Reviewer
Unit 1: Communication and Its Elements
What is Communication?
Definition: Communication is a systematic process where individuals interact with symbols
to create and interpret meanings (Wood, 2004).
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Process: Continuously evolves with changing needs and environments.
Systematic: Involves interrelated and interacting parts.
Symbolic: Uses verbal and nonverbal symbols as a foundation.
Meaning: Assigned and interpreted by individuals.
Nature of Communication:
1.
Adjust the Climate: Positive communication climates make interactions
productive.
2.
Choose Your Channel: Select the right medium (written, verbal, or
face-to-face) based on context.
3.
Eliminate Static: Address barriers like judgments and misinterpretations.
4.
Tune In: Adapt to others’ sensory preferences (visual, auditory, kinesthetic).
5.
Know Your Nonverbals: Body language, posture, and clothing convey
messages.
Process of Communication:
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5.
distractions).
6.
Sender: Initiates the communication.
Message: Encoded idea shared verbally, nonverbally, or in writing.
Channel: Medium through which the message travels (e.g., email, meetings).
Receiver: Decodes and interprets the message.
Noise: Interference that distorts the message (e.g., language barriers,
Feedback: Receiver’s response ensures understanding.
Barriers to Communication:
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Physical: Distance, poor environment.
Psychological: Anxiety, selective perception, past experiences.
Socio-Cultural: Cultural norms, societal restrictions.
Linguistic: Ambiguity, inappropriate vocabulary.
Technical: Faulty equipment, poor connectivity.
Information Overload: Excessive or fast-paced information.
Strategies for Effective Communication:
1.
2.
3.
Clarity of Message: Use simple, concise language.
Reinforcement: Use redundancy without being repetitive.
Appropriate Channel: Choose the medium based on the context.
4.
5.
6.
Motivation: Encourage participation and interaction.
Proper Environment: Ensure comfort and visibility.
Feedback: Seek and provide feedback regularly.
Practice Questions on Communication and Its Elements
Part 1: Nature of Communication
1.
Communication is considered a process because:
a. It is a one-time event.
b. It changes as environments and needs change.
c. It requires only verbal elements.
d. It is fixed and unchanging.
2.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of communication?
a. It is systematic.
b. It is symbolic.
c. It involves feedback.
d. It is always verbal.
3.
The communication climate refers to:
a. The physical environment where communication occurs.
b. The mood or atmosphere that accompanies communication.
c. The technical medium used to communicate.
d. The cultural norms of communication.
4.
Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier?
a. Using complex words and jargon.
b. A noisy construction site near the conversation.
c. Prejudice against the speaker.
d. Anxiety about the topic.
5.
Psychological barriers in communication include:
a. Geographical distance.
b. Poor video quality in virtual meetings.
c. Anxiety and selective perception.
d. Faulty grammar and expressions.
6.
A socio-cultural barrier to communication can occur when:
a. There is a power outage during a presentation.
b. A person is distracted by a phone call.
c. Cultural norms discourage open discussion of certain topics.
d. A speaker uses visual aids effectively.
7.
Reinforcement of ideas in communication means:
a. Repeating the same information without any variation.
b. Using multiple ways to clarify and emphasize key ideas.
c. Avoiding the use of feedback in communication.
d. Using only technical words for accuracy.
8.
Selecting the appropriate communication channel is important because:
a. It ensures the message is delivered on time.
b. Some channels are more expensive than others.
c. It impacts the clarity and effectiveness of the message.
d. All channels are equally effective.
9.
Which of the following is the best way to eliminate communication static?
a. Use technical jargon to sound professional.
b. Speak at a fast pace to cover more content.
c. Understand and address the receiver’s barriers.
d. Avoid face-to-face conversations.
10.
What percentage of communication is considered nonverbal?
a. 30%
b. 50%
c. 93%
d. 75%
11.
Nonverbal elements of communication include:
a. Words and symbols.
b. Gestures, clothing, and eye contact.
c. Written memos and emails.
d. Noise and static in the channel.
12.
If a person’s words say one thing but their body language says another,
people are more likely to believe:
a. The words.
b. The body language.
c. The tone of voice.
d. The channel used.
Answer Key
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8.
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11.
12.
b
d
b
b
c
c
b
c
c
c
b
b
Unit 2: Communication in Multicultural Settings
What is Intercultural Communication?
Definition:
● Tin-Tooney (1999): Interaction and negotiation between people with unique cultural
backgrounds.
● Gudykunst (2003): Communication among individuals from different nationalities.
● Sipacio-Balgos (2016): Communication influenced by ethnicity, religion, and sexual
orientation.
Significance:
Intercultural communication enhances understanding and fosters adaptation to diverse
cultures.
