benefits.
i. More jobs.
ii. Better living.
iii. Important services like public schooling.
iv. Labor unions.
v. Wide variety of leisure time options.
c. Disparity and distribution of wealth.
i. Elite Few controlled wealth.
ii. Below them was middle class.
1. Women devoted to making families.
2. Cult of domesticity.
a. Glorified home life for women.
b. Start of consumerism.
3. Often rose from working class.
iii. Working class.
1. Men. Often worked in factories.
2. Women at home.
3. Some as domestic servants
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4. Those in poverty were usually immigrants from Ireland and
Germany.
5. A lot of Riots.
The South and rural life.
a. Areas near isolation.
b. Family played dominant role in social life.
c. Church was big.
d. Wealthiest citizens. Formed an aristocracy.
i. Plantation owners.
ii. Dominated South.
iii. Owned more than 100 slaves usually.
iv. Mainly grew cotton or tobacco.
v. Southern paternalism.
1. Perception of black people as childlike and unable to take care
of themselves. So white people had to.
2. Most slaves converted to Christianity.
3. State of subsistent poverty.
4. Care for slaves came only after 1808, when shipping slaves
was banned.
5. Fear of family being sold.
6. Subtly violating slave code.
e. Majority of southern farmers had small lands.
i. Most were yeomen farmers.
ii. He. Few enslaved people, but often none at all.
iii. Scottish or Irish descent?
iv. Subsistence crops raised livestock and sometimes reduced a few cash
crops.
f. 250,000 free blacks.
i. Slave codes prevented them from a lot.
ii. Strong prejudice against them.
The West and frontier living.
a. Much of Louisiana Purchase became states.
b. Settlers moved to Texas and then part of Mexico.
c. 49ers moved to California.
d. Government actively encouraged to movement West.
e. Squatters ignored requirement to buy land and simply moved.
f. Fur trading was common.
i. Hunted. Beaver to near extinction.
g. A lot of cattle ranchers and miners.
h. Life was rugged
i. West became symbol of freedom.
Religious and social movements.
a. Second Great Awakening.
i. Period of Religious revival.
ii. Methodist, Presbyterians, and Baptists.
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iii. Charles Finney. Toward the US and spread evangelical religious
beliefs.
iv. New religious like Mormons and Shakers were inspired by second
grade awakening.
v. Women were inspired to become leaders in their church communities.
vi. Temperance societies.
1. Get people to not drink. And prohibition of liquor.
2. Tied to the rise in Irish and German immigrants who were
mainly Catholic.
vii. Every state in the union outlawed lotteries.
viii. The Female moral Reform Society led battle against prostitution.
ix. Reform societies.
1. Bring about paying attention lies, asylums and orphanages.
2. Dorothea Dix
x. The Shakers.
1. Utopian group that splintered from Quakers.
2. Celibacy and equal rights and work ethic.
xi. Oneida community.
1. New York.
xii. New Harmony.
1. Indiana.
xiii. Brook Farm.
1. 1841 in Massachusetts.
2. Transcendentalist.
3. Faith in the humans. Ultimate perfectibility.
4. Nathaniel Hawthorne, the author of The Scarlet Letter. Ralph
Waldo Emerson and David Thoreau.
xiv. Hudson River School.
1. First, it's distinctive school for American art.
xv. Mormons.
1. Joseph Smith formed the Church of. The Latter Day Saints in
1830.
2. Led by Brigham Young, went to Salt Lake Valley.
xvi. Seneca Falls.
1. Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott.
2. Declaration of Rights and Sentiments of Women.
3. Stanton and Susan B Anthony founded National Woman's
Suffrage Movement in 1869.
b. Horace Mann.
i. Pushing public School education and education reform.
c. Abolition movement
i. American Colonization Society.
1. 1816.
2. Send people to Liberia.
ii. Movements like the Great Awakening pushed more people against
slavery.
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iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
XIV.
I.
II.
1. Grimke sisters.
Divided into two groups.
1. Moderates wanted emancipation to take place slowly.
2. Immediatists wanted emancipation at once
William Lloyd Garrison wrote for a paper called The Liberator in
1831.
1. Founded the American Anti Slavery Society in 1833.
Congress adopted gag rule and stopped discussion.
1. Last until 1844.
David Walker.
Frederick Douglass.
Harriet Tubman.
1. Underground Railroad.
Sojourner Truth.
The crisis of the Union
Political and judicial activity before the war.
a. Election of 1844.
i. James Polk against Henry Clay.
ii. Whigs Stood for internal improvements.
iii. Democrats stood for expansionism.
iv. Polk won.
The Polk presidency
a. Took office with four goals.
i. Restore practice of keeping government funds and treasury.
ii. Reduced tariffs.
b. Fear of addition of Texas.
i. Added Oregon.
c. Oregon Treaty.
i. 1846.
d. Southwest Territory.
i. Tried to buy it from Mexico.
ii. 1846 Mexican American War begins.
e. Mexican American War.
i. Wigs like Lincoln questioned. Mexicans shot first.
ii. Gag rule in 1836 raised suspicion of a slave power.
iii. Wilmont Proviso was defeated.
1. Not along party lines, but along sectional lines.
iv. US invaded Mexico City and war was over.
v. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
1. 1848 Mexico Handed over Arizona, New Mexico, California,
Nevada and Utah.
a. Known as Mexican cession.
f. Gadsden Purchase.
i. Arizona, New Mexico for 10 million.
ii. For railroad going along South.
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g. Over the next decade,
i. Democrats fit into South.
ii. Wigs split.
1. Cotton Wigs in the South.
2. Conscientious wigs In the north.
iii. New territory was not hospitable to cash crops.
1. Introduced popular sovereignty.
a. Territories would decide if they would allow slavery within
their borders.
The Compromise of 1850.
a. Actors.
Henry Clay
Wig, senator from Kentucky. Drafted
and formally proposed the
compromise. Help to clarify vinyl
boundaries of Texas. Originally
proposed banning slavery in the entire
Mexican session. Stringent fugitive
Slave Act.
John Calhoun.
Democrat senator from South Carolina.
Defended slavery. Opposed
compromise. Advocate of states rights
and secession. Spurred notion of
popular sovereignty.
Daniel Webster.
Wig, senator from Massachusetts.
Supported compromised reserve union.
Risk offending his abolitionist voter
base.
b. Stephen Douglas. And Henry Clay worked out Compromise of 1850. That was
my way of trying to say.
c. The bill
i. Admitted California as a Free State.
ii. Stronger fugitive slave law.
1. Required citizens to cooperate.
iii. Utah and New Mexico to popular sovereignty.
iv. Abolish Slave Trade. In DC.
d. Anti slavery sentiments grew in the North in 1852 when Uncle Tom's Cabin was
published.
Kansas-Nebraska Act and bleeding Kansas.
a. Douglas railroad through Illinois, so he created Kansas Nebraska Act.
b. Would have to repeal Missouri Compromise.
c. Personal liberty laws weakening fugitive Slave Act.
d. Kansas, Nebraska. Act.
i. Wigs. Joined Free Soilers to form Republicans.
