Introduction to IB English Paper 2
IB 英语试卷简介 2
Paper 2 (P2) is the second externally-marked exam paper you have to write. You
write a single essay answering one of six possible unseen essay questions on at least
two of the texts you studied for Part 3 of the course. Unlike Paper 1, which focuses on
textual analysis of unseen non-literary texts, Paper 2 requires you to write a
comparative essay based on literary works you have studied during the course. This
paper tests your ability to engage in a deeper analysis of themes, characters, and
contexts across different texts. As with Paper 1, SL students get 1h30m and HL
students get 2h.
试卷 2 （P2） 是您必须写的第二份外部评分的试卷。你写一篇论文，回答六个可能
的看不见的论文问题之一，关于你为课程第 3 部分学习的至少两篇文本。与侧重于对
看不见的非文学文本进行文本分析的试卷 1 不同，试卷 2 要求您根据您在课程中学
习的文学作品写一篇比较文章。本文测试您对不同文本的主题、人物和背景进行更深
入分析的能力。与试卷 1 一样，SL 学生获得 1 小时 30 分，HL 学生获得 2 小
时。
Keywords: IB English Paper 2, IB English comparative essay, IB
Literature exam, IB English analysis
关键词： IB 英语试卷 2， IB 英语比较论文， IB 文学考试， IB 英语分析
How to Prepare Notes for IB English Paper 2 Books
如何为 IB 英语试卷 2 书籍准备笔记
Know Your Works Inside Out
全面了解您的作品
Remember, you cannot bring your texts into the examination, so you need to know
them well. This doesn't necessarily mean memorizing every line but having a strong
grasp of the key elements. One of the first steps in this approach is to familiarize
yourself with the prescribed texts. This involves reading the texts multiple times,
taking notes, and highlighting key passages.
请记住，您不能将您的文本带入考试，因此您需要充分了解它们。这并不一定意味着
记住每一行，而是要牢牢掌握关键要素。这种方法的第一步是熟悉规定的文本。这包
括多次阅读文本、做笔记和突出显示关键段落。
Practice Without the Text
没有文本的练习
Try to fill out revision grids without referring to your literary works. This will help
you gauge how well you know the texts and where you need to focus your revision.
Key areas to focus on include:
尝试在不参考您的文学作品的情况下填写修订网格。这将帮助您衡量您对文本的了解
程度以及您需要将修订重点放在何处。需要关注的关键领域包括：

