CURRICULUM FET
LIFE SCIENCES
LEARNER MATERIAL
TERM TWO 2024
BACK ON TRACK PROGRAMME
GRADE 10
SESSION 1
TOPIC: CELL DIVISION – MITOSIS
DATE: 13 APRIL 2024
CORE NOTES
Definition
The roles of Mitosis
Site of Mitosis
Key concepts
Cell Cycle
Four Phases: PMAT
Cancer
MITOSIS
The process by which ONE cell divides
into TWO identical cells.
• Growth by producing more cells.
• Repair of damaged tissue.
• Replace dead cells.
• Asexual reproduction
Plant: Meristematic tissue
Animal: Somatic cells
• Chromatin network
• Chromosome
• Chromatid
• Centromere
• Centrosome/centriole
• Spindle fibre
There are two main stages in the cell
cycle:
1. Interphase during which the cell
grows and replicates its DNA.
2. Mitotic phase during which the cell
divides and transfers one copy of its
DNA to two identical daughter cells.
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• Uncontrolled cell division
• Causes
• Treatment
2
LEARNER ACTIVITY:
PHASE
NAME AND DESCRIBE WHAT
HAPPENS DURING EACH PHASE
3
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: MITOSIS
1.1
Various options are given as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the answer and write only the correct letter (A - D) next to the
question number.
1.1.1 Which ONE of the following is INCORRECT about functions of Mitosis?
A
B
C
D
Repairs damaged tissues
Replaces dead cells
Halves number of chromosomes
Promotes growth
1.1.2 During which phase of Mitosis does the nucleolus and nuclear membrane
start to disappear?
A
B
C
D
Telophase
Anaphase
Prophase
Metaphase
1.1.3 Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE about Mitosis?
A
B
C
D
A somatic cell divides to form two unidentical cells
It forms cells to repair and replace worn out or damage tissue
The daughter cells formed have half the number of chromosomes
as the mother cell
It leads to the formation of gametes in humans
1.1.4 Which of the following describes the behaviour of chromosomes during
Anaphase of Mitosis?
A
B
C
D
Chromosomes align themselves along the equator of the cell
Each chromosome replicates and now has two chromatids
Chromatids of each chromosome separate and are pulled to
opposite poles of the cell
Chromosomes appear as a chromatin network
1.1.5 Which ONE of the following can be used to treat cancer?
A
B
C
D
Physiotherapy
Radiography
Ideography
Chemotherapy
4
1.1.6
Which ONE of the following shows the results when a cell with 20 chromosomes
undergoes mitosis?
1.1.7 If a cell divides by mitosis, how many cells will there be after three divisions?
A
B
C
D
1.2
(7X2) (14)
Give the correct biological term for the following descriptions.
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
1.2.6
1.2.7
1.2.8
1.2.9
1.2.10
1.3
3 cells
4 cells
8 cells
16 cells
Description
Thread-like structures that carry genetic information in the form of
genes; made up of 2 chromatids, joined by a centromere
The individual strands of a chromosome
The structure that joins two chromatids of a chromosome
The phase in the cell cycle during which cell growth occurs
The structures in animal cells that give rise to spindle fibres during
cell division
The division of the cytoplasm of a cell during cell division
The use of chemicals to treat cancer
The type of cell division where one parent cell divides to form two
identical daughter cells and the chromosome number remains
the same
A tangled network of DNA and protein located within the
nucleus
The structures formed by the centrioles during cell division
Biological term
Indicate whether each of the descriptions in COLUMN I apply to A ONLY, B ONLY,
BOTH A AND B or NONE of the items in COLUMN II. Write A only, B only, both A
and B or None next to the question numbers (1.3.1 to 1.3.4).
1.3.1
COLUMN I
The phase in which DNA replication takes place
1.3.2
Plays a role in cell division
1.3.3
Diseases caused by abnormal and
uncontrolled cell division.
