EE-LAWS FINALS REVIEWER
3-29-25
1. Scope of the REE Board Exam
Topics Covered:
•
The REE licensure exam is divided into 3 core areas:
o Mathematics (25%)
o Engineering Sciences and Allied Subjects - ESAS (30%)
o Electrical Engineering Professional Subjects (45%)
Scenario:
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A student asked if the EE Laws (Electrical Engineering Laws) subject could be transferred to the
Professional Subjects area.
o Answer: No. Subjects are fixed under specific categories.
o However, the Board of Electrical Engineering can revise the coverage and weight of these areas
(e.g., change MAT to 30% and ESAS to 25%), as part of their powers under RA 7920, Section 4
(b).
Quiz Questions:
1. Can the Board of Electrical Engineering revise the percentage weight of exam subjects?
Answer: Yes, under RA 7920 Section 4(b).
2. Can EE Laws be reclassified into the Professional Subjects category?
Answer: No.
2. Technical Paper Requirement for PEE Applicants
Scenario:
•
For PEE applicants, presenting a technical paper to the Board is mandatory.
o Question raised: Can the board remove the presentation and just approve the paper?
o Answer: Yes. Under RA 7920, the Board has the discretion to modify the requirement as long as
it's in line with PRC approval.
Quiz Question:
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Can the Board of Electrical Engineering waive the oral presentation of the technical paper for PE
applicants?
Answer: Yes, with PRC approval.
3. NCII Certificate for RME Applicants
Scenario:
•
NCII from TESDA is not originally required under RA 7920.
o But PRC has started requiring it.
o The PRC can add such requirements, based on its quasi-legislative authority and power to
approve board actions.
Quiz Question:
•
Is NCII certification required under RA 7920 for RME licensure?
Answer: No, but it is currently required by PRC through administrative rulemaking.
4. Ethics Violation & Conflict of Interest
Scenario:
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An electrical engineer working in the government is also managing a private traffic light company.
o This is conflict of interest.
o If found guilty, the Board can investigate and strip the license.
The Board can initiate investigations motu proprio (on their own), even without a complaint.
Quiz Questions:
1. Can the Board initiate an investigation even without a formal complaint?
Answer: Yes.
2. What administrative penalty can be imposed for conflict of interest?
Answer: Suspension or revocation of license.
5. Appeal Process After License Revocation
Scenario:
•
If your name is removed from the REE roster, you can appeal.
o File an appeal with the Court of Appeals within 15 days from notice of the decision.
Quiz Questions:
1. Can a licensee appeal a board decision to revoke their license?
Answer: Yes, to the Court of Appeals.
2. What is the deadline for filing an appeal?
Answer: 15 days.
6. Suspension vs Revocation
Clarification:
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Suspension = Temporary ban from practicing.
Revocation = Permanent, but with a chance for reinstatement.
Scenario:
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A license can be reinstated if the Board allows it, not automatically.
The person does not need to retake the board exam, unless required by the Board.
Quiz Questions:
1. Can a revoked license be reinstated?
Answer: Yes, at the discretion of the Board.
2. Does reinstatement require retaking the board exam?
Answer: Not necessarily.
7. Cheating and Board Deliberation Validity
Scenario:
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XY caught cheating using a programmable calculator.
o Board members (A, B, C) vote:
▪ A and B vote to bar XY from future exams.
▪ C votes no.
▪ A attends via Zoom.
o Decision is invalid if vote is not in person. Zoom vote does not count.
o A valid decision requires:
▪ Quorum: At least 2 members present in person.
▪ Majority: Majority of those present must agree.
Quiz Questions:
1. Is a Zoom vote counted in Board deliberations?
Answer: No.
2. What are the requirements for a valid Board decision?
Answer: Quorum (at least 2 members in person) and majority of present members must agree.
8. Qualifications of Board Members
Requirements:
•
•
Must be a Filipino citizen, PEE, and have 10 years of practice.
Must not be:
o A faculty member or official of a school with BSEE program.
o Affiliated with a review center (in the past 3 years).
Scenarios:
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Lecturer in review center = Not qualified for 3 years.
Dr. Mojica in PUP with BSEE = Disqualified even if not teaching (e.g., VP for Admin).
One-time invited lecturer = Still disqualified if recent.
Quiz Questions:
1. Can a review center lecturer become a Board Member?
Answer: No, not until 3 years have passed since affiliation.
2. Can a university VP be appointed as Board Member if the school offers BSEE?
Answer: No.
9. Natural-Born vs Naturalized Citizens
Clarification:
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Natural-born: At least one parent is a Filipino at birth.
Naturalized: Acquired citizenship later by law or judicial process.
Quiz Questions:
1. Is being born in the Philippines required to be a natural-born Filipino?
Answer: No. What matters is the citizenship of the parent.
2. Can a naturalized Filipino become a Board Member?
Answer: No, must be natural-born.
10. Criminal Charges & Disqualification
Scenario:
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Applicant for Board Member is charged (e.g., estafa), but not convicted.
o Conclusion: No disqualification without final conviction.
Quiz Question:
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Can a Board Member applicant be disqualified based on pending criminal case?