The title of the work and the author's name.
作品的标题和作者的姓名。

The publication date or first performance (for plays).
出版日期或首次演出（对于戏剧）。

A succinct summary of the plot (not more than 100 words).
情节的简洁总结（不超过 100 字）。

Key thematic concerns. 关键主题关注点。

Important contexts (historical, cultural, political, etc.).
重要背景（历史、文化、政治等）。

The setting and its significance.
环境及其意义。

Main and supporting characters and their development.
主要角色和配角及其发展。

The mode of narration or narrative voice.
叙述或叙述语态的模式。

Structuration/plot details.
结构/绘图细节。

Language style and literary devices.
语言风格和文学手法。
Understand the Significance and Context
了解意义和背景
Reflect on what each work suggests about the human condition. Literature is not just
about stories but also about offering insights into society, morality, and human
experiences. Think about how your works relate to broader themes and what they
reveal about different aspects of life.Take the time to research the historical and
cultural context in which the texts were written. This will provide valuable insights
into the author's intentions and the societal issues they may have been addressing.
反思每件作品对人类状况的暗示。文学不仅关于故事，还关于提供对社会、道德和人
类经验的见解。想想你的作品如何与更广泛的主题相关，以及它们揭示了生活的不同
方面。花时间研究文本写作的历史和文化背景。这将为作者的意图和他们可能一直在
解决的社会问题提供有价值的见解。
Understanding the context will also enable you to make connections between the
texts and the world in which they were created. For example, if one of the prescribed
texts is George Orwell's "1984," it is crucial to understand the political climate of the
time when the novel was written. Orwell's dystopian vision of a totalitarian society
was influenced by the rise of authoritarian regimes in the mid-20th century, such as
Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia.
理解上下文还将使您能够在文本和它们被创造的世界之间建立联系。例如，如果规定
的文本之一是乔治·奥威尔的《1984》
，那么了解小说写作时的政治气候至关重要。奥
威尔对极权主义社会的反乌托邦愿景受到 20 世纪中叶威权政权崛起的影响，例如纳
粹德国和斯大林主义俄罗斯。
By familiarizing yourself with this historical context, you will be able to analyze the
novel's themes of government surveillance, manipulation of language, and the
dangers of unchecked power more effectively. Furthermore, delving into the cultural
background of the texts can provide additional layers of meaning. If one of the
prescribed texts is Gabriel Garcia Marquez's "One Hundred Years of Solitude," it is
essential to explore the rich cultural heritage of Latin America. Marquez's use of
magical realism, a literary technique prominent in Latin American literature, adds a
unique flavor to the narrative. Understanding the cultural context will allow you to
appreciate the blending of reality and fantasy in the novel and grasp the profound
symbolism embedded in its pages.
通过熟悉这一历史背景，您将能够更有效地分析小说的主题，包括政府监控、语言纵
以及不受制衡的权力的危险。此外，深入研究文本的文化背景可以提供额外的意义层
次。如果规定的文本之一是加布里埃尔·加西亚·马尔克斯 （Gabriel Garcia Marquez）
的《百年孤独》
，那么探索拉丁美洲丰富的文化遗产是必不可少的。马尔克斯对魔幻现
实主义的使用是拉丁美洲文学中一种突出的文学技巧，为叙事增添了独特的风味。了
解文化背景将使您欣赏小说中现实与幻想的融合，并掌握其书页中嵌入的深刻象征意
义。
Making Your Personal Notes
制作个人笔记
Your analysis should start with identifying the core themes the novel explores. These
could range from human nature and societal issues to more specific themes like the
impact of technology on society or the nuances of family dynamics. Understanding
the historical, cultural, political, and economic context in which the novel was written
enriches your interpretation and allows you to see the story in a broader societal
framework.
你的分析应该从确定小说探讨的核心主题开始。这些范围从人性和社会问题到更具体
的主题，如技术对社会的影响或家庭动态的细微差别。了解小说创作的历史、文化、
政治和经济背景可以丰富您的解释，并让您在更广泛的社会框架中看待这个故事。
When analyzing themes, consider their significance and relevance to the text as a
whole. Look for evidence within the text to support your interpretations and consider
how the themes are eventually expressed through macro choices such as
characterization, plot design, setting choices, narrative voice etc.
在分析主题时，请考虑它们的重要性和与整个文本的相关性。在文本中寻找证据来支
持您的解释，并考虑主题最终如何通过宏观选择来表达，例如人物塑造、情节设计、
设置选择、叙述声音等。
For example, in a novel about social inequality, you might analyze the theme of
injustice and explore how it is portrayed through various characters and events. You
could examine instances where characters face discrimination or unfair treatment.
Consider their motivations, conflicts, and character development throughout the
story. Pay attention to the relationships between characters and how they contribute
to the overall themes.
例如，在一部关于社会不平等的小说中，您可能会分析不公正的主题，并探索如何通
过各种人物和事件来描绘它。您可以检查角色面临歧视或不公平待遇的情况。考虑他
们在整个故事中的动机、冲突和性格发展。注意角色之间的关系以及他们如何为整体
主题做出贡献。
For instance, in a play about family dynamics, you might analyze the character of the
protagonist and how their internal struggles and relationships with other family
members drive the plot forward. You could analyze their growth or transformation
throughout the play and how it reflects the larger themes explored in the text.
例如，在一部关于家庭动态的戏剧中，你可能会分析主角的性格，以及他们的内心斗
争和与其他家庭成员的关系如何推动情节向前发展。你可以分析他们在整个戏剧中的
成长或转变，以及它如何反映文本中探讨的更大主题。
Select Relevant Quotations
选择相关报价
Choose 10-15 quotations that are particularly relevant or significant to understanding
the work. Think about how these quotations reveal aspects of themes, characters, or
settings. Remember, it's not about the quantity of quotations but their quality and
relevance to your analysis.
选择 10-15 条与理解工作特别相关或重要的引文。想想这些引文如何揭示主题、人物
或背景的各个方面。请记住，这与报价的数量无关，而是它们的质量和与您的分析的
相关性。
The Marking Criteria & How to Score Well On Them
评分标准以及如何在他们上面取得好成绩
P2 for HL & SL is marked on the same five criteria, though as with before the HL
rubric is slightly different (stricter) than the SL rubric. Here's what each of these
criteria are and our advice on how to do well on them.
HL 和 SL 的 P2 按照相同的五个标准进行标记，尽管 HL 评分标准与之前略有不同
（更严格）
。以下是这些标准中的每一个以及我们如何做好这些标准的建议。
Criterion A: Knowledge & Understanding
标准 A：知识和理解
How well you understand not just what happens in your texts but why.
你不仅理解文本中发生的事情， 而且理解为什么 。

Make sure you understand the effect of each of your text's TAP
DANCE elements on the audience!
确保您了解文本中每个 TAP DANCE 元素对观众的影响！
o
You can prepare this well before the exam! Make & organize notes into
the types of P2 questions detailed above, such as in this example
organizer.
您可以在考试前做好充分准备！按照上述详细的 P2 问题类型制作和组
织笔记，例如在这个示例组织者中。

Provide evidence from (and related, for context) your texts that
demonstrate your varied & deep understanding of them.
提供来自（以及相关的，用于上下文）的证据，证明你对它们的不同和深入的
理解。
o
This includes but isn't limited to quotes, paraphrasing & summarizing
from the text.
这包括但不限于引用、释义和从文本中总结。
o
Memorizing 50 irrelevant quotes won't help; knowing 4-5 short quotes
per text that together exemplify all important themes, formal features,
etc. of the text will.
记住 50 条不相关的引文无济于事;知道每篇文章有 4-5 个简短的引
文，这些引文共同体现了文本的所有重要主题、形式特征等。
o
Evidence should come from all parts of your text and demonstrate a
wide range of devices/techniques. Don't only pick quotes from small
sections of your texts!
证据应该来自文本的所有部分，并展示广泛的设备/技术。不要只从你
文本的一小部分挑选引文！
Criterion B: Response to the Question
标准 B：对问题的回答
How relevant and diverse/varied your response to the question is.
您对问题的回答的相关性和多样性/多样性 。

Answer the question! 回答问题！
o
Make sure your response is what it says on the tin--directly address all key aspects of the question as stated.
确保您的回答是 tin--- 直接解决问题的所有关键方面。
o
Don't go on some tangent---no matter what you're discussing, whether
context or formal features or anything, always link it back to the
question and what it asks you to discuss.
不要喋喋不休---无论你在讨论什么，无论是上下文还是形式特征或其他
任何内容，都要始终将其与问题以及它要求你讨论的内容联系起来。

Outline & brainstorm different perspectives!
概述并集思广益不同的观点！
o
When preparing for the exam, start thinking of different ways you
might approach your texts in relation to their themes, contexts,
stylistic devices, etc.
在准备考试时，开始考虑根据主题、上下文、文体手段等处理文本的不
同方式。
o
During the exam, take care to unpack your chosen question in detail--consider points and possible counterpoints!
在考试期间，请注意详细解开您选择的问题---考虑要点和可能的对位
点！
o
Keep asking yourself questions about the question!
不断问自己关于问题的问题！
o
Start with simple questions like "What does this theme mean? How is
it represented in my texts?" and branch out from there until you've
defined/brainstormed all parts of the question.
从简单的问题开始，例如“这个主题是什么意思？它在我的文本中是如
何表示的？“并从那里扩展，直到你定义/集思广益了问题的所有部分。
Criterion C: Appreciation of Literary Conventions
标准 C：欣赏文学惯例
How well you demonstrate an extremely strong understanding, specifically,
the formal features in your text and how they influence the text's effect on a reader.
你表现出极强的理解能力，特别是文本中的形式特征以及它们如何影响文本对读者的
影响 。

