What is Wellness?
• is the act of practicing healthy habits
on a daily basis to attain better
physical and mental health outcomes.
• The quality or state of being healthy in
body and mind
• An active process of becoming aware of and
making choices toward a healthy and
fulfilling life.
What is Massage?
• It is the application of soft-tissue
manipulation techniques to the body,
generally intended to reduce stress and
fatigue while improving circulation.
• It is a holistic therapy and offers
benefits for physical, mental, spiritual
and emotional well-being .
• The word “massage” is most likely to have
merged from the Greek word “Massein” meaning
“to knead” or the Arabic word “mash” meaning
“to press softly”
Massage
in
Ancient
Times
The earliest evidence of
massage being used is
found in the cave paintings
of ancient cave dwellers.
Wall drawings and paintings
show people massaging
each other.
Various artifacts also
found contain traces of
fats and oils mixed with
herbs.
Lubricants may have
been used, perhaps for
healing, soothing or
beautifying purposes
3000 BC
Chinese practiced massage
to cure ailments and improve
general health.
Ancient Chinese books
record lists of massage
movements with
descriptions of their
technique.
BOOK: The Cong Fau of Tao-Tse
contains lists of exercises and
massage used to improve general
health and well-being.
Amma
that pressure techniques were very effective
on specific points and they developed
special techniques
This was the beginning of the development
of acupressure and acupuncture.
These massage techniques spread to Japan
Tsubo
This form of massage has been
practiced over the centuries
Shiatsu
it has recently regained
recognition and
popularity
Hindus
1800 BC
practiced massage as part of their hygiene routines.
“Ayur-Veda (The Art of Life)”
A sacred book
which was written around 1800 BC,
describes how shampooing and rubbing
were used to reduce fatigue and promote
well-being and cleanliness.
The
Egyptians
and
Persians
used
massage
for
cosmetic
as well as
therapeutic
effects
They mixed
fats, oils, herbs
and resins for
care of the skin
and beautifying
the body and
face.
Pots and jars containing
these creams have been
found in Egyptian tombs.
Cleopatra is said to have bathed
in milk and then to have been
massaged with aromatic oils and
creams by her handmaidens.
Perfumed oils were used
in three different ways by
the ancient Egyptians:
as offerings to their gods
as an enhancement of the
body`s beauty, making it
smell pleasantly
and as the main ingredients
for embalming the dead
1.Where did the Amma massage
technique originate?
A. India
B. Japan
C. China
D. Egypt
2. What is the name of the Japanese
massage derived from Amma?
A. Ayurvedic
B. Tsubo
C. Shiatsu
D. Reflexology
3.What is the ancient Indian book
that describes massage and hygiene?
A. Tao-Tse
B. Shiatsu
C. Ayur-Veda
D. Cong Fau
4. Give two purposes of
massage in ancient times.
5. Why is it important to
learn about the history of
wellness massage?
Massage in
Classical
Greece and
Rome
The Greeks
-believed in the cultivation of a
healthy mind and body, which is
similar to the holistic approach
practiced by many people today.
Rituals of bathing, massage,
exercise or dancing were
practiced by men and women.
They encouraged the pursuit of physical fitness
and organized regular sporting, gymnastic and athletic
competitions.
Massage was used before
events to improve
performance and after events
to relieve fatigue and aid
recovery.
Gladiators and soldiers
were massaged before
battle to give vigor and
promote fitness and
health, and afterwards to
aid recovery, healing and
relaxation.
Homer
writes in the poem The Odyssey of
Greek soldiers being rubbed with
oils and anointed by beautiful
women to aid their recovery and
regain strength on return from
battle.
Herodicus
a Greek physician, used massage
with oils and herbs to treat medical
conditions and diseases
Hippocrates
The father of medicine, he began to
study the effects of massage on his
patients.
Hippocrates
He concluded and recorded that hard rubbing binds,
soft rubbing loosens, and much rubbing causes
parts to waste but moderate rubbing makes them
grow.
Concluded that it was more beneficial to apply
pressure in an upward direction, i.e., towards the
heart.
With our knowledge of the heart and circulating blood
we understand why pressure upwards is more
beneficial:
the condition of the tissues improves because
deoxygenated blood and waste products are removed
quickly as massage speeds up blood and lymph flow.
Even without the benefit of this knowledge,
Hippocrates taught his pupils that massage
movements should be performed with pressure
upwards to promote healing.
Romans
They practiced bathing, exercise
and massage for health and social
relaxation.
Large private and public baths
were built. These included water
baths and steam rooms,
gymnasium and massage areas.
The baths were maintained at
different temperatures and progress
was made from cold to hot baths.
Romans would use these daily
for cleansing, exercising, relaxing
and socializing
Servants were always in
attendance, with oils and creams
to massage their masters when
required.
The Romans built similar baths in
the countries that were
conquered by their armies.
Many such baths were built after the Roman conquest
of Britain in 55 BC, and their ruins can be seen in
Britain today in towns and cities such as Bath,
Caerleon and St Albans.
Massage techniques recorded from those times include
manipulations known as squeezing, pinching or
pummeling.