Chromosomes arrange at the equator
1.3.4
COLUMN II
A: Prophase
B: Telophase
A: Lysosomes
B: Tonoplasts
A: Cancer
B: Scurvy
A: Telophase
B: Metaphase
(4X2) (8)
5
QUESTION 2 (MITOSIS)
2.1
Study the following diagram showing a phase of mitosis
2.1.1 Identify the phase of mitosis represented.
(1)
2.1.2 Identify the part represented by:
(a)
A
(b)
B
(c)
E
(1)
(1)
(1)
2.1.3 Give the LETTER and NAME of the part that carries the genetic
material.
2.2
(2)
(6)
The diagrams below show four phases of a cell undergoing mitosis.
Study the diagrams and answer the questions that follow:
2.2.1 Give the NUMBERS of the diagrams in the correct order in which they
occur in this process.
(2)
2.2.2 (a)
(b)
Name the stage of mitosis visible in DIAGRAM 2.
Give a visible reason for your answer in Question 2.2.2 (a).
6
(1)
(1)
2.2.3 How many chromosomes will be present in each of the daughter cells
shown above after the process is complete?
(1)
2.2.4 Give THREE reasons why mitosis is biologically important.
2.3
(3)
(8)
The diagram below shows a phase during mitosis.
2.3.1 Identify part:
(a)
(b)
(c)
A
B
C
(1)
(1)
(1)
2.3.2 Name the phase illustrated in the diagram above.
(1)
2.3.3 How many of EACH of the following is present in the diagram?
(a)
centromeres
(b)
chromatids
(1)
(1)
2.3.4 State ONE difference between the phase in the diagram and the
previous phase.
7
(2)
(8)
2.4
The root of an onion is a fast-growing part of the onion. Many cells could
be indifferent phases of mitosis. A sample of the tip of an onion was stained
andstudied under a microscope. The different phases of mitosis were
identified and the number of cells in each phase was counted. Results are
recorded in the table below.
2.4.1 Which phase produce the following:
(a)
The highest amount of cells?
(b)
The lowest amount of cells?
(1)
(1)
2.4.2 Calculate the percentage of cells produced during prophase.
Show all workings.
(3)
2.4.3 Draw a bar graph to show the total number of cells in each dividing
phase.
(6)
(11)
2.5
Study the following extract on the treatment of cancer.
2.5.1 According to the extract, name ONE method used in hospitals to
treat cancer.
(1)
2.5.2 What is the name of the genus of the plant used by traditional
healers?
(1)
2.5.3 Explain how ‘destroying the DNA’ can help fight cancer.
(2)
2.5.4 State TWO ways in which scientists can improve the reliability
of the results obtained in the test with the vervet monkeys.
8
(2) (6)
SESSION 2
TOPIC: PLANT TISSUES and TRANSPORT
DATE: 4 MAY 2024
CORE NOTES:
TERMINOLOGY
Cell
The basic unit of life
Tissue
A group of similar cells adapted for a particular function
Transpiration
The loss of water in vapour form from the aerial parts of a
plant
A plant tissue that consists of undifferentiated cells that
are actively dividing
Non-dividing tissue made up of simple and complex
tissues
The movement of water through a differentially
permeable membrane
Meristematic tissue
Permanent tissue
Osmosis
Guttation
Guard cells
Cohesion
Xylem
Phloem
Stomata
Vascular tissue
The excretion of water droplets through the pores of
leaves of a plant as a result of root pressure and an
atmosphere of high humidity
Modified epidermis cells, which control gaseous
exchange in leaves
The mutually attractive force that develops between
water molecules in the xylem elements during
transpiration
The plant tissue that is primarily responsible for the
transport of water and mineral ions in plants
The tissue responsible for rapid conduction of dissolved
organic food in flowering plants
A structure through which gaseous exchange takes place
in the epidermis of leaves
Potometer
Consists of xylem and phloem which transport water and
nutrients in plants
An instrument that measures rate of transpiration
Cuticle
A waxy layer on the outside of epidermis of all landplants
Epidermis
Most outer cellular layer in roots, stems and leaves
9
Wilting
Translocation
Occurs when the cells of the plant loose its tightness
(turgidity) and the leaves appear to be limp and flaccid
when water absorption is less than water loss
The movement of manufactured food (in leaves through
photosynthesis) from the leaves to other parts of the plant
SUPPORT AND TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN PLANTS
PLANT TISSUE is divided into FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES:
1. Meristematic tissue which is responsible for the making of new cells by
mitosis.