1. Not abolitionist, but didn't want slavery in territories.
e. Know nothing party formed.
i. Extreme nativism.
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f. Provoked violence and territories.
g. Bleeding Kansas.
i. Border ruffians were for slavery and moved into Kansas.
ii. Two constitutions made and sent.
iii. Pierce, as president, recognized the competent constitution and declared
Kansas a slave state.
iv. John Brown.
1. Radical abolitionist.
v. Extreme violence in the area.
h. Sumner affair.
i. Andrew Butler beat Charles Sumner in Congress.
James Buchanan wins in 56.
a. Buchanan tried to maintain status quo.
Dred Scott.
a. Dredd Scott versus Sandford.
i. Scott was taken to a place where slavery was illegal and declared himself
a free man.
ii. Scott ended up losing.
iii. Justice Taney was pro slavery.
iv. Nullified Missouri Compromise.
b. North in riots.
c. Democratic Party dividing along Sectional lines.
i. Republican Party gaining power.
Lincoln Douglas debates.
a. For Senate seat in Illinois.
b. Lincoln's House Divided speech.
c. Douglas's Freeport Doctrine.
i. Voters and residents of a territory could exclude slavery simply by not
protecting a man's property.
Harpers Ferry.
a. John Brown's raid in 1859.
b. Brown was executed.
c. Important errors.
Election of 1860.
a. Democrats split between Douglas and Breckenridge.
b. Republicans chose Lincoln.
Crittenden compromise.
a. Southern attempt at Union.
South Carolina Secedes from Union. In 1860.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XV.
Civil War
I.
II.
Confederate States of America.
a. South Carolina and six other states.
b. Jefferson Davis as lead.
Attack on Fort Sumter.
a. 1861.
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VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
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War was not solely for slavery, but for keeping the Union together.
Northerners believed they were fighting to preserve union.
Southerners believed they were fighting to preserve state rights.
The Confederacy.
a. Weekly organize.
b. Imposed taxes at the start of war.
c. Davis declares martial law.
d. Some success in modernizing the Southern economy, but lagged behind in
industrialization.
e. Rapid Inflation.
f. Imposed conscription in 1862.
i. Created class conflicts.
The Union.
a. Boost from the war because war related goods were in demand.
b. A lot of war profiteering.
c. Just. Workers were forming unions. Due to decreased wages
d. Lincoln suspended habeas corpus. Initiated printing of national currency.
i. Greenbacks.
Battle of Gettysburg.
a. Southern Pennsylvania.
b. Most northern point of Confederacy.
c. Least troops suffered massive casualties and for forced to retreat.
Gettysburg Address.
a. Redefine war as a struggle not only to preserve union but for human
equality.
Emancipation of enslaved people.
a. Proposed gradual emancipation.
b. Confiscation acts.
i. Gave Congress to seize any slave.
ii. Gave Congress power to liberate any slave.
iii. Lincoln refused to enforce it.
c. Lincoln. Started emancipation because it would diminish the Southern war
effort.
The Battle of Antietam.
a. September 1862. First battle fought in the East. Where union wasn't
defeated.
b. This victory gave Lincoln the platform to announce Emancipation
Proclamation.
c. Show Britain and France the union wasn't a lost cause.
Emancipation Proclamation in 1863.
a. The proclamation allowed Southern states to rejoin Union without giving
up slavery.
b. War for slavery
1864 is when Lincoln gave support for complete emancipation.
a. 13th Amendment.
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XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XVI.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
29
i. Hampton Roads conference to discuss with S about pushing 13th
Amendment but still get vote.
Election of 1864 and end of war.
a. War Democrats.
i. War necessary to preserve union.
b. Copperheads.
i. Accuse Lincoln of instigating a national revolution.
The Draft Riots.
a. New York in 1863.
b. Irish immigrants were victims of nativism.
1865 Union victory was assured.
a. Established Friedman's Bureau to help liberated black people establish a
place.
b. Established schools and social welfare programs.
c. April 1865 Confederate leaders surrender.
Effect.
a. 3 million fought. Half a million died. Government ran up huge debts.
Sherman's March from Atlanta to the sea. Union Army burned everything.
Reconstruction.
Three major questions.
a. Should Southern states be readmitted to Union?
b. What was the status of black people?
c. What should be done with the rebels?
1865 to 1877.
Reconstruction of cities.
10% plan.
a. 10% of voters who had voted in 1860 in election had to swear an oath to the
union.
b. Reorganized State and reapply for admission.
Wade, Davis, Bill.
a. Required 50% of Electra to swear oaths to the US.
b. Lincoln vetoed it.
Andrew Johnson assumed presidency.
a. Johnson's reconstruction plan.
i. Provisional military governments to run states until they are readmitted.
ii. All citizens required to swear a loyalty oath before receiving amnesty.
iii. Constitutions eliminating slavery.
iv. Only slightly worked.
1. Southern legislators passed black codes.
2. Lengthy labor contract.
Congress.
a. Very few were actually elected. Most were appointees.
b. Special Field Order number 15.
i. Land seized from Confederates redistributed to Freeman.
ii. Johnson rescinded the order.
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1. 40 acres in a mule.
iii. Johnson's plan didn't get far and was constantly vetoed by Congress.
c. Congressional Reconstruction.
i. 14th Amendment.
1. If you're born in the US, you are a citizen.
2. States cannot deprive any citizen of life, liberty, property, without
due process of law.
3. Preventive states from denying any citizen equal protection of the
law.
4. Gave states choice either to give Friedman the right to vote or to
stop counting them among their voting population.
5. Barred Confederates from holding political office.
6. Excuse Confederacy War debt
ii. Swing around the circle,
1. Johnson campaigned against the amendment and lost.
iii. Military Reconstruction Act of 1867.
1. Imposed martial law in the South.
2. Required each state to ratify amendment and new constitution to
send to Congress.
iv. House Judiciary Committee initiated impeachment proceedings against
Johnson.
Ulysses S Grant takes Office. In 1868.
a. 15th Amendment.
i. Required states to enfranchise black men.
Failure of reconstruction.
a. New government stimulated industry. Rail development.
b. High tax rates.
c. Opponents waged propaganda war.
i. Southern cooperatives called scalawags
ii. northerners called carpetbaggers
Gilded Age.
a. High corruption.
b. Lots of scandals.
i. Black Friday, 1869.
ii. Credit Mobilier Scandal 1872.
iii. New York Custom House Ring, 1872.
iv. Star Route Frauds, 1872 to 1876.
v. Sanborn Incident, 1874.
vi. Pratt and Boyd Scandal, 1875.
vii. Whiskey Ring, 1875.
viii. Delano Affair, 1875.
ix. Trading Post Scandal, 1876.
x. Alexander Catel and Co Scandal, 1876.
xi. Safe burglary 1876.
c. Intimidation groups.
i. Ku Klux Klan.
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XII.
XIII.
XVII.
I.
II.
ii. White League.
d. Enforcement Act.
i. Allowed Grant to send in federal troops.
e. 1869 rules started loosening up.
i. Slaughterhouse cases.
