This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: B611 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Determining the High Stress Abrasion Resistance of Hard
Materials1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B611; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method was developed for ranking the highstress abrasion resistance of cemented carbides, but it has been
successfully used on ceramics, cermets, and metal matrix
hardfacings with a hardness over 55 Rockwell hardness, C
scale (HRC). The feature of this test method that discriminates
it from other abrasion tests is that the abrasive is forced against
the test specimen with a steel wheel with sufficient force to
cause fracture of the abrasive particles. Some abrasion tests use
rubber wheels to force abrasive against test surfaces (Test
Methods G65 and G105). A rubber wheel produces low-stress
abrasion while a steel wheel produces high-stress abrasion.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
Sieves
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
G65 Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry
Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus
G105 Test Method for Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel
Abrasion Tests
2.2 American National Standard:3
ANSI B74.12 Specification for the Size of Abrasive Grain Grinding Wheels, Polishing and General Industrial Uses
1.2 In summary, this is a high-stress laboratory abrasion test
for hard materials using a water slurry of aluminum oxide
particles as the abrasive medium and a rotating steel wheel to
force the abrasive across a flat test specimen in line contact
with the rotating wheel immersed in the slurry.
3. Terminology
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard.
1.3.1 Exceptions—Subsection 4.4 and Table 1 use abrasive
grit designations for particle size. The value given in parentheses is nominal dimension in micrometers based on sieve
designation (Specification E11) and provided for information
only. Subsection 6.2 uses the Rockwell hardness, B scale
(HRB) as the standard unit of measure for hardness. In 6.4, 7.6,
7.7, and Table 1, rpm is the standard unit of measure for
rotational speed.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms found in this test
method, please refer to Terminology Standard G40.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard
protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
3.2.2 high-stress abrasion, n—progressive material removal
from a hard solid surface by the action of hard particles rolling
or sliding on that surface with sufficient force to cause fracture
of the particles.
3.2.3 slurry, n—a suspension of solid material in liquid.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The test specimen is a flat that is held in a vertical
position tangent to a rotating steel wheel immersed in water
slurry of aluminum oxide particles.
4.2 The normal force holding the test specimen against the
wheel is high enough to cause fracture of abrasive particles that
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive
Wear.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2021. Published January 2022. Originally
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as B611 – 13 (2018).
DOI: 10.1520/B0611-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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B611 − 21
6. Apparatus
travel through the wheel/test specimen contact. The test metric
is the volume of material worn from the test specimen in
specified test duration and under specified test conditions.
6.1 General Description—Fig. 1 is a schematic of the test
rig. The test specimen (a) contacts a steel wheel (b) on its
centerline; the water/grit slurry (c) is held in a slurry vessel;
vanes (d) are on both sides of the steel wheel agitate the slurry.
The vanes on the abrading wheel can be integral with the steel
wheel, or they can be made from steel, aluminum or brass
angle and attached to the wheel with fasteners. The agitating
vanes can be slightly curved or flat. The length of the vanes can
be from 3 mm to 13 mm. The vanes must have a minimum
clearance of 3 mm on a side between the vanes and the vessel.
They can be staggered so that the vanes on one side make an
angle of 45° with the vanes on the other side. The normal load
(force) is applied by a mass (e) that is constant throughout the
test. The slurry can be replenished if needed, since slurry may
splash out of uncovered machines during the test. The test
duration and wheel rotational speed are fixed for the test.
4.3 The test specimen is weighed to determine mass loss,
which is converted to a volume loss using the density of the test
material.
4.4 The slurry used in the test is composed of a specified
mass of 30 grit (600 µm) aluminum oxide in a specified volume
of water.
4.5 There may be a corrosion component to the material
removal, but it is considered to be negligible since the test
duration is only 10 min or 20 min.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The extraction of minerals from the Earth’s crust usually
requires fracturing rock with tools made from metals, which
have been clad, overlaid, or coated in some fashion with high
hardness or wear-resistant materials, or both. Drilling,
crushing, and moving rock involves high-stress abrasion on the
surfaces that contact the rock. The stresses are high enough to
crush or fracture the rock. This test method simulates this
condition, and it is used to screen new materials for these types
of applications. It can also be used as a quality control tool for
materials destined for high-stress abrasion applications: slurry
pumps, comminution equipment, recycling choppers, demolition equipment, etc.