Characteristics of a Competent Intercultural Communicator:
According to the World Bank (2010):
1.
Flexibility and Tolerance: Cope with uncertainty and adapt to new
environments.
2.
Reflectiveness or Mindfulness: Awareness of one’s cultural biases and their
effects.
3.
Open-mindedness and Creativity: Receptive to new ideas and
perspectives.
4.
Sensitivity: Recognize cultural differences without judgment.
5.
Adaptability: Adjust behavior to suit various cultural norms.
6.
Divergent Thinking: Analyze how individual elements influence a larger
system.
Tips for Effective Multicultural Communication:
1. Avoid Stereotyping:
- Refrain from generalizing groups based on traits or behaviors.
2. Challenge Gender Norms:
- Use inclusive language (e.g., “they/them” or “his/her”).
3. Respect Age and Experience:
- Avoid condescending language when speaking to younger or older people.
4. Acknowledge Religious Practices:
- Be respectful of differing beliefs and traditions.
5. Be Polite and Respectful:
- Treat everyone equally regardless of social status.
Examples of Intercultural Communication Across Countries:
1. China
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Language Barriers: Minimal English proficiency; gestures may cause confusion
(e.g., pointing to chopsticks might result in getting a pencil).
Business Etiquette:
○ Hierarchy is crucial; show respect to elders or superiors.
○ Avoid saying negative things; emphasize harmony and positive feedback.
○ Gift-giving is common in both social and business contexts.
2. South Korea
● Indirect Communication: Nonverbal cues (gestures, tone, and facial expressions)
carry significant meaning.
● Silence: Pausing before speaking is a sign of thoughtfulness.
● Politeness: Avoid pointing with fingers; use your whole hand.
● Customs: Use both hands when receiving gifts; sneezing is considered rude.
3. Japan
● Respectful Behavior:
○ Avoid pointing; use a wedge hand instead.
○ Bowing is an essential ritual; lower bows show greater respect.
○ Speak softly to maintain harmony.
●
Cultural Norms:
○ Avoid pressuring for answers.
○ Do not offer seats to women or older adults, as it may offend their sense of
independence.
4. United States
● Informal Communication:
○ First-name basis is standard, even in professional settings.
○ Use of action-oriented language like “make it work” is common.
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Punctuality:
○ Being on time is highly valued; arriving 30 minutes early is considered
respectful.
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Greetings:
○ Handshakes or a simple “hello” replace bows or other cultural greetings.
Filipino Competence in Multicultural Communication:
● Historical Adaptability: Due to colonial history, Filipinos are skilled at adjusting to
diverse cultural contexts.
● Cultural Sensitivity: Programs like the Pre-Departure Orientation Seminar (PDOS)
help prepare Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) for potential culture shocks.
● Hospitality: Filipinos are known for their warmth and openness toward foreign
cultures.
Summary
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Intercultural communication involves understanding and respecting diverse
cultures to foster effective interactions.
Being mindful, adaptable, and open-minded are key traits for success.
Learn about specific cultural norms when visiting different countries to avoid
miscommunication.
Practice Questions for Unit 2: Communication in Multicultural Settings
Multiple Choice Questions
1.
What is intercultural communication?
a. Communication within one cultural group
b. Communication among people from different nationalities
c. Communication without cultural influence
d. Communication using only verbal gestures
2.
According to the World Bank (2010), which of the following is a characteristic
of a competent intercultural communicator?
a. Judgmental attitude
b. Rigidity
c. Open-mindedness
d. Passive behavior
3.
In Chinese communication, what does the concept of “face” refer to?
a. Expressing personal opinions freely
b. Avoiding embarrassment and maintaining harmony
c. Using nonverbal gestures to convey messages
d. Showing hierarchy in social settings
4.
What is considered rude when communicating in South Korea?
a. Speaking directly
b. Pointing with the whole hand
c. Sneezing in public
d. Smiling to express politeness
5.
In Japan, what is the significance of bowing?
a. It is used only for greetings.
b. It shows respect and recognizes social status.
c. It replaces verbal communication entirely.
d. It is used to display disagreement.
6.
What is a key feature of American communication styles?
a. High reliance on honorifics
b. Emphasis on punctuality and time-consciousness
c. Indirect speech patterns
d. Formal greetings such as bowing
7.
Which of the following is a tip for avoiding bias in multicultural
communication?
a. Generalize cultural traits for efficiency
b. Focus on your own cultural perspective
c. Avoid stereotyping groups of people
d. Use gender-specific terms in all situations
True or False
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meetings.
11.
12.
Filipinos are known for their adaptability and warmth in multicultural settings.
In Chinese business meetings, hierarchy is considered unimportant.
Americans are more formal than Asians in addressing individuals during
Silence is a useful tool for politeness in South Korean communication.