1. Supreme Court limited 14th and 15th Amendments reach.
2. Held by US versus Cruikshank.
3. US versus Reese Court cleared the way for grandfather clauses.
1872 election.
a. Grant moved further away from radical and moved closer to conciliation.
b. Amnesty Act of 1872.
i. Pardoned A lot of people.
c. Financial panic of 1873.
d. 1876 Southern Democrats regained control of Regions legislators.
i. Call themselves redeemers.
1876 election.
a. Samuel L Tilden, who went after Boss Tweed.
b. Rutherford B Hayes.
c. Compromise of 1877.
i. Hayes would become president if he ended military reconstruction and
pulled out troops.
Black southerners during and after reconstruction.
a. Ambiguous state of freedom.
b. Friedman Bureau was terribly underfunded and ended.
c. Black people preferred sharecropping.
i. Use this form of slavery.
d. Hiram Revels and Blanche Bruce became first black senators.
e. Robert Smalls founded Republican Party in South Carolina.
Development of the West in the late 19th century.
Age of investigation and economic growth.
a. 1876 Edison's workshop in Menlo Park.
i. Invention of light bulb.
ii. Development of power plants.
b. Age of invention because so many technological inventions.
c. Mass production.
i. Massive econ growth.
Industrialization, Corporate Consolidation, and Gospel of wealth.
a. Economics of scale.
i. Faster machines means less labor. Less labor means. Cheaper products.
Cheaper products means more sold.
b. Assembly line production.
i. Humans treated machine like fashion.
ii. Factors were dangerous.
c. Corporate consolidation.
i. Supreme Court was pro business and no regulations on business.
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d. Holding company.
i. Enough stock in various companies to have controlling interest in the
production of a material.
ii. Usually ended up as a monopoly.
e. Horizontal integration.
i. Created monopolies within a certain industry.
ii. Rockefeller.
f. Vertical integration.
i. One company buys out all factors of production from raw to finish.
ii. Carnegie.
g. Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.
i. Law forbidding any combination or conspiracy in the restraint of trade.
ii. Easy Knight versus US.
h. Carnegie promoted Darwin.
i. Survival of the fittest.
ii. Social Darwinism.
iii. Against government regulation.
1. Supported government assistance.
iv. Gospel of Wealth.
1. Bunding research, but not charity.
XVIII.
Industrial America in the late 19th century.
I.
Factories and city life.
a. Reduce the labor costs by hiring women and children.
b. Hired immigrants.
c. Mass transportation allowed suburban sprawl.
d. Immigrants settled in ethnic neighborhoods, in tenements.
i. Black and Latino migrants were at the bottom.
e. Political bosses.
i. Helped poor find homes and jobs in return for votes.
f. Political machines gave services communities would have otherwise not
received.
i. Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall in New York City.
ii. Eventually, Thomas Nast. Drew images of tweets corruption.
g. Knights of Labor, 1869.
i. Labor union.
ii. Goals.
1. 8 hour work day.
2. Equal pay for men and women.
3. Child labor laws.
4. Safety and sanitary codes.
5. Federal income tax.
6. Government ownership or railroad and Telegraph lines.
iii. Increasingly violent and achieving goals.
1. Under Terrence, Powderly began to decline.
iv. Haymarket Square riot.
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1. In Chicago, a bomb went off
h. Pinkerton detective forced to prevent Steel Workers from Protesting.
i. 1892.
i. Pullman Palace Car Factory. American Railroad Union joined the strike.
i. Eugene V Debs was the leader.
1. Eventual leader of American Socialist Party.
j. American Federation of Labor.
i. Follow utopian philosophies.
ii. Samuel Gompers.
iii. Confederation of Trade Unions.
iv. Refused to accept immigrants, black people or women in their
membership.
k. Settlement Houses by Jane Adams.
i. Hull house.
l. Life improving for wealthy and middle class.
i. Reading of newspapers and novels.
ii. Joseph Pollster and William Randolph Hearst.
1. Yellow journalism.
Jim Crow laws and development of South.
a. Landless farmers forced into sharecropping.
i. Rented land through crop Lean system.
1. Keep poor in constant debt.
b. Jim Crow laws.
i. Discriminatory laws.
ii. 1883 Reverse Civil Rights Act of 1875.
c. 1869 Plessy versus Ferguson.
i. Separate but equal.
d. Booker T Washington.
i. Economic improvement for black people.
ii. Seen as accommodationist.
Railroads and Development in the West.
a. Ranching and mining were growing industries.
b. Lincoln's goal to have Transcontinental Railroad.
c. Railroads created cities.
d. 1889 North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington and Montana became
states.
e. 1890 Wyoming and Idaho.
f. Turner/Frontier thesis
i. Frontier was significant in shaping the American character.
ii. Defining the American spirit.
iii. Fostering democracy.
iv. Providing safety valve for the economic distress in urban and
industrial centers.
g. Homestead Act and Morrill Land Grant Act.
i. Offered 160 acres of land to anyone who had lived there.
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ii. Morrill Land Grant Act set aside land and provided money for
agricultural colleges.
h. The US Fish Commission.
i. 1871 to preserve wild fisheries.
i. 1892 Sierra Club founded.
i. John Muir to. Further environmental preservation.
Native Americans.
a. Forced Native Americans onto reservations.
b. Helen Hunt Jackson wrote A Century of Dishonor.
c. Dawes Severalty Act in 1887.
i. Broker reservations and distributed land to each of family.
ii. Assimilation of Native Americans.
d. Ghost Dance Movement in 1889.
i. Through proper ceremony, they could stop American expansion.
ii. Wounded Knee massacre.
Buffalo hunts.
a. Native Americans win the battle at Little Bighorn.
National politics.
a. Gilded Age.
i. Political machines ran cities.
ii. Big business bought votes.
iii. Presidents weren't corrupt, but weak.
1. Hayes, Garfield, Arthur.
a. Focused on civil service reform.
b. Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act Dismantling the
Old spoil system.
2. Grover, Cleveland.
a. Government governed. Best if they govern least.
3. Benjamin Harrison took the opposite track.
a. Meat Inspection Act.
b. Billion Dollar Congress of 1890.
4. Cleveland returned to the White House.
b. Railroad regulation.
i. Munn versus Illinois.
1. 1877.
2. Supreme Court upheld Illinois State law regulating
railroads.
ii. 1886 Wabash decision.
1. Ruled states could not establish rights involving Interstate
commerce.
iii. Interstate Commerce Act.
1. Set up ICC to supervise railroad activities and regulate
practices.
c. Women's suffrage.
i. Susan B Anthony.
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ii. American suffrage movement fought for women suffrage
amendments to the Constitution.
iii. 19th Amendment in 1920.
The Silver Issue and populist movement.
a. Farmers Plan called for use of silver coins.
i. Pitted farmers against banks.
b. Silver versus gold debate provided an issue which farmers could organize
around.
i. Grange movement in 1867.
1. Started with purpose of allowing farmers to buy machinery.
2. Soon started endorsing political candidates and lobbying.
ii. Replaced by Farmer's Alliance.
1. Allowed women like Mary Elizabeth Lease to be politically
active.
iii. Soon became a political party called People's Party, which was part
of the populist movement.