Answer: No, unless there is final conviction.
11. Apprenticeship and Practice of EE
Scenario:
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Apprentices (e.g., OJTs, students) can assist in projects without a license, as long as under supervision
of a licensed PEE.
Quiz Question:
•
Can a student or apprentice work on an electrical engineering project without a license?
Answer: Yes, if under the supervision of a licensed engineer.
Final Notes:
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Memorize exact terms: "motu proprio", "natural-born", "technical paper", "conflict of interest",
"quorum".
Board’s powers are flexible, but always subject to PRC approval.
Most questions will come from the same scenarios—so read and reread these patterns.
Let me know if you want this in printable PDF form or summarized as flashcards.
4-05-25
DETAILED REVIEWER ON RA 7920 (SCENARIO-BASED)
1. Licensure Exemptions for Apprentices, Students, and Staff
Scenario:
Engineering students, apprentices, and project manager staff are not required to hold licenses when
performing electrical work if they are honest and under supervision.
Key Points:
•
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Honesty and supervision are the key conditions for exemption.
Possession of license is not required for these categories under these specific conditions.
Possible Question:
Scenario: Miguel is an apprentice under a licensed PEE. Is he allowed to assist in electrical work
without a license?
•
Answer: Yes, as long as he is honest and directly supervised.
2. Annual Inspection of Electric Generating Sets
Scenario:
A generator set must be inspected at intervals not exceeding one year by a qualified inspector.
Key Points:
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•
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Inspections must be done annually or more frequently.
REEs or competent inspectors are responsible.
Applies to all electric generating sets.
Possible Question:
Who is responsible for inspecting a genset yearly?
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Answer: A licensed REE or authorized inspector.
3. Board Exam Frequency
Scenario:
There's confusion over whether the REE board exam must be held twice yearly.
Key Points:
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The law uses "should" not "shall" — not mandatory.
"Shall" and "must" are mandatory, while "should" is directive only.
During the pandemic, no board exams were held (2020–2021), showing it's not mandatory.
Possible Question:
The law says the board exam "should" be held twice a year. What does this imply?
•
Answer: It's a directive, not mandatory.
4. PEE Application Requirements
Scenario:
PEE applicants undergo oral interviews and must meet specific qualifications.
Key Points:
•
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•
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Most important requirement: Practical experience in general electrical engineering (4 years).
Must be a Filipino citizen (natural-born not required).
Good moral character is required (certified by IIEE or school for students).
Cannot be convicted of crimes involving moral turpitude (e.g., rape, theft, violence, etc.).
Possible Questions:
Can a naturalized Filipino apply for PEE?
•
Answer: Yes.
What kind of offense will bar someone from applying as a PEE?
•
Answer: An offense involving moral turpitude, e.g., rape, sexual assault.
5. Minimum Age Requirements
Scenario:
There's debate on the minimum age for REE and PEE.
Key Points:
•
•
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No explicit age requirement in the law.
Implied minimum for PEE: 25 years old (21 for REE + 4 years experience).
RME minimum age: 18 years.
Possible Question:
What is the implied minimum age to apply for PEE?
•
Answer: 25 years old.
6. RME & RDE Qualifications
Scenario:
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Applicants must have 1–2 years of hands-on experience in electrical wiring and installation.
Certification from a company and NC II (TESDA) is required.
5-year BSEE curriculum influences requirement differences.
Possible Question:
Can a 2nd-year student apply for RME?
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Answer: Yes, if they have at least 2 years of experience and NC II certification.
7. Board Exam Passing Rules
Key Points:
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Minimum average: 70%.
Minimum per subject: 50%.
If below 50% in any subject = conditionally passed.
Must retake failed subjects and score at least 70% per retake subject.
Unlimited retakes allowed, but refresher courses may be required after 3 attempts (depending on
PRC/Board discretion).
Possible Questions:
An examinee scores 45% in Math but averages 70%. Did he pass?
•
Answer: No, conditionally passed.
How many times can you retake the board exam?
•
Answer: Unlimited, unless the board requires a refresher after several attempts.
8. Authority of Board Members & Due Process
Scenario:
Engineer B allowed examinees caught using programmable calculators to continue the exam. The President
removed him. Engineer C replaced him and voted to disqualify the examinees.
Legal Issues:
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Removal requires PRC recommendation AND due notice and hearing.
Engineer B was removed without due process → invalid.
Thus, Engineer C's appointment was invalid, and his vote shouldn’t count.
Possible Question:
Was the removal of Engineer B valid if no investigation was held?
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Answer: No, due process was violated.
9. Preparation of Electrical Plans by Non-REEs
Scenario:
An agricultural engineer (Engr. 231) prepared electrical plans under the supervision of a PEE. City engineer
questioned the legality.
Key Points:
•
•
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RA 7920 does not require that only REEs prepare plans.
Requirement: Must be under the control and supervision of a PEE who signs and seals the plans.
The supervising PEE is legally accountable.
Possible Question:
Can a non-REE prepare an electrical plan?
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Answer: Yes, if supervised and signed by a PEE.