Offering seats to older individuals on Japanese trains is considered polite.
Short Answer Questions
13.
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15.
What are three characteristics of a competent intercultural communicator?
Why is it important to avoid stereotypes in multicultural communication?
Describe one key communication tip for interacting with individuals in South
Korea.
Answers
Multiple Choice:
1.
2.
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6.
7.
b
c
b
c
b
b
c
True or False:
8. True
9. False
10. False
11. True
12. False
Short Answer:
13. Flexibility, mindfulness, and open-mindedness.
14. Stereotypes can lead to miscommunication, biases, and a lack of respect toward other
cultures.
15. Be mindful of nonverbal cues, as South Koreans rely heavily on gestures, tone, and
expressions. Silence is also a sign of respect.
Unit 3: Communication and Technology
Appreciating the Impact of Communication on Society:
● Convenience in the Digital Age: Technology makes daily tasks easier, from
communication to accessing information.
● Historical Perspective: Access to information in the past was limited, as seen
during the EDSA People Power Revolution, when news spread without digital tools.
● Empowerment: Communication today allows individuals to voice opinions, influence
events, and shape ideas globally.
Characteristics of Modern Communication:
Today’s communication is defined by connectivity, convergence, and interactivity:
1. Connectivity
● Tools like smartphones and computers enable instant communication.
● Examples: Text messaging, emails.
2. Convergence
● Blends traditional and digital communication.
● Examples: Video calls, live meetings online.
3. Interactivity
● Promotes real-time participation.
● Examples: Online classes, interactive games, quizzes.
Comparing Media Ages:
A graph adapted from “The Communication Age” highlights the evolution from the First
Media Age to the Second Media Age:
First Media Age (Broadcast)
Second Media Age (Interactivity)
Centralized: One speaks to many
Decentralized: Many speak to many
One-way communication
Two-way communication
Maintains social stratification
Encourages universal participation
Audience as a fragmented mass
Individuals retain uniqueness
Influences collective consciousness
Affects personal experience of time
Key Distinction
● The First Media Age focused on centralized broadcasting, favoring authority figures.
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The Second Media Age democratizes communication, allowing individuals more
freedom and interaction.
Social Media and Society
● Social media serves as a tool for expression, information dissemination, and
interaction.
● It empowers individuals but requires responsible use to avoid misinformation.
Communication Registers
● Adapt your communication style based on audience and context.
○ Formal Registers: Professional emails, business meetings.
○ Casual Registers: Texts, social media posts.
Review Question with essay:
30 Multiple Choice Questions
Unit 1: Fundamentals of Communication
1.
What is the primary purpose of communication?
a. To argue
b. To exchange information
c. To ignore others
d. To create confusion
Answer: b
2.
Which of the following is NOT a type of communication?
a. Verbal communication
b. Non-verbal communication
c. Directional communication
d. Written communication
Answer: c
3.
What element of the communication process ensures the sender’s message
was understood?
a. Encoding
b. Noise
c. Feedback
d. Channel
Answer: c
4.
What is the term for obstacles that interfere with effective communication?
a. Context
b. Barriers
c. Encoding
d. Channels
Answer: b
5.
Which of the following is a non-verbal form of communication?
a. Writing a letter
b. Making a phone call
c. Smiling at someone
d. Sending an email
Answer: c
6.
What role does the “receiver” play in the communication process?
a. Encodes the message
b. Decodes the message
c. Creates barriers
d. Sends the feedback
Answer: b
7.
What type of listening involves fully concentrating, understanding, and
responding thoughtfully?
a. Passive listening
b. Selective listening
c. Active listening
d. Critical listening
Answer: c
8.
Which component of communication refers to the physical or psychological
space where communication occurs?
a. Feedback
b. Context
c. Channel
d. Noise
Answer: b
9.
What is the most common medium for written communication?
a. Telephone
b. Email
c. Body language
d. Face-to-face interaction
Answer: b
10.
Why is communication important in building relationships?
a. It creates misunderstanding
b. It fosters trust and understanding
c. It isolates individuals
d. It avoids conflict
Answer: b
Unit 2: Communication Models and Their Impact
1.
Who developed the Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication?
a. David Berlo
b. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
c. Wilbur Schramm
d. Harold Lasswell
Answer: b
2.
In the linear communication model, the process is:
a. Two-way
b. Feedback-focused
c. Circular
d. One-way
Answer: d
3.
What does “noise” in a communication model refer to?
a. Loud sounds
b. Disturbances in the communication process
c. The receiver’s response
d. Physical gestures
Answer: b
4.
Which model of communication emphasizes shared experiences between
sender and receiver?
a. Transactional Model
b. Shannon-Weaver Model
c. Berlo’s SMCR Model
d. Schramm Model
Answer: d
5.