1. Convention in 1892 called Omaha platform.
2. Government ownership of railroads graduated income tax.
3. Direct election of US Senators and shorter work days.
4. 1892 election. James Weaver came in 3rd.
iv. Cleveland took office in 1893 and four years of financial crisis.
1. Progressive movements gained popularity.
2. Socialist, led by Eugene V Debs, gained support in 1894.
v. 1896 election.
1. William Jennings Bryan against McKinley.
a. Bryan campaigned for Free Silver.
b. Best remembered for his Cross of Gold speech that
argued easy money supply would loosen control of
banking interest.
Foreign policy. tariffs and imperialism.
a. By 1900s, America became the leading industrial power.
b. Tariffs
i. No federal income tax until the 16th Amendment.
ii. Congress enacted McKinley Tariff, which raised levels of duty on
imported goods.
iii. Wilson Gorman Tariff - One of the causes for the Spanish American
War.
iv. Increased nationalism led to American business looking for new
markets.
c. Imperialism
i. William Seward said the president for increased American
participation in the Western Hemisphere.
1. Purchase of Alaska.
2. Forcing friends out of Mexico.
ii. Moving into new places to do business was expansionism.
iii. Moving into a new place to take control was imperialism.
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iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
1. Captain Mahan's book The Influence of Sea Power upon
History peaked governments interest.
2. Successful trade relied on foreign ports.
Idea of new Navy.
1. America upgrading Navy power.
Hawaii.
1. Hawaii economy collapsed in 1890 because the US had.
Placed it tariff on it.
a. The US eventually annexed Hawaii.
Cuba.
1. America taking control of Cuban economy.
2. Violent civil war in Cuba.
3. Main affair led to the US driving Spain out of Cuba.
a. Send fleets to Philippines to take Spain out of there
too.
4. Treaty of Paris Spain granted Cuba independence and ceded
Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam to the US.
Teller amendment.
1. US claimed it would not annex Cuba after Spain's departure.
2. Didn't follow. U.S. troops were there for another couple of
years.
Platt Amendment.
1. 1901. Cuba compelled to include series of provisions in the
new constitution.
2. Cuba was not permitted to sign any foreign treaty without
the consent of the US.
3. The United States can intervene in Cuban domestic and
foreign affairs.
4. US granted land to build naval base.
5. Ultimately repealed under FDR under Good Neighbor
Policy.
Philippines.
1. US had a moral obligation to Christianize and civilize
Filipinos.
2. White man's burden?
3. Intense guerrilla warfare.
4. Eventually given independence in 1946.
Insular cases.
1. 1901 to 1903.
2. Constitution did not follow the flag. Congress is free to
administer each overseas possession as it chose, depending
on the particular situation.
Open door policy.
1. Under McKinley to get Asia to trade with the US.
2. US helped Europe subdue Boxer Rebellion.
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Populism and progressivism.
i.
XX.
I.
II.
The emergence of America as a world power.
Progressives
a. came to dominate after populism fell.
b. Adopted goals like direct election and opposition to monopolies.
c. urban middle class reformers who wanted to increase the role of government in
reform.
Progressive movement.
a. More success because they were urban.
b. Progressive movement did not intensify regional or class differences. Roots in the
growing number of socializations.
c. Muckrakers boosted their cause.
i. Journalists who wrote exposes.
ii. The Shame of Cities. History of Standard Oil. The Jungle.
d. WEB Dubois headed (National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People)NAACP.
e. Feminist movement.
i. Sanger use of contraceptives.
ii. Nineteenth Amendment, passed in 1920.
f. Wisconsin plan.
i. Robert Lafollette.
ii. Direct primary elections, progressive taxation and Rail Regulation.
iii. Ballot initiative.
iv. Referendum which allowed public to vote on laws.
v. Recall election which gave voters the power to remove officials.
g. Theodore Roosevelt.
i. Progressive leader.
ii. Roosevelt has Mckinley's VP.
1. Took over in 1901 when McKinley was assassinated.
iii. Broke up major railroad company under Sherman Antitrust Act.
iv. 1904 lesson.
v. Known as the Trust Buster because he used Sherman Antitrust Act against
monopolies.
vi. Meat Inspection Act passed.
vii. Pure Food and Drug Act passed.
viii. Set aside national parks.
h. Taft wins election of 1908.
i. Past 16th Amendment
1. National income tax.
ii. 17th Amendment.
1. Direct election of Senators.
iii. Known for dollar diplomacy.
1. Providing monetary loans to other nations.
iv. Roosevelt versus Taft in 1912 election.
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1. Split the Republican vote.
i. Woodrow Wilson wins election of 1912.
i. Election of 1912.
1. New nationalism
a. Roosevelt 's policies.
2. New freedom?
a. Wilson's Policies.
i. Federal government had to assume greater control
over the business to protect man's freedom.
ii. Committed to restoring competition through greater
government regulations and lowering tariffs.
ii. Federal Trade Commission.
1. Lobbying and Enforce Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914.
2. Federal Reserve System.
a. Gave government greater control over nation's finances.
iii. Spanish flu outbreak in 1918.
iv. Red Scare.
1. Further split Progressive Party.
Foreign Policy
a. Roosevelt.
i. Strong armed Cuba into accepting platt amendment.
ii. Panama Canal.
1. Colombia was asking for a higher price, so US encouraged rebels
to revolt.
2. U.S. military became fixed presence in Panama.
iii. Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine.
1. Latin America Domestic instability constituted a threat to
American security.
2. AKA, Big stick policy.
World War One.
a. Wilson won election of 1912.
b. Following Monroe Doctrine, US should stay out of conflict in Europe.
c. U.S. policy of neutrality in 1914.
d. England imposed blockade on Europe.
i. British government impounded and confiscated American ships.
e. Germany attempted to counter the blockade with submarines and U boats.
i. German submarines sank Lusitania in 1915.
ii. Germans had to see submarine war for for a while.
f. Wilson won in 1916. Campaigning, He kept us out of war.
i. Germany sank the Arabic.
ii. Congress put military into state of preparedness for war.
g. Zimmerman Telegram.
i. Germany getting Mexico to declare war on the US.
ii. 1917
h. In a month, America declared war on Germany.
World War One and its aftermath.
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a. Government took control of all communications.
b. War Industry Board.
i. Created to coordinate industrial and agricultural production.
ii. Slow and inefficient.
c. Government curtailed individual civil liberties.
d. Espionage Act in 1917 and Sedition Act in 1918.
i. Prohibited anyone from using mail system to interfere with the war effort.
ii. Illegal to prevent the sale of war bonds.
e. Selective Service Act of 1917.
f. Schenk versus the United States in 1919
i. Arrested for violation of Espionage Act.
ii. Cannot yell fire in a crowded theater if there's no fire.
g. Useful for suppression.
i. Increased paranoia by the Russian Revolution.
ii. Radical labor unions like IWW.
iii. FBI Created to prevent radicals from taking over.
h. Palmer Raids.
i. Abandoning all respective civil liberties and raiding any place they
thought was dangerous.
i. Committee of Public Information.
i. To increase propaganda.
j. Increasing women in the workforce.
k. Southern Blacks moved to North, creating the Great Migration.
i. Many joined the army.
ii. Army was segregated.
l. Two years after America joined, Germans were ready to negotiate peace treaty.
i. Wilson wanted war treaty to be guided by 14 points.