2. Epidermal tissue which is the outer layer of cells that cover and protect
the plant.
3. Ground tissue which has air spaces, and manufactures and stores nutrients.
4. Conducting tissue which is responsible for the transport of water and
nutrients throughout the plant.
TRANSVERSE SECTION (T/S) OF A DICOTYLEDONOUS LEAF
GUTTATION
GUTTATION
10
SURFACE OF LEAF EPIDERMIS WITH OPEN STOMA
Epidermal cell: closely packed,
no chloroplasts, possibly
covered with cuticle
Cell wall - thin
Stoma: 2 kidney shaped
guard cells with
chloroplast, stomatal
AN OPEN STOMATA
pore between cells,
POTOMETER MEASURES THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION
11
ROOT HAIR
MOVEMENT (PATHWAY) OF WATER THROUGH THE PLANT
12
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1
Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the correct answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the
question numbers.
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
The tissue in roots that give rise to root hairs, is the…
A
Endodermis
B
C
D
Pericycle
Cambium
Epidermis
Which of the following substances are absorbed by the root
hairs from the soil?
(i)
Mineral ions
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Nitrates
Oxygen
Humus
Water
A
only (i) and (ii)
B
C
D
(i), (ii), (iv) and (v)
(i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v)
(i), (ii), (iii) and (v)
The leaf that is likely to lose water at the highest rate is one…
A
With a thin cuticle
B
Which is hairy
C
Which has a circular cross section
D
With few stomata
13
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.2
The tendency of liquids to move up narrow tubes is called …
A
Capillarity
B
C
D
Transpiration
Root pressure
Transpiration pull
A plant wilts when …
A
the same amount of water is given off as absorbed.
B
the stomata are closed.
C
water loss exceeds water absorption.
D
water absorption exceeds water loss.
(5 x 2)
(10)
Give the correct biological term for each of the following descriptions.
Write ONLY the term next to the question numbers.
1.2.1 The outermost cellular layer of roots, stems and leaves
1.2.2 The loss of water in vapour form from the aerial parts of a plant
1.2.3 The waxy layer that covers the leaf, preventing excessive loss of
water through evaporation
1.2.4 The excretion of water droplets through the pores of leaves of a
plant as a result of root pressure and an atmosphere of high
humidity
1.2.5 A group of similar cells adapted for a particular function
(5 X 1) (5)
14
1.3
Indicate whether each of the statements in COLUMN I applies to A ONLY,
B ONLY, BOTH A AND B, or NONE of the items in COLUMN II. Write A only, B
only, both A and B, or none next to the question numbers (1.3.1 -1.3.3) IN
THE ANSWERBOOK.
COLUMN I
1.3.1 Outgrowths of epidermal
cells in roots of plants
1.3.2 Tissue responsible for the
translocation of
manufactured substances in
plants
1.3.3 Force responsible for
upward movement of water
in plants
COLUMN II
A: Root hairs
B: Stem
A: Xylem
B: Phloem
A: Capillarity
B: Transpiration pull
(3X2) (6)
1.4
Study the diagram of an epidermal stomata on a dicotyledonous leaf
1.4.1 Give the LETTER and the NAME of the….
(a)
(b)
(c)
Specialised cell in which photosynthesis takes place
Part through which transpiration takes place
Organelle that contains chlorophyll
1.4.2 Identify parts B and D.
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(8)
15
SECTION B
QUESTION 2
2.1
Study the diagram showing the path of water through a plant
2.1.1 Identify the tissues labelled 1 and 2.
(2)
2.1.2 Identify cells 3 and 6.
(2)
2.1.3 (a)
(b)
(c)
(1)
(2)
Name the metabolic process that takes place at X.
