Bio 161 Penn State Exam 1 Verified
question and answer [2025/2026]
Anatomy - Ans →Structure of the human body
Physiology - Ans →Function of the human body
Homeostasis - Ans →Adapt to external variables, Temperature, pH, Blood volume,
Sugar levels
Negative Feedback Loop - Ans →Body senses change and reacts to negate or reverse
the condition
Hormone - Ans →Chemical messenger
Positive Feedback Loop - Ans →Cycle in which an initial change leads to a greater
change, Self-amplifying, rapid change
Atom - Ans →Subatomic particles- protons, neutrons, electrons
Element - Ans →identified by the number of protons
Neutral Atom - Ans →Same number of protons and electrons
Ion - Ans →Atoms that have an uneven number of protons and electrons
Cation - Ans →Positive charge, give up electrons easily
Anion - Ans →Negative charge, accept electrons easily
Ionic Bond - Ans →Transfer of electrons
Covalent Bond - Ans →Two atoms share electrons
Action potentials - Ans →commnunication
Molecules - Ans →multiple atoms held together
Polar Molecule - Ans →difference of charge at both ends of the molecule
Hydrogen Bonds - Ans →attraction between polar molecules
Monomer - Ans →single molecular unit of a polymer
Polymer - Ans →molecule containing many repeating monomers
Carbohydrate Monomers - Ans →Glucose (Blood sugar), Fructose
Carbohydrate Polymer - Ans →Glycogen, Cellulose, Starch
Carbohydrate - Ans →Provide cellular fuel, enzymes are used to break down sugar in
the process of cellular respiration to release ATP
Glycogen - Ans →stored carbs in humans
Phospholipids - Ans →Cell membrane- Polar hydrophillic Phosphate head, 2 nonpolar
hydrophobic fatty acid tails (carbon + hydrogen)
Hydrophobic - Ans →hates water
Hydrophillic - Ans →loves water
Triglycerides - Ans →Energy storage, Insulation, 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
Saturated fatty acids - Ans →Single bond, as many hydrogens as possible, Meat/dairy,
Cardiovascular disease
Unsaturated fatty acids - Ans →double or triple bonds, could add a hydrogen or two,
plant oils, fish, avocados, omega fatty acids
Steroids - Ans →nonpolar, flat or circular, often hormones
Proteins - Ans →polymers of amino acid monomers,
Primary Structure - Ans →Sequence of amino acids, fold to make final protein shape
(Primary structure- Secondary structure- Tertiary structure- Quaternary structure)
Nucleic Acids - Ans →DNA polymer consists of 4 different nucleotides
Heredity - Ans →genes, genetic blueprint, DNA
RNA - Ans →protein synthesis (Gene)
Gene expression - Ans →making proteins from our DNA
Transcription - Ans →makes a working copy of the gene (RNA)
Translation - Ans →Translate the nucleotides to amino acids
ATP - Ans →immediate energy, breakdown glucose, 3 phosphates
Endoplasmic Reticulum - Ans →Made of lipids, protein translation via ribosomes
Ribosomes - Ans →Organelles made of proteins and RNA, found on ER and cytoplasm
Golgi Body - Ans →Processes and packages proteins for transport (post office of cell)
Cytoskeleton - Ans →important for cell Structure, made of proteins, transports material
within the cell
Actin - Ans →Cytoskeleton proteins, muscle contraction
Mitochondria - Ans →Produce ATP, own DNA (inherited from mother)
Cytoplasm - Ans →Fluid within the cell, protein translation
Vesicle - Ans →made of lipids, transport of material within the cell
Plasma Membrane - Ans →phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, semipermeable
Can pass through (plasma membrane) - Ans →Hydrophobic, small uncharged polar, no
charge
Can't pass through (plasma membrane) - Ans →Large uncharged polar, Ions, charged,
Diffusion - Ans →High concentration to Low concentration
Passive transport - Ans →No energy required, Down concentration gradient (high to
low)
Active Transport - Ans →Needs energy, Up concentration gradient (low to high)
Solution - Ans →homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances, solute is dissolved into
solvent
Histology - Ans →the study of Healthy tissues
Tissues - Ans →collections of cells that work together toward a common function