1. World Peace. Delivered to Congress in 1918.
2. Called for free trade through lower tariffs,
3. freedom of the Seas,
4. reduction of arms supplies,
5. promotion of self-determination,
6. end of colonialism.
7. Called for the creation of League of Nations.
ii. Treaty of Versailles.
1. Germany forced to cede territories to its allies, to disarm and to
pay reparations.
2. The Senate did not. Ratify the Treaty.
iii. League of Nations Debate.
1. Article X.
a. Senate was split into three groups.
b. Democrats who sided with Wilson and accepted entrance
into League of Nations.
c. Republicans who were totally opposed to the league.
i. Irreconcilables.
d. A group of Republicans headed by Henry Cabot Lodge.
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i. Reservationists
2. Wilson didn't accept lodge reservations.
3. America retreated into a period of isolationism.
XXI.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
The new eras, 1920s.
Economy started to grow rapidly.
a. Due to inventions like electrical motor. In computers.
b. Period of affluence.
Pro Business Republican administrations.
a. Life becoming more convenient
b. Government become more pro business.
i. Federal Trade Commission.
c. Unions were suppressed by federal troops.
d. Supreme Court overturned minimum wage law for women and nullified child
labor restrictions.
Presidents
a. Warren Harding,
i. Corrupt advisors.
ii. Teapot Dome scandal.
1. Oil company bribed the Secretary of the Interior to drill on public
lands.
iii. Supported anti lynching laws.
iv. Died in office.
b. Calvin Coolidge,
i. Election of 1924.
ii. Coolidge prosperity.
iii. Lower income tax rates.
c. Herbert Hoover.
Decline in popularity of Labor unions.
a. Companies offering pension plans.
b. More communal spirit at work.
c. Welfare capitalism.
Modern Culture
a. Consumerism.
b. Automobile.
i. Henry Ford.
ii. Allowed for creation of suburbs.
c. Radio.
i. Increase news and advertising industry.
d. More women entering the workplace.
i. Pink color jobs.
e. Role of woman.
i. The Flapper.
ii. Risk ruining reputation by smoking cigarettes and drinking.
f. Movies.
i. Nations idealized self-image on screens.
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g. Sports grew.
i. Babe Ruth.
h. Literature.
i. Fitzgerald, Hemingway, O'Neill.
ii. Known as lost generation.
Harlem Renaissance.
a. Langston, Hughes County Colin Hurston.
b. Growth of black culture.
c. Population of jazz.
i. Louis Armstrong.
Backlash against modern culture
a. Ku Klux Klan grew to more than 5,000,000.
i. Attacked everyone but Wasps.
b. Anti immigration groups grew.
c. Sacco and Vanzetti trials.
i. Anarchists Accused of murder.
d. Emergency Quota Act.
i. Set quotas on different groups.
e. Scopes. Monkey trial.
i. Law forbidding teachers to teach theory of evolution.
ii. Stick with tradition or abandon it for progress.
f. Prohibition.
i. Banned manufacturing, sale and transport of alcohol.
ii. 18th Amendment outlawed American liquor industry.
1. 1917.
iii. Weakened by organized crimes along with her.
1. Gangster era introduced.
iv. 21st Amendment in 1933 repealed.
The Great Depression and the New Deal.
1928 election.
a. Herbert Hoover ran as Republican.
b. October 1929 Stock market fell.
i. Because of high speculation.
ii. Margin buying.
iii. High overproduction.
iv. Government laxity in regulating large business.
c. Effects.
i. Many people lost jobs and savings.
ii. Built shantytowns called Hoovervilles.
iii. Great Plains area in the Midwest turned region to a giant Dust Bowl.
iv. Farmers Holiday Association.
1. Threatened a nationwide walkout in order to raise prices.
v. Hoover was originally for rugged individualism.
1. Campaign projects like Hoover Dam and Grand Coulee Dam.
vi. Hawley-Smoot tariff worsened the economy.
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XXIII.
I.
II.
1. High protective tariff.
vii. Created Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
1. To bail out. Companies.
viii. Bonus Expeditionary force.
1. Canada Thousands of veterans who wanted pay.
Election of 1932.
a. Hoover against FDR.
i. FDR promised relief payments.
The Second World War.
The New Deal
a. extreme reforms
b. First Hundred Days
i. most major programs implemented
c. Emergency Banking Relief Bill
i. poorly managed banks
ii. under the control of larger banks
d. fireside chats
i. broadcast
e. Banking Act of 1933
i. created federal deposit insurance system
f. artificially raise prices
g. Agricultural Adjustment Act
i. AAA
ii. provided payments to farmers to grow more
h. Farm Credit Act
i. loans to farmers
i. National Industrial Recovery Act
i. consolidated business and coordinated their acitives
ii. established Public Works Administration
1. set 3 billion aside
j. Civilian Conservation Corps
i. CCC
ii. grants for states to manage their PWA
k. Tennessee Valley Authority
i. TVA
ii. energy to area and expand operations
l. National Labour Relations Board
m. Securities and Exchange Commissions
i. regulate stock market
The Second New Deal
a. Conservatives opposed higher tax rates
b. relief programs didn’t help raise poor out of poverty
c. Deficit Spending
i. Leftist Huey Long
1. AAA was immoral
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ii. Government policy toward business was too leanient
1. Push towards radicalism
d. The 1935
i. Supreme court
1. started to dismantle some of the programs
2. Schechter Poultry Corp vs. US
a. NIRA was unconstitutional
b. only congress can make laws
c. Wage Prices and Ceilings, max hours etc
3. Court Packing Scheme
a. struck down AAA
b. US versus Butler?
c. Roosevelt attempted to increase the size of the court from 9
to 15 to give him the power to pick justices.
Second New deal.
a. Emergency Relief Appropriation Act.
i. Created Work Progress Administration.
1. Generated more than eight million jobs.
b. Roosevelt Second 100 days.
i. Broaden the power of NLRB.
1. Punish businesses, democratized unions and anti union polices.
ii. Social Security Administration.
1. Retirement benefits for many workers.
iii. Creation of New Deal Coalition.
1. Union members, urbanites, underclass and black people.
iv. Won the 1936 election.
Roosevelt second term.
a. Drafted Judicial Reorganization Bill.
i. Effort at packing the court.
b. Panic of 1937.
i. The economy went into recession.
ii. Causes.
1. Roosevelt, satisfied that the New Deal was doing his job, cut back
on government.
2. Federal Reserve Board tightened the credit supply.
iii. By 1938 evident that Europe will be at war again and had to build up
army.
iv. Administration passed Second AA.
1. Secured by Fair Labor Standards Act.
Foreign policy leading up to World War Two.
a. Independent internationalism rather than isolationism.
b. Washington Conference.
i. Resulting treaty set limit on stockpiling armaments and reaffirmed open
door policy.
c. Kellogg Briand Pact.
i. Condemning war as a means of foreign policy.