Talk about it! 谈谈它！
o
While this may seem like stupidly simple advice, lots of students fall
into the trap of only discussing plot progression & themes without
appreciating formal features.
虽然这可能看起来像是愚蠢的简单建议，但许多学生陷入了只讨论情节
进展和主题而不欣赏正式特征的陷阱。

Don't forget text-type specific conventions!
不要忘记特定于文本类型的约定！
o
'Literary conventions' includes both general stylistic/literary devices
and text-type specific conventions (like those for verse & visual texts),
so don't forget either!
'文学惯例'包括一般的文体/文学手段和文本类型的特定惯例（如诗歌和
视觉文本的那些，所以也不要忘记也一样！
o
Different text types will have specific features you ought to look out for
(e.g. visuals, stage directions, etc.) and discuss.
不同的文本类型将具有您应该注意的特定功能（例如视觉效果、舞台指
导等）并进行讨论。
o
See Further Resources for some more resources to learn more in this
regard
请参阅 更多资源 以获取更多资源，以了解有关这方面的更多信息
Criterion D: Organization & Development
标准 D：组织与发展
How well your response is organized and how clearly it develops a strong,
supported argument.
您的回答组织得如何，以及它如何清晰地发展出强有力的、有依据的论点。

You don't always need to compare.
您并不总是需要比较。
o
Unlike Asian parents, the IB is fine with you not always comparing
things.
与亚洲父母不同，IB 可以让你不总是比较。
o
A degree of comparison definitely strengthens your response, but you
don't always need to comment on the two texts in constant unison.
一定程度的比较肯定会加强你的回答，但你并不总是需要对这两篇课文
进行一致的评论。
o
You can choose sometimes to simply focus on one at a time---how one
text approaches a given idea, then switching to the other text, before
finally tying the two together.
有时你可以选择一次只关注一个文本---一个文本如何处理给定的想法，
然后切换到另一个文本，最后将两者联系在一起。
Criterion E: Language 标准 E：语言
How consistently strong your own English writing is throughout your response
你自己的英语写作在你的回答中始终如一的强度

As in P1, write formally & with a wide vocabulary, but don't throw a
thesaurus at your response!
就像在 P1 中一样，正式且词汇丰富地写作，但不要在你的回答上抛出词库！
o
As in P1, you should, of course, use a formal, academic style of writing
with correct grammar/spelling, but scoring well on P1 is not about big
words! Keep your writing consistent before making it complex.
与 P1 一样，您当然应该使用具有正确语法/拼写的正式学术写作风
格，但在 P1 上取得好成绩并不是关于大词！在使它变得复杂之前，请
保持你的写作一致性。
o
If you use fancy words, make sure you understand them & use them
correctly---no one likes a showoff, especially not your IB examiners!
如果你使用花哨的词语，请确保你理解并正确使用它们---没有人喜欢炫
耀，尤其是你的 IB 考官！
o
This is the time to bring in any vocabulary particularly relevant to your
text---specific themes (e.g. metanarration) or text-type specific
conventions (e.g. proxemics) will all enhance your score if you know
what they are!
如果您知道它们是什么，那么现在是时候引入任何与您的文本---特定主
题（例如元叙述）或文本类型特定约定（例如近似）特别相关的词汇都
会提高您的分数！
Choosing the Right Question
选择正确的问题
Understanding the Questions
了解问题
The Paper 2 exam provides general questions that are broadly applicable to the texts
you have studied. These questions often focus on universal themes such as power,
identity, conflict, and the role of women. Your task is to select the question that
best allows you to explore these themes across two or more of your texts.
试卷 2 考试提供一般性问题，这些问题广泛适用于您所学的文本。这些问题通常集中
在普遍的主题上，例如权力、身份、冲突和女性的角色 。您的任务是选择最能让您在
两个或多个文本中探索这些主题的问题。
Question Types 问题类型
Out of your six possible question choices on P2, you will always get at least one
question from each of the following question types:
在 P2 的 6 个可能的题型选项中，您始终会从以下每种题型中至少获得一个题目：
Context & Audience 背景和受众
How a text's intended audience and its context of production/interpretation influence
its content, formal elements (e.g. stylistic/literary devices) and artistic elements (e.g.
themes, characterization) and thus its effect on the reader.
文本的目标受众及其制作/解释环境如何影响其内容、形式元素（例如文体/文学手
段）和艺术元素（例如主题、人物塑造），从而影响读者。
Example: How do the writers of at least two of the works you have studied convey
a sense of place to their readers and to what purpose? (May 2017)
示例： 您研究过的至少两部作品的作者如何向读者传达地方感以及目的是什么？
（2017 年 5 月）
Genre, Convention, Technique & Structure
类型、惯例、技术和结构
How formal elements of a text, particularly those specific to/conventional within its
genre/text-type and as influenced by context, have certain effects on the reader.
文本的形式元素，特别是那些特定于/在其体裁/文本类型中约定俗成的元素，以及受
上下文影响的元素，如何对读者产生一定的影响。
Example: Writing is both an art and a craft, where form and content are carefully
constructed and language and style artistically embellish the whole. Discuss in what
ways at least two works you have studied effectively combine both art and
craft. (November 2013)
示例： 写作既是一门艺术，也是一门手艺，形式和内容经过精心构建，语言和风格艺
术地点缀整体。讨论您学习过的至少两部作品以何种方式有效地结合了艺术和手工
艺。（2013 年 11 月）
Theme & Characterisation
主题和角色
How artistic content/elements of a text relating to themes & characterization,
perhaps influenced/emphasized by formal elements of a text and context, have
certain effects on the reader.
可能与文本的形式元素和上下文的影响/强调的文本艺术内容/元素如何对读者产生一
定的影响。
Example: Can the ends ever be said to justify the means? Consider the ways in
which this idea is explored or discussed in at least two of the works you have
studied. (May 2014)
示例： 可以说目的可以证明手段是合理的吗？考虑一下你研究过的至少两部作品中探
索或讨论这个想法的方式。（2014 年 5 月）
Strategies for Choosing the Right Question
选择正确问题的策略
1. Review past papers: Before the exam, review past papers to familiarize
yourself with the types of questions that are typically asked. This can help you
anticipate which themes might be featured.
复习过去的论文： 考试前，复习过去的试卷以熟悉通常会问的问题类型。这可
以帮助您预测哪些主题可能会成为特色主题。
2. Identify key terms: When interpreting and approaching each type of
question, it's crucial to read the question carefully and identify key terms.
确定关键术语： 在解释和处理每种类型的问题时，仔细阅读问题并确定关键术
语至关重要。
3. Plan your essay structure: Organizing your thoughts and examples before
you begin writing will help you create a coherent and compelling argument.
规划你的论文结构： 在开始写作之前整理你的想法和例子将有助于你创建一个
连贯且令人信服的论点。
4. Consider your strengths: Choose a question that allows you to showcase
your knowledge of the texts and your analytical skills.
考虑您的优势： 选择一个问题，让您展示您对文本的了解和分析技能。
5. Think comparatively: Remember that you need to discuss at least two
texts, so choose a question that allows for meaningful comparison between
your chosen works.
比较思考： 请记住，您至少需要讨论两篇文章，因此请选择一个能够对您选择
的作品进行有意义比较的问题。
Sample Questions and Approaches
示例问题和方法
Consider the following sample questions from past papers:
考虑过去试卷中的以下示例问题：