6.2 Abrading Wheel—The wheel is made from AISI 1020
steel (80 HRB to 95 HRB); the outside diameter is 169 mm 6
0.1 mm when new, and the wheel shall be discarded when its
diameter wears below 165 mm. The steel wheel has a contact
surface roughness of 0.5 µm to 0.8 µm (arithmetic surface
roughness, Ra) as manufactured. A burr develops during use. It
should not be removed. The wheel is not dressed between uses.
After use, the surface becomes impregnated with alumina
particles, and it has the appearance of a sand-blasted surface.
Four agitating vanes are attached at 90° increments on both
sides of the wheel. The vanes must have a minimum radial
clearance of 3 mm with the test specimen when the wheel
penetrates the test specimen to produce a wear scar (the vanes
must not contact the specimen during testing). The wheel width
is 12.7 mm 6 0.1 mm.
5.2 Most abrasion tests use low-stress abrasion. The abrasive stays relatively intact during testing. High-stress abrasion
simulates applications where the force between an abrasive
substance and a tool/component will be high enough to crush
the abrasive. If this describes an application under study, then
this may be an appropriate test method to use.
NOTE 1—“a” is the test specimen; “b” is the steel wheel; “c” is the test slurry; “d” are vanes. The mass producing the normal force is “e.”
FIG. 1 Schematic of Test Rig
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B611 − 21
6.6 Slurry Vessel—The internal dimensions of the vessel
that contains the slurry are shown in Fig. 3. All dimensions are
in millimeters. The vessel can be made from metals or plastic
and corrosion-resistant materials are preferred. In this design, a
flat panel is fastened and sealed to the chamber shown to
complete the vessel. Cutout “a” is an option clearance for the
specimen pivot. Some test rigs do not need the spindle hole
because the vessel clamps to a faceplate containing the wheel
spindle. The slurry must be replaced for every test so a drain or
other way of removing the slurry is advisable.
7. Procedure
7.1 Specimen Preparation—The test surface of the test
specimen should be flat and not contain errors of form (ridges,
waves, bumps, etc.) greater than 2.0 µm. A test specimen can
be tested on the front and backside as long as the holder
references the specimen from the unworn surface.
7.2 Specimen Cleaning—Test specimens should be
degreased with a solvent that does not attack the test surface or
leave a film. Ultrasonic cleaning for a duration from 30 s to
90 s in acetone has been found to be adequate for most metals
and cermets.
7.3 Specimen Weighing—Weigh the test specimen to
60.001 g three times and take the average weight as the
starting weight. Ferrous materials should be demagnetized
before testing.
FIG. 2 Test Specimen Dimensions
7.4 Specimen Mounting—Affix the specimen in the loading
arm without touching the test surface. The centerline of the test
specimen should be in line with the centerline of the wheel.
Apply the testing normal force by placing a mass on the
specimen arm such that it develops a 200 N force pushing the
test specimen against the wheel.
6.3 Test Specimen—The test specimen dimensions are
shown in Fig. 2. All dimensions are in millimeters. The test
surfaces should have an arithmetic surface roughness (Ra) less
than 1 µm. Test specimen surfaces “a” and “b” must be flat and
parallel within 0.01 mm. Chamfered edges are recommended.
6.4 Drive Motor—A 1 hp motor with a gear reduction unit
has been found suitable for use, but other motors (hydraulic or
DC motors, etc.) could be used if they have the torque
requirements to rotate the wheel with a 200 N “braking” force
applied to the outside diameter. The wheel can be directly
mounted to the drive or it can be mounted on a spindle which
is driven by a motor. Whatever the mechanism, the radial
runout of the wheel shall be less than 60.01 mm and
widthwise runout shall be less than 60.05 mm. The motor
speed shall be controlled to the specified rpm 6 2 rpm.
7.5 Slurry Preparation—Pour the 30-grit abrasive into the
slurry vessel with the test specimen in place and loaded against
the wheel. The level of the grit should be 25 mm to 30 mm
below the wheel centerline. Determine the weight of grit used
to fill the vessel by pouring the grit from a container that is
weighed, reweighed when filled, and reweighed again after
filling. The slurry is to have an abrasive/water ratio of 4 g of
grit for every milliliter of water. For example, if it took 100 g
of abrasive to fill the hopper to the required level (25 mm to
30 mm below centerline) then 25 mL of water must be added.
