4th Quarter Examination Pointers and Reviewer
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It is a phenomenon in optics that occurs when a light ray traveling within a denser medium hit the
boundary of a less dense medium at an angle greater than a specific critical angle. -TIR
Michael Faraday was the first to discover electromagnetic induction in the 1830s. When Faraday
removed a permanent magnet from a coil or single telephone loop, he discovered that ElectroMotive
Force or emf, or voltage, had been created, so a stream was generated.
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To mathematically describe the relationship between the incidence angle and the refraction angle, we
use Snell's Law. Snell's Law states that the ratio of the sine of the incidence angle to the sine of the
refraction angle is equal to the ratio of the speeds of the wave in the two mediums.
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Maxwell's Equations are a set of four equations proposed by mathematician and physicist James Clerk
Maxwell in 1861 to demonstrate that the electric and magnetic fields are co-dependent and two distinct
parts of the same phenomenon known as electromagnetism.
Electromagnetic waves are created by the vibration of an electric charge. This vibration creates a wave
which has both an electric and a magnetic component.
The value calculated from the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to that in a second medium of
greater density is called refractive index. The refractive index variable is most commonly symbolized by
the letter n or n' in descriptive text and mathematical equations.
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The process you're fishing for is "polarization". Polarization doesn't do anything to change the light
waves. It simply filters out (absorbs, as with a polarizing filter) the light waves that aren't vibrating in
the desired plane, and allows only those that are to pass.
The intensity of a light beam is always reduced after polarizing it, because much (most) of the original
light has been removed.
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Frequency refers to the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. In the context of
waves, it represents how many cycles of a wave occur in one second. The standard unit of frequency is
hertz (Hz), where 1 Hz equals one cycle per second. Higher frequencies correspond to more cycles
occurring in the same amount of time, while lower frequencies signify fewer cycles.
Transverse waves are those in which the direction of particle oscillation is perpendicular to propagation
(movement) of the wave.
Malus' Law, also known as the Law of Polarization, describes how the intensity of polarized light
changes as it passes through a polarizer. It states that the intensity varies as the square of the cosine of
the angle between the transmission axes of the polarizer and analyzer. The law is named after ÉtienneLouis Malus, a French physicist who formulated it in 1808.
Longitudinal waves are waves where the particles oscillate parallel to the direction of propagation; the
wave particles are oscillating in the direction of energy transfer.
Light ray that falls on the reflecting surface. The angle of incidence is the angle between the incident
light ray and the normal. The normal is the perpendicular line to the reflecting surface on the point of
incidence. It is called incident light ray.
Angle of incidence
Angle of reflection