"Discuss the theme of justice as portrayed in the two texts you have studied."
“讨论你研究过的两篇课文中描绘的正义主题。”

"Analyze the development of the protagonist in one of the works you have
read."
“分析你读过的其中一部作品中主人公的发展。”

"How do the authors use symbolism to enhance the themes of their respective
works?"
“作者如何使用象征主义来增强他们各自作品的主题？”
For each of these questions, you should:
对于这些问题中的每一个，您应该：
1. Identify the key themes or literary elements being asked about (e.g., justice,
character development, symbolism).
确定被询问的关键主题或文学元素（例如，正义、性格发展、象征意义）。
2. Consider how these elements are presented in at least two of your studied
texts.
考虑一下这些元素如何在您学习的至少两篇文本中呈现。
3. Think about similarities and differences in how these elements are treated
across your chosen texts.
想想在你选择的文本中如何处理这些元素的相似之处和不同之处。
4. Consider the broader implications or messages conveyed through these
elements in each text.
考虑通过每个文本中的这些元素传达的更广泛的含义或信息。
Final Advice 最后的建议
Remember, there is no "right" or "wrong" question to choose. The best question for
you is the one that allows you to demonstrate your knowledge and analytical skills
most effectively. Take your time to read through all the options carefully before
making your decision. If you've prepared well, you should be able to answer any of
the questions competently.
请记住，没有 “正确” 或 “错误” 的问题可供选择。对您来说最好的问题是可以让您最
有效地展示您的知识和分析技能的问题。在做出决定之前，请花点时间仔细阅读所有
选项。如果你准备得当，你应该能够胜任回答任何问题。
Keywords: IB English Paper 2 questions, IB essay themes, choosing
Paper 2 question, comparative analysis
关键词： IB 英语试卷 2 题，IB 论文主题，选择试卷 2 题，比较分析
Writing an Effective Introductory Paragraph
写一个有效的介绍性段落
Crafting a strong introduction for your IB English Paper 2 essay is crucial as it sets
the tone for your entire response. A well-written introduction engages the examiner
and lays a solid foundation for a high-scoring essay. Here's a step-by-step guide to
crafting an impactful introduction paragraph:
为您的 IB 英语试卷 2 论文制作一个强有力的介绍至关重要，因为它为您的整个回答
定下了基调。一篇写得很好的引言可以吸引考官，并为一篇高分论文奠定坚实的基
础。以下是制作有影响力的介绍段落的分步指南：
1. Start with a Hook
1. 从 Hook 开始
The first sentence of your introduction should grab the reader's attention and make
them want to continue reading. This can be done by using:
引言的第一句话应该吸引读者的注意力，让他们想继续阅读。这可以通过使用以下方
法完成：

A compelling quote 令人信服的引言

A thought-provoking question
一个发人深省的问题

A surprising statistic 一个令人惊讶的统计数据

A brief anecdote 一个简短的轶事
The hook should be relevant to the topic of your essay and should set the stage for the
argument you will be making.
钩子应该与你的文章主题相关，并应该为你将要提出的论点奠定基础。
Example: For an essay comparing the theme of power in George Orwell's "1984"
and Margaret Atwood's "The Handmaid's Tale", you might start with:
例： 对于一篇比较乔治·奥威尔的《1984》和玛格丽特·阿特伍德的《使女的故事》中
权力主题的文章，你可以从以下文章开始：
"Power is in tearing human minds to pieces and putting them together again in new
shapes of your own choosing." This chilling assertion from Orwell's "1984"
encapsulates the central theme of power that dominates both his dystopian vision
and Atwood's "The Handmaid's Tale".
“力量在于将人类的思想撕成碎片，然后将它们重新组合成你自己选择的新形状。”奥
威尔的《1984》中的这个令人不寒而栗的断言概括了主导他的反乌托邦愿景和阿特伍
德的《使女的故事》的权力中心主题。
2. Provide Context 2. 提供上下文
After grabbing the reader's attention, it's important to provide some background
information on the topic. This can include:
在吸引读者的注意力后，提供有关该主题的一些背景信息很重要。这可能包括：