Define the process mentioned in 2.1.3 (a).
Explain how the process mentioned in 2.1.3 (a) will be
influenced during rainy conditions
(3)
2.1.4 Identify the LETTER and NAME of the pigment which plays an
important role during photosynthesis.
(2)
2.1.5 (a)
(b)
Identify the tissue labelled 4.
(1)
Explain THREE structural features of the tissue mentioned
in 2.1.5 (a) that allows it to perform its function.
(6)
2.1.6 (a)
Make a labelled drawing of structure 7. Include the
cell next to it.
Give the function of the structure drawn in 2.1.6 (a).
(b)
16
(4)
(1)
(24)
2.2
Zandile set up the following apparatus to investigate how temperature
affects transpiration rate.
2.2.1 What is the name of this apparatus?
(1)
2.2.2 Why should this apparatus be allowed to stand before
starting the investigation?
(1)
2.2.3 Give a hypothesis for this experimental investigation.
(2)
2.2.4 Identify the:
(a)
dependant variable
(b)
independent variable
(1)
(1)
2.2.5 The potometer was used to investigate the effect of temperature on
transpiration rate. Study the results in the table below.
Draw a line graph to illustrate these results.
(6)
2.2.6 Draw a conclusion with regard to the relationship between
temperature and transpiration rate?
(2)
(14)
17
QUESTION 3
3.1
Two leafy twigs of two plants with the same surface area were used in
investigations to determine the rate of transpiration under identical
environmental conditions. Study the graph below and answer the
questions that follow.
3.1.1 Which twig (A or B) shows the lowest rate of transpiration?
(1)
3.1.2 State TWO possible reasons for the answer in 3.1.1.
(2)
3.1.3 At what time of the day, according to the graph, were the
rates of transpiration the highest?
(1)
3.1.4 Name TWO ways in which the investigators ensured validity during
this investigation.
(2)
3.1.5 Name any TWO environmental conditions that might affect the rate
of transpiration.
(2)
(8)
18
SESSION 3
TOPIC: ANIMAL TISSUE & HUMAN SKELETON
DATE: 18 MAY 2024
CORE NOTES
ANIMAL TISSUES
Study the following table of the FOUR types of animal tissues, their location
and functions:
Tissue group
Epithelial tissue
(form linings that cover
internal and external
surfaces)
Connective tissue
(binds, supports or
surrounds other tissues
or organs)
Type of tissue
Squamous
(lines internal walls of
cavities i.e. blood vessels,
heart, alveoli, mouth and
esophagus)
Columnar
(lines the alimentary
canal e.g. stomach and
small intestine)
Ciliated
(lines the nasal cavities,
trachea and bronchi in
the lungs)
Cuboidal
(lines glands e.g. sweat
glands and salivary
glands where it secretes
substances)
Cartilage
(tough, elastic tissue that
forms part of the
endoskeleton of
vertebrates)
Bone
(occurs in the various
bones of the
endoskeleton of
vertebrates)
19
Function
Protects underlying tissues.
It prevents friction
Provides support to other
cell types. Absorbs food,
water and minerals.
Movement of the cilia
away from the lungs will
ensure that mucus is
removed.
Produce a variety of
secretions e.g. sweat, milk
etc.
Reduces friction between
bones at joints
Bone is a supporting
framework that gives
shape and rigidity to the
body. It protects organs
e.g. the brain, heart and
lungs. It serves as place of
attachment for muscles
Blood
(Circulates in blood
vessels)
Muscle tissue
(responsible for
movement in different
parts of the body)
Nerve tissue
(Made up of
specialized cells called
neurons. Nerve tissue
that forms the brain
and spinal cord is
known as the central
nervous system. Nerve
tissue outside the
central nervous system
is known as the
peripheral nervous
system.)