Fixation - Ans →Preserves tissues
Sectioning - Ans →makes thin slices
Staining - Ans →makes structures visible
Epithelial Tissue - Ans →Sheets of connective cells, outermost layer of the skin
(epidermis), linings of blood vessels, GI tract, hollow organs
Attachment - Ans →to eachother and to a basement membrane
Avascularity - Ans →No blood vessels, must obtain nutrients by diffusion
Regeneration - Ans →Life span 2-6 days, regeneration by stem cells
Simple - Ans →One layer
Stratified - Ans →multiple layers
Squamous - Ans →Flat
Cuboidal - Ans →Cube
Columnar - Ans →Column
Epithelial Functions - Ans →Protection, Control absorption and secretion, Location for
some sensation, specialized glandular secretions
Endocrine Gland - Ans →Produce hormones, travel long distance in blood stream
Exocrine Gland - Ans →Secretions stay local across the glands, Sweat, has a DUCT
Connective Tissue - Ans →Support and interconnect the parts of the body, Made of
Cells, Fibers, Ground Substance, Vascular
Extracellular Matrix - Ans →Connective tissue floats around in this (goop)
Macrophages (langercell) - Ans →protection
Fibroblasts - Ans →Create protein fibers of matrix
Adipocytes - Ans →store lipids
Fluid Matrix - Ans →Blood and lymph
Solid Matrix - Ans →Cartilage and bone
Gel-like Matrix - Ans →Loose and dense
Areolar tissue - Ans →contains many fibers, in between organs all throughout the body,
connects things, membranes, loose
Adipose Tissue - Ans →tightly packed with adiposecytes, long term fat/energy storage,
important padding, insulate the body
Mucous membrane - Ans →lining passages to outside world
Serous membrane - Ans →lining interior cavities of our body
Membrane - Ans →Areolar tissue and epithelial
Dense Connective Tissue - Ans →High volume of collagen fibers with scattered
fibroblasts
Regular Dense - Ans →tendons and ligaments
Irregular Dense - Ans →Located in skin, tough outside layer of organs, Ex. Capsule of
kidney
integumentary system - Ans →includes skin, hair, nails, glands
Six functions (integumentary system) - Ans →Protection, thermoregulation, structural
support, disposal of waste, sensory receptors, synthesizes vitamin D
Thin Skin - Ans →4 Layers
Thick Skin - Ans →5 layers, palms of hands and soles of feet, Stratum lucidum
Melanocytes - Ans →produce melanin, humans have the same # of melanocytes
Melanin - Ans →pigment in skin, protects cells from UV rays, Prevents Vitimin D
synthesis
Eumelanin - Ans →brown, black
Pheomelanin - Ans →reddish, yellow
light skin - Ans →less UV is absorbed, cell damage in more lickely
Dark Skin - Ans →more UV is absorbed, cell damage is less likely
Dermis - Ans →two layers (papillary and reticular), hair and sweat glands,
Arrector Pili muscle - Ans →goose bumps
sebaceous gland - Ans →produces sebum
Papillary layer - Ans →areolar tissue
reticular layer - Ans →dense irregular connective tissue, collagen fibers, cleavage lines
comedo (pimple) - Ans →overproduction of keratin or sebum, cloys sebacous gland
Eccrine Glands - Ans →open into sweat pores, found all over the body
Apocrine Glands - Ans →Open into hair follicles, Found in groin and arm pits, puberty,
contains more fats
hypodermis - Ans →layer of adipose connective tissue
Basal Cell Carcinoma - Ans →most common form of skin cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma - Ans →rises in stratum spinosum
Melanoma - Ans →most deadly form of skin cancer, preexisting moles
stratum basale - Ans →deepest layer of epidermis, stem cells, merkel cells- touch,
melanocytes
stratum spinosum - Ans →a spiny layer of the epidermis that provides strength and
flexibility to the skin, desmocytes, langerhan cell- fights disease
stratum granulosum - Ans →Clear layer, keratin, lipids, cells die
stratum lucidum - Ans →Thick skin, dead cells
stratum corneum - Ans →Outermost layer, dead keratinocytes, she's skin
reticular layer of dermis - Ans →dense irregular connective tissue
papillary layer of dermis - Ans →Upper layer, areolar connective tissue
subatomic particles - Ans →atoms are made of...