In Berlo’s SMCR model, what does “R” stand for?
a. Receiver
b. Reaction
c. Reason
d. Respondent
Answer: a
6.
What is the key distinction of the transactional communication model?
a. It views communication as one-way.
b. It integrates feedback and simultaneous exchange of messages.
c. It focuses on physical barriers.
d. It eliminates the role of the sender.
Answer: b
7.
In Lasswell’s communication model, what does “effect” refer to?
a. The sender’s message
b. The receiver’s reaction to the message
c. The channel used for communication
d. The context of communication
Answer: b
8.
What is the main criticism of the linear model of communication?
a. It is too interactive
b. It ignores feedback
c. It is complex to understand
d. It focuses too much on the audience
Answer: b
9.
Which of the following is an example of the transactional model in action?
a. Watching a recorded lecture
b. A live classroom discussion
c. Listening to a podcast
d. Reading a textbook
Answer: b
10.
How is feedback represented in the Shannon-Weaver Model?
a. As noise
b. As an additional step
c. As a channel
d. It is not included
Answer: d
Unit 3: Communication and Technology
1.
What term refers to the ability to remain constantly connected through
technology?
a. Interactivity
b. Convergence
c. Connectivity
d. Accessibility
Answer: c
2.
Video calls are an example of what characteristic of modern communication?
a. One-way communication
b. Convergence
c. Connectivity
d. Passive interaction
Answer: b
3.
Which of the following is a form of interactivity in communication?
a. Watching a movie
b. Responding to an online poll
c. Reading a blog post
d. Listening to a radio broadcast
Answer: b
4.
How did people primarily communicate during the first media age?
a. Face-to-face
b. Social media
c. Centralized broadcast
d. Online forums
Answer: c
5.
What best describes the second media age?
a. Communication is controlled by a single authority
b. Participants retain individuality and interact freely
c. Communication is always in-person
d. One-way communication dominates
Answer: b
6.
What is a primary advantage of digital communication?
a. It eliminates noise
b. It allows for instant access and feedback
c. It requires minimal technological knowledge
d. It avoids misinterpretation
Answer: b
7.
Which is NOT a feature of communication in the digital age?
a. Instant connectivity
b. Interactivity
c. One-way messaging
d. Convergence
Answer: c
8.
Which of the following is an example of convergence in communication
technology?
a. Reading a printed newspaper
b. Sending a handwritten letter
c. Using a smartphone for video calls and messaging
d. Writing on a typewriter
Answer: c
9.
Why is communication considered essential in a “Digitally Connected World”?
a. It limits the exchange of ideas
b. It allows people to voice opinions and shape events
c. It eliminates cultural differences
d. It prevents historical misunderstandings
Answer: b
10.
How does social media impact decision-making in the modern world?
a. By providing limited access to information
b. By offering platforms for sharing ideas and gaining insights
c. By restricting individual opinions
d. By focusing on face-to-face interaction
Answer: b
3 Essay Questions
1. Importance of Active Listening in Effective Communication
Active listening is essential for good communication. It means paying full attention to the
speaker, understanding their message, and responding thoughtfully. In personal
relationships, it helps build trust and deepen connections. For example, listening to a friend
without interrupting makes them feel valued. In work settings, it leads to better teamwork and
fewer misunderstandings. To improve active listening, focus on eye contact, avoid
distractions, and ask questions to show you understand.
2. Compare and Contrast Shannon-Weaver and Schramm Models
The Shannon-Weaver Model is a one-way communication process where a message is sent
from the sender to the receiver, possibly disrupted by noise. It’s simple but doesn’t account
for feedback. The Schramm Model, however, is more interactive, showing that
communication is a two-way process with feedback. It also considers the sender’s and
receiver’s shared experiences. The Shannon-Weaver Model is useful for technical
communication, while the Schramm Model better represents real-life, dynamic interactions.
3. Role of Social Media in Communication
Social media has changed how we communicate. It helps people connect easily, share
ideas, and spread information. It gives a voice to people who are often unheard and allows
quick access to knowledge. However, social media can also spread fake news, cause
unrealistic comparisons, and create echo chambers where people only hear ideas they
agree with. Despite these challenges, social media is a powerful tool. To use it wisely, people
should check the facts and encourage healthy discussions.
Editorial Cartooning:
Possible concept: A person wearing multiple masks labeled “school,” “friends,” and “family,”
symbolizing how people communicate differently depending on context.
Possible concept: A cartoon showing two people trying to communicate across a wall of
“noise” like misinformation or distractions (e.g., smartphones or notifications).
Possible concept: A person glued to their smartphone, oblivious to the chaos (e.g., climate
change, societal issues) around them, symbolizing how technology can distract us from
real-world problems.