Addis Ababa Science and Technology University College of Architecture and Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Company Name: BamaCon Engineering plc. Final Internship Practice on: Building Prepared By: Surafel Abebaw ID No: ETS 0963/07 Section: 2 Period of internship: February 26 to June 16 2018 Company supervisor: Fisseha Gebre Academic supervisor/Advisor: Mulugeta A. June, 2018G Acknowledgement First of all I would like to thank the almighty God for all the blessings he has given me. Next, I would like to recognize Addis Ababa Science and Technology University for its provision of this curriculum. I also want to express my deepest gratitude to the site Engineer Ato Fisseha Gebre for his great support and guidance throughout the program. I would also like to acknowledge my universities mentor instructor Mulugeta and our company foremen Ato. Mohamed, Ato. Girma and general foreman Ato. Wibishet for their tremendous help throughout the internship program. Last but not list I want to thank my families and friends who helped me in every single time being on my side. Internship Certificate The under signed declare to the department of civil engineering in Addis Ababa Science and Technology University is that this final internship report is my own work and all sources of materials used to the final report for internship program have been done. Name: Surafel Abebaw Signature_____________ Date 18 June 2018 The under signed approve the above student has completed his internship program for four month period under my supervision. Approval of supervisor Mr Fisseha Gebre Signature _____________ Date 18 June 2018 Approval of university mentor Mr Mulugeta A. Signature_____________ Date: 18 June 2018 Page | i AASTU Executive Summary It is a clear fact that the knowledge of construction engineering cannot be upgraded without practical experience in each field of the subject matter. This paper is a written report about the internship program which was planned to help civil engineering students grasp practical know-how of civil engineering projects, their design, implementation, evaluation and management in general. This is a report on the internship program that lasted for four months from February 26 to June7, 2018. I have been learning the vital roles of civil engineer. I was able to see and supervise how the constructions of different parts of a building takes place. Furthermore, I was working on some office works. I prepare take off sheet for form work, concrete work and reinforcement bar schedule. In doing so, I have developed my theoretical knowledge and practical skills. This report discuses my overall internship experience that lasted for four months. It has four main portions. The first part discusses the company’s brief history, organization and work flow and current status and affaires of the company in the construction industry. The second section talks about the overall internship experience, staring from how I had the opportunity to enroll in the company and going on to the main tasks I performed and some major site observations that I made. The third section focuses on the overall benefits I gained from the internship program. I discussed these benefits in to aspects of what I gained including improving my practical skills, upgrading my theoretical knowledge, communication skills, team playing skills, leadership skills, work ethics and entrepreneurship skills. The last section suggests some remedial measures that the company should take in regard to some technical errors that I have witnessed on the site. And I have stated my overall assessment of the whole internship experience and indicated some improvements that I believe can make it easy for this program to meet its objective. In short it explains the experiences I have gained during my four month stay. And I have tried to discuss them with much relation to what I have learnt in the classroom for the last three years. Also I must admit it was an exciting four month journey, for me since it was an eye opening practical work experience. Page | ii AASTU Table of Contents Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................... Internship Certificate ..................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... ii List of figures................................................................................................................ v List of tables ................................................................................................................ vi Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Over view of the company ............................................................................ 2 1.2.1Brief description of company profile ............................................................ 2 1.2.2 Mission Statement ........................................................................................ 3 1.2.3 Services ........................................................................................................ 3 1.2.4Machinery and Equipment ............................................................................ 3 1.2.5 Work flow structure ..................................................................................... 6 1.2.6 Past and Present Performance ...................................................................... 6 2 Over all internship experience ................................................................................. 11 2.1How did I get into BamaCon Engineering PLC? ............................................... 11 2.2Tasks I have been Executing .............................................................................. 11 2.2.1 Site works .................................................................................................. 11 2.2.1.1 Form-work construction for slab, column and shear wall. .................. 12 Form work for stair case ............................................................................. 16 2.2.1.2 Reinforcement work ............................................................................ 18 2.213 Concrete work ....................................................................................... 22 2.2.1.4 Reinforced concrete structures ............................................................ 30 2.2.2 Office Works.............................................................................................. 34 3 Overall benefits I gained from the Internship .......................................................... 35 3.1 Improving Practical Skill .................................................................................. 35 Page | iii AASTU 3.2 Improving theoretical knowledge ..................................................................... 36 3.3 Improving Interpersonal Communication skill ................................................. 36 3.4 Improving my Team Playing Skill .................................................................... 36 3.5 In Terms of Improving Leadership Skill ........................................................... 37 3.6 Understanding about work ethics and related issues ......................................... 37 4 Problems Identified and Solution Proposed ............................................................. 38 4.1Problem faced due to price escalation ................................................................ 38 4.2 Problem faced due to failure of Tower crane .................................................... 38 4.2 Problem faced due to Electrical works .............................................................. 38 5 Conclusion and Recommendation ........................................................................... 39 5.1Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 39 5.2 RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................... 40 Appendix .................................................................................................................... 41 References .................................................................................................................. 42 Page | iv AASTU List of figures Figure 1Past and Present Performance ........................................................................ 10 Figure 2 scaffoldings .................................................................................................. 