Ions - Ans →atoms that have uneven number of protons and electrons
cations - Ans →atoms give up electrons easily
anions - Ans →atoms accept electrons easily
covalent - Ans →water consists of _____ bonds between hydrogen and water
polar - Ans →is water polar or nonpolar
hydrogen - Ans →______ bonds occur between polar molecules that contain hydrogen
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids - Ans →what are the 4 carbon containing
organic molecules
glycogen - Ans →how are glucose molecules stored within liver and skeletal muscles
(aka whats the storage carb of animals)
phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids - Ans →what are the 3 main types of lipids
phospholipids - Ans →which type of lipid forms the cell organelle membrane
polar hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails, contributes to structure of membranes - Ans
→what is the phospholipid structure, and what does it contribute to?
triglycerides - Ans →which lipid functions in longterm energy storage and insulation?
consisting of 3 fatty acid carbon chains - Ans →what does a triglyceride look like
steroids, cholesterol and steroid hormones - Ans →what type of lipids are long lipid
molecules formed from carbon rings? give two examples
saturated, meat and dairy products, contributes to cardiovascular disease - Ans
→__________ fats, also known as your bad fats can be found in what food
unsaturated, plant oils fish advocados, source of omega fatty acids - Ans →__________
fats, also known as your good fats can be found in what food
amino acids - Ans →what are the monomers to the polymer protein
gene expression - Ans →what is the process of making proteins from our DNA
phospholipids - Ans →__________ cause the bilayer to be selectively permeable
because of hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
No, its charged thus cant diffuse - Ans →Can a sodium ion (Na+) diffuse across the
hydrophobic core of a phospholipid bilayer? why?
yes, non polar molecules arent charged this can cross - Ans →can a steroid hormone
(lipid like estrogen) diffuse across the hydrophobic core of a phospholipid bilayer?
(steroid hormones are non-polar
Yes, but slowly- water = polar = repulsed by phospholipids.. BUT water slips through tail
cracks of membrane - Ans →can a molecule of water diffuse across the hydrophobic
core of a phospholipid bilayer? why?
hydrophobic molecules - Ans →what type of molecule has no charge, is non polar, and
example is gases
small uncharged polar moleucles (water) - Ans →what type of molecules go through the
membrane slowly
large uncharged polar moleucles - Ans →what type of molecules cant go across the
membrane and need help
ions - Ans →what type of molecules are charged and can only diffuse across membrane
with help
PASSIVE down (high to low) - Ans →what type of transport gradient does not require
energy
ACTIVE up (low to high) - Ans →what type of transport gradient requires energy
passive - Ans →__________ transport does not require energy (ATP), occurs via
diffusion, moves down concentration gradient
facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion - Ans →what are the two types of diffusion that
passive transport breaks into
facilitated diffusion - Ans →what type of diffusion needs help getting through the
membrane via membrane proteins? also usually selective
simple diffusion - Ans →what type of diffusion moves directly through the membrane,
such as steroids and gases (water slowly too)
carrier mediated, channel mediated - Ans →Facilitated diffusion breaks down into 2
types of mediations... which are
carrier - Ans →when a solute must bind to a protein, this described _______ mediated
channel - Ans →Ions and H2O are examples of what kind of mediation
leak and gated - Ans →channel mediated breaks down into 2 channels which are...
leak - Ans →what channels are always open
gated - Ans →what channels are opening in response to a stimulus
Facilitated diffusion-------simple diffusion
||
||
carrier channel
mediated mediated
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leak channels gated channels - Ans →describe the passive transport tree (set up)
Active transport - Ans →what type of transport requires energy (ATP), moves up
concentration gradient from low to high, and is typically carrier mediated via pumps
active - Ans →Na+/K+ pump (requires ATP) would use what kind of transport
molecules must bind to carrier mediated protein first. Protein then changes shape to
move the same molecules across a membrane - Ans →what characteristic differs
between channel mediated and carrier mediated?