Distilled water should be added to the vessel as wheel rotation
commences. A fresh slurry is required for every test.
NOTE 1—While some standards that conform to metric practice use
seconds as the basic unit for time and radians per second for rotational
speed, rpm is used here to mean revolutions per minute of the wheel, a
parameter which is historically used when conducting and documenting
tests of this kind.
7.6 Start Wheel Rotation After Loading and Slurry Filling—
The wheel speed shall be 50 rpm or 100 rpm under load
depending on the procedure used. Wheel revolutions shall be
continuously recorded.
6.5 Specimen Holder—The centerline of the pivoting specimen holder should be aligned with the tangent point of the
system with a new wheel. The sideways movement of the
holder should be less than 0.2 mm and it should be designed to
place the wear scar in the center of the test specimen. Subsized
test specimens can be held in special holders that allow the flat
face of the test specimen in full wheel contact. If the wear scar
runs into the holding device, the test specimen should be
considered inadequate in size for testing with the standard
procedure.
7.7 Test Duration—The test duration shall be:
(1) Procedure A—1000 revolutions at 100 rpm (10 min)
(2) Procedure B—1000 revolutions at 50 rpm (20 min)
7.8 Slurry Make-Up—The slurry is properly formulated and
at the correct level when the grit is visibly carried up by the
wheel and there is a crushing sound coming from the wheel/
specimen contact. If grit is not carried up with the wheel, add
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B611 − 21
FIG. 3 Slurry Vessel
9. Precision and Bias
more grit or remove slurry until grit is seen carrying up from
the specimen/wheel contact.
9.1 Precision—Hard materials usually exhibit very uniform
wear scars in this test method. However, there is not a defined
absolute wear volume for all materials under high stress
abrasion conditions or for this test method.
7.9 Weigh Specimen After Testing—The test specimen and
vessel should be water rinsed to remove any grit and dried.
Weigh the worn specimen to 60.001 g as in 7.3 and calculate
the specimen mass loss.
9.2 Repeatability and Reproducibility—Table 1 shows typical test data on two different cemented carbides tested: Material A and Material B, and five replicate tests were conducted
on each material. Abbreviations AVE, SD, and COV refer to
average, standard deviation and coefficient of variation, respectively. The coefficients of variation ranged from 2 % to 4 %.
8. Report
8.1 Specimen Identification—Report the specimen identification number along with other information that should accompany the identifier, such as additional treatments, coatings, etc.
8.2 Wear Volume—State the density of the test material, and
use that density to calculate wear volume in cubic millimeters.
9.3 Bias—Potential sources for bias in this test method
include:
(1) Specimen holder not perfectly parallel with the face of
the wheel.
(2) Wheel rounding/grooving.
(3) Excessive wheel wear.
(4) Improper slurry uptake.
(5) Off-analysis slurry.
8.3 Test Conditions—Summarize the test conditions used:
wheel diameter (start and finish), normal force, wheel speed,
test duration (revolutions), and test slurry details.
8.4 Number of Replicates—State the number of replicates
and report the average wear volume of the replicates as the test
metric.
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B611 − 21
TABLE 1 Example of Test Results
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
Specimen Mass
Before Test (g)
117.273
117.180
117.424
117.165
117.331
Specimen Mass
After Test (g)
114.810
114.708
114.897
114.755
114.921
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
111.837
111.724
111.784
112.269
111.442
107.125
106.984
107.397
107.918
106.988
Specimen ID
Test Conditions:
Wheel Speed:
Force:
Duration:
Media:
Material:
Mass Loss (g)
Density (g/cm3)
Volume Loss (mm3)
2.463
2.472
2.527
2.410
2.410
14.49
14.50
14.48
14.48
14.48
AVE =
SD =
COV (SD/AVE) =
13.92
13.93
13.92
13.93
13.92
AVE =
SD =
COV (SD/AVE) =
169.98
170.48
174.52
166.44
166.44
169.57
3.36
0.02
338.48
340.26
315.19
312.30
319.98
325.24
13.20
0.04
4.712
4.740
4.387
4.350
4.454
100 rpm
200 N
10 min
30 grit (600 µm) aluminum oxide
both A and B are cemented carbides
(6) Vibration of the specimen or some machine component.