A brief summary of the texts you will be analyzing
您将分析的文本的简要总结

The historical or cultural context in which the works were written
作品创作的历史或文化背景

Any relevant information that will help the reader understand the significance
of the topic
任何有助于读者理解主题重要性的相关信息
Example: Continuing with our "1984" and "The Handmaid's Tale" comparison:
例： 继续我们的“1984”和“使女的故事”的比较：
Both novels, written decades apart, explore totalitarian regimes that exert absolute
control over their citizens. Orwell's post-World War II narrative and Atwood's
response to the rising Christian fundamentalism of the 1980s offer unique yet
surprisingly similar perspectives on the nature of power and its corrupting influence.
这两部小说相隔几十年写成，探讨了对公民施加绝对控制的极权主义政权。奥威尔的
二战后叙述和阿特伍德对 1980 年代崛起的基督教原教旨主义的回应，为权力的本质
及其腐败影响提供了独特但令人惊讶的相似视角。
3. Outline the Scope of Your Essay
3. 概述你的论文范围
Briefly mention the main points you will be discussing in your essay. This gives the
reader a roadmap of what to expect in the following paragraphs.
简要提及您将在文章中讨论的要点。这为读者提供了以下段落中预期内容的路线图。
Example: 例：
This essay will examine how both authors use narrative techniques, symbolism, and
character development to illustrate the devastating effects of unchecked power on
individual freedom and societal structures.
本文将研究两位作者如何使用叙事技巧、象征主义和性格发展来说明不受制约的权力
对个人自由和社会结构的破坏性影响。
4. Crafting Your Thesis Statement
4. 制作你的论文陈述
Your thesis statement is the main argument or point that you will be making in your
essay. It should be:
你的论文陈述是你将在论文中提出的主要论点或观点。它应该是：

Clear and concise 清晰简洁

Specific and focused 具体而有重点

Directly addressing the prompt or question
直接解决提示或问题
Avoid vague or general statements. Instead, focus on a strong and focused thesis that
provides a clear direction for your essay.
避免含糊或笼统的陈述。相反，专注于一个强大而重点突出的论文，为您的论文提供
明确的方向。
Example: 例：
While both Orwell and Atwood depict power as an oppressive and dehumanizing
force, they differ in their portrayal of resistance: Orwell presents a bleak, hopeless
struggle against power, whereas Atwood offers glimpses of resilience and the
potential for change, suggesting that the human spirit, particularly through feminine
strength, can endure even in the face of overwhelming oppression.
虽然奥威尔和阿特伍德都将权力描绘成一种压迫和非人化的力量，但他们对抵抗的描
绘有所不同：奥威尔描绘了一场与权力的凄凉、绝望的斗争，而阿特伍德则提供了韧
性和变革潜力的一瞥，表明人类精神，特别是通过女性的力量，即使面对压倒性的压
迫也能坚持下去。
5. Transition to the Body of Your Essay
5. 过渡到你的文章正文
End your introduction with a sentence that smoothly transitions into your first body
paragraph. This helps maintain the flow of your essay.
以一个句子结束你的介绍，该句子可以顺利过渡到你的第一个正文段落。这有助于保
持论文的流畅性。
Example: 例：
To understand how these authors craft their critiques of power, we must first
examine the dystopian worlds they create and the mechanisms of control employed
by their respective regimes.
要了解这些作者如何塑造他们对权力的批判，我们必须首先研究他们创造的反乌托邦
世界以及各自政权采用的控制机制。
Tips for a Strong Introduction
强有力的介绍技巧

Keep it concise: Your introduction should be approximately 10% of your total
essay length.
保持简洁：你的引言应该占你论文总长度的 10% 左右。

Be specific: Avoid general statements about literature or writing. Focus on the
specific works and themes you'll be discussing.
具体：避免关于文学或写作的一般性陈述。专注于您将要讨论的具体作品和主
题。

Show confidence: Use assertive language to demonstrate your understanding
of the texts and your argument.
表现出自信：使用自信的语言来展示您对文本和论点的理解。

Revise: If time allows, revisit your introduction after writing your essay to
ensure it accurately reflects the content of your analysis.
修改： 如果时间允许，请在写完文章后重新访问您的引言，以确保它准确反
映了您的分析内容。
Remember, a strong introduction sets the stage for a compelling essay. It should
engage the reader, provide necessary context, clearly state your argument, and hint at
the analysis to come. With practice, you'll be able to craft introductions that
effectively launch your Paper 2 essays.
请记住，强有力的引言为一篇引人注目的文章奠定了基础。它应该吸引读者，提供必
要的背景，清楚地陈述你的论点，并暗示即将到来的分析。通过练习，您将能够制作
引言，有效地启动您的 Paper 2 论文。
Writing Body Paragraphs 编写正文段落
The body paragraphs of your IB English Paper 2 essay are where you develop your
argument and provide detailed analysis of your chosen texts. Here's a comprehensive
guide on how to structure and write effective body paragraphs:
IB 英语试卷 2 论文的正文段落是您发展论点并对所选文本进行详细分析的地方。以
下是有关如何构建和编写有效正文段落的综合指南：
General Structure 一般结构

Aim for three body paragraphs, each focused on a distinct main idea.
以三个正文段落为目标 ，每个段落都侧重于一个不同的主要思想 。

Main ideas can be context, stylistic/literary devices, rhetorical appeals, or
thematic ideas.
主要思想可以是上下文、文体/文学手段、修辞诉求或主题思想。