13 Figure 3 slab form work.............................................................................................. 14 Figure 4 column form work ........................................................................................ 15 Figure 5 shear-wall form-work ................................................................................... 16 Figure 6stair form work .............................................................................................. 17 Figure 7 Storing of form-work .................................................................................... 18 Figure 8 top bar spacer “kebeleto” .............................................................................. 19 Figure 9 spacer............................................................................................................ 19 Figure 10 top reinforcement for slab........................................................................... 19 Figure 11overlap of column bars ................................................................................ 20 Figure 12reinforcement bar f ...................................................................................... 20 Figure 13shear-wall reinforcement ............................................................................. 21 Figure 14stair reinforcement ....................................................................................... 21 Figure 15 electrical junction box or scattola ............................................................... 22 Figure 16cement store................................................................................................. 23 Figure 17 coarse aggregate ......................................................................................... 24 Figure 18 fine aggregate ............................................................................................ 24 Figure 19 water storage tanks ..................................................................................... 25 Figure 20volume batching .......................................................................................... 25 Figure 21 concrete mixer ............................................................................................ 26 Figure 22 transporting concrete with tower crane and skip ........................................ 27 Figure 23 concrete pumping ....................................................................................... 28 Figure 24 placing and compaction of concrete ........................................................... 29 Figure 25 curing.......................................................................................................... 30 Figure 26flat slab ........................................................................................................ 30 Figure 27slabhypoxic admixture................................................................................. 31 Figure 28 screeding..................................................................................................... 31 Figure 29 column casting ............................................................................................ 32 Figure 30 column ........................................................................................................ 32 Figure 31 shear wall.................................................................................................... 33 Figure 32 stair case .................................................................................................... 33 Page | v AASTU List of tables Table 1Machinery and Equipment ................................................................................ 5 Table 2 Past and Present Performance .......................................................................... 8 Table 3 take-off sheet format ...................................................................................... 34 Table 4 Reinforcement bar schedule format ............................................................... 35 Page | vi AASTU Introduction I was on internship program for one full semester at BamaCon Engineering plc. The site I worked for the past four months is located at Woreda 8 Lideta Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Mexico area, which is called Alsam site. The project is 2B+G+19 Hotel Apartment building. The client is Alsam plc. the contractor is BamaCon Engineering plc., the consultant is Brhanu mussa Architecture & Engineering Consultant, and the contract manager is Life Consult. The company took the sub structure project on September 15, 2016 and the super structure on June 22, 2017 for a contract amount of Birr 221,940,353.85 this contract is changed by a supplementary contract agreement after 13th floor due to price escalation. The supplementary contract is Birr 236,866,942.65 including 5% contingency and 15% VAT. The project has a short schedule. Only 14 months are granted to complete the super structure work and only 21 day to finish each floor with their vertical members. the project was on the transition from 12th to 13th floor when I started the internship program and when I finished the program 17th floor work was being completed so I was lucky enough to see almost five floors work of flat slab and other vertical members like column, shear walls and stair cases. The sub-structure rests on 3,500m2 area while, the superstructure have different sizes, from ground floor up to second floor 2900m2 , third floor 2700m2, and from 4th to 19th floor have a typical area of 2600m2. Page | 1 1.2 Over view of the company BamaCon Engineering PLC is a share, privately owned construction firm with a reliable record of accomplishment and a bright prospect that matches its high aspiration. The following volume is an attempt to profile that track record, the prospect and the aspiration from its effective operating system springs. This profile includes Mission statement and brief history of BamaCon Engineering PLC Its Organizational structure and operating systems Its existing capacity and experience The inclusion of these elements in the profile, we presume, will give the concerned reader an insight on the substance BamaCon Engineering PLC 1.2.1Brief description of company profile Established as a grade VII construction firm in 2005 using the name of the owner and general manager as Girma Gelaw Building Contractor, BamaCon Engineering registered with the ministry of infrastructure, has grown to be a very competitive Grade I Building Contractor with favorable prospects for a role of excellence in the construction industry.In the thirteen years of its growth, the firm has always believed that capacity dependsmore on organizational and human .resource development than on equipment andfinance. In this belief, the firm has invested a significant portion of its time and money on: Retaining and developing a highly professional management team. Training and motivating its technical staff, from the craftsmen to the senior engineers, to achieve and maintain high standards. Devising and practicing a modern and effective organizational structure. Solicit counseling and conduct selected research to assist in strategic planning. Devising and continuously improving on a system of operation that is guided by written head office and project guide lines, both of which were the result of the combined efforts of professionals of high standards. And the result has been a firm with a work force that can take on any challenge in the form of a construction job. With respect to capacity in terms of equipment, while acquisition of major machinery has been dictated by the need to satisfy the regulatory body’s (ministry of infrastructure’s) capacity requirements, special emphasis on equipment that are specifically appropriate to BamaCon Engineering’s own method of construction were also sought and acquired. Hitherto, financial capacity has always been commensurate to the cash flow requirements of the projects. This has been partly Page | 2 due to the firm’s good credit record with clients, insurance companies, banks and construction material suppliers perhaps the most important creditors to any construction firm. Looking back, the path BamaCon Engineering PLC traveled over the last years seems to be a path of initiation for the competitive challenges of the third millennium. 