(7) Specimens not made to specified shape and tolerances.
(8) Reuse of alumina abrasive (reuse is not advised).
(9) Wrong particulate size of alumina.
(10) Wrong wheel speed, applied force.
(11) Specimen surface contamination.
10. Keywords
10.1 abrasion; abrasion testing; cemented carbides; ceramics; high-stress abrasion; slurry
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
(5) Subsection 3.1—The word “standard” was added and
sentence was corrected to “Terminology Standard G40”.
(6) Subsection 4.4—The nominal particle size in micrometers
based on sieve designation was provided in parentheses:
“30 grit (600 µm)”.
(7) Subsection 4.5—The word “time” was replaced with
“duration,” and the words “ten” and “twenty” were replaced
with corresponding numbers, conversion to seconds was removed. All changes with the aim of maintaining consistency
with Section 7.
(8) Subsection 5.1—“The extraction of minerals from the
Earth’s mantle usually requires fracturing rock...”, the word
“mantle” was replaced with “crust,” since minerals and ores
are extracted from the Earth’s crust.
(9) Subsection 5.1—“...fracturing rock with tools made from
metals, but clad, overlaid, or covered in some fashion with hard
materials.” was replaced with “...fracturing rock with tools
made from metals, which have been clad, overlaid, or coated in
some fashion with hard high hardness or wear-resistant
materials, or both.” The addition of “wear resistant” was to
minimize the misconception of high hardness equals high wear
resistance.
(10) Sections 6 and 7—All instances of the word “millimetre”
were replaced with “millimeter”. The word “millilitre” was
also replaced with “milliliter”.
(1) Subsections 1.1 (Scope) and 2.1 (Referenced Documents,
ASTM Standards)—References to Test Method G75 were
removed.
Rationale—Since Test Method G75 is developed for measuring
slurry abrasivity and involves a reciprocating lap in a slurry
environment, and it does not involve a rotating rubber wheel as
is implied by the wording of 1.1.
(2) Subsection 1.3—The statement “No other units of measurement are included in this standard.” was removed and Subsection 1.3.1 was added for exceptions:
“1.3.1 Exceptions—Subsection 4.4 and Table 1 use abrasive
grit designations for particle size. The value given in parentheses is nominal dimension in micrometers based on sieve
designation (Specification E11) and provided for information
only. Subsection 6.2 uses the Rockwell hardness, B scale
(HRB) as the standard unit of measure for hardness. In 6.4, 7.6,
7.7, and Table 1, rpm is the standard unit of measure for
rotational speed.”
(3) Subsection 2.1 (ASTM Standards)—Specification E11 was
added in accordance with 1.3.1, and Test Method G75 was
removed as noted above.
(4) Subsection 2.2 (American National Standard)—“ANSI
B74.12 Specification for the Size of Abrasive Grain - Grinding
Wheels, Polishing and General Industrial Uses” was added in
accordance with 1.3.1.
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B611 − 21
(22) Fig. 3, Note 1—Removed, and the contents transferred to
the main text (Subsection 6.6).
(23) Subsection 7.2—“a time from 30 to 90 s” was replaced
with “a duration from 30 s to 90 s”.
(24) Subsection 7.5—“25/30 mm below centerline” was
changed to “25 mm to 30 mm below centerline” to maintain
consistency.
(25) Subsection 7.9—The word “Sample” was replaced with
“Specimen”.
(26) Subsection 9.2, Lines 1–2—“Table 1 shows typical test
data on two different cemented carbides.” was changed to
“Table 1 shows typical test data on two different cemented
carbides tested: Material A and Material B, and five replicate
tests were conducted on each material.”
(27) Subsection 9.2—The following sentence was removed as
to our knowledge, this Round Robin has not been performed:
“Collaborators for interlaboratory tests for reproducibility will
be sought with a target date for interlaboratory tests on one
material of June 2015.”
(28) Subsection 9.3—Item 9, “Wrong grit alumina” was
changed to “Wrong particle size of alumina”.
(29) Subsection 9.3—Item 11, “surface contamination” was
changed to “specimen surface contamination” to eliminate
confusion of which surface this referred to (specimen or
wheel).
(30) Table 1—Note 1 was removed, and the contents transferred to the main text—Row 1, Column 1. The word “Sample
ID” was replaced with “Specimen ID”.