Trying to write more than three body paragraphs, given the limited time you
have, often results in an overly broad & insufficiently detailed analysis—we
don't recommend it.
鉴于你的时间有限，尝试写超过三个正文段落，通常会导致分析过于广泛且不
够详细——我们不建议这样做。
The PETAL Approach PETAL 方法
Use the PETAL approach to structure each body paragraph:
使用 PETAL 方法构建每个正文段落：

P - Point: Start with a clear topic sentence that states the main idea of the
paragraph.
P - 点： 从一个明确的主题句开始，陈述段落的主要思想。

E - Evidence: Provide a relevant quote or specific example from the text.
E - 证据： 提供文本中的相关引文或具体示例。

T - Technique: Identify the literary or stylistic technique used in the
evidence.
T - 技术： 确定证据中使用的文学或文体技巧。

A - Analysis: Explain how the technique contributes to the overall meaning
or effect.
A - 分析： 解释该技术如何有助于整体意义或效果。

L - Link: Connect your analysis back to the essay question and your thesis.
L - 连杆： 将您的分析与论文问题和论文联系起来。
Incorporating TAP DANCE 加入 TAP DANCE
Remember to incorporate elements of TAP DANCE throughout your analysis:
请记住在整个分析过程中加入 TAP DANCE 的元素：

T - Tone: The attitude of the author towards the subject.
T - 色调： 作者对主题的态度。

A - Audience: The intended readers or listeners.
A - 受众： 目标读者或侦听器。

P - Purpose: The author's reason for writing.
P - 目的： 作者写作的原因。

D - Diction: The author's word choice.
D - 措辞： 作者的用词选择。

A - Atmosphere: The mood or feeling created by the text.
A - 氛围： 文本创造的情绪或感觉。

N - Narrative voice: The perspective from which the story is told.
N - 叙述语音： 讲述故事的视角。

C - Convention: The typical features of the genre or text type.
C - 约定： 流派或文本类型的典型特征。

E - Effect: The impact on the reader.
E - 效果： 对读者的影响。
Elements of TAP DANCE should be embedded throughout your analysis.
Do not write one body paragraph for each element of TAP DANCE!
TAP DANCE 的元素应嵌入到您的整个分析过程中 。 不要为 TAP DANCE 的每个元
素写一个正文段落！
Comparative Analysis 比较分析
In Paper 2, you need to compare at least two texts. Here are strategies for
incorporating comparison:
在试卷 2 中，您需要比较至少两篇文章。以下是合并比较的策略：

Alternating method: Discuss a point about Text A, then a related point
about Text B.
交替方法： 讨论关于文本 A 的一个观点，然后讨论关于文本 B 的相关观
点。

Block method: Discuss all points about Text A, then all points about Text B.
块方法： 讨论关于文本 A 的所有要点，然后讨论关于文本 B 的所有要点。

Integrated method: Discuss both texts together, point by point.
集成方法： 一起逐点讨论这两篇课文。
Choose the method that best suits your argument and the texts you're comparing.
选择最适合您的论点和您正在比较的文本的方法。
Example Body Paragraph 正文段落示例
Here's an example of a body paragraph comparing the theme of power in "1984" and
"The Handmaid's Tale":
以下是比较“1984”和“The Handmaid's Tale”中权力主题的正文段落示例：
Both Orwell and Atwood demonstrate how totalitarian regimes use language
manipulation as a tool of power and control. In "1984", the Party creates Newspeak, a
simplified language designed to limit the range of ideas that can be expressed. Orwell
writes, "The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression
for the world-view and mental habits proper to the devotees of Ingsoc, but to make all
other modes of thought impossible." This linguistic control serves to prevent
rebellion by making it literally unthinkable. Similarly, in "The Handmaid's Tale",
Atwood shows how the Gilead regime renames women according to their function,
such as "Offred" (literally "of Fred"), stripping them of their individual identities.
Atwood writes, "My name isn't Offred, I have another name, which nobody uses now
because it's forbidden." This renaming reinforces the women's status as property and
emphasizes their loss of autonomy. In both cases, the authors use these linguistic
techniques to illustrate how totalitarian power extends beyond physical control to
shape the very thoughts and identities of their citizens. However, while Orwell's
portrayal suggests a near-total success of this linguistic control, Atwood allows her
protagonist to retain her original name in her mind, suggesting a small but significant
space for mental resistance.
奥威尔和阿特伍德都展示了极权主义政权如何利用语言纵作为权力和控制的工具。在
“1984”中，共产党创造了 Newspeak，这是一种简化的语言，旨在限制可以表达的思
想范围。奥威尔写道：“Newspeak 的目的不仅是为 Ingsoc 信徒的世界观和心理习惯
提供一种表达媒介，而且使所有其他思维模式都不可能。这种语言控制通过使叛乱变
得几乎不可想象来防止叛乱。同样，在《使女的故事》中，阿特伍德展示了基列政权
如何根据女性的功能给她们重新命名，例如“Offred”（字面意思是“弗雷德”），剥夺了
她们的个人身份。阿特伍德写道：“我的名字不是奥弗雷德，我有另一个名字，现在没
有人用了，因为它是被禁止的。这种更名强化了女性作为财产的地位，并强调了她们
失去自主权。在这两个案例中，作者都使用这些语言技术来说明极权主义权力如何超
越物理控制，塑造其公民的思想和身份。然而，虽然奥威尔的刻画表明这种语言控制
几乎完全成功，但阿特伍德允许她的主人公在她的脑海中保留她的原名，暗示了一个
很小但重要的心理抵抗空间。
Tips for Effective Body Paragraphs
有效正文段落的技巧

Stay focused: Each paragraph should discuss one main idea or aspect of
your argument.
集中： 每个段落都应该讨论你论点的一个主要思想或方面。

Provide evidence: Always support your points with specific examples or
quotes from the texts.
提供证据： 始终通过文本中的具体示例或引用来支持您的观点。