1.2.2 Mission Statement We the leaders and followers of this business entity as a team shall: Ever survive as a business entity that is committed to the creation of excellent values that always strives to balance the utility needs of customers, employees, managers and shareholders. Create and sustain a combination of individual excellence (manifested in purposeful, visionary and exemplary leadership of our management) and communal values (expressed as the creative, harmonious, and motivated team spirit of our employees) that will ensure the vitality, strength and propagation of our business entity. Uphold the maxim that (“All things are changing and we are changing with them”) since change is a universal and continuous phenomenon that positively affects our customers, employees, managers and shareholders, so as to always prepare and provide for change, however violent. 1.2.3 Services BamaCon Engineering PLC, through years of vast experience dealing with project management and contract administration issues in different construction projects, has specialized in construction of: Residential Houses Office Building Complexes Hospitals Hotels Factories Warehouses Multi-Purpose Buildings 1.2.4Machinery and Equipment Item Equipment type Brand Year of Capacity Qty. Owner Man. A. Vehicles 1 Pickup Toyota, Japan 2008 10qtl 1 Owned Toyota, Japan 1986 10 qtl 1 “ Mitsuibshi, Japan 2008 10 qtl 1 “ Page | 3 1987 15m3 2 “ (Double Nissan UD, Japan 2006 14m3 1 “ Mitsubishi, Japan 2006 14m2 2 “ ISUZU, Japan 2008 30 qtl 1 “ ISUZU, Japan 2010 30 qtl 1 “ Toyota, Japan 1990 4 person 1 “ IVECO Turbo 2 Dump truck Axel 3 ISUZU 4 B. Machineries 1 Tower Crane Simma GT 183,Italy 2002 6 Tom 1 “ 2 Crane KATO, Japan 1995 10 Ton 1 “ 3 Excavator CAT-212BFT 1991 104HP 1 “ CAT-DL320 2008 140HP 1 “ Bin Ford 1989 5 Ton 1 “ BMW 2006 10 Ton 1 “ Heavenly ZL 15C 2002 5m2 1 “ 2008 48HP 1 “ Lombardini, Italy 2008 750lit 12 “ Lombardini, Italy 2006 360 lit 16 “ 2006 6 “ 2006 3 “ 15 Owned 22 “ 4 5 Roller Loader C. Equipment’s 1. Stone Crusher 2 Concrete Mixer 3 Plate compactor 4 Tamper Honda, Japan 5 Concrete vibrator Robin, Japan Exen Electrical Page | 4 Item Equipment type Brand Year of Capacity Qty. Owner Electrical 1 inch 4 “ Lombardini, diesel 2.5 Inch 1 “ 2 inch 2 “ 3 inch 2 “ Man. 6 Water Pump Robin Japan D. Surveying Instrument 1 Theodolite Sokkia 1 “ 2 Level Sokkia 5 “ E. Miscellaneous Items (Formwork, etc.) 1. Formwork (steel) Steel 6000m2 - “ Plywood 16,000m2 - “ 2 Props 4500pcs - “ 3. Tubular Prop (External 2500pcs - “ 16,000m2 - “ Wood 800pcs - “ Aluminum 600pcs - “ 1000m2 - Owned Scaffolding) 4 Slab Scaffolding g 5 I-Beam for Formwork 6. Scaffolding for Steel plastering 7 8 Generator Reinforcement Coverage area Robin,Japan 2008 5kva 1 “ China 2006 12.5kva 2 “ China 2007 15Kva 8 “ bar China 2006 12-24 2 “ HCB China 2007 1000pc/day 2 “ 8000lit 2 “ 5000lit 4 “ 1000lit 4 “ bending machine 9 Mechanical making machine 10 Water tanker Table 1Machinery and Equipment Page | 5 1.2.5 Work flow structure Managing Director Deputy General Technical Manager Manager Equipment and Operations Manager Finance and Engineer Projec Contract Procuremen Store Equipment Administrat ing t Administra t and Supply Keeper Operators Department Construct Quantity Account ion Surveyor ants Engineer Purchas er Site Office Engineer Cash Forem Site Engineer Accounting System 1.2.6 Past and Present Performance The following table summarizes major construction jobs BamaCon Engineering PLC took over the past four to five years which are relevant to the current job at hand in nature and complexity. Page | 6 No. Project type Employer Period Of % Contract of Prime work Contracto Complete r d (P) Mixed Use Buildings 1. Mixed-Use-A.A Ato Alemayehu Tameru 540 days 100 P 2. Mixed-Use –A.A Ato Mesfin Mengesha 730 days 100 P 3. Mixed-Use –A.A OMEDAD PLC 1,095 days 100 P 4. Mixed-Use –A.A NEHCO Trading PLC 720 days 100 P 5. Mixed-Use –A.A Ato Jonny Seifu 730 days 100 P 6. Mixed-Use –A.A Afework Int. Group 540 days 100 P 7. Mixed-Use –A.A Atkilt Tera Mar. Center 1,080 days 89 P 8. Mixed-Use –A.A Dagi PLC 450 days 100 P 9. Mixed-Use –A.A Military Tera Merchants 420 days 100 P S.Co. 10. Mixed-Use –A.A Admas Zemenawi 610 days 93 P 11. Mixed-Use –A.A Ato Bahiru Abraham 540 days 100 P 12. Mixed-Use –A.A Ethiopian Evangelical 365 days 100 P Church Mekane Yesus 13. Mixed-Use –A.A Adika tour & Travel 365 days 100 P 14. Mixed-Use –A.A Enat Real Estate 730 days 100 P 15. Mixed-Use –A.A Emiru Elizabeth 320 days 100 P Alemayehu 720 days 100 P 545 days 100 P Trade & 730 days 57 P Ato Ayele G/medhin 140 days 100 P & Business Hotel Buildings 1. Saromaria Hotel Ato Nigussie 2. Hotel –A.A. Ato Habtamu Desta 3. Hotel –A.A. Alemgenet Industry 4. Hotel –A.A. Apartment Building Page | 7 1. Apartment-A.A Ene Tsehaye Zemui 300 days 100 P 2. Apartment-A.A AL SAM PLC 570 days 93 P 3. Apartment-A.A SACUUR Real Estate 450 days 38 P PLC Hospital Buildings 1. Hospital-A.A Ato Berhane Dagnew 240 days 100 P Factory Buildings 1. Factory- B IHRAK Int. PLC 240 days 100 P 2. Factory -B STEELY RMI 365 days 100 P 3. Factory -B Kanoria Textile 600 days 100 P Rwanda Embassy 365 days 100 P Office Buildings 1. G+3 Office Table 2 Past and Present Performance AMBASSADORMIXEDUSEBUILDING Owner-Ambassador Garment & TradingPLC Location–Arat-Killo, Project Status – Ongoing (88% Completed) Page | 8 Bahiru Mixed Use Building Type – Mixed Use Building Time of Commencement – May Bloomtech Shop & OfficeComplex Location – Kazanchis, Next To Radison Hotel. Owner – Bloomtech PLC. Page | 9 Project: - Four Point By Sheraton, 2B+G+23 Hotel Building Project Location: - Bole, Flamingo Project Status: - 57% Completed RAKEB & NAHOM MIXED USE BUILDING PROJECT Project Status: Completed Location – Bole Road, Around Japan Embassy, Next To Ethio-Ceramic Head office. Owner: RANG PLC. Figure 1Past and Present Performance of BamaCon Page | 10 2 Over all internship experience 2.1How did I get into BamaCon Engineering PLC? An internship program is planned to create a good interaction between universities and industries, and also create students that have the capability of facing and solving practical problems. Because of these reasons Addis Ababa Science and Technology University has given a great attention to this program in helping students. Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, College of Architecture and Civil Engineering gave me internship placement request letter to search for hosting company. I requested Justice and BamaCon Construction firms and MH consulting firm for internship acceptance. Justice accepted me without any precondition but BAMACON and MH requested me to submit my grade report and after evaluating my grade report they accepted my request. I have received an acceptance letter from all the three firms however I chose to join BamaCon Engineering PLC for my next internship program, and then I have submitted the acceptance letter to Addis Ababa Science and Technology University. On the 26th of February 2018, I went to BamaCon Engineering plc. main office. They gave me a chance to choose the nearest site from my house, and I have selected Alsam site then I came to start my internship program, by giving the evaluation paper to the site engineer Ato. Fisseha Gebre. 2.2Tasks I have been Executing I have been executing two types of tasks during the internship program the works are divided in to two parts. These are: Site work Office work 2.2.1 Site works In the site work, I have been observing, studying, and supervising different tasks on the site. During my responsibility on site I have witnessed that project was very fast, and in each single day there were form work, bar production and placing, and concrete casting. The goal was to finish a slab floor and its vertical members within 21 days as stated on the supplementary contract agreement number 3. When I started my internship program the project was at a transition from the 12th to 13th floor, and at the end of my 4th month we have finished 17th floor slab and its vertical elements so I had the opportunity to work five slabs and its vertical members. Works in which I have seen and participated are listed below. Page | 11 This are:Form-work construction for slab, columns, shear walls, lift shafts, and stair cases. Reinforcement placement for slab, columns, lift shafts, shear walls and stair cases. Concrete casting for slab, column, lift shaft, shear walls, and stair cases. 