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d. Good neighbor policy in Latin America.
i. 1934.
ii. Plot Amendment repealed.
iii. Strong but less threatening military presence in the area.
e. Asia.
i. Japan invaded in 1931.
ii. Japan and China War In 1937, the US sold arms to Chinese.
f. Protectionism.
i. Republican administrations kept tariffs high.
ii. Reciprocal trade agreements Act
1. President To reduce tariffs if it would achieve foreign policy goals.
2. MFN trade status.
a. Lowest rates.
iii. Nye Commission.
1. 1936 Revealed Americans Armed Manufacturers Illegal.
iv. Congress responded with Neutrality Acts.
1. First Neutrality Act prohibited the sales of arms.
2. Second Neutrality Act banned loans to people at war.
3. Third Neutrality Act.
a. Allowed ARM sales and termed cash and carry.
g. FDR won for a third term.
i. Lend Lease Act in 1941.
1. US to lend armaments to England.
ii. Atlantic Charter Conference.
1. Winston Churchill and FDR to declare aims.
a. Disarmament, self-determination, freedom of seas and
guarantees of security.
iii. 1941.
1. Japan forms treaty with Germany and Italy.
2. US response to Japanese aggression by cutting off trade with
Japan.
3. Japan Act, Pearl Harbor in December.
a. America joined war.
World War Two.
a. Tehran Conference.
i. 1943 between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin.
ii. Agreed, and they planned the D-Day invasion.
iii. Split Germany into zones.
iv. Stalin agreed to enter a war against Japan after Hitler had been defeated.
v. D-Day in 1944.
b. Manhattan Project of 1942.
i. Development to develop first atomic bombs.
ii. Ethel & Julius Rosenberg invaded.
c. Hiroshima, and Nagasaki.
i. further American victory
d. War production board.
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i. Allowed government to oversee industry.
ii. Rationing imposed.
iii. Government sponsored scientific research at improving weaponry.
e. Labor Disputes Act of 1943.
i. Allowed government takeover business deemed necessary to national
security.
f. Hollywood Enlisted to Create Propaganda films.
g. Selective Training and Service Act of 1940.
i. First peacetime draft in U.S. history.
ii. Gave way to Selective service system. British.
h. The government restricted civil liberties.
i. Internment of Japanese Americans from 1942 To end of war.
1. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality.
2. Korematsu versus United States.
End of war?
a. The Allies met to discuss the fate of post war Europe in Yalta.
b. Yalta conference.
i. Campaign to drive German army out of the USSR.-Gave Soviet a lot of
Eastern European land.
ii. Create a buffer zone between Soviet Union and Western Europe.
1. Creation of Soviet satellites and dissent of Iron Curtain.
iii. Allies agreed to create the United Nations.
c. Potsdam conference.
i. How to implement the agreements made at Yalta
ii. Truman represented the US.
iii. Atomic bombs in Japan and Japan surrendered soon after.
The home front.
i.
XXV.
I.
II.
III.
Early Cold War.
Two major issues.
a. Survival of combatants.
b. Shape of a new world and what political alliances would form?
The Cold War.
a. No actual fighting, just tensions were high.
b. Fought in proxy wars in Korea and Vietnam.
c. American industry needed imported metals, which required open trade and
friendly relations.
d. America's new foreign power.
Truman and Foreign policy.
a. Tension started when Soviet Union didn't recognize Poland government in exile.
i. Replaced with communist government.
ii. Hungry and Czechoslovakia follow.
b. 1947 communists took over Greece and Turkey.
c. Truman Doctrine.
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i. Cornerstone of a policy called containment.
ii. Started with Long Telegram.
1. US would not instigate war with the Soviet Union, but would come
to the defense of countries if Soviet took over.
d. The Marshall Plan.
i. US sent more than $12 billion to Europe to help rebuild its cities.
ii. Based to European Union.
e. Formation of NATO in 1949.
f. Berlin crisis.
i. The Germany divided into 4 sectors. Berlin divided into 4 sectors.
ii. Respond Soviet response with the blockade on Berlin.
1. Truman airlifted. Resources in for a year.
iii. Berlin Wall, built in 1961.
iv. Creation of National Security Council and Central Intelligence Agency.
1. NSC 68 was a document that said the US should invest in military
spending to help protect against communism.
g. Reconstruction of Japan.
i. Under General Douglas MacArthur, Japan wrote a democratic
constitution. demilitarized and started economic revival.
h. Chinese Revolution.
i. US chose to side with Chiang Kai Shek.
ii. Still communist Overthrow nationalists.
i. Korea.
i. Split into two.
j. Chose to aid French during Vietnam War.
McCarthyism.
a. Anti communist paranoia
b. Investigations into millions of federal employees that were security risks.
c. Alger Hiss found guilty of consorting with the Communist spy.
d. Joseph McCarthy. Claimed to have a list of known communists.
e. Lists were called blacklists.
f. Army MacArthur hearings.
i. MacArthur 's downfall.
Trumans Domestic policy and election of 1948.
a. End of wartime manufacturing.
b. Unemployment levels rose dramatically.
c. People were spending more, causing prices to rise.
d. Truman tried to offer some New Deal style solutions, but conservatism rejected.
i. New round of anti unionism.
e. United Mine Workers.
i. Truman ordered seizure of the mines.
f. Republicans took control of 80th Congress.
g. Truman pursued civil rights agenda.
i. President's Committee on Civil Rights.
ii. Desegregated armed forces.
iii. NAACP won lawsuits.
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iv. Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier.
v. Provoked outbreak of racism from Dixiecrats.
h. Taft-Hartley Act.
i. Prohibited union work environments.-Closed shop.
i. Called Congress and asked them to pass their platform, but didn't pass this single
piece.
i. Do nothing, 80th Congress.
The Korean War.
a. 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea.
b. MacArthur recommended all of confrontation with China.
i. MacArthur was fired for criticizing Truman.
c. 1952 presidential election.
i. Eisenhower was a war hero.
ii. Eisenhower beat. Adelai Stevenson,easily.
Eisenhower years.
a. 1953 to 1961.
b. Time of conformity.
c. Consensus of values.
d. Increase in consumerism.
e. GI Bill of Rights.
i. Allowance for education and living expenses for soldiers.
f. Era of rock and roll.
Domestic politics in the 1950s.
a. Eisenhower sought to balance budget, cut federal spending and ease government
regulation.
b. Interstate Highway system.
c. Termination.
i. Reduce government support of Native Americans.
Civil rights movement.
a. Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka.
i. 1954.
ii. Overturned Separate but equal.
b. Little Rock 9.
i. Had to send National Guard to allow black kids to enroll.
c. Montgomery Bus Boycott.
i. Rosa Parks refused to give up seat.
ii. Martin Luther King Junior brought to the front.
iii. Encourage peaceful protests.
d. Greensboro, NC Sitton.