Analyze, don't summarize: Go beyond merely retelling the plot. Explain
how and why the author's choices are significant.
分析，而不是总结： 不仅仅是复述情节。解释作者的选择如何以及为什么很重
要。

Compare meaningfully: Don't just point out similarities and differences.
Explain why these comparisons are significant to your overall argument.
有意义地比较： 不要只指出相似之处和不同之处。解释为什么这些比较对您的
整体论点很重要。

Use transitions: Ensure smooth flow between paragraphs and ideas.
使用过渡： 确保段落和想法之间的流畅性。

Vary your sentence structure: Mix short and long sentences to maintain
reader engagement.
改变你的句子结构： 混合短句和长句以保持读者参与度。
Common Pitfalls to Avoid
要避免的常见陷阱

Over-quoting: Use quotes sparingly and always follow them with analysis.
过度引用： 谨慎使用引号，并始终遵循它们进行分析。

Superficial comparison: Avoid simply stating that the texts are similar or
different without explaining how or why.
肤浅比较： 避免简单地说明文本相似或不同，而不解释如何或为什么。

Ignoring context: Remember to consider the historical, cultural, or social
context of the texts when relevant.
忽略上下文： 请记住在相关时考虑文本的历史、文化或社会背景。

Neglecting literary techniques: Always discuss how the author's choices
in language, structure, or style contribute to the meaning.
忽视文学技巧： 始终讨论作者在语言、结构或风格的选择如何影响含义。
Remember, your body paragraphs are where you build your argument and
demonstrate your analytical skills. By following these guidelines and practicing
regularly, you'll be well-prepared to write strong, insightful body paragraphs in your
IB English Paper 2 essay.
请记住，正文段落是您构建论点和展示分析技能的地方。通过遵循这些指导方针并定
期练习，您将为在 IB 英语试卷 2 论文中撰写有力、有洞察力的正文段落做好充分准
备。
How to Use Quotes in Your IB English Paper 2
如何在您的 IB 英语试卷 2 中使用引号
Understanding the Role of Quotations
了解报价单的作用
Quotations are not mandatory in Paper 2, but they can be powerful tools. They serve
to:
引文在试卷 2 中不是强制性的，但它们可以成为强大的工具。它们的作用是：

Provide evidence for your arguments
为您的论点提供证据

Illustrate your points 说明您的观点

Demonstrate your understanding of the text
展示您对文本的理解
Remember, though, that quotations should support your argument, not replace it.
Your analysis and interpretation are what the examiners are most interested in.
但请记住，引文应该支持您的论点，而不是取代它。您的分析和解释是审查员最感兴
趣的。
Selecting Quotations 选择报价单
Choose quotations that are relevant and add value to your argument. When selecting
quotes:
选择相关的引文并为您的论点增加价值。选择引号时：

Look for quotes that succinctly capture the essence of a character, theme, or
stylistic feature relevant to your discussion.
寻找简洁地捕捉与您的讨论相关的人物、主题或风格特征精髓的引文。

Avoid overusing quotations or selecting ones that are too long or complex.
避免过度使用引号或选择太长或太复杂的引号。

Aim for a mix of short phrases and longer sentences to provide variety in your
evidence.
目标是短句和长句的混合，以提供证据的多样性。

Select quotes that allow for rich analysis – ones that use literary devices or
have multiple layers of meaning.
选择允许进行丰富分析的引文 - 使用文学手段或具有多层含义的引文。
Embedding Quotations 嵌入报价
Quotations should not stand alone but be integrated into your essay. The 'quotation
sandwich' method is an effective way to do this:
引文不应该单独存在，而应该整合到你的文章中。'quote sandwich' 方法是实现此目
的的有效方法：
1. Introduce the Quotation: Before presenting a quotation, set it up. Explain
the context or the point you are about to illustrate.
引文介绍： 在显示报价之前，请进行设置。解释您将要说明的上下文或要点。
2. The Quotation: Insert the quotation, ensuring it's correctly attributed and
cited.
引言： 插入引文，确保它被正确归属和引用。
3. Explain the Quotation: Follow up with an explanation of how this
quotation supports your argument or analysis.
解释引文： 然后解释这段引文如何支持您的论点或分析。
Example: 例：
In "1984", Orwell illustrates the Party's manipulation of reality through language.
This is evident when Winston reflects, "Who controls the past controls the future:
who controls the present controls the past" (Orwell 37). This paradoxical statement
underscores how the Party's control of information and language allows them to
reshape history and, by extension, dictate the future, demonstrating the profound
link between language, thought, and power in the novel.
在《1984》中，奥威尔描绘了共产党通过语言对现实的纵。当温斯顿反思时，这一点
很明显，“谁控制了过去就控制了未来：谁控制了现在就控制了过去”（奥威尔 37）
。
“这个自相矛盾的说法强调了共产党对信息和语言的控制如何使他们能够重塑历史，进
而支配未来，从而展示了小说中语言、思想和权力之间的深刻联系。
Accuracy and Attribution
准确性和归因
It's crucial to quote accurately. While slight deviations might be forgiven, completely
misquoting or misattributing can undermine your essay's credibility. If you're unsure
about a quotation, it's often better to paraphrase.
准确报价至关重要。虽然轻微的偏差可能是可以原谅的，但完全错误引用或错误归因
会破坏您文章的可信度。如果你对引文不确定，通常最好转述一下。

Double-check your quotes against the text if possible during your preparation.
在准备过程中，如果可能的话，请仔细检查您的引文与文本。

If you're not confident about the exact wording, use phrases like "Orwell
writes to the effect that..." or "To paraphrase Atwood..."
如果您对确切的措辞没有信心，请使用“Orwell writes to the effect that...”或“套
用阿特伍德的话......”