2.2.1.1 Form-work construction for slab, column and shear wall. Form-work is a temporary structure used as a mound to cast the members of the structure at site. Form-work is also known as false-work or shuttering. Form-work is erected at its correct position before concrete is poured in it. Poured cement concrete is consolidated in the form-work and allowed to harden to gain strength. The formwork is allowed to remain in position till the poured concrete gains sufficient strength and can withstand the loads coming on it without the help of the formwork. After this, the form work is stripped off. Form work is quite a costly item and hence its proper design and construction can reduce the cost of the construction considerably. In our site when a lot of similar elements like shear wall, stair case, and columns are to be constructed, a good deal of saving is adopting by using a form work which could be used for a number of times. For this form work is constructed in such a way that stripping and erection involves least labor and with no possibilities of damage. Form-work in our site is done by two subcontractors working directly under the contractor (BamaCon Engineering plc.). The work is given for two sub-contractors in order to save time. The form work we have been using in our site are timber forms. We selected timber for the following reasons: 1. It is easy to erect 2. It is economical 3. It can be made in any shape and size as per requirement But timber forms suffer disadvantage of warping, swelling, and shrinkage effect. To minimize these defect we cover the wooden form work by coating it with release oil. This coating prevent the concrete from adhering to the form work. Form-work for slab The site I have been working is designed as a flat slab with neither drop panel nor column head also called flat plate, so the form work needed for the slab is bottom and side forms. Before laying form work (plywood) we set up a temporary structure to Page | 12 support the formwork. In our site we have been using a scaffolding, the scaffolding provides a working platform without obstructing the space below it. The scaffolding consists of vertical posts fixed to common sole (leg) piece at their base and to a head piece at the top. Joists are supported over head piece and lastly decking beams are placed on top of the head piece. After this, the formworks (plywood’s) or foundo are placed on the decking beams end to end covering the area of the slab and some additional for working space. Figure 2 scaffoldings Page | 13 Figure 3 slab form work Supervision of slab form work Before casting of concrete starts, the formwork foreman and I checks that: Are the he scaffoldings are at the required spacing Are the scaffoldings are securely braced and have a firm bearing Are the scaffoldings are at the right level (the head and the soles are leveled at 24cm and the body is 2.4m totally they give us 2.88m.) Has the form work has the right dimension Are the plywood properly done and free from any holes and dirt? Form-work for column The first thing in constructing column form work was finding the center of the column and marking the required dimension for bracing a box with cracheri prepared by allowing 7cm. in each direction for the form work, then after the reinforcement bar are placed, timber framed Sheathing and the yokes will joined by nail. A column form work consists of the following elements: Sheathing: These are vertical timber planks provided all along the perimeter of the column. These are generally 2cm. thick plywood and also known as sponda. Yoke : The side and end yokes consist of two numbers each and are suitably spaced along the length of the form work Page | 14 Figure 4 column form work Supervision of column form work For the safety of the workmen and the concrete structure itself its assembly and bracing should be carefully inspected for strength by the supervisor. Before casting concrete, the form-work foreman and I checks the form-work for the following requirements. Have all the joints been sealed to prevent grout loss? Is the form work correctly aligned? Has the right number of ties (yokes) been used and are they are in the right place? Are all the ties (yokes) properly tightened? Form-work for shear-walls and lift shaft Vertical member referred to as weraj are fixed based on center to center measurement. Then one side (internal side) of the formwork is placed in order to support the bars to be placed. It is supported by horizontal woods called kerebat, which are pined in the vertical wooden members called quami externally to help the ply wood stay stiff then plywood is erected on the other side of shear wall, then after the correct dimension and alignment is checked using tape and rope which are projected using plumb bob or tumby. After that the form work is fixed with kerebat . Page | 15 Super vision Vertical and horizontal alignments are checked using tape and plumb bob. Rope (sibago) are placed laterally and they are projected vertically to the next kerebat using plum bob and the distance from the rope to the shear wall is checked using tape. Figure 5 shear-wall form-work Form work for stair case Panels are laid as a form work for soffit on the supporting members called props standing on different level on the lower floor stair. Then lateral form work is done by measuring 30cm for the going and 15cm for riser. Supervision First we checked the level of the landing of the stair cases as discussed below. The Vertical floor to floor height from the bottom floor to the next floor is 3.3m. To find the height from the landing concrete finish to the next floor concrete finish we divide floor to floor length by two, (That is 3.3/2 = 1.65m) and the landing slab is 26cm. thick, and rope (sibago) is placed 10cm above the finished concrete surface, hence the measurement from the rope (sibago) to the landing should be 2.01m. (I.e. 1.65m +.26m +.10m = 2.01m). In this way the level of the landing is checked. As for the trade, a plumb bob (Tumby) with a nails attached on it with a gap of every 15 cm with the corresponding elevation is placed on a horizontal member. Then the distance from the interior face of each step form work to the nail is measured to check the length of trade (going) with respect to its correct elevation. As for the raiser a rope or sibago is placed on the left and right side 10cm away from the top slab floor then using a tape length Page | 16 from the sibago to bottom of the rise form work is measured and the measurement should correspond to (1.75-n*0.15) i.e. for first riser 1.75-1*0.15=1.6m, for the second riser1.75-2*0.15=1.45m. Figure 6stair form work Form work dismantling Formworks should be stripped as soon as the required setting time for the casted concrete is met so, in order to facilitate maximum reuse of forms. Stripping time of the form-works and the supporting props depends on different factors like the type of cement used, ratio of concrete mix, weather condition of the site and the span of the structural member. By considering all the above points we remove the props (scaffolding) and the soffit of slab and stair case were removed after 21 days. Side forms from columns, shear walls and lift shafts were removed after 12 to 16 hours. Storing of form-work Timber were stored in the site on a well-treated and even surfaced beams, at least 20 cm above the ground level. Contact with water were avoided under all circumstances. Page | 17 Figure 7 Storing of form-work 2.2.1.2 Reinforcement work Reinforced concrete is designed on the principle that steel and concrete act together in resisting force. The grade of reinforcement bars used in the site were S500 and above for diameter 12 and above bars and S400 for other bars. Reinforcement work for slab The flat slab we used has neither drop panel nor column head so the loads are directly transferred from the slabs to the columns. So to resist the punching sheer developed around the columns we provided a diameter 12 reinforcement bars at 1.2m radius from the face of columns. The reinforcement in the slab is varied similar to there is a difference in distribution of lateral moment in the flat slab panels. The structural drawing of our slab is divided in to column and middle strip. The columns strips are provided first with a bottom reinforcement of diameter 12 and 14 mm