America versus Communists.
a. Dulles was Secretary of State.
b. Containment, but called it liberation.
c. Dallas coined the phrase massive retaliation to describe nuclear attack that the US
would launch.
d. Deterrence described how Soviet would fear massive retaliation.
e. Mutually Assured Destruction prevented both nations from deploying nukes.
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XII.
f. Brinkmanship.
i. Policy where they could confrontations with the Soviet Union.
g. If South Vietnam fell to communism, then all the other nations would fall, called
the Domino theory.
h. 1953 Khrushchev takes over for Stalin.
i. Hungary and Poland have uprisings.
i. Cold War Arms race.
i. So, what advances in nuclear armed development US creates H bomb
ii. Sputnik is launched, US creates NASA.
j. Taiwan takes Quemoy and Matsu, and China bombs them.
i. Eisenhower suggests the US would defend these islands.
ii. Kennedy uses the 1960 election.
Third world politics.
a. Nationalism swept most countries.
b. Egypt.
i. Suez Canal.
ii. Eisenhower pressured Britain and France to withdraw.
c. Use the CIA covert operations to increase influence.
1960 presidential election.
a. Nixon versus JFK.
b. JFK chose Lyndon B Johnson as running mate.
XIII.
a.
XXVI.
1950s
i.
XXVII.
I.
II.
III.
48
1960s
New Frontier.
a. Fight poverty, racism and other domestic woes.
Kennedy and foreign policy.
a. Cuba.
i. Fidel Castro created coup.
ii. Castro seized and nationalized American property.
iii. Castro signed treaty with Soviet Union.
iv. Eisenhower imposed partial trade Embargo.
v. Bay of Pigs invasion.
1. Invasion failed.
b. The Berlin Wall was built.
i. Symbolic reminder of communism.
c. Soviet agreed to remove missiles from Cuba.
d. Peace Corps.
i. Provide teachers to third world countries to start economy.
ii. Call this nation building.
Kennedy and domestic policy.
a. New Frontier.
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i. Legislation that expanded Social Security and bumped up minimum wage.
ii. Kennedy supported women's rights.
1. Equal Pay Act in 1963.
iii. Civil rights movement.
1. Created integration.
2. Civil Rights Act of 1964.
3. Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
a. Led by MLK.
b. Created sit INS and boycotts.
4. Congress of Racial Equity, Organized Freedom Riders movement.
5. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.
a. Medgar Evers.
Johnson Social Agenda.
a. Civil Rights Act of 1964.
i. Outlawed discrimination based on race.
b. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
i. Enforce Employment Clause of Civil Rights Act.
c. Voting Rights Act of 1965.
i. Enforce.15th Amendment.
d. Economic Opportunity Act.
i. Appropriated $1 billion for poverty relief.
e. Johnson's War on Poverty.
i. Project Head Start for schooling.
ii. Upward bounded. Same for high schoolers.
iii. Job Corps trained unskilled workers.
iv. Volunteers and Service to America acted as Domestic Peace Corps.
v. Legal services for the poor guaranteed counseling.
vi. Department of Housing and Urban Development increased federal aid to
low income apartments.
f. Johnson Social Agenda termed Great Society.
The civil rights movement.
a. Warren Court.
i. Extremely liberal.
ii. Expanded civil rights.
iii. Gideon versus Wainwright.
1. Lawyer would be appointed if he or she cannot pay for one.
iv. Miranda versus Arizona
1. Must be advised of rights.
b. Constant opposition with Ku Klux Klan.
c. Malcolm X.
i. Minister is part of Nation of Islam.
ii. By any means necessary.
iii. Black Power.
1. Black Panthers being front of this violent movement.
New Left feminism and counterculture.
a. Students for a Democratic Society formed.
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VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
i. Port Huron Statement.
1. Leftist political agenda.
2. Called New Left.
a. Elimination of Poverty, racism, and Cold War.
b. Free Speech movement.
c. Fostered number of leftist radical political groups.
Women's movement.
a. The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedman.
b. National Organization of Women.
c. Equal Rights Amendment.
d. Roe versus Wade in 1973?
i. Abortion rights?
ii. Griswold versus Connecticut.
1. Right to privacy.
Gay pride in Stonewall riots
Counterculture.
a. Hippies.
Environmental issues.
a. Silent Spring.
b. On DDT.
c. Clean Air Act.
i. Maintain airborne contaminants.
Vietnam.
a. Nationals Vietnamese resistance called. Vietminh led by Ho Chi Min.
b. Japan Invaded Vietnam during World War Two.
c. Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
i. French defeat.
d. Ho Chi Minh hoped the US would aid them.
e. Geneva Accords in 1954 divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel.
i. Communist in North, everyone else in South.
ii. South Vietnam declares independence.
f. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization forms.
g. Diem versus Vietcong.
i. US continued to support South Vietnam Diem.
1. Sending green berets to help.
h. Under an LBJ.
i. Achieve total victory.
ii. US supported second coup of South Vietnam.
iii. Started bombing countries of Laos to stop North Vietnam from getting
weapons.
iv. Gulf of Tonkin.
1. Two American destroyer ships fired on.
v. Gulf of Tonkin resolution.
1. Allowed President to take any measure necessary to protect
America.
vi. Massive Air Force bombing raids like Operation Rolling Thunder.
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1. Dropped chemical agent like Agent Orange and Alfam.
vii. Americanization of Vietnam War.
1. Protests grew to avoid draft.
viii. In 1968, launched Tet Offensive.
1. Huge damage on American forces.
2. American Embassy in Saigon captured.
ix. My lai massacre.
1. U.S. soldiers abused, tortured and murdered innocent civilians.
XII. Summer of 1968 and election of 1968.
a. Eugene McCarthy versus Robert Kennedy.
i. In Democratic Party.
ii. Also Herbert Humphrey.
iii. MLK and Robert Kennedy assassinated.
iv. Both Humphrey Did not condemn war.
b. Richard Nixon versus Wallace.
i. Richard Nixon elected president.
XIII. Counter counterculture.
a. Phyllis Schlafly.
i. Lobbied against ERA.
ii. Past Congress, but never fully ratified by states.
iii. Lead to conscription of women in war.
b. Nixon one A large amount of conservative votes.
XIV. Nixon, Vietnamization and Detente.
a. Soon began withdrawing troops.
b. Increased intensity of air strikes.
c. Dragged on till 1973, when Henry Kissinger completed negotiations.
i. 1975 Saigon fell.
ii. Vietnam united under communist rule.
d. War Powers Resolution in 1973.
i. To not let any other president go to an undeclared war.
e. Nixon increased trade with Soviets.
f. Nixon made a trip to China to ease tensions.
g. Detente
i. Relaxing tensions between countries.
h. Nixon Doctrine.
i. US Withdraw its overseas troops.
XV. Nixon 's domestic policy.
a. Stagflation.
b. Number of interventionist measures, but none of them worked.
c. Kent State University.
i. 4 protesters shot and killed.
d. 1972 Nixon won reelection.
XVI. Watergate.
a. Two major papers published Pentagon Papers.
i. Government involvement in Vietnam?
ii. Nixon fought aggressively to prevent publication.