Transports nutrients,
hormones, enzymes,
oxygen, carbon dioxide
and waste products in the
body. Plays a role in bloodclotting.
Striated/Skeletal muscle
Responsible for voluntary
(Attached to bone and
actions such as walking
responsible for movement and running
of the skeleton)
Smooth muscle
Responsible for involuntary
(Found in the walls of the
actions e.g. dilation and
alimentary canal,
constriction of blood
bladder, blood vessels
vessels
and uterus)
Cardiac muscle
Responsible for involuntary
(Occurs in the walls of the contraction and relaxation
heart)
of the heart
Motor neurons
Conduct nerve impulses
from the central nervous
system (brain and spinal
cord) to the effectors
(muscles and glands)
Sensory neurons
Conduct nerve impulses
from the receptors (e.g.
sensory organs) to the
central nervous system
(brain and spinal cord)
Interneurons
Conduct nerve impulses
between the sensory and
motor neurons in the brain
and spinal cord
20
TYPES OF NEURONS:
Neurons are specialized cells which connect the brain and spinal cord to all other
parts of the body.
There are three types of neurons, namely sensory (afferent) neurons, motor
(efferent) neurons and interneurons (or connectors).
21
The table below shows the structure and function of these neurons.
A synapse is the functional connection between the axon of one neuron and the
dendrites of another neuron.
22
CORE NOTES: SKELETON
Different types of
skeletons
Hydrostatic skeleton – Skeleton consisting of a fluid-filled
cavity surrounded by muscles
• Exoskeleton – external skeleton on the outside of an
animal’s body
• Endoskeleton– internal skeleton on the inside of an
animal’s body
The human skeleton The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column and rib
can be divided into cage
two main sections:
• Axial skeleton
• Appendicular
skeleton
•
Skull
•
•
•
•
•
•
The skull consists of two groups of bones, namely the
bones of the cranium and the facial bones. The
cranium encloses the brain and protects it. The cranium
of apes is smaller than that of humans.
There is a large opening at the base of the skull called
the foramen magnum for the spinal cord to pass
through.
In humans the foramen magnum is located in a more
forward position and this enables humans to walk on
two legs, a characteristic called bipedalism.
In African apes the foramen magnum is located in a
more backward position.
Apes generally use all four limbs for locomotion and
they are quadrupedal. (links with Human Evolution in
Grade 12).
The upper jaw of humans is fused to the skull and the
lower jaw articulates with the base of the skull. The jaws
of the human are smaller than that of apes.
23
Appendicular
skeleton
The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle,
upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs.
The pectoral girdle consists of the 2 scapulae and 2 clavicles.
Each upper limb consists of different kind of bones i.e. the
humerus (long bone), ulna (largest bone in the forearm),
radius, carpals, metacarpals (bones that form the palm of the
hand) and phalanges (bones that form the fingers).
The pelvic girdle consists of 2 hip bones. The hip bones are
made up of 3 fused bones i.e. the ilium, ischium and the pubis.
The hip bones are attached at the back by the sacrum.
The human pelvic girdle is shorter and wider to support the
greater weight due to the upright posture of humans. Apes
have a longer and narrower pelvic girdle. (links with Human
Evolution in Grade 12).
Each lower limb consists of the femur (longest and largest
bone in the human body), the patella (kneecap), tibia, fibula,
tarsals, metatarsals and the phalanges (toe bones).
Humans have shorter arms and longer legs while apes have
shorter legs and longer arms. (links with Human Evolution in
Grade 12).
24
QUESTION 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (ANIMAL TISSUE + SKELETON)
1.1 Various options are given as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the answer and write only the correct letter (A - D) next to the
question number.
1.1.1 A motor neuron carries a nerve impulse to…
A
B
C
D
a receptor
an effector
the brain
the cell body
1.1.2 A neuron that transports an impulse from the receptor to the central
nervous system.