bars with a spacing of 12cm and then a top reinforcement of diameter 16mm bars with a spacing of 10cm were used to resist the negative moment in both x and y direction. The middle strips are provided with a bottom reinforcement of diameter 12 and 14 mm bars with a spacing of 12cm. were used to resist the positive moment. A top reinforcement of diameter 12mm bars with a spacing of 20cm were used in both x and Page | 18 y direction. After the bottom mesh is completed a concrete spacer of 15mm is placed, and a distribution bar of 12mm diameter tied on ‘top bar spacer’ (kebeleto), then top bars are laid (both x and y direction). Figure 8 top bar spacer “kebeleto” Figure 9 spacer We need that the overlapping of reinforcement bars should be around areas where moment anticipated is minimum, hence strict supervision was carried out in the overlapping area of reinforcement bars. So overlapping of top bars occurs at the middle strip of the slab, and overlapping of bottom bars occurs at the column strip of the slab. Figure 9 bottom reinforcement for slab Figure 10 top reinforcement for slab Reinforcement work for column The columns used on this project have same number of reinforcement bars i.e. 24 bars in each column. The variable thing is their shape, their section size and the diameter of reinforcement bar used. Four diameters 24 mm and 20 diameter 20mm bars are used for octagonal columns and 24 diameter 16mm bars are used for the square columns. Construction were carried out following these steps. Reinforcement bar of a required dimension and arrangement are prepared and fitted to the overlapped bars which are already available on previous columns. The specification guides that the overlap of Page | 19 reinforcement bars for columns is 60∅. To minimize wastage of reinforcement due to overleaping, only half of the bars overlaps and the other half continues to the next floor, i.e. the first half bars cut at a length of 4.5m (3.3+60*0.02), and the other half cut at a length of 7.8m (3.3+3.3+60*0.02) . The 7.8m can serve for 2 consecutive floors on its own. This methodology is implemented because it’s more convenient in terms of strength and economy. Stirrups with the specified spacing are placed and tied. Three types of stirrup were used for the octagonal and two type for the rectangular. The stirrup used in columns are of diameter 10mm and 8mm as specified in the section drawing. The dimensions and diameter of longitudinal bar of the column decreased with an increase in floor elevation. This is because loads on a column are getting less and less as we go up. When dimensions are reduced bars are bent towards the inside of the column by using a bar bender called bega and when shape is changed from octagonal to rectangular bars on the slanted part are bent inside and new bars with the right diameter are inserted at the corners. Figure 11overlap of column bars Figure 12 column reinforcement bar Reinforcement for shear wall and lift All shear walls are reinforced with 14mm diameter longitudinal bar and U bars are used as a bar spacer for all members. The construction process of shear wall is more like to columns in which main reinforcement and stirrup are placed as per its structural design. Page | 20 Figure 13 shear-wall reinforcement Reinforcement for stair case Reinforcement for stair is a little bit more complicated than other structures. The stair reinforcement are came out of the shear walls and projected up and down from the landing. Diameter 16 bars are used as a main bar and diameter 12 bars are used laterally and diameter 8 bars are used as a riser bar. Figure 14 stair reinforcement Page | 21 Electrical installation Electrical installation starts immediately after reinforcement placing is completed the electricians install the conduits according to the electrical drawing. The conduits are covered before concrete is filled to prevent clogging of cables. At site, electrical installation were done for the following units’ light bulbs, switches, bells, and fire alarms. Figure 15 electrical junction box or scattola 2.213 Concrete work Cement concrete is an artificial material obtained by mixing cement coarse aggregate fine aggregate and water, in suitable proportions. All these ingredients, when freshly mixed, produce a plastic mass which can be poured in to suitable forms or molds, to give desired shape to the resulting solid mass. Plastic mass gets get converted into solid stone-like hard mass with passage of time, due to chemical action takes place between cement and water. Aggregates (both course as well as fine) which are mineral materials like sand, gravel, crushed stone etc. do not under go any chemical change. They simply provide mass volume to the concrete and reduce shrinkage effect. Hardened cement concrete resembles stone, in weight strength and hardness. The property of cement concrete are dependent upon the quality and proportion of the ingredients used in the mix. The controls exercised during various operations starting from mixing of aggregates to the placement in the forms or molds, also greatly influence the properties of the concrete. The grade of concrete used in this project is C30 for slab and stair case, and C40 for the vertical structures (columns, shear walls, lift shafts) Page | 22 Component material for concrete Cement Portland cement is a binding material which is used in concrete. The quality and strength of concrete is directly related to the type of cement used. In our site four different cement brands are used. These are Dangote, Derba, National and Ethio cement. The type of cement used in the project is ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Cement shall be of specified type and quality and delivered to the site in the manufacturer’s original sealed bags, fresh not older than six months. Storage of Cement Cement stored in our site is in a building which is dry, leak proof and moisture proof. The building have one window and one close fitting doors which is kept closed at all times except during loading and unloading. Cement received in bags are prevented from coming into contact with any dampness or moisture. Cement bags are stacked on wooden planks maintaining a minimum clearance of 200 mm from the floor. A minimum clear space of 450 mm shall be provided between the stacks and any exterior wall but the clearance space was not provided. Maximum height of the stack shall be 15 bags and the width not more than four bags or 3m.The bags are stacked closely as to minimize the surface area exposed to air. Generally in our site the store is more or less satisfies most of the requirements, and Different types of cements are stacked and stored separately. Figure 16cement store Page | 23 Aggregates Mineral filler materials, used in cement concrete, are known as aggregates. In our site Sand and crushed rock are used as coarse aggregates river sand is used as fine aggregate Coarse aggregate The grade of aggregate used is 20mm (02). The aggregates are stockpiled on clear hard surface to prevent contamination by other material. Fine aggregate It is an aggregate whose particles pass through 4.75mm mesh sieve and are entirely retained on 0.07 mm mesh. Fine aggregate we have been using is known as Langano sand. Storage of Aggregate The aggregates are stored at site on a hard, dry and level ground. To avoid Contact with clay, dust, vegetable and other foreign matters the ground was cleaned before unloading starts. Fine aggregate are stored in a place where loss due to the effect of wind is minimum, in the leeward side behind the wall of the building. Figure 17 coarse aggregate Figure 18 fine aggregate Fine and coarse aggregates shall either be stored separately or heaps be separated by dividing walls. However in the site I have observed that there is no dividing wall and the aggregates were being mid. Water Water is added to the cement concrete to bring the hydration of cement and lubricate the aggregate particles. Water which is suitable for drinking is useful for concrete also. We have been using water from the public drinking line, but when water from the drinking line was not available water was being supplied by trucks, and was being stored in tanks, Page | 24 Figure 19 water storage tanks Concrete batching Concrete consists of a mix of cement, sand, course aggregate and water. To get the required quality, the mix must properly