10. Signing and Sealing of Documents
Key Points:
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Only PEEs or Filipino counterparts (PEE on record) of foreign engineers can sign/seal documents.
Foreign engineers are NOT allowed to sign/seal in the Philippines.
Possible Questions:
Can a foreign engineer sign and seal plans in the Philippines?
•
Answer: No.
When can a Filipino REE sign for a foreign project?
•
Answer: If he is the PEE of record and acting as counterpart.
11. Automatic Systems & Exemption from REE Supervision
Scenario:
SPARCAT 3.0, an automatic system, was assumed to be exempt from minimum REE supervision.
Key Points:
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•
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Exemption applies only if:
1. Load ≤ 50kVA,
2. Voltage ≤ 250V,
3. Operation is fully automatic.
Yearly inspection ≠ substitute for required supervision.
SPARCAT exceeded load → not exempt.
Possible Question:
SPARCAT has 220V, fully automatic, and 45kVA load. Is REE supervision required?
•
Answer: No, exempt.
12. Requirement of Oath and Legality of Practice
Key Points:
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Passing board exam ≠ automatic right to practice.
Must take oath and register before legally practicing.
Practicing before oath is illegal practice.
Possible Question:
Is a person who passed the board but hasn't taken the oath legally allowed to practice?
•
Answer: No.
13. Penalties for Illegal Practice
Key Points:
•
Violation of RA 7920 may result in:
o ₱10,000–₱50,000 fine,
o 6 months to 5 years imprisonment.
Possible Question:
What are the penalties under RA 7920 for illegal practice?
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Answer: ₱10,000–₱50,000 fine or 6 months to 5 years imprisonment.
Final Tips
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Focus on scenario reasoning — not just law text.
Understand who is accountable in every process: REE, PEE, apprentice, etc.
Memorize roles and legal language like “shall,” “should,” “must.”
RA 7920 is full of loopholes—understand how they're interpreted in real cases.
5-24-25(Online)
REVIEWER: RA 11285 (Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act)
I. PURPOSE AND SCOPE
Purpose of RA 11285:
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Ensure energy efficiency and stability of energy supply.
Reduce dependence on imported fuels.
Protect the environment.
Support national economic and social development.
Applicability:
•
Applies to all entities: public, private, corporate, individuals.
Key Implementing Body:
•
Department of Energy (DOE) is the lead agency.
II. KEY PERSONNEL & ROLES
1. Certified Energy Conservation Officer (CECO / SECO)
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•
•
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For Type 1 Designated Establishments (DEs).
Must be certified via recognized training institution.
At least 2 years of hands-on experience.
Oversees energy efficiency programs.
2. Certified Energy Manager (CEM)
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•
•
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For Type 2 DEs.
Licensed engineer or relevant 4-year course graduate.
3 years of hands-on experience.
Manages energy operations and plans.
3. Certified Energy Auditor (CEA)
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•
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Must be DOE-certified.
Conducts energy audits every 3 years.
Requires 1 year hands-on experience + 80% passing.
4. Energy Efficiency and Conservation Officer (EECO)
•
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Required for government agencies and LGUs.
Prepares and submits energy efficiency programs.
III. DESIGNATED ESTABLISHMENTS (DEs)
Typology Based on Annual Energy Consumption:
Commercial & Transport Sector:
•
•
•
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Other DEs: ≤50,000 kWh
Type I: 50,001 – 500,000 kWh
Type II: 500,001 – 4,000,000 kWh
Type III: >4,000,000 kWh
Industrial Sector:
•
•
•
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Other DEs: ≤50,000 kWh
Type I: 50,001 – 1,000,000 kWh
Type II: 1,000,001 – 8,000,000 kWh
Type III: >8,000,000 kWh
IV. MANDATORY ENERGY AUDIT
Requirements:
•
Conducted every 3 years (at least once in 3 years).
In-House Energy Audit Rules:
•
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Allowed for Type II & III DEs, but must be validated by:
o DOE-registered ESCO, CEA, or FPEEC.
Type I DEs: Can conduct walkthrough audit (Level 1).
Note on Reliability:
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Auditors must not be affiliated with the DE.
V. REPORTORIAL REQUIREMENTS
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Annual Energy Efficiency Report (AEER) and Annual Energy Consumption Report (AECR) due before
April 15.
LGUs and Government Agencies submit via EECO.
Failure to submit is a violation.
VI. MINIMUM ENERGY PERFORMANCE (MEP)
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Sets minimum energy performance standards for:
o Commercial
o Industrial
o Transport sectors
Examples:
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New/retrofitted buildings must comply with design guidelines.
Energy-consuming products must meet performance levels.
VII. ENERGY LABELING REQUIREMENTS
Mandatory for all energy-consuming products:
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Without label = cannot be sold.
Label must show:
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Energy Efficiency Rating (EER)
Monthly Energy Consumption
Brand name & model
QR Code
Year of rating issuance
Responsibility of DEs:
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Ensure labels are properly displayed.
Submit annual reports to DOE.
VIII. VISITORIAL POWERS OF DOE
DOE may:
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Inspect DE facilities (scheduled or surprise visits).
Check compliance with energy efficiency measures.
Non-cooperation results in penalties.
IX. INCENTIVES
Fiscal Incentives:
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Based on Omnibus Investment Code.
For compliant DEs with energy projects.
Non-Fiscal Incentives:
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Awards, recognition.
X. PENALTIES & PROHIBITED ACTS
Prohibited Acts Include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Selling non-compliant energy products.
Tampering or removing labels.
False information on reports.
Refusing inspections.
Failing to designate SECO or CEM.
Violating DOE circulars or IRR.
Administrative Penalties:
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₱10,000 to ₱1,000,000 depending on offense.
Criminal Penalties (Upon Conviction):
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1-5 years imprisonment
₱100,000 to ₱100,000,000 fine
XI. EXAM/QUIZ QUESTIONS (Possible)
1. Who is required to manage a Type I DE?
o A: SECO
2. How often must an energy audit be conducted?
o A: Once every 3 years
3. Which establishments can conduct in-house audits?
o A: Type II & III, with DOE validation
4. What is the penalty for selling a product without energy label?
o A: Administrative fine, up to ₱1M
5. What is the required experience for a CEM?
o A: 3 years hands-on in energy management
6. Who conducts surprise inspections?
o A: Department of Energy
7. What is the minimum information on an energy label?
o A: EER, monthly consumption, brand, model, QR code, year issued
8. Who chairs the Interagency Efficiency and Conservation Committee?
o A: DOE Secretary
9. Are LGUs required to submit energy efficiency reports?
o A: Yes, through their EECOs
10. Is in-house audit allowed for Type I DEs?
o A: Yes, via Level 1 (walkthrough) audit
.
5-31-25
REVIEWER ON RA 7832 AND RELATED CASE INTERPRETATION
I. Essential Legal Element: “Benefit”
➤ SCENARIO:
An accused person was found connected to the electric utility, but claims there was no consumption. The
meter shows no reading, and the circuit breaker was off.
ARGUMENT: The accused claims “no benefit” was received because no electricity was used.
➤ DISCUSSION:
Under RA 7832, use or receipt of benefit is critical in proving pilferage. But the law does not require actual
consumption. Mere connection to the system implies access and intent to benefit, which is sufficient.
Even standby access to electricity is a form of benefit, since use includes access to the service.
➤ QUIZ QUESTION:
Q: A person connected to the utility line but never used electricity because the circuit breaker was turned off.
Can the person be criminally liable under RA 7832?
A: Yes. Mere connection is already considered receipt of benefit, even without consumption.
II. Prima Facie Evidence
➤ SCENARIO:
A meter was found tampered. The inspector disconnected immediately, citing prima facie evidence.
Later, the accused said he already removed the tampered connection the day after inspection.
➤ DISCUSSION:
Prima facie evidence means the evidence is sufficient “on its face” to assume guilt.
However, due process still applies:
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There must be notice before disconnection
Disconnection must be done only after due notice, even with prima facie evidence.
If violator removes illegal connections before reconnection, liability may still attach because the illegal
act already occurred.
➤ QUIZ QUESTION:
Q: If prima facie evidence is found (e.g., tampered meter), can Meralco disconnect power immediately?
A: No. Immediate disconnection must still follow due notice, even in presence of prima facie evidence.
III. Due Notice Requirement
➤ SCENARIO:
An illegal jumper was seen by an inspector who cut the connection immediately. The accused argued no
written notice was given.
➤ DISCUSSION:
Immediate disconnection is allowed only after giving notice.
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“Due notice” is a mandatory procedural safeguard.
Supreme Court clarified in Meralco vs. Lucio that 48-hour notice must be observed before
disconnection.
➤ QUIZ QUESTION:
Q: Under RA 7832, what is the minimum requirement before disconnection can take place due to illegal use?
A: A written notice (e.g., 48-hour notice) must be served before disconnection.
IV. Apprehension: Who Must Be Present?
➤ SCENARIO:
An inspector enters the property while the registered customer was away and performs disconnection due to
illegal connection.
➤ DISCUSSION:
Apprehension must be conducted:
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In the presence of either the registered consumer, actual user, or their authorized representative.
Representative must:
o Be resident of the premises
o Be at least 18 years old
o Have sufficient discretion
Failure to observe this may invalidate the apprehension.
➤ QUIZ QUESTION:
Q: Can an inspection and disconnection proceed if only a 12-year-old is present?
A: No. A representative must be at least 18 years old and with discretion.
V. Differential Billing
➤ SCENARIO:
A person who is not a current customer (disconnected account) was found using electricity through an illegal
tap.
➤ DISCUSSION:
Even if not an active customer, a person can be charged differential billing based on:
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Estimation of unauthorized consumption
Duration of the pilferage
Applicable rates
Being a non-customer does not exempt from civil liability.
➤ QUIZ QUESTION:
Q: Is differential billing applicable to a person who illegally connects to power despite not being a customer?
A: Yes. Any unauthorized use results in liability regardless of customer status.
VI. Offer of Bribery – Section H
➤ SCENARIO:
A consumer offers ₱100,000 to a utility employee to avoid reporting an illegal connection.
➤ DISCUSSION:
RA 7832 penalizes both:
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The offeror (consumer who attempts bribery)
The accepter (employee who accepts or solicits)
“Valuable consideration” includes not just cash but food, property, or favors.
➤ QUIZ QUESTION:
Q: Is an employee guilty of a violation even if he only received lechon (not cash) from the consumer to ignore
a tampered meter?
A: Yes. Any valuable consideration, including food, is covered by the law.
VII. Witness Requirement in Apprehension
➤ SCENARIO:
A utility crew disconnects a tampered connection without a barangay official or law officer present.
➤ DISCUSSION:
Per the IRR and Supreme Court:
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Valid apprehension requires witnessing by:
o Officer of the law (e.g., police)
o ERC representative
Barangay tanod or officials are not always sufficient.
Exception: Routine inspections don’t require law officer presence, but apprehension (disconnection or
report) does.
➤ QUIZ QUESTION:
Q: Is an apprehension valid if no law officer was present but a barangay kagawad was?
A: No. Only officers of the law or ERC representatives satisfy the requirement.
VIII. Multiple Property Ownership
➤ SCENARIO:
A person owns four houses (111–114). One house has an illegal tap. Meralco disconnects all four properties.
➤ DISCUSSION:
Disconnection must be account-specific, not owner-specific.
Only the service line with the illegal tap can be disconnected and billed. Other accounts remain unaffected
unless similarly involved.
➤ QUIZ QUESTION:
Q: Can Meralco disconnect multiple properties owned by the same person if only one house has illegal use?
A: No. Disconnection must apply only to the specific account in violation.
ADDITIONAL QUICK FACTS
Legal Element
Summary
Benefit
Includes access to connection, not just consumption
Prima Facie
Meter tampering = sufficient on its face, but not final guilt
Due Notice
Required before any disconnection
Bribery
Both offering and accepting punishable
Apprehension
Must be witnessed by law officer/ERC rep
Differential Billing
Applies even to non-customers
Routine Inspection
Does not require law officer presence
Representative
Must be 18+, resident of property
6-14-25
DETAILED REVIEWER: RA 7832, Unauthorized Connections,
Disconnections, Inspections, and Legal Recourse
1. Unauthorized Sharing of Electricity
Scenario:
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Person A applies for electrical service at a specific address (e.g., 5A).
Person B, living beside A (e.g., 5B), connects to A’s electricity without proper consent or authority
from the utility (e.g., Meralco).
This act is classified as unauthorized connection or electricity pilferage under RA 7832.
Details:
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Only the registered customer (Person A) is allowed to use the service.
Sharing power with others not listed under the same service contract is illegal unless covered by a
consent or utility-approved arrangement.
The billing is based on the metered consumption, but if the actual user is not the registered one, it
creates a differential billing issue.
Key Principle:
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Consent from the distribution utility (DU) is required before sharing electricity.
Unauthorized use affects system loss computation.
Possible Exam Question:
Q: Person A is a registered customer. Person B, his neighbor, connects to A’s power line and uses
electricity without Meralco’s consent. Who is liable under RA 7832 and why?
Answer: Person B is primarily liable for unauthorized use of electricity under RA 7832. However, Person A,
as the registered customer, may also be held liable if there is evidence that he permitted the connection or
failed to report it. Unauthorized sharing without DU consent is considered pilferage.
2. Differential Billing
Scenario:
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When Family B (not authorized) uses electricity through Family A’s line, it creates differential billing
because the registered consumption does not match actual users.
Key Principle:
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The differential amount may be billed based on:
o Load estimate
o Usage patterns
o Time of unauthorized connection
The registered customer is liable unless proven otherwise.
Quiz Question:
Q: What is “differential billing” and under what condition is it applied?
Answer: Differential billing is the process of charging a customer based on estimated consumption that
was not captured in the meter, usually due to tampering or unauthorized connections. It is applied when
there’s evidence of pilferage, tampering, or unauthorized use, and the actual consumption exceeds what the
meter reflects.
3. Surcharges and Penalties
Scenario:
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A customer is found with an unauthorized connection.
They are charged with a surcharge, but they claim they were unaware of the connection.
Key Principle:
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Surcharge is imposed only if:
o There is a clear admission
o Or an investigation confirms unauthorized use
Without clear evidence or voluntary admission, surcharge cannot be imposed arbitrarily.
Quiz Question:
Q: When can a surcharge be legally imposed on a customer under RA 7832?
Answer: A surcharge can be imposed if the customer voluntarily admits to the unauthorized use or if an
investigation with supporting evidence (e.g., inspection findings, meter tampering) confirms the pilferage. In
the absence of proof or admission, a surcharge is not automatically imposed.
4. Utility Inspection Rules
Scenario:
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A Distribution Utility (DU) conducts an Area-Wide Routine Inspection (ARI) or Quality Inspection (QI).
Key Rules:
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•
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With or without presence of the registered customer: Allowed only for visual inspection.
Meter removal requires:
o Customer, user, or authorized representative’s presence
o Unless there's public safety concern
Must be placed in a sealed container and certified/tested
Legal Basis:
•
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Inspections must be approved by ERC.
ERC-approved schedule must be followed.
Quiz Question:
Q: Can the DU remove the electric meter without the customer’s presence? Explain.
Answer: Generally, no. The DU must conduct meter removal in the presence of the registered customer,
actual user, or authorized representative. However, an exception exists in cases involving public safety
concerns, where immediate removal is necessary to prevent danger.
5. Disconnection Rules
Scenario:
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A consumer was disconnected without prior notice and filed a case due to loss of business and
reputation.
Key Principles:
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Disconnection requires:
o Written notice
o 48-hour correction period after notice
No court order needed for disconnection, but utility must follow due process
Excessive damage claims (like ₱3M lost revenue) can be awarded if no proper notice was given
Jurisprudence Example:
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A restaurant owner won a ₱3M damages case because Meralco failed to give proper notice before
disconnection, damaging their business reputation.
Quiz Question:
Q: What are the procedural requirements before a utility can disconnect a customer’s power supply?
Answer: The utility must first serve a written notice informing the customer of the alleged violation and
allow a 48-hour period to correct the issue. Only after this can disconnection proceed. Court approval is not
required, but due process (notice and verification) must be strictly observed.
6. System Loss and Liability
Scenario:
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Electricity used by unauthorized persons increases system loss, which is then passed to legitimate
customers.
Key Points:
•
•
•
System loss includes:
o Technical loss (wires, transformers)
o Administrative costs
o Unauthorized use
Paid by all customers
Those causing system loss through pilferage are civilly and criminally liable
Quiz Question:
Q: What are the components of system loss, and who ultimately pays for it?
Answer: System loss includes line loss, transformer loss, substations, operational costs, and unauthorized
consumption. All customers pay for this as it is factored into the overall electricity pricing. However, those
who cause unauthorized consumption may be held liable for increasing the system loss.
7. Legal Liability: Lessor vs. Lessee
Scenario:
•
The actual occupant (lessee) illegally taps electricity, but the registered customer is the landlord
(lessor).
Key Principle:
•
•
If the actual user is the lessee, he is primarily liable.
However, the registered customer (lessor) may be vicariously liable if no clear documentation or if
they permitted the act.
Quiz Question:
Q: In case of electricity pilferage in a rented apartment, who is liable: the lessor or the lessee?
Answer: The lessee (actual user) is primarily liable if proven to have committed the unauthorized use.
However, if the lessor is the registered customer and allowed or ignored the illegal connection, he can be held
liable under RA 7832.
8. Case Study: Lucille Yu Factory Case
Scenario:
•
•
•
A factory used a reversible tapping device.
Meralco found the violation after inspection and filed a ₱33M case based on records and tampering.
Disconnection was implemented only after a notice and investigation.
Legal Learning:
•
•
Even clear pilferage cannot warrant disconnection without notice.
Due process and documentation (photos, presence of reps, ERC oversight) are essential.
Quiz Question:
Q: What are the legal prerequisites before a utility company can disconnect service for suspected
tampering?
Answer: The utility must serve a notice detailing the suspected violation and allow a 48-hour period for
correction. Disconnection can only follow after this due process. All findings must be documented, and proper
ERC procedures followed.
🇵🇭 9. Principle of Notice and Damage Claims
Scenario:
•
•
•
Business was disconnected without proper notice.
Claimed loss of income, reputation, and customer base.
Won damages in court due to violation of RA 7832’s notice requirement.
Key Learning:
•
•
RA 7832 emphasizes notice, due process, and documented findings before punitive actions.
Violation of these can lead to successful civil damages claims.
Quiz Question:
Q: Can a customer sue the utility company for damages if they were disconnected without proper
notice? Support your answer.
Answer: Yes. If the utility failed to serve proper notice or comply with due process before disconnection,
the customer may file a civil case for damages. Courts have upheld damage awards in such instances,
especially when reputational or economic harm can be proven.
Likely Quiz Questions
1. Can a consumer share electricity with another house without utility consent?
o
No, it’s a violation of RA 7832.
2. What is the required notice period before disconnection?
o
48 hours.
3. Can a meter be removed without the customer present?
o
No, unless public safety is compromised.
4. Who pays for unauthorized consumption?
o
The registered customer unless proven otherwise.
5. What is system loss?
o
Losses due to technical issues and electricity theft, paid by all consumers.
6. What must be proven before imposing a surcharge?
o
Actual violation or admission.
7. Can a customer be penalized without inspection?
o
No, proper procedure and notice are required.
8. Who is liable: the lessor or the lessee?
o Depends on who is the actual user of the electricity.
Final Notes for Exam:
•
•
•
•
•
Memorize procedures: inspection, notice, disconnection.
Understand real-life case applications (e.g., Lucille Yu, restaurant case).
Know who is liable in shared or rented scenarios.
Understand legal concepts of system loss, surcharge, and due process.
Focus on consumer rights vs. utility authority.
6-21-25 (ONLINE)
RA 11361: Anti-Obstruction of Power Lines Act – DETAILED REVIEWER
PURPOSE OF THE LAW
•
•
•
Ensure uninterrupted conveyance of electricity from generating plants to end users.
Protect integrity and reliability of the power system.
Maintain clearance around and beneath power lines to prevent obstructions.
TRANSMISSION VS. SUB-TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Key Case: Ion Biomass Energy Corporation (ERC Case No. 2019-05-005 MC)
•
•
Issue: Classification of Rojas 16kV line from sub-transmission to transmission.
ERC ruled: The line was transmission since it served multiple customers.
Function-based Classification:
Criterion
Serves multiple customers
Serves a single customer
Multiple end users but one owner
Classification
Transmission
Sub-transmission
Sub-transmission
COVERAGE OF RA 11361
Applies to:
•
•
All power lines and related facilities (overhead, underground, submarine, microgrids, feeders).
Entities:
o With congressional franchise to own/operate transmission/distribution lines.
o Operating in off-grid/small-grid areas.
o Generation companies owning/operating power lines (exception).
o Directly Connected Customers (DCCs).
POWER LINE CORRIDOR (PLC)
Definition:
The land beneath, airspace surrounding, and the area traversed by power lines, including:
•
Horizontal, vertical, and other clearance requirements.
Requirements:
•
Must be kept clear of:
o Vegetation
o Hazardous structures
o Dangerous activities
Determination:
•
•
•
Board of Electrical Engineering (BEE) determines clearances.
Must be approved by the DOE.
Based on Philippine Electrical Code (PEC).
LEGAL EASEMENT
•
•
Applies if power lines traverse private property.
Treated as a legal easement:
o Requires just compensation (easement fee).
o Easement allows use of land without ownership.
o Defined under Civil Code.
CLEARANCE RULES (Safety)
Example for Vegetation:
•
No tall-growing plants within:
o 3 meters from the pole.
o 45-degree clearance zone.
Exact clearance tables not required in class, but essential for board exams.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF POWER LINE OPERATORS (PLOs)
Main Duties:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Prevent and remove obstructions.
Maintain and manage the power lines and facilities.
Ensure reliability and safety of the lines.
Construct, upgrade, relocate facilities efficiently.
Prevent prohibited acts within PLC.
Notify the public before clearing activities.
RIGHTS OF PLOs
•
•
Enter any property (public, private, or owned) to:
o Remove obstructions.
o Conduct maintenance, inspection, pruning, demolition.
Need only to provide due notice (no permits required) to:
o DENR for trees
o DPWH, HLURB, LGUs for hazardous structures.
PRIVATE PROPERTY RULES
•
•
Private owner must:
o Prevent obstruction.
o Notify PLO if obstructions occur.
PLOs have the right to enter the property:
o Must give due notice.
o No notice required if imminent danger exists.
EXISTING POWER LINES
Pre-existing agreements:
•
Stay valid if they observe clearance under PEC and achieve law’s objectives.
For upgrades/relocations:
•
•
Temporary dimensions may be used.
Continuous coordination with DPWH and other agencies required.
PROHIBITED ACTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Planting trees or vegetation in PLC.
Constructing hazardous structures.
Performing dangerous activities.
Refusing PLO access to the corridor.
Any act impairing electricity conveyance.
PENALTIES
Offense
Penalty
1st
₱50,000 fine / Arresto menor
2nd
₱100,000 fine / Arresto mayor
3rd
₱200,000 fine / Prisión correccional
With official Penalty 1 degree higher; includes dismissal from position if public
SCENARIO ANALYSIS
Building Official Case:
•
•
•
•
Approved a high-rise building without notifying PLO.
Building posed a hazard to nearby power lines.
Violated Section 14 of the law.
Result:
o Fined up to ₱200,000 (1 degree higher penalty).
o Dismissal from public office.
EMINENT DOMAIN
•
•
•
•
PLOs with congressional franchise may invoke eminent domain.
Governed by Rules of Court.
Used when property must be acquired for public utility use.
Just compensation is required.
TREE CLEARING & STRUCTURE DEMOLITION
Notification Requirements:
Activity
Cutting trees
Demolishing structures
Notify Whom
DENR, PCA
DPWH, LGU, HLURB/DHSUD
Notice Time
3 days
15 days
QUIZ QUESTIONS (Sample)
1. What is the primary criterion for classifying a line as transmission vs. sub-transmission?
→ Function/purpose of the line – serving multiple vs. single customer.
2. Who determines the clearance requirements for Power Line Corridors?
→ Board of Electrical Engineering (BEE), approved by DOE, in accordance with PEC.
3. What legal concept allows PLOs to use land they do not own to maintain power lines?
→ Legal Easement (Servitude).
4. Is permit required for PLOs to cut trees within a PLC?
→ No, but prior notice (3 days) to relevant authorities is required.
5. If a building official issues a permit without notifying PLO, what is the consequence?
→ Up to ₱200,000 fine and dismissal from office.
6. What government agency is notified for structure demolition in a PLC?
→ DPWH, HLURB/DHSUD, LGU (15 days in advance).
7. Who can invoke the right of eminent domain under RA 11361?
→ Entities with a congressional franchise to operate power lines.
8. Can a generation company be considered a Power Line Owner (PLO)?
→ Yes, if it owns and maintains the power lines.
6-28-25
SCENARIO 1: Engineer Wearing Revealing Clothes (e.g., Bikini) at Worksite
Scenario:
An engineer posts a photo in a bikini while at a construction site.
Discussion:
This may not be illegal per se, but it harms the dignity of the profession. Professional image matters, especially
in environments like construction, which require safety and formality.
Key Points:
•
•
•
It violates the professional dignity clause in the Code of Ethics.
Affects public trust and respect for engineers.
Likely administrative sanction: reprimand or suspension.
SCENARIO 2: Engineer Sharing School Content on YouTube for Views
Scenario:
A university professor uploads his lectures to YouTube. Students are indirectly required to view them, and the
channel is monetized.
Discussion:
If the professor is paid by the university to teach, and he’s also monetizing student viewership, it becomes
double compensation and a potential conflict of interest.
Key Points:
•
•
•
If YouTube prohibits downloads, students are forced to watch online = potential indirect monetization.
If done to gain profit, violates ethical standards.
If for sharing purposes only, may be allowed, depending on context.
SCENARIO 3: Engineer Employed by Globe Invests in a Competing Startup
Scenario:
Engineer employed by Globe Telecom invests in a startup company developing similar technology.
Discussion:
Even if there’s no actual damage to Globe yet, the potential conflict of interest is already a violation.
Key Points:
•
•
•
An engineer must avoid even potential conflict.
Personal gain must not interfere with professional duties.
Key formula: If your secondary interest (investment) can sway your primary role (employment), it's
unethical.
SCENARIO 4: Engineer Applies to Philips While Spouse Works for Delta (a Competitor)
Scenario:
Engineer applies as a consultant to Philips while his spouse works at a competitor brand, Delta.
Discussion:
This is a relational conflict of interest. Even if the engineer is not yet hired, the relationship could compromise
confidentiality and loyalty.
Key Points:
•
•
•
Applies even before formal employment.
Employers have the right to refuse due to potential ethical risk.
Disclosure is required to maintain transparency.
SCENARIO 5: Project Manager Favors Friend’s Contractor Company
Scenario:
Engineer X is a project manager and recommends a contractor who happens to be his best friend.
Discussion:
Even if the contractor is qualified, the appearance of bias is already unethical. It affects public perception and
fairness.
Key Points:
•
•
•
Friendship + influence = perceived bias.
Must avoid handling evaluations of close connections.
Ethical professionals must recuse themselves in such cases.
SCENARIO 6: Project Manager Suggests Brand He Has Stake In
Scenario:
Engineer X is part of the team and suggests the use of “AmWire” brand, which he is also invested in.
Discussion:
Using your position to promote a brand you profit from is a clear conflict of interest and self-dealing.
Key Points:
•
•
•
Financial interest must be disclosed.
Unethical if decision-makers are unaware of your stake.
Violates fair procurement principles.
SCENARIO 7: Engineer Heads a Building Using His Family’s Security Agency
Scenario:
Engineer oversees a government building, and the security agency hired is owned by his family.
Discussion:
This is nepotism and a conflict of interest. Even if the service is competent, you’re using public position for
private gain.
Key Points:
•
•
•
The ethical action: recuse or remove your family's company.
Public roles must be separated from private interests.
Continuity test applies—past ties still matter.
SCENARIO 8: Engineer Involved in Delivery Scam with Friends
Scenario:
Two riders (A and B) conspire. A books the pickup, but B (a friend) picks it up instead and steals the item.
Discussion:
This is dishonesty and deception. Even if not directly related to engineering, it reflects moral character, which
is critical in professional licensing.
Key Points:
•
•
•
May not be a technical violation, but character issue affects licensing.
PRC can sanction immoral conduct.
Even personal conduct matters in professional standing.
SCENARIO 9: Engineer Plagiarizing a Speech or Design
Scenario:
An engineer copies someone else’s design or speech and passes it as their own.
Discussion:
This is intentional plagiarism—a direct ethical and legal violation.
Key Points:
•
•
•
Must be intentional or premeditated.
Plagiarism = stealing creative expression.
Academic vs. professional: both consider it serious.
SCENARIO 10: Engineer Leaks or Threatens With a Private Video
Scenario:
An engineer is involved in spreading or threatening someone with a private/intimate video.
Discussion:
This is a criminal act (under RA 9995, Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act), and PRC can also issue sanctions
for immorality and misconduct.
Key Points:
•
•
•
Criminal + Administrative violation.
Even if not work-related, reputation damage counts.
Intent matters: revenge, blackmail, or negligence.
Summary of Topics for Quiz
Topic
Code of Ethics
Conflict of Interest
Plagiarism
Social Media Conduct
Administrative Sanctions
IP Rights
Misuse of Position
Double Compensation
Immoral Conduct
Details
Dignity, Honesty, Respect, Transparency, Loyalty
Even potential = violation. Disclose everything.
Intentional copying. Always unethical.
Reflects on professional image. Use judgment.
From reprimand to license revocation
Copyright exists upon creation. Don’t steal.
Favoring brands, friends, or family = unethical
Being paid twice (e.g., by school and YouTube)
Even outside engineering, reflects on license