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b. Nixon put together a team of investigators called Plumbers.
i. Plumbers sabotaged campaigns of Democratic hopefuls. The Watergate
Hotel.
c. A Senate hearing started.
i. Information was slowly reeled.
ii. Nixon had secretly taped all conversations.
iii. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein were jailed.
iv. Supreme Court ordered Nixon to turn over tapes.
v. Nixon resigned in 1974.
vi. Gerald Ford took office almost immediately and granted a pardon.
XVII. Ford
a. Spiro Agnew.
i. Resigned due to corruption.
b. Nelson Rockefeller.
c. Whip inflation now.
d. Oil embargo against the US increased fuel prices.
XVIII. 1976 won by Jimmy Carter.
a. Carter inherited A weakening economy.
b. Slow economic growth with stagflation.
c. Carter tried to balance budget but failed.
d. Department of Energy to Oversee OPEC.
i. Nuclear power solution.
ii. Three Mile Island failed radioactive material.
e. Negotiated peace between Israel and Egypt.
i. Six Day War.
1. 1967.
ii. Camp David Accords.
1. Broker agreement between two nations.
iii. USSR invaded Afghanistan.
iv. Nicaragua Sandinistas took government.
v. Iran took American hostages.
vi. Gave back Panama Canal.
XXVIII.
Politics and economics at the end of the 20th century.
i.
XXIX.
Society and culture at the end of the 20th century.
i.
XXX.
I.
II.
The US and post-Cold War world.
Reagan
a. 1980 Ronald Reagan became president.
i. Washington Outsider.
b. Republican John Anders. Damage Carter.
Supply side economics.
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III.
IV.
V.
a. Corporate taxes were reduced. Corporations would earn greater profits. Those
profits would be used to hire more employees.
b. Trickle down theory.
c. Large scale regulation.
d. Across the board tax cuts.
e. Many complete tax cuts would hurt the poor.
f. At first, Reagan's economic policy had very little effect.
g. Greater class gap.
Military spending and budget deficits.
a. New Federalism.
i. Goal was to shift power from national government to states.
ii. Social welfare program on state level.
iii. Medicaid completely funded by national government.
1. Never accomplished.
iv. Greatly increased military spending.
v. Strategic Defense initiative.
1. Quickly develop something that could stop mad.
2. Tax cuts and failure. New federalism escalated federal budget
deficit.
Foreign policy under Reagan.
a. Supported right wing insurgents in El Salvador, Panama, Philippines. U.S.
military LED an international invasion of Granada.
b. Nicaragua and surgeons called Contras.
i. Government sold weapons to Iran, who then sold it to Contras.
1. Iran Contra affair.
ii. Critics argue that Iran, Contra, represented constitutional crisis.
c. Marines to Lebanon as a peacekeeping force.
d. Soviet Union.
i. The Evil Empire.
ii. Gorbachev pushed perestroika and glasnost.
1. Lucent Control on Eastern Europe.
George W Bush.
a. Election of 1988 convinced Americans progressive liberalism was destroyed.
b. Traditional American lifestyle.
c. Moral Majority.
d. Persian Gulf War.
i. Saddam Hussein of Iraq invaded Kuwait.
ii. Established coalition in the UN.
e. Operation Desert Storm.
i. Massive air strikes.
ii. No weapons of mass destruction.
iii. Saddam Hussein remained in power.
War.
Afghanistan.
Iraq.
Years.
2001 to current.
2003 to 2011.
Presidents.
Bush. Obama. Trump.
Bush and Obama.
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Conflict.
Outcome.
VI.
VII.
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After 911 prevent al
Qaeda from having
strongholds in
Afghanistan and curb
power of Taliban.
One of the longest wars in
U.S. history.
The War on Terror.
Iraq struggles to rebuild
politically and
economically.
Post 1980 society.
a. Changing demographics.
i. Hispanics and Asians growing.
ii. Immigration Act of 1965.
1. Phased out all quotas.
2. Gave priority to reuniting families and political refugees.
3. Several Cubans to escape Fidel Castro.
iii. Tensions created had to curb illegal immigration.
iv. Immigration Reform and Control Act. 1986.
1. Outlaw the employment of illegal immigrants.
v. Guest worker programs.
1. Bracero program to bring in migrants.
vi. Diversity. Asset Or liability?.
For
Against.
Immigrants enriched society.
Immigration places burn on
American identity based on
social services.
immigration.
American identity threatened
by new cultures.
Clinton presidency.
a. Clinton, first Democrat since Jimmy Carter.
b. Acceleration of Globalism.
i. Interconnectivity of nations by economic agreements.
c. North American Free Trade Agreement.
i. Clinton signed into law in 1993.
d. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
i. Reduce trade barriers and preferential treatment.
e. 1994 congressional election.
i. New Grinches Contract with America Outlined Republican plan. To
reduce taxes, consolidate government programs, reform welfare programs,
and won back control of Congress.
ii. Clinton actually cooperated and led to him winning the 1996 election.
f. The Clinton Lewinsky scandal.
i. Clinton's impeachment during his second term.
g. Whitewater.
i. Dubious real estate.
h. Protection of human rights around the world.
i. Crimes against humanity.
i. Don't ask, don't tell policy.
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j. Both National Health care program and campaign finance reform failed.
VIII. 2000 election.
a. Al Gore versus Bush.
b. George Bush junior won
c. Neoconservatism.
i. Spreading democracy worldwide and putting American corporate interests
first.
IX.
African Americans in politics?
a. 24th Amendment.
i. Banning literacy tests and poll taxes.
b. 1968 Shirley Chisolm, First African American woman elected in Congress.
c. Reverend Jesse Jackson ran for presidential nomination.
d. 2008 Barack Obama elected.
X.
Urban problems?
a. African American continue moving to the North.
b. White middle class families moving to suburbs.
c. Urban rights in the 1960s. Graham Leach, Billy Act of 1999. Repealed Banking
Act of 1933.
i. Widen gap.
d. Rodney King in 1992.
i. Tensions between urban and suburban areas surfaced.
e. Forest Busing of students.
i. Created white flight.
f. Millliken versus Bradley
i. How that inter district remedy for unconstitutional segregation found in
one district exceeded the scope of the violation.
XI.
America and the War on Terror.
a. Osama bin Laden's attack on World Trade Center.
b. Bush got support from NATO to attack Taliban government.
c. Also invented a rock in 2003.
XII. Conservative resurgence.
a. Evangelicalism became big.
b. Billy Graham, Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson.
c. New Right movement.
XIII. Digital revolution.
a. Americans turn to new technologies for personal and business use.
b. Dot com bubble.
XIV. Decline of unions.
a. Taft Hartley Act.
i. Restricted ability to strike.
b. Union busting.
i. Mass firing.
XV. Wage stagnation?
a. Consolidation of wealth in the Upper L Shalom.
XVI. Graham Leach, Billy Act of 1999, Repealed Banking Act of 1933.
XVII. Gender roles.
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a. Increase of women elected to political office.
XVIII. Recent trends.
a. Financial crash of 2008 exacerbated in the mortgage industry.
b. Affordable Care Act.
c. Election of 2016.
d. New Populism?
e.
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