Chapter 21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
Name ________________________ Period _________
Chapter 21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
Guided Reading Activities
Chapter Content: The Structural Organization of Animals
Complete the following questions as you read the twenty-first chapter content—The Structural
­Organization of Animals:
1.
Place the following levels of biological organization into the proper order from smallest to
largest. Tissues, cells, organ systems, organs, organism.
Cellular level: Muscle cell
Tissue level: Cardiac
muscle
Organ level: Heart
Organ system level:
Circulatory system
Organism level: Multiple
organ systems
functioning together
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
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Chapter 21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
2.
One of the most fundamental relationships in biology is between
and
.
3.
No other cell in your body has the structure of a neuron. Based on your knowledge of form
and function, what can you infer from this?
4.
Use the answers to question 2 to answer this. Anatomy is to
.
5.
Which of these levels of organization include the other? Cell…organ
6.
A
7.
List the four animal tissue types.
as physiology is to
is a group of cells with similar structures and functions.
A)
B)
C)
D)
8.
Which of the following is a type of connective tissue?
A) Blood
B) Skeletal muscle
C) Epithelium
D) Nervous tissue
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Chapter 21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
9.
Briefly explain why the small intestine pictured here is considered an organ.
Small intestine
(cut open)
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
(containing blood
and lymph vessels)
Smooth muscle
tissue (two layers)
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
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Chapter 21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
10.
List three organ systems and their primary functions.
Chapter Content: Exchanges with the External Environment
Complete the following questions as you read the twenty-first chapter content—Exchanges with the
External Environment:
1.
The continuous exchange of chemicals and energy with your surroundings is referred to as
a(n)
.
2.
What is a major adaptation that complex animals, such as humans, have evolved to maximize
exchange with the external environment?
3.
Briefly explain why the hydra does not need a digestive, respiratory, and urinary system.
Mouth
Gastrovascular cavity
Exchange
Exchange
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Chapter 21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
Chapter Content: Regulating the Internal Environment
Complete the following questions as you read the twenty-first chapter content—Regulating the
­Internal Environment:
1.
True or false: The human body’s internal environment is constantly fluctuating in response to
fluctuating conditions outside. If false, make it a correct statement.
2.
Homeostasis literally translates to “steady state.” Explain why this is an accurate term for
what it describes.
3.
is the mechanism that controls homeostasis.
4.
Complete the following table regarding negative and positive feedback mechanisms.
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Description
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Chapter 21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
5.
You develop a fever of 103oF. According to the figure, what point of thermoregulation has the
fever altered?
Skin
Sweat
gland
Response:
1. Blood
vessels
dilate
2. Sweat is
produced
Control center
in brain activates
cooling mechanisms
Stimulus:
Body
temperature
is above
set point
Body
temperature
drops
Set point:
Body temperature near 37°C (98.6°F)
Stimulus:
Body
temperature
is below
set point
Body
temperature
rises
Skin
162
Response:
1. Blood vessels
constrict
2. Person shivers
3. Metabolic rate
increases
Control center
in brain activates
warming mechanisms
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Chapter 21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
6.
What are the three largest components of human urine?
0.1% Uric acid
0.15% Creatinine
0.25% Potassium
0.25% Phosphate
0.25% Sulfate
0.5% Sodium
1% Chloride
3.5% Urea
94% Water
7.
List three adaptations that different animals have for thermoregulation.
Major Theme Connection:
1.
Positive feedback loops are the opposite of negative feedback loops. In a positive feedback
loop, any change in the original variable triggers mechanisms that actually push the variable
further in the direction of the change. Imagine that body temperature was regulated in this
way. Briefly explain what would happen.
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Chapter 21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
Common Thread Connection:
What was the oxygen consumption for a Burmese python at 20 contractions per minute?
O2 consumption (mL O2/hr) per kg
1.
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Contractions per minute
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