They relate to the petrissage and percussion
movements used today.
1. Gladiators and soldiers
were massaged before
battle to give vigor and
promote fitness and health,
and afterwards to aid
recovery,
healing
and
relaxation.
2. Rituals of bathing,
massage,
exercise
or
dancing were practiced by
Greek men and women.
3. Rituals of bathing,
massage,
exercise
or
dancing were practiced by
Greek men and women.
4. The Egyptians and
Persians used massage for
cosmetic
as
well
as
therapeutic effects.
5. The Romans followed
similar routines to the
Greeks
where
they
practiced bathing, exercise
and massage for health and
social relaxation.
6. Hippocrates is said to
have bathed in milk and
then
to
have
been
massaged with aromatic
oils
and
creams
by
handmaidens.
7. Homer writes in the
poem, ‘The Odyssey’ where
Greek soldiers were being
rubbed with oils and
anointed
by
beautiful
women to aid their recovery
and regain strength on
return from battle.
8.
Hippocrates
also
concluded that it was more
beneficial to apply pressure
in an upward direction, i.e.
towards the heart, as we
practice today.
9. Herodicus taught his
pupils
that
massage
movements
should
be
performed with pressure
upwards
to
promote
healing.
The Dark
Ages
to the
Renaissanc
e
Renaissance (rebirth) in 1450 AD
Interest in the arts
and sciences
flourished and
there was renewed
interest in health
practices.
advocated and practiced for therapeutic purposes
16th Century
Ambroise Paré (1517–90)
French surgeon
promoted and developed the use of massage
promoted and developed the use of massage
was the personal physician to four French kings
Ambroise Paré (1517–90)
He is reputed to have successfully treated Mary
Queen of Scots with massage.
graded massage into gentle, medium and
vigorous.
soothing or relaxing, general, and stimulating
The
Development
of Modern
Massage
Techniques
Per Henrik Ling (1776–1839)
a Swedish physiologist developed the
Modern massage
developed a system of passive and
active exercises known as Swedish
Remedial Gymnastics and also a
system of massage movements.
used the terms effleurage, petrissage, vibration,
friction, rolling and slapping.
a form of
massage
involving a
circular
stroking
movement made
with the palm of
the hand.
fine, gentle,
trembling
movement
performed with
hands or
fingers.
a massage
technique that
involves
used the terms effleurage, petrissage, vibration,
friction, rolling and slapping.
used to increase
circulation and
release areas
that are tight
used to loosen
the skin,
release muscle
tension,
decrease pain
and increase
It is used to
more
aggressively
work and
strengthen deeptissue muscles.
It increases
local blood
circulation and
can even help
tone muscle
areas.
Dr Johann Mezgner (1839–1909)
a Dutch physician, developed
massage for use in rehabilitation
and used it successfully to treat
many diseases and disorders.
Dr Johann Mezgner (1839–1909)
He adapted massage techniques in the light of his
knowledge of anatomy and physiology.
His theories, based on sound scientific principles,
became accepted as medical practice and gained him
many followers, particularly in Germany and America.
John Grosvenor (1742–1823)
the eminent surgeon from
England
used massage to treat joints.
He recommended massage for the
treatment of rheumatism, gout and
stiffness of joints.
TwentiethCentury
Developments
During the First World War the demand for massage
to treat the injured grew and many more massage
therapists were trained
Membership of the Society of Trained Masseuses
grew and in 1920 it amalgamated with the Institute
of Massage and Remedial Exercise.
Royal Charter was granted and the title was
changed to the Chartered Society of Massage
and Medical Gymnastics.
1943
became the Chartered
Society of Physiotherapy
1964
its members became
state registered
With the development of alternative electricalbased treatments, the use of massage to treat
medical conditions declined.
1966
the City and Guilds
of London Institute
explored the possibility
of establishing a course
in beauty therapy to
include massage.
1968
the first full-time course was offered in colleges of
further education.
The British Association of Beauty Therapists and
Cosmetologists, the International Health and
Beauty Council and other organizations also
developed courses and offered certificates and
diplomas.
The growth in complementary medicine and the
holistic approach to health has increased the
demands for well-qualified practitioners, not only in
massage but also in aromatherapy, reflexology,
shiatsu etc.
Courses are now validated by the Health and Beauty
Therapy Training Board and therapists must meet the
criteria of the National Council of Vocational
Qualifications.
Direction: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the answer that best describes the
statement. Write only the CAPITAL LETTER of your choice in your quiz notebook. STRICTLY NO ERASURE
_____ 1. Rituals of bathing, massage, exercise or dancing were practiced by
men and women. They encouraged the pursuit of physical fitness and
organized regular sporting, gymnastic and athletic competitions. Who among
the following believed in the cultivation of a healthy mind and body, which is
similar to the holistic approach practiced by many people today?
A. Chinese
B. Greeks
C. Japanese
D. Persians
_____ 2. Who among the following was a French surgeon who promoted and
developed the use of massage and graded massage into gentle, medium and
vigorous which we use similar categories today, namely soothing or relaxing,
general, and stimulating?