(31) Table 1, Test Conditions—“RPM” was replaced with
“Wheel speed” and the unit “rpm” was moved to follow the
corresponding value (that is, 100 rpm).
(32) Table 1—Instances of “average and “Avg”, referring to
the mean, were replaced with “AVE”, and instances of “S” or
“s”, referring to standard deviation, were replaced with “SD”.
The parameters were described in the text, Subsection 9.2:
“Abbreviations AVE, SD, and COV refer to average, standard
deviation and coefficient of variation, respectively.”
(33) Table 1, Row 1—Parameters “L” and “D” were removed
as they are not used in this test method.
(34) Table 1—The coefficient of variation was rounded from
“0.019” to “0.02” for A samples; for B samples, the average
volume loss for B samples was incorrect, and got corrected.
(35) Table 1, Precision of Mass Measurements—Results in
Table 1 were reported to a precision of 0.0001 g, but Subsections 7.3 and 7.9 specify the weight to be reported to 60.001 g.
The precision of mass measurements in Table 1 were,
therefore, changed to reflect the capabilities of the measuring
instrument (three decimal places) and not imply a finer
precision than exists.
(36) Table 1—Footnote A was removed from the table to
eliminate confusion; there were no references for “Wear
number, W” and “Abrasion resistance, A” in this test method.
(11) Subsection 6.1, Line 3—These sentences were added:
“The agitating vanes can be slightly curved or flat. The length
of the vanes can be from 3 mm to 13 mm. The vanes must have
a minimum clearance of 3 mm on a side between the vanes and
the vessel. They can be staggered so that the vanes on one side
make an angle of 45° with the vanes on the other side.”; also,
the word “normal” was added to the sentence “The normal load
(force) is applied by a mass...”.
(12) Subsection 6.2—The recommended roughness of the outer
diameter of a new wheel was added; “The steel wheel has a
contact surface roughness of 0.5 µm to 0.8 µm (arithmetic
surface roughness, Ra) as manufactured.”; also added: “After
use, the surface becomes impregnated with alumina particles,
and it has the appearance of a sand-blasted surface.”; in this
section, the word “sample” was replaced with “specimen”.
(13) Subsection 6.3 (Test Specimen)—Specimen specifications
were removed from Fig. 2, Note 1 and added to Subsection 6.3:
“The test specimen dimensions are shown in Fig. 2. All
dimensions are in millimeters. The test surfaces should have an
arithmetic surface roughness (Ra) less than 1 µm. Test specimen surfaces “a” and “b” must be flat and parallel within
0.01 mm. Chamfered edges are recommended.”. The lower
limit of roughness (0.1 µm) was removed.
(14) Subsection 6.4—Note 1 was added with regards to the
choice of rpm unit of measure for wheel speed:
“Note 1—While some standards that conform to metric practice use seconds as the basic unit for time and radians per
second for rotational speed, rpm is used here to mean revolutions per minute of the wheel, a parameter which is historically
used when conducting and documenting tests of this kind.”
(15) Fig. 1, Note 1—Edited to only include introduction of
parameters used in the schematic. The contents of Note 1 was
moved to the corresponding sequence in main text (Subsection
6.1).
(16) Fig. 2—Figure size changed from (8.66 in. × 6.82 in.),
which occupied the entire page, to (4 in. × 3.25 in.).
(17) Fig. 2, Note 1—Removed, and the contents moved to the
main text.
(18) Subsection 6.5, Lines 5–7—“Subsized test specimens can
be held in special holders that allow the flat face of the test
specimen in full wheel contact.” The article “in” was added to
make the sentence read better.
(19) Subsection 6.6, Line 1—This sentence was added: “All
dimensions are in millimeters.”
(20) Subsection 6.6—These sentences were removed from Fig.
3, Note 1, and added to the corresponding section in Subsection
6.6: “In this design, a flat panel is fastened and sealed to the
chamber shown to complete the vessel. Cutout “a” is an option
clearance for the specimen pivot. Some test rigs do not need
the spindle hole because the vessel clamps to a faceplate
containing the wheel spindle.”
(21) Fig. 3—The dimensions on drawing were in inches and
required conversion to metric: 85/120=18.0mm, 100/
120=21.2mm, 35/66=13.5mm, 50/130=9.8mm.
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B611 − 21
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