designed and the right amount of each material should be correctly batched. The type of batching we have been using in our site was volume batching. The aggregates were measured by a standard wheelbarrow which was custom made for this site. Figure 20volume batching Mixing of concrete In order to attain a concrete having all the four ingredients are uniformly distributed through the volume and to get the right quality concrete, proper mechanical mixing have been executed in our site. The mixer we used in our site is called fixed automatic Page | 25 mixer which has a hopper and a pump connected to gauge to read the supplied water in to the mixer. The mixing process requires close inspection. It’s one of the mixer driver responsibilities to ensure that the concrete is properly mixed. Mixing methodology used: The materials must put in to the hopper in the right order. Where the hopper turns upside down to discharge in to the mixer the material batched first is last out and since we want the hopper to discharge cleanly, it is better if the coarse aggregate can push the smaller, stickier sand and cement out in front of it: hence the coarse aggregate usually goes in to the hopper first and the cement is put on the top of the sand these results in some of the cement blown away by the wind. After coarse aggregate, sand, cement are putted in the hopper, feed the materials in to the mixer at the same time as part of the water. In single mix 1m3 of concrete is prepared. In order prepare these 1m3 of concrete we use 3 wheelbarrow of course aggregate, 2 wheelbarrow of fine aggregate, and the amount of cement varies depending on the required grade of concrete, 8 bags for C40 and 6 bags for C30. The mixer have a water tank and a gauge for measuring water, and also the amount of water added is also differs with the grade of the concrete, water is pumped into the mixer for 28 seconds for C30 and 31 seconds for C40. Figure 21 concrete mixer Page | 26 Transportation of concrete The transportation of concrete is an essential item in the process of concrete construction. Concrete which is prepared by machine mixing has to be transported to its place of use before setting of cement starts. During transportation efforts were made to prevent segregation or loss of any ingredients. Various methods are available for transporting concrete. Depending on the required movement of concrete, in our site transporting of concrete have been executed using buckets, wheel borrows and pump. Methodology used for transportation: Vertical movement We used skips or bagoni in conjunction with tower cranes. This method is the most common method for handling and distributing concrete on most sites where concrete has to be transported vertically as well as horizontally. The type of skip we used is known as constant attitude skip with bottom opening. The skips are of two different sizes the smaller one has a capacity of 0.42m3 and the larger one has a capacity of 0.8m3 concrete. Horizontal movement Wheelbarrows were used for handling small quantities of concrete over a short distance, and were used in areas which were inaccessible with the tower crane. Figure 22 transporting concrete with tower crane and skip Page | 27 Pumping concrete One of the main advantage of pumping concrete is that concrete can be moved both horizontally and vertically so that only one method of transportation is required. The concrete mix used has designed not only to satisfy the specification requirement but also to be pumpable. Basically, this calls for a mix which is not prone to segregation or to bleeding and which has a low enough frictional resistance for the pump to be able to push it along the pipeline. Ready-mix concrete trucks supplied the concrete used for the pump. We started using pump as a transportation for concrete when the tower crane failed to supply due to mechanical problems of the crane motor Methodology: We used cement for grouting the pipeline about 1 bag for every 20 m. of pipeline. We start concreting at the furthest point from the pump and work back, uncoupling a length or two of the pipeline as necessary. Figure 23 concrete pumping Placing of concrete The concrete should be placed and compacted before setting starts. The method of placing concrete should be such as to prevent its segregation. It should not be dropped from high height but at site this problem is frequently shown at columns and shear walls. During construction of structural elements, the concrete mix is placed most of the time in a mold or formwork prepared and then vibrated with a special hose. This placing activities need care. Placing must be in appropriate manner. Compaction of concrete Page | 28 After concrete has been mixed, transported and placed it contains entrapped air in the form of voids. The object of compaction is to get rid of as much as possible of this unwanted entrapped air down to less than 1%is the air but it is obvious that does not apply with deliberate air entrainment. Voids reduce the strength of the concrete so concrete must be properly compacted with in its limit to reduce the voids since fully compacted concrete will be dense strong durable and impermeable. The type of vibrator we used is known as internal or needle vibrator which is one of mechanical compaction. Compaction was being carried out for such a time that a layer of mortar starts appearing at the compacted surface. Hence both over and under vibration are harmful for concrete both were not allowed in our site. Due to over vibration, coarse aggregate particles sink to the bottom and cement and sand mortar appears at the top. This make the concrete structure heterogeneous, and hence affect strength. Figure 24 placing and compaction of concrete Curing of concrete It is true that the amount of water normally used at the time of mixing is adequate for hardening purpose, however, the loss from evaporation from the time the concrete is mixed and placed is usually so rapid that there may not be enough of it left for full hydration and hardening. Excessive loss of water due to evaporation may cause the hydration process to stop all together with a consequent reduced strength development. In addition, if concrete dries out too quickly by exposure to sun and wind, it will shrink. This early and usually rapid shrinkage will result in tensile stresses that will lead to surface cracks. Page | 29 In our site curing was performed by sprinkling water on concrete surface. Sprinkling water was being done twice a day (at morning and at night) for a week. This curing system is popular in our country but the process requires a large amount of water Figure 25 curing 2.2.1.4 Reinforced concrete structures Figure 26flat slab Slab Slabs are constructed to provide a flat horizontal surface different story of the building. The type of slab used in our site is a flat slab with neither column head nor drop panel also known as flat plate. Flat slab or flat plate is a reinforced concrete structure, which is directly supported by columns without the use of beams. Page | 30 The slabs were casted using the following procedure and methodology. First the formworks are placed and checked, then reinforcement bars are placed according to drawing. Bar placement on slab form work is as discussed in reinforcement of slab, after reinforcement work is finished electrical sanitary and telecommunication works are performed as per each drawing guides. Then a 26cm thick C-30 grade of concrete is casted. It is not possible for the whole slab floor to be casted at once; hence casting is stopped at distance one-third or two-third from support face. At construction joints (hard casted concrete and freshly casted concrete); mixture of cement grout is splashed to enhance the bond between newly casted concrete and the old settled concrete. If the time gap between the fresh concrete to be casted and the hard is high cement grout mixed with hypoxic (admixture) admixtures is used. Most of the time we have used hypoxic when we cast stair case. Figure 27slabhypoxic admixture Figure 28 screeding Elevation Columns Columns are reinforced structures which transmit the axial loads coming from the slab to the foundations. Columns used in our site vary in size and shape. Octagonal columns were used till 16th floor. On the 16th floor square columns were introduced. There are four types of columns in each floor C1, C2, C3&C4 