Understanding Taxonomy
Academic Biology
Prokaryotes
organisms whose cells lack a nucleus
Nucleus—dense area in a cell
that contains nucleic acids, the
chemical instructions that direct the
cell’s activities. Nucleic acids are
scattered throughout the cell.
Bacteria.
Eukaryotes
organisms with cells
that contain nuclei.
Their chemical
instructions are in the
nucleus.
Ecological Importance
of Prokaryotes
• Decomposition
• Nitrogen fixation
• Mutualistic relationships
• Parasitic relationships
• Commercial uses
Treponema
pallidum,
a spiral-shaped
bacteria which
causes Syphilis in
humans
The 6 Kingdoms
Organisms are placed
into kingdoms based on
their type of cells, their
ability to make food
and the number of cells
in their bodies
Introduction to
Phylogenetic Kingdoms
• Monera (Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria)
Prokaryotes.
• Protista – Eukaryotes, diverse, not
fungi, plants, or animals
• Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular
(except yeasts)
• Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular,
non-motile, autotrophic, cell wall
containing cellulose
• Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular,
motile, heterotrophic, no cell wall
Kingdoms and Domains
The three-domain system
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
The six-kingdom system
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
The traditional five-kingdom system
Monera
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Kingdom Monera
The traditional five-kingdom system
Monera
The six-kingdom system
Eubacteria
Archaea
The Kingdom Monera
Eubacteria
• Common name: Bacteria
• Unicellular prokaryotes
• Have cell wall
• Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli, spirilla
Streptococcus mutans
(can cause endocarditis
and dental caries)
Bacillus anthracis
(spores can live in soil
for years)
Eubacteria
a. Can be found in yogurt
b. Unicellular bacteria
c. Autotrophic or heterotrophic
d. Most are helpful, some cause
things like strep throat
Bacteria which
causes strep throat
Diplococcus
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Propionibacterium acnes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Leptospira interrogans
Leptospirosis
Bacillus anthracis
Skin Anthrax
Streptomyces griseus
Streptomyces venezuelae
Escherichia coli
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Streptococcus thermophilus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Acinetobacter baumannii
Lysinibacillus sphaericus
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Cyanobacteria
Lyngbya
Microcoleus
Oscillatoria
Nostoc
Spirulina
Anabaena azollae
Examples of Eubacteria
Anthrax
Bacteria help digest
food
Strep
E. Coli
Binary Fission
Blue green algae
Archaebacteria
means “ancient bacteria”
a. Unicellular bacteria
b. Autotrophic or heterotrophic
c. Live in places without O2
(ocean floor, salty water, hot
springs, and your intestines!)
d. Prokaryotes
Methanogens
Methanosarcina barkeri
Methanogens
Methanopyrus kandleri
Halophiles
Haloferax volcanii
Halophiles
Tetragenococcus halophilus
Thermophiles
Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
Thermophiles
Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris
The Kingdom Protista
Slime molds
b. Autotrophic or heterotrophic
c. Most unicellular
d. Some multicellular,
sea weed
e. Eukaryotes
A classification problem
• Some move with flagella,
pseudopods or cilia
• Animal-like, plant-like and funguslike groups
Entamoeba
histolytica
Ecological Importance
• Important foundation in food chain.
• Produce a lot of Oxygen
• Decomposition
• Symbiotic relationships
• Mutualistic
• Parasitic
• Medicinal and Industrial Uses
Euglena is both
autotrophic
and heterotrophic
Dinoflagellates
Pyrodinium bahamanse var. compressum
Pyrodinium bahamanse var. compressum
Euglena
Caulerpa lentillifera
Diatoms (Golden Algae)
Brown algae
Red algae
Euglena
Radiolarians (Heterotrophs)
Foraminifera
Amoeba
Paramecium
Didinium
Vorticella
Slime and Water molds
Plasmodium
ACTIVITY:
VOCABULARY WAR
KINGDOM FUNGI
Why
are
Fungi
classified in their
own
kingdom,
separate
from
plants?
How Fungi obtain
their energy/food?
The Kingdom Fungi
Mushrooms, molds and mildew
b. Most are Multicellular
eukaryotes
c. Yeast is unicellular eukaryotes
d. Most found on land, a few in
fresh water
e. Heterotrophs—feed on
decaying organisms
Puffball
Drops of rain trigger
the release of spores
Pholiota spp
Degrades wood
very quickly
Ecological Importance
• Decomposers
• Symbiotic
• Parasitic
• On plants
• On animals
• Mutualistic
• Lichens
• Mycorrhizae
Epidermop
hyton
floccosum,
fungi
causing
athlete’s
foot
Saprophytes
Hyphae
Oyster Mushroom
Yeast
Penicillium notatum
Aspergillus flavus
T. rubrum
Why plants
essential to
ecosytem?
are
our
Why flowers are
important to some
plants?
The Kingdom Plantae
Dandelions, mosses, tomatoes
a. Multicellular eukaryotes
b. Autotrophs
c. Some produce flowers some
do not.
d. Can be small or grow tall
Sunflowers
in
Fargo,
North
Dakota
Importance of Plants to
Humans
• Food source – Wheat, grains, fruits,
vegetables
• Medicine – Aspirin, cancer
treatments, stimulants
• Industry – Agriculture, wood
products, cotton
Sugarcane
Major Groups of Plants
• Three traditional groupings:
• Bryophytes—nonvascular
plants (no conducting tubes)
• Tracheophytes — vascular
(has conducting tubes)
• Seed plants
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgos are often
very long-lived.
Some specimens
are thought to be
more than 3,500
years old.
Liverworts (Nonvascular)
Mosses (Nonvascular)
Hornwort (Nonvascular)
Sphagnum peat moss
Ferns
Conifers (Gymnosperms)
Cycads (Gymnosperms)
Ginkgoes (Gymnosperms)
Gnetophytes (Gymnosperms)
Harmful Plants
Harmful Plants
dawa-dawa
saka-saka
The Kingdom Animalia
Dogs, fleas, rabbits, Human,
turtles mosquitoes…
• Multicellular eukaryotes.
• Heterotrophs
Baby
Chicks
Invertebrates and
Vertebrates
• Invertebrates
• 97% of the Animal Kingdom
• Absence of backbone
• Includes sponges, cnidarians, mollusks,
worms, arthropods, and echinoderms
• Vertebrates
• Internal skeleton (bone or cartilage)
• Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles,
birds, and mammals
Asian ladybeetle
Harmonia
axyridis
Notice the
“false” white
eye markings
behind the head.
Invertebrate Animals
• Sponges
• Cnidarians
• Worms
• Mollusks
• Arthropods
• Echinoderms
Colony of sponges
Chambered Nautilus
Sponges
Cnidaria
Flatworms
Mollusks
Echinoderms
Vertebrate Animals
• Chordates
• Fish
• Agnatha (jawless fish/lamprey)
• Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays)
• Osteichthyes (bass, tuna, salmon)
• Amphibians
• Reptiles
• Birds
• Mammals
Ardea herodias
Great Grey
Heron
Fishes
Amphibians
Amphibians
Birds
Mammals
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