A. Alain Carpentier
B. Ambroise Pare
C. Jacques Marescaux
D. Rene Leriche
Direction: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the answer that best describes the
statement. Write only the CAPITAL LETTER of your choice in your quiz notebook. STRICTLY NO ERASURE
_____ 3. __________ developed massage for use in rehabilitation and used it
successfully to treat many diseases and disorders. He adapted massage
techniques in the light of his knowledge of anatomy and physiology.
A. Dr. Adolphus Vorstius
C. Dr. Johann Mezgner
B. Dr. Govert Bidloo
D. Dr. Johann Weyer
_____ 4. In which of the following periods when interest in the arts and
sciences flourished and there was renewed interest in health practices and
massage advocated and practiced for therapeutic purposes once again?
A. Ancient times
C. Dark ages
B. Classical period
D. Renaissance period
_____ 5. Who among the following Egyptian queens was said to have bathed in milk
and then to have been massaged with aromatic oils and creams by her
handmaidens during the ancient times?
A. Arsinoe
B. Berenice
C. Cleopatra D. Tuya
_____ 6. This is the most widely used form of massage used for relaxation.
A. body massage
C. sports massage
B. stone massage
D. pregnancy massage
_____ 7. Ancient Chinese books record lists of massage movements with
descriptions of their technique. One of these books, __________________, also
contains lists of exercises and massage used to improve general health and wellbeing.
A. The Cong Fau of Tao Tse
C. The Confucian Odes
B. The Tea House
D. The Folktales of Old China
_____ 8. Which of the following periods was the beginning of the development of acupressure and
acupuncture?
A. Ancient times
B. Classical period
C. Dark ages
D. Renaissance period
_____ 9. In the ancient times, the Japanese used similar pressure techniques on specific points,
which they called _________. This form of massage has been practiced over the centuries; it has
recently regained recognition and popularity and is now known as shiatsu.
A. Gatu
B. ludio
C. tsubo
D. zugato
_____ 10. Which of the following is a sacred book written around 1800 BC that describes how
shampooing and rubbing were used to reduce fatigue and promote well-being and cleanliness?
A. Ayur-Veda B. Bundahis
C. Shu King
D. Zend-Avesta
_____ 11. The _______________________ used massage for cosmetic as well as therapeutic
effects. They mixed fats, oils, herbs and resins for care of the skin and beautifying the body and face.
Pots and jars containing these creams have been found in tombs.
A. Chinese
B. Egyptians and Persians
C. Greeks and Romans
D. Japanese
_____ 12. As early as 3000 BC, who among the nationalities practiced massage to
cure ailments and improve general health?
A. Chinese
B. Japanese
C. Vietnamese
D. Swedish
_____ 13. Who was that Greek physician who used massage with oils and herbs to
treat medical conditions and diseases?
A. Herodicus
B. Abacus
C. Hepartacus
D. Eherodicus
_____ 14. Per Henrik Ling developed a system of passive and active exercises
known as ‘Swedish Remedial Gymnastics’ and also a system of massage
movements. Ling used the following terms, EXCEPT _____.
A. Effleurage
B. Petrissage
C. vibration
D. ventilation
_____ 15. Different origin of the word massage are the following, EXCEPT _____.
A. massa
B. amassar
C. masser
D. massege
3000 B. C.
Chinese
practiced
massage to cure
ailments and
improve general
health.
This was the
beginning of
the
development of
acupressure and
acupuncture
1800 B. C.
A sacred book called the
Ayur-Veda (The Art of Life),
which was written around
1800 BC, describes how
shampooing and rubbing were
used to reduce fatigue and
promote well-being and
cleanliness.
The Egyptians and Persians
used massage for cosmetic as
well as therapeutic effects
500 B. C.
the Greek physician
Herodicus used massage
with oils and herbs to treat
medical conditions and
diseases and The Romans
followed similar routines to
the Greeks. They practiced
bathing, exercise and
massage for health and
social relaxation.
1450 A.D.
Massage was advocated
and practiced for
therapeutic purposes.
500-1400 A.D.
Little is known about
massage or health and
beauty practices
throughout the Dark
and Middle Ages, i.e.,
from the decline of the
Roman Empire
1517-1590
French surgeon
Ambroise Paré
(1517–90) promoted
and developed the
use of massage.
1776-1839
Per Henrik Ling (1776–
1839). He developed a
system of passive and
active exercises known as
Swedish Remedial
Gymnastics and also a
system of massage
movements. Used the
terms effleurage,
petrissage, vibration,
friction, rolling and
slapping.
1839-1909
Dr Johann Mezgner (1839–
1909), a Dutch physician,
developed massage for use in
rehabilitation and used it
successfully to treat many
diseases and disorders.
1894
a group of women
founded the Society of
Trained Masseuses.
These women raised
standards and fought to
establish massage
therapy as a reputable
profession.
1968
the first full-time course was
offered in colleges of further
education. The British
Association of Beauty
Therapists and
Cosmetologists, the
International Health and
Beauty Council and other
organizations also developed
courses and offered
certificates and diplomas.