and they are 31 in number. Form work of required width, length and height are painted by release oils and erected around reinforcement bars with spacers tied to them. The spacer provide a concrete cover of 25mm. Each formwork (panels) placed and properly aligned by using plumb bob (Tumby). After proper formwork is placed, and both the vertical and horizontal alignment checked the column is casted with C-40 grade of concrete. The air voids Page | 31 inside the concrete removed by using internal vibrator. Total height of column must be casted monotonically. This is due to the weakness of construction joints and shear force is constant for columns for its entire length. Casting was done by transporting concrete with tower crane and skip (bagoni) and shooter is used to place concrete at the exact location. Figure 29 column casting Figure 30 column Shear walls and lift shafts Shear walls are vertical structural elements which are designed to resist horizontal forces. These are solid walls, which usually extend over the full height of the building. They are used to resist a large part of the lateral loads caused by wind or earthquakes and uplift force. Alsam project have four interior concrete core walls around the elevator and the stair case. Such walls may be considered as shear walls. Shear walls are also placed as exterior walls or as interior walls of the building. There are 5 types of shear wall i.e. SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4, and SW5, and they are 22 in numbers in one floor. Shear walls were constructed at the site of the project following these procedures. First reinforcement bars according to the drawing are placed and a spacer of 25mm is tied on the reinforcement’s bars to provide a concrete cover for the bars, then the supporting structure and form work is built as explained in shear wall form-work, after the form work and reinforcement are checked by the supervisor C40 grade concrete is casted. Stair case Page | 32 Stair cases were constructed at the site of the project following these procedures. First the supporting structure and form work is built. Next, reinforcement bars are placed according to the drawing, a spacer of 25mm is placed below the bottom on the reinforcement bars to provide a concrete cover for the bars, then before casting concrete there was translation of work between the form work sub-contractors and the concrete workers. So everything was checked to mm. accuracy, then the stair cases were casted with C30 grade of concrete. Figure 31 shear wall Figure 32 stair case Page | 33 2.2.2 Office Works The office work was all about preparing takeoff sheet and bar schedule which I have learned last semester in specification and quantity survey class so it was a little bit easy for me so I spent most of my time in helping the students who did not take the course yet. After all the students in the session have got the know how in preparing take off sheet and bar schedule our supervisor engineer fisseha gave us an assignment to prepare the takeoff and bar schedule for the 15th floor slab and all its vertical members. We finished and submitted the assignment after two week and he was amazed by our performance in the work. Preparing Takeoff sheet and Re-bar Schedule In our site takeoff is calculated only to know the amount of works executed in construction site. Bill of quantity is prepared by office engineers and submitted to main office. The contract agreement used in our site is lump sum hence, the take bill of quantity is only prepared to know the contractors profit with in each week. Re-bar schedule is used to record location, shape, diameter and length of re-bars together with number of members and center to center distance (for stirrups) and total quantities of the bars taken from structural details. Takeoff sheet format. Timizing L/W/D Product Description It. L/W/D Product Description No Table 3 take-off sheet format Page | 34 Reinforcement bars Schedule format It. Locati Typ Shap Ø Le No. No N on e (m ngt of . of tal m) h bars me (m per mb of ) me er e o mbe To no. Total length (m) bar s Ø6 Ø8 Ø 10 Ø12 Ø14 Ø16 Ø 20 Ø 24 .22 .39 .617 .88 1.2 1.5 2.46 3.552 8 09 79 7 r Total length(m) Weight(kg/m) 2 5 Total weight(kg) Table 4 Reinforcement bar schedule format 3 Overall benefits I gained from the Internship This internship program gave me many opportunities to test and to upgrade my skills with interconnection to theoretical knowledge in many ways. Fortunately, the project I have been working for the last 4 months is designed with a flat slab, so I had the opportunity to observe the construction of flat slab, which I had learned the design part in the Reinforced concrete structure two(R.C 2). So the internship program gave me an opportunity to link my theoretical design knowledge in to a practical construction knowledge and skill. The internship program was very educating experience in terms of improving my practical skills, theoretical knowledge, interpersonal communication skills, team playing skills, leadership skills and also in terms of understanding about work ethics related issues and entrepreneurship skills. 3.1 Improving Practical Skill I have acquired a tremendous amount of practical skill regarding current techniques used in the construction project. For instance I knew How to check stair form-work using plum boob and tape. How to dimension and check the vertical alignment of column form-work using plumb bob. Page | 35 How to bend a bar using bega How to read electrical drawings and install electrical conduits. 3.2 Improving theoretical knowledge I have been able to gain a great deal of knowledge in this internship program. The program helped me to interpret and analyze the previous courses which I have taken in the class. I will try to mention some of it: Most of theoretical knowledge I gathered were from the office work. We knew that we took specification and quantity survey class last, but the terminology we used in the class were not clear so I tried to rise those question to our office engineer and she explained them clearly with the actual contract agreement and payment certificate. I will try to mention some of the terminologies that were briefly elaborated by our office engineer: Retention money, interim payment, advanced payment, previous payment, and current payment. 3.3 Improving Interpersonal Communication skill In the last 4 months in addition to theoretical and practical knowledge I have got an interesting improvement regarding with my interpersonal communication. In the company, I have been communicating and socializing with almost all construction crews who were assembled from different parts of our country. Since I wasn’t that much shy and it wasn’t very difficult for me to communicate with others so I had a lot of opportunities to communicate with many people who were participating in the work who helped me in improving my interpersonal communication skills. In addition to these I was able to have a good communication with students from different universities. Those students, who were participating in the internship program, were from AASTU, Bule Hora, Hawasa University, and Addis Collage. Hence it was a good occasion for experience sharing. Generally, interpersonal communication skills that I have developed in this program gave me the following advantages: Persuading people. Gathering information easily. Improving my personal relation with other colleagues. 3.4 Improving my Team Playing Skill As I tried to explain in the previous sections of this report, the engineer gave us both site and office assignments in group so in working as a group, I got the exposure to develop team work skill. So in these groups each of the students had their own roles. Page | 36 Then we do our own roles and we gather together and collect our individual ideas work as one so while I was trying to play my own part in my team or group, I was also improving my team playing skill. 