Pathology - Ans →study of diseased tissues
molecules, Tissues - Ans →_______ make up cells which makes up _______
epithelial, connective, muscle, neural - Ans →what are the 4 types of tissues
Epithelial - Ans →what type of tissue covers exposed surfaces, lines internal
passageways and chambers, and produces glandular secretions?
connective - Ans →what type of tissue fills internal spaces, provides structural support,
stores energy?
epithelial - Ans →The epidermis is made of _______ tissue
polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration - Ans →Epithelial tissues have 4
characteristics... (PAAR
squamous - Ans →What types of epithelium look like a hella flat pancake (simple) and
another like 100 hella flat pancakes squished together (stratified)
Cuboidal - Ans →what types of epithelium look like a perfect singular square layer of
cells (simple) and also a cube of perfect mini squares within (stratified)?
Columnar - Ans →what types of epithelium look like an elongated and stretched
singular layer of cells (simple) and multiple elongated and stretched layers of
cells(Stratified)?
Simple columnar - Ans →Epithelium of the small intestine is what kind of name
simple cuboidal - Ans →Epithelium of kidney tubules is what kind of name
simple squamous - Ans →Alveoli of lung is what kind of epithelium
epithelial tissue - Ans →What tissue makes up the glands in our body (glands secrete
substances)
glands - Ans →clusters of cells that release hormones
exocrine - Ans →which gland has a duct? (endocrine or exocrine)
endocrine - Ans →The secretion of _____ glands tend to target tissues close to
themselves
Connective - Ans →what kind of tissues support and interconnect the parts of the body?
cells, fibers, ground substance (extracellular matrix) - Ans →what are the three basic
components of connective tissues
Connective - Ans →Macrophages, fibroblasts and adipocytes are found in what types of
tissue?
connetive - Ans →is the following connective or epithelial tissues... lower cellularity, high
extracellular matrix, not expose to outside, vascular (mostly, blood supply)
epithelial - Ans →Is the following connective or epithelial tissues... highly cellular, low
extracellular matrix, exposed to environment, typically avascular (no blood vessels)
matrix - Ans →we can classify connective tissue by density of....
gel like matrix - Ans →proper connective tissue is described as what...
Adipose tissue - Ans →what tissue stores energy for the body
Areolar has more then adipose - Ans →what tissue has more protein fibers compared to
the other
Areolar and Adipose tissues - Ans →which tissue contains fibroblasts
loose and dense - Ans →connective tissue is separated into 2 sub catagories which
are...
dense has more collagen fibers - Ans →what is the difference between loose and dense
connective tissues
Areolar and Adipose - Ans →what are the two kinds of loose connective tissues
Areolar - Ans →which connective loose tissue is this (areolar or adipose)
mostly matrix, low cell density, surrounds muscle fibers, blood vessels, organs,
connects structures, helps form membranes
adipose - Ans →which connective loose tissue is this (areolar or adipose)
little matrix, deep in skin (hypodermis), surrounds organs
regular, irregular, elastic - Ans →what are two kinds of dense connective tissues
regular - Ans →which connective dense tissue is this (regular or irregular)
fibers parallel, ligaments and tendons
irregular - Ans →which connective dense tissue is this (regular or irregular)
random direction of fibers, dermis of skin, walls of organs, capsules around organs
Membranes - Ans →Areolar loose connective tissue i an important part of the _______
of our body
mucous - Ans →(mucous or serous) membranes line passages to outside world...
includes epithelial layer and areolar
serous - Ans →(mucous or serous) membranes line interior body cavities and cover
organs... includes epithelial layer and areolar
Dense - Ans →_____ connective tissue has a high volume of collagen fibers with
scattered fibroblasts
regular - Ans →Regular or irregular) dense connective tissue is aligned in same
direction as collagen fibers, located in tendons and ligaments
Irregular - Ans →Regular or irregular) dense connective tissue run in all different
directions, located in skin, GI tract and covering some organs
epithelial - Ans →The salivary gland is made up of (epithelial or connective tissue)
epithelial - Ans →tough outermost layer of skin is made up of (epithelial or connective
tissue)
connective (adipose) - Ans →under the skin is made up of (epithelial or connective
tissue)
Epithelial - Ans →Inner lining of the esophagus is made up of (epithelial or connective
tissue)