Always attribute the quote to the correct character or narrator.
始终将引述归属于正确的角色或叙述者。
Paraphrasing as an Alternative
释义作为替代方案
If you find it challenging to remember exact quotations, paraphrasing is a good
alternative. It involves rewriting the author's ideas in your own words and is perfectly
acceptable as long as it's relevant and supports your argument.
如果您发现难以记住确切的引文，释义是一个不错的选择。它涉及用你自己的话重写
作者的想法，只要它是相关的并支持你的论点，它是完全可以接受的。
Example of paraphrasing: 释义示例：
In "The Handmaid's Tale", Atwood demonstrates how the Gilead regime uses naming
conventions to reinforce women's loss of identity. The protagonist is stripped of her
original name and referred to as "Offred", literally meaning she belongs to a man
named Fred, emphasizing her status as property rather than an individual.
在《使女的故事》中，阿特伍德展示了基列政权如何利用命名惯例来强化女性身份的
丧失。主角被剥夺了她的原名，被称为“Offred”，字面意思是她属于一个名叫弗雷德的
男人，强调了她作为财产而不是个人的地位。
Balancing Quotations and Original Thought
平衡引文和原创思想
Your essay should not be a mere collection of quotations. The examiners are
interested in your analysis, interpretation, and original thought. Use quotations to
bolster your points, not to make them for you.
你的文章不应该仅仅是引文的集合。考官对您的分析、解释和原创想法感兴趣。使用
引文来支持你的观点，而不是为你提出它们。

Aim for a balance of about 80% your own analysis and 20% quotations.
目标是在您自己的分析和 20% 的报价之间取得大约 80% 的平衡。

Always provide more analysis than the length of the quote itself.
始终提供比报价本身长度更多的分析。

Use quotes as a springboard for deeper analysis, not as a substitute for it.
使用引文作为更深入分析的跳板，而不是替代它。
Quotations and Comparative Analysis
报价和比较分析
In Paper 2, where you often compare two texts, quotations can help highlight
similarities or differences in themes, styles, or characters. Use them to draw parallels
or to contrast the authorial choices in the texts you have studied.
在试卷 2 中，您经常比较两篇文本，引文可以帮助突出主题、风格或人物的相似之处
或差异。使用它们来绘制相似之处或对比您研究过的文本中的作者选择。
Example of comparative use of quotes:
引号的比较使用示例：
Both Orwell and Atwood use language to illustrate the oppressive nature of their
dystopian societies. In "1984", Orwell writes, "War is Peace. Freedom is Slavery.
Ignorance is Strength" to demonstrate the Party's use of paradoxical slogans to
control thought. Similarly, Atwood employs religious language in "The Handmaid's
Tale", such as "Blessed be the fruit" as a greeting, to show how familiar phrases are
co-opted to reinforce the regime's ideology. In both cases, the authors use these
linguistic devices to highlight how language can be weaponized to shape societal
norms and individual thoughts.
奥威尔和阿特伍德都使用语言来说明他们反乌托邦社会的压迫本质。在《1984》中，
奥威尔写道：“战争就是和平。自由就是奴隶制。无知就是力量“来证明党使用自相矛
盾的口号来控制思想。同样，阿特伍德在《使女的故事》中使用宗教语言，例如
“Blessed be the fruit”作为问候，以展示熟悉的短语是如何被用来强化政权的意识形态
的。在这两种情况下，作者都使用这些语言手段来强调语言如何被武器化以塑造社会
规范和个人思想。
Tips for Effective Quote Usage
有效使用 Quote 的技巧

Keep quotes brief: Generally, try to keep quotes to a sentence or less. If you
need a longer quote, consider breaking it up.
保持引文简短： 通常，尽量将引号保持在句子或更少。如果您需要更长的报
价，请考虑将其拆分。

Introduce and analyze: Always introduce a quote and follow it with
analysis. Never let a quote speak for itself.
介绍和分析： 始终引入报价并随后进行分析。永远不要让引言自己说话。

Use ellipsis (...) for omissions: If you need to shorten a quote, use ellipsis
to indicate omitted text.
对省略使用省略号 （...）： 如果需要缩短引号，请使用省略号来表示省略的文
本。

Use brackets [ ] for clarifications: If you need to add or change words in
a quote for clarity, use square brackets.
使用方括号 [ ] 进行说明： 为了清楚起见，如果您需要在引号中添加或更改单
词，请使用方括号。

Vary your verbs: Instead of always using "says" or "writes", use verbs like
"argues", "contends", "illustrates", or "demonstrates" to introduce quotes.
改变你的动词： 不要总是使用 “says” 或 “writes”，而是使用 “argues”、
“cortends”、“illustrates” 或 “demonstrates” 等动词来引入引号。
Practice with Purpose 有目的的练习
As part of your preparation, practice embedding quotations into your essays. This
practice will not only help you remember significant quotes but also teach you how to
use them effectively to build a strong argument.
作为准备工作的一部分，练习将引文嵌入到你的论文中。这种做法不仅可以帮助您记
住重要的引言，还可以教您如何有效地使用它们来构建强有力的论点。

Create a bank of key quotes for each of your texts, organized by theme or
literary device.
为您的每篇文本创建一个关键引文库，按主题或文学手法组织。

Practice writing paragraphs that incorporate these quotes smoothly.
练习编写流畅地包含这些引文的段落。

Review past papers and practice selecting and analyzing relevant quotes for
different types of questions.
复习过去的试卷，并练习为不同类型的问题选择和分析相关引文。
In summary, while quotations are not the be-all and end-all of your Paper 2 essay,
they are valuable tools that, when used judiciously, can significantly enhance the
quality of your analysis and argument. Use quotations wisely to illustrate, support,
and enrich your essays, not to overshadow your original thoughts.
总之，虽然引文不是你论文 2 的全部和最终目的，但它们是有价值的工具，如果明智
地使用，可以显着提高你的分析和论证的质量。明智地使用引文来说明、支持和丰富
您的文章，而不是掩盖您的原始想法。