A
B
C
D
Axon
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
Dendrite
1.1.3 The type of connective tissue that prevents friction between bones and
joints.
A
B
C
D
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage
Blood
1.1.4 The muscle tissue responsible for voluntary actions such as walking and
running.
A
B
C
D
cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
unstriated muscle
25
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
1.2.6
1.2.7
1.2.8
1.2.9
1.2.10
1.2.11
1.2.12
1.2.13
1.2.14
1.2.15
1.2.16
1.2.17
1.2.18
1.2.19
1.2.20
Give the correct biological term for the following descriptions.
Description
A type of epithelial tissue lining the mouth and blood
vessels
A cell type that transmits nerve impulses
A structure that attaches muscle to bone
The type of epithelial tissue lining the alimentary canal
The type of muscle tissue found in the heart
A connective tissue found under the skin that insulates
the body and acts as packaging material
Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from the central
nervous system to the effector.
Connects a sensory neuron to a motor neuron in the
central
nervous system.
Structure that receives a stimulus and converts it into
an impulse
Gland or organ that brings about a response to stimuli
received by the body
The type of skeleton that consist of the skull, vertebral
column and rib cage.
The opening at the base of the skull through which the
spinal cord passes.
The part of the skull that surrounds the brain
Organisms that walk on two legs
The longest and largest bone in the human body.
The bones in the fingers and toes
The kneecap
The girdle that consist of the ilium, sacrum and ischium
Tissue that joins bone to bone
The type of muscle that occurs in the heart
26
Term
SECTION B
QUESTION 2
2.1
The diagram below represents a type of neuron found in the human body.
2.1.1 Identify the type of neuron shown.
(1)
2.1.2 Gebruik slegs die letters A, B en C, en gee die korrekte volgorde vir die
oordrag van 'n impuls langs neuron 1.
(2)
2.1.3 Explain how the speed of transmission of impulses will differ for
neuron 1 and neuron 2.
2.1.4 Explain why a person will feel the stimulus but will not be able to
respond if only this type of neuron is damaged.
2.2
The diagram below shows the skeleton of a greyhound dog.
27
(3)
(3)
(9)
2.2.1 The bones of the skeleton of the greyhound are similar to those of a
human being.
Identify the bones labelled:
(a)
A
(1)
(b)
B
(1)
(c)
D
(1)
2.2.2 Name the type of joint found at:
(a)
C
(b)
E
(1)
(1)
2.2.3 Suggest why the pelvis of the greyhound is long and narrow as opposed
to that of humans which is short and wide.
(2)
(7)
2.3
Humans are bipedal organisms.
2.3.1 Describe what is meant by bipedalism.
(2)
2.3.2 Explain how each of the following skeletal structures have contributed to
bipedalism in humans:
(a)
(b)
(c)
2.4
Foramen magnum
Pelvic girdle
Spine
(2)
(2)
(2) (8)
Diagrams A and B show the ventral (bottom)view of the skulls of two organisms.
The diagrams are NOT drawn to scale.
2.4.1 Which diagram represents the skull of a bipedal organism?
(1)
2.4.2 Give ONE visible reason for your answer to QUESTION 2.4.1
(1)
2.4.3 Explain the significance of the shape of the spine that is associated with
the skull in diagram B.
(2) (4)
28
QUESTION 3
3.1
The graph below shows the results of an investigation to show the incidence
of osteoporosis using a sample of men and women of different ages.
3.1.1 In the above investigation identify the:
(a)
(b)
Independent variable
Dependent variable
(1)
(1)
3.1.2 Write down an investigative question for this investigation.
(2)
3.1.3 State ONE way in which the reliability of the results could be
improved, other than repeating the investigation.
(1)
3.1.4 Write down a conclusion from the results.
29
(2)
(7)
3.2
Learner activity:
Cut out the bones on the following page and build your own human skeleton by
pasting them in the correct place.
30