3.5 In Terms of Improving Leadership Skill This internship period was also a time of improving my leadership skills. Even if it was difficult for me at the beginning to order and lead labors at the site since I did not have much a confidence but within short period I was trying to develop my leadership skills by giving comments, sharing ideas and participating in the works. Specially, on occasion I was given a responsibility to supervise the work. While I was working as a supervisor, at times, I passed decisions on wrong doings by the subcontractors to be corrected, in the beginning they refuse to do so but after a while they become cooperative and appreciative of my skills. By doing so I was developing and improving my leadership skills. In addition to these, I was given the opportunity to lead my fellow students in our day to day assignments and in general tasks which the office Engineer ordered us to do. So this was also another event or occasion to practice and improve my team leading skills. 3.6 Understanding about work ethics and related issues One of the basic laws from work ethics of different professions which we need to obey is that we have to be punctual. So in 4 months stay in the Alsam project, we (the students) were expected to be present in the site at the morning sharp 2.30am (local time) In addition to this we, the students, were supposed to be transparent and accountable for the tasks we were given. For instance, when the office Engineer gave us assignments, he expects our transparency and accountability for what we had done. In general, in terms of understanding about work ethics and related issues, this internship period enable me to be present at working place on working days and obey the working hours, to observe all the disciplinary rules and regulations put in force, to diligently follow the job-training and practical work, to cooperate with colleagues and so on. Page | 37 4 Problems Identified and Solution Proposed 4.1Problem faced due to price escalation The main challenge the project encountered was price escalation of Steel Reinforcement bars which has occurred due to change of foreign currency. This leads the client (Alsam) and the contractor (BamaCon) to dispute because the contractor requested a payment for the escalated price and the client was not willing to pay the escalated price because, the contract agreement they used was lump sum. To solve this problem a new contract agreement no.3 has signed between the Clint Alsam and the contractor BamaCon Engineering PLC. The dispute was managed by Kenmos Tesfaye Consultancy Related to construction works. The contract states that the Clint Alsam will share 60% of the escalated price and the contractor BamaCon will share the remaining 40% of the increased price. ALSAM will also provide an advance payment to the contractor to buy reinforcement bars for two floors, and the contractor BAMACON should finish a slab floor and its vertical members within 21 days. 4.2 Problem faced due to failure of Tower crane As described transportation of concrete, transportation of fresh concrete and other construction material is done with tower crane. The tower crane which is being used in our site is old and it works continuously for over 14 hours a day hence, the crane’s motor was damaged and construction work stopped. If the contractor fails to complete one floor within 21days it will be considered that the contractor cannot finish as scheduled and considered to be a delay. Due to this, he shall write a letter of termination by his own initiation and hand over the project to the client Alsam. To solve these problem the contractor (BamaCon) bought a brand new concrete pumper which could pump up at least 20 stories. Reinforcement bars were being transported by lifts. By using these solutions managed to finish the 16th floor with in the scheduled time. 4.2 Problem faced due to Electrical works When electrical subcontractors used sand to mark and cover the junction box (scatola) from concrete clogging inside but they use excess amount of sand that make a hole at the bottom of the slab. To solve this problem a red paint was used instead of sand at the junction points. Page | 38 5 Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1Conclusion This Internship program is proved to be a bridge between the student life and professional life. The various types of orientation programs, tasks and trainings that I have been undertaking during this past four months on the site and the office enhanced my knowledge in building construction. I was very glad to see what I have learnt in the university can be a repeated in the working world. I was able to apply my theoretical knowledge of quantity survey, construction material, and reinforced concrete structure in the real life situation of the building. During these past four months I had the opportunity to be able to see the different theoretical aspects, methodologies of building construction. In the supervision session, I knew the important theoretical and practical aspects of building construction. I was able to acquire a high level of confidence to deal with problems that arise in a building construction. However, this internship program was not free from challenges. The first and foremost challenge was communication and this was solved after a time. In addition to that, the internship program helped me to improve my social interaction skill. Now I can communicate with people who have different behavior, culture and knowledge, and it also helped me to link my theoretical knowledge to practical skill. The program improved my self- confidence in the field. Generally working in BamaCon Engineering Plc. has been very educating and the internship program laid sound foundation for me to start my career. I am proud to be able to contribute towards the nation’s development in the construction sector. Page | 39 5.2 RECOMMENDATION The ultimate test of education and experience in construction lie in the ability to apply fundamental principle to solve problems in the new and unfamiliar situation, which becomes the characteristics of the changing environment in the construction industry. As I tried to research on the factors affecting the quality of performance in a construction project, it stretches out more than just having the knowledge and experience. The success of every project by a larger part gives account to the planning and management process. Within these fore month internship program, I have tried to recommend the following main points for both the company and the university: I observed that most of daily labor worker didn’t have any safety tools like safety shoes, helmets and sign boards etc. to protect them from sudden injuries. Due to this problem, they were exposed to different injuries while working. The fore I recommend the company must take safety of employees his first priority and should provide safety tools for the employees. Coarse aggregate and fine aggregate were being mixed during unloading, sufficient distance should be being maintained, to avoid mixing during unloading and use. Concrete were being dropped at a height more than 3m which results segregation in the concrete so the method of placing concrete should be such as to prevent its segregation. It was very weary to climb up 17 stories so temporary lift for the workers should be provided. I absorb that some works are doing without professionals skill this is not advisable for proper work progress and to create smooth work environment. Furthermore, I recommend the university to improve the overall internship program make it good and knowledgeable for the next generation. When I join the company, I did not have enough orientation about internship program. Therefore, I recommend the university to arrange a strong orientation and safety training program. The supervision and assistant from the department was not sufficient. Therefore, I suggest the department to arrange more frequent contact time between the university advisors and the intern student. Page | 40 Appendix Kebeleto-used as a spacer for reinforcement bars and support upper slab reinforcement Tumby- plumb bob: An instrument that is used to checks vertical alignment Scatola-junction box: used to connect more than one electrical conduits at one place Staffa- stirrup: a reinforcement provided to resist shear Sibago- string: used to maintain horizontal alignments Bagoni- skip: used to transport concrete Kracheri – a frame work in which dimension of column is determined and form work is inserted Page | 41 References (2018). Company profile. Addis Ababa. (2016). Contract aggrement 1 between Alsam and BamaCon. Addis Ababa. (2018). Suplimentary Contract aggrement 2 between Alsam and BamaCon. Addis Ababa. Page | 42
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