� General Introduction (Common to Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes)
1. Definition of Hydrocarbons
2. Classification of Hydrocarbons
o
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
o
Aliphatic vs. Aromatic
3. Importance and Occurrence in Nature
4. Sources (e.g., Petroleum, Natural Gas)
🔷 ALKANES (Saturated Hydrocarbons)
1. Definition and General Formula
o
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
2. Nomenclature (IUPAC and Common Names)
o
Straight Chains
o
Branched Chains
o
Substituents and Alkyl Groups
3. Structure and Bonding
o
sp³ Hybridization
o
Tetrahedral Geometry
o
Sigma (σ) Bonds
4. Isomerism
o
Structural (Chain) Isomerism
5. Physical Properties
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Boiling & Melting Points
o
Solubility
o
Density & State (gas/liquid/solid)
6. Preparation Methods
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Hydrogenation of Alkenes
o
Wurtz Reaction
o
Decarboxylation
7. Chemical Reactions
o
Combustion
o
Halogenation (Free Radical Substitution)
8. Uses and Applications
9. Environmental Impact (e.g., Greenhouse Gases)
🔶 ALKENES (Unsaturated Hydrocarbons with Double Bonds)
1. Definition and General Formula
o
CₙH₂ₙ
2. Nomenclature (IUPAC and Common Names)
o
Position of Double Bond
o
Cis-Trans (Geometrical) Isomerism
3. Structure and Bonding
o
sp² Hybridization
o
Planar Geometry
o
Sigma (σ) and Pi (π) Bonds
4. Isomerism
o
Structural Isomerism
o
Geometrical (Cis-Trans) Isomerism
5. Physical Properties
o
Boiling & Melting Points
o
Polarity and Solubility
6. Preparation Methods
o
Dehydration of Alcohols
o
Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides
7. Chemical Reactions
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Addition Reactions (Hydrogenation, Halogenation, Hydrohalogenation,
Hydration)
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Polymerization
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Oxidation (e.g., Baeyer’s Test)
8. Markovnikov’s Rule and Anti-Markovnikov Addition
9. Uses and Industrial Applications
o
Plastic and Polymer Industry
10. Tests for Unsaturation
o
Bromine Water
o
Baeyer’s Reagent (KMnO₄)
🔷 ALKYNES (Unsaturated Hydrocarbons with Triple Bonds)
1. Definition and General Formula
o
CₙH₂ₙ₋₂
2. Nomenclature (IUPAC and Common Names)
o
Position of Triple Bond
3. Structure and Bonding
o
sp Hybridization
o
Linear Geometry
o
Sigma (σ) and Two Pi (π) Bonds
4. Isomerism
o
Structural Isomerism
o
Position Isomerism
5. Physical Properties
o
Boiling & Melting Points
o
Acidity of Terminal Alkynes
6. Preparation Methods
o
Dehydrohalogenation of Dihalides
o
Alkylation of Terminal Alkynes
7. Chemical Reactions
o
Addition Reactions (Similar to Alkenes)
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Oxidation
o
Hydroboration-Oxidation
o
Acidic Nature and Reactions with Sodium Metal
8. Test for Alkynes
o
Ammoniacal AgNO₃ (Tollen’s Reagent for Terminal Alkynes)
9. Uses and Applications
o
In Organic Synthesis (e.g., PVC, synthetic rubber)
📘 Comparative Overview (Optional Final Section)
1. Structure Comparison
2. Reactivity Order
3. Bond Strength and Length
4. Test Summary Table